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ROUILLES-TUMEURS Introduction Hôtes ROUILLES-TUMEURS ROUILLE-TUMEUR DU GENÉVRIER ROUILLE-TUMEUR DE L’AUBÉPINE Nom scientifique : Gymnosporangium juniperi- Nom scientifique : Gymnosporangium globosum (Farl.) virginianae (Schwein.) Nom anglais : Cedar-hawhorn rust, American hawthorn Noms anglais : Cedar-apple rust, Juniper rust rust Classification : Champignon, Pucciniaceae Classification : Champignon, Pucciniaceae ROUILLE-TUMEUR DU COGNASSIER Nom scientifique : Gymnosporangium clavipes (Cooke et Peck) Synonyme : rouille-tumeur claviforme Noms anglais : Cedar-quince rust, Quince rust, Gall rust Classification : Champignon, Pucciniaceae Introduction La rouille-tumeur n'entraîne pas la mort des genévriers, mais a un impact important sur l'esthétisme de la plante. Les Rosaceae sont également affectées par ces champignons et les dommages les plus importants sont observés sur les genres Malus et Crataegus. D'ailleurs, sur les rosacées, les feuilles peuvent être gravement affectées au point d'affaiblir l'arbre si les infections sont sévères et fréquentes. G. clavipes et G. juniperi-virginianae peuvent également causer des dommages importants aux fruits. Le contrôle de cette maladie est très difficile une fois qu’elle est implantée sur un site de production, car les spores voyagent sur de très longues distances et le pourtour des aires de production est souvent peuplé de rosacées. Hôtes Les Gymnosporangium sp.nécessitent deux hôtes en alternance pour compléter leur cycle de vie : l’hôte télien étant un conifère du genre Juniperus sp. (genévriers), et l’hôte écidien étant un arbre de la famille des Rosaceae (plus précisément de la sous-famille des Maloidae). Rosacées pouvant servir d'hôte écidien selon l'espèce de rouille-tumeur G. juniperi-virginianae G. globosum G. clavipes Amelanchier spp. (amélanchiers) ● ● Aronia spp. (aronias) ● Chaenomeles spp. (cognassiers) ● Crataegus spp. (aubépines) ● ● Malus spp. (pommetiers) ● ● ● Pyrus spp. (poiriers) ● ● Sorbus spp. (sorbiers) ● ● Biologie Les rouilles causées par Gymnosporangium sp. présentent un cycle épidémique complexe. Les galles ne produisent pas de spores avant le deuxième printemps suivant l’infection. Au total, quatre types de spores sont produits durant le même cycle d’infection. Les spores peuvent se déplacer sur quelques kilomètres avec les vents. Toutefois, plus les hôtes sont près les uns des autres, plus les risques d’infection sont grands. Année 1 • Dès le printemps, les gales apparaissent sur les genévriers infectés à l’été ou à l’automne précédent. • Ces galles se développent tout au long de l’été en cours pour atteindre leur pleine grosseur à l’automne. • C’est dans ces structures, sur les branches de Juniperus sp., que les Gymnosporangium sp survivent à l’hiver. Année 2 • Au deuxième printemps, lors des premières pluies printanières, il y a apparition de masses gélatineuses en forme de cornes sur les galles de Juniperus spp. • De la mi-mai au début juin, les masses gélatineuses produisent des téliospores qui libèrent d’autres spores (basidiospores) qui elles, sont dispersées par le vent sur plusieurs kilomètres. • Ces spores sexuées, qui atterrissent sur les rosacées hôtes, les infectent. Le champignon se développe ensuite à l’intérieur des feuilles, des fruits et des tiges. • À la fin du printemps, des lésions jaunes ou orange apparaissent, toujours sur les rosacées, puis des points noirs sur ces taches. • À partir du mois de juillet, des structures en forme de tube beige ou rosé, de 1 à 3 mm de long, se développent en dessous des feuilles, sur les fruits ou les tiges à partir des taches déjà présentes. Ces structures contiennent un autre type de spores, les écidiospores. • Du milieu de l’été jusqu’en automne, ces spores sont libérées le matin, par temps sec. Elles sont transportées par le vent et peuvent alors retourner infecter Juniperus spp. Le cycle épidémiologique est alors complété. RAP Pépinières ornementales Rouilles-tumeurs, page 2 Symptômes sur genévriers G. juniperi-virginianae G. globosum G. clavipes • Petites galles immatures rondes • Petites galles immatures • Galles en forme de léger verdâtres sur les feuilles. rondes brun-rouge sur les renflement floconneux allongé • Galles matures brunes, feuilles. (1 à 5 mm) sur les tiges et globuleuses et réniformes • Galles matures gris-brun ramilles infectées; difficiles à présentant de petites similaires à celles de G. observer jusqu'à ce qu'elles dépressions circulaires leur juniperi-virginianae, mais plus produisent leurs structures donnant l'apparence de balles petites : 3 à 15 mm de gélatineuses. de golf; mesurent de 10 à diamètre. 