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Marco Pretelli Kristian Fabbri Editors a Guideline for Professionals Who Care for Heritage Buildings

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Marco Pretelli Kristian Fabbri Editors a Guideline for Professionals Who Care for Heritage Buildings Marco Pretelli Kristian Fabbri Editors Historic Indoor Microclimate of the Heritage Buildings A Guideline for Professionals who care for Heritage Buildings Historic Indoor Microclimate of the Heritage Buildings Marco Pretelli • Kristian Fabbri Editors Historic Indoor Microclimate of the Heritage Buildings A Guideline for Professionals who care for Heritage Buildings Editors Marco Pretelli Kristian Fabbri Department of Architecture Department of Architecture University of Bologna University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Bologna, Italy ISBN 978-3-319-60341-4 ISBN 978-3-319-60343-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60343-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946703 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Life exists on earth only within a limited range of temperatures. It is basically impossible over 45C and below À20C, if we exclude some unicellular or simple multicellular organisms. Human life is naturally restricted to an even smaller range and, within this range, the conditions of comfort fall only between 15C and 30C. During its evolution, mankind developed different strategies and technical solutions to deal with conditions falling regularly (seasonally or continuously) out of this range: clothing, food, and architecture, here intended as the whole sum of possible shelters, as Lodoli referred to it. It is not random, indeed, that these are the main elements defining cultures of the different populations on the planet. Adopting an exclusively functional criterion, the whole history of architecture could be condensed in various solutions to guarantee livable spaces to people in different places and historic times. Temperature, for exemplum, is definitely a relevant element to define a space livable and, given the variability in external conditions, the solutions to guarantee livability can used to differ of a large span. This study starts from the consideration above: in recent times the logic conse- quence chain of an environment defining architecture has been somehow reverted. Architectures are cloned and placed in considerably different conditions. This research aims at demonstrating how indoor microclimate was, in the past, not a random consequence of architectonic choices led by other needs, but one of the main goals that an architect or designer aimed at, adopting architectonic solutions, building techniques and proto-HVAC systems to determine the microclimatic conditions inside each of their architectures. Why Starting from Afar? Historic Indoor Microclimate constitutes now a new area of research on historic architecture, but it is the result of a longer path of research started with the analyses of indoor microclimate in the Malatestiana Library in Cesena (built on a v vi Preface project from Matteo Nuti in the first half of the fifteenth century, study case described in Chap. 8). Out of scientific curiosity, in 2013 we asked and obtained permission to place probes monitoring indoor microclimate in the Historic Room in the Library. From the analysis of data, we started to observe the role of the architectonic configuration of the building: its three layer structure where the ground and second floor held no apparent function, the number and distribution of the windows and the regular pattern of their opening, etc. As the research proceeded, it appeared clear that this configuration, as well as the materials used in the construction, was not the result of random planning or of careless use of formal rules of early Renaissance. On the contrary, all those choices led to the definition of a specific indoor microclimate in the room where the books are hosted. The result is that the Malatestiana Library produces (a carefully chosen term, as the process does not imply any external mechanical intervention or system) its own microclimate, an absolutely nonrandom product of strategies used to achieve a specific result: guarantee the best conditions possible to the books representing the heritage preserved in the Library, a corpus of precious medieval manuscripts collected by Novello Malatesta, Lord of Cesena. It is not accidental that, as the Malatestiana Library