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Biogeography, Systematics and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Eneopterinae Crickets

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Biogeography, Systematics and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Eneopterinae Crickets NATÁLLIA MARIA DE FREITAS VICENTE BIOGEOGRAPHY, SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION OF ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION IN ENEOPTERINAE CRICKETS Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, para obtenção do título de Doctor Scientiae. VIÇOSA MINAS GERAIS – BRASIL 2015 ii BIOGEOGRAPHY, SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION OF ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION IN ENEOPTERINAE CRICKETS Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, para obtenção do título de Doctor Scientiae. APROVADA: 11 de dezembro de 2015. iii À minha Família iv AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora Karla Yotoko, pela oportunidade e ensinamentos ao longo desses quatro anos. To my co-adviser Tony Robillard, thank you very much for your support in Paris! I had a nice working environment in the museum and that I own to your kindness and patience! Thank you for not fire me! You are an inspiration for me, Tony! Ao meu coorientador Francisco de Assis Ganeo de Mello. Obrigada pelo carinho e pela pizza de aniversário! Aos membros da banca pelas sugestões e puxões de orelha. Aos colegas de laboratório: Tércia, Mariana, Jansen, Camila, Verônica, João Paulo, Fabitcho, Amanda pelo convívio, cafés, risadas e por transformarem as horas de trabalho no laboratório mais tranquilas. To my most dear friends Paola and Jiajia. Thank you girls for bringing lightness to my stay in Paris, the happy times, coffe, scapes to the garden (sorry boss), beers, mate and the hot water and of course.. bubbles! Hope to see you soon! Love you girls! Aos meus pais Fernando Oscar Vicente e Ignês Maria Ribeiro de Freitas. Obrigada pelo apoio incondicional, pelos conselhos de vida e por acreditarem tanto em mim. Vocês são a base de tudo! Aos meus irmãos e irmã pelo companheirismo de uma vida inteira. Meu avô Valter e tia Conceição, pela preocupação e carinho. Minha metade argentina que me orgulho tanto: Vovó Reynaldo, Vovô Elza, tias, tio Daniel, tia Marta e Gabi, obrigada pelo incentivo, mesmo distante. A toda minha família, minha conquista é conquista de todos vocês. Aos amigos conquistados ao longo desses quatro anos em Viçosa. Aos meus amigos do coração que mesmo longe nunca deixaram de estar por perto: Joária, Ana Cristina, André, Rainier. Às barangas mais lindas desse planeta! Vocês que possuem o super-poder de transformarem choro em risos: Maluzinha, Marizinha, Tercita, Karininha e Carolita (Miguelito).. Vocês são suporte para minha caminhada. A convivência com vocês me fez uma pessoa melhor. Obrigada pela festa de aniversário a 12 mil Km de distância que foi a demonstração mais linda de amizade de todos os tempos do planeta desse universo né, Mari! Amo demais cada uma de vocês! À secretária do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia (UFV), Eliane e a técnica de laboratório Silvia. À Universidade Federal de Viçosa e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, pela oportunidade de realização do curso. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela bolsa de estudo. v SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................................. viii LISTA DE TABELAS .............................................................................................................. xii RESUMO .................................................................................................................................. xiv ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xvi GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter One: Historical biogeography of Eneopterinae crickets: multiple colonizations of South America ................................................................................................. 6 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 8 Material and method .............................................................................................................. 11 Character and taxon sampling ................................................................................................ 11 DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing ...................................................................... 12 Alignments and phylogenetic analyses ................................................................................... 13 Fossil calibrations and molecular dating analysis ................................................................. 13 Historical biogeography ......................................................................................................... 17 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Phylogenetic analyses ............................................................................................................. 20 Time of divergence .................................................................................................................. 21 Biogeographical analyses ....................................................................................................... 23 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 23 Phylogenetic and systematic account ..................................................................................... 23 Historical biogeography of Eneopterinae ............................................................................... 25 Multiple colonizations of Eneopterinae in South America but lack of diversity ..................... 27 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 29 References ............................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter Two: Multiple origins of high-frequency communication in extant crickets (Eneopterinae): Did it all happen in the Neotropics? ............................................................ 59 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 59 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 59 Material and method ............................................................................................................... 61 Results & discussion ............................................................................................................... 61 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 63 References ............................................................................................................................... 64 vi Chapter three: Exploring the diversity in the cryptic specie genus Ligypterus (Eneopterinae: Orthoptera) ..................................................................................................... 70 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 70 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 71 Material and method .............................................................................................................. 73 Samples ................................................................................................................................... 74 Molecular Phylogenetic Reconstruction ................................................................................. 74 Species discovery Methods ..................................................................................................... 75 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 79 Sequence divergence and Bayesian results ............................................................................. 81 ABGD ...................................................................................................................................... 81 GMYC ..................................................................................................................................... 82 PTP ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Geometric morphometrics ...................................................................................................... 83 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 82 Incongruence between nuclear and mitochondrial data ........................................................
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