30 mm de diamètre • Au printemps, des masses • Au printemps, des masses • Au printemps, des masses gélatineuses orange, brillantes gélatineuses brun-rouge, gélatineuses orange et rondes et en forme de cornicules pointues et en forme de sortent des galles; elles émergent des galles; elles cornicules émergent des mesurent de 5 à 10 fois la mesurent entre 10 et 20 mm. galles; elles mesurent entre 3 grosseur de la galle. et 12 mm de long. • Les masses gélatineuses sont • Les masses gélatineuses sont • La première gélatinisation produites seulement durant une produites seulement durant ceinture et tue plusieurs année. une année. jeunes tiges affectées; sur les tiges survivantes, le renflement grossit de quelques centimètres par année et perpétue l'infection (ces tiges meurent habituellement après 4 à 6 ans). • Après quelques années, des masses peuvent fusionner et ainsi former une ceinture irrégulière autour des tiges affectées. RAP Pépinières ornementales Rouilles-tumeurs, page 3 A B Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae A) Masses gélatineuses sur genévrier. B) Galle dont les masses gélatineuses ont séché. Gymnosporangium globosum Masses gélatineuses sur genévrier. A B Gymnosporangium clavipes A) Galle sur genévrier. B) Masses gélatineuses sur genévrier. RAP Pépinières ornementales Rouilles-tumeurs, page 4 Symptômes sur rosacées G. juniperi-virginianae G. globosum G. clavipes • Infecte les feuilles et les fruits. • Infecte principalement les • Infecte plus fréquemment les • Vers la fin du printemps, des feuilles, plus rarement les fruits fruits et plus rarement les lésions gonflées vert jaunâtre, et jeunes tiges. feuilles, les tiges et les épines. passant plus tard au jaune • Petites taches jaunes qui • Les symptômes varient selon orangé, apparaissent sur les grossissent et deviennent l'hôte. feuilles et fruits; elles présentent orange; varie selon l'hôte : sur • Les fructifications sous les souvent un pourtour rouge. Pyrus spp., des taches noires feuilles sont formées de • Plus tard, sur le dessus des encerclées de rouge filaments roses plus longs et feuilles, de petits points noirs apparaissent sur la face plus abondants que sur G. apparaissent au centre des supérieure des feuilles. juinperi-virginianae. taches. • Plus tard, développement de • Fruits distordus présentant des • À partir de juillet, des structures taches noires au centre des lésions gonflées; sur les de fructification en tube de taches. aubépines, les fructifications couleur beige à rose sont • À la fin de l'été, les organes de peuvent couvrir le fruit de présentes en dessous des fructification présents sous les façon importante. feuilles, au niveau des taches. feuilles sont plus longs que sur • L'infection des épines se G. juniperi-virginianae et sont traduit par le développement formés de filaments roses. d'un chancre qui grossit année après année. A B C D © MAPAQ Divers dommages sur des rosacées A) Taches typiques de rouille sur une feuille d'amélanchier. B) Points noirs au centre d'une tache sur le dessus d'une feuille d'amélanchier. C) Fructification en tube en dessous d’une feuille d’aubépine. D) Lésions sur un fruit d’aubépine. Stratégies d’intervention Prévention et bonnes pratiques • Ne pas acheter ou accepter des conifères porteurs de galles de la rouille; surveiller les arrivages. • Ne pas planter de genévriers et de plantes de la famille des rosacées à faible distance l’un de l’autre; essayer de maintenir la plus grande distance possible entre les deux types d’hôtes. • Planter des cultivars moins sensibles; de façon générale, les genévriers à port érigé sont plus sensibles que les genévriers à port rampant. • Surveiller les deux hôtes dans leurs périodes d’infection respectives afin de détecter les signes de la maladie. RAP Pépinières ornementales Rouilles-tumeurs, page 5 Cultivars de genévriers et espèces d’aubépines moins sensibles à la rouille-tumeur du genévrier et à la rouille-tumeur de l’aubépine Espèces/cultivars moins Espèces G. J-V* G. G.** sensibles J. chinensis var. procumbens ● ● J. chinensis var. sargentii ● ● Juniperus chinensis 'Variegata' ● ● J. chinensis var. sargentii 'Watereri' ● J. chinensis 'Maney' J. communis ‘Depressa’ ● ● Juniperus communis J. communis ‘Suecica’ ● ● Juniperus horizontalis J. horizontalis 'Plumosa' ● ● J. ᵡ media 'Pfitzeriana Compacta' ● ● Genévriers Juniperus ᵡ media J. ᵡ media 'Pfitzeriana Glauca' ● ● Juniperus sabina J. sabina 'Broadmoor' ● ● J. virginiana 'Grey Owl' ● Juniperus virginiana J. virginiana 'Hetzii' ● ● J. virginiana ‘Tripartita’ ● ● C. intricata ND ND Crataegus spp. C. pruinosa ND ND Rosacées *G. juniperi-virginianae; **G. globosum; ND = non déterminé Lutte physique • En novembre ou avril, tailler et détruire les branches de genévrier sur lesquelles des galles sont présentes. Lutte chimique • Pour être efficaces, les traitements doivent être faits à titre préventif afin de protéger les tissus durant les périodes d’infection. • Au printemps, à partir du moment où les masses gélatineuses
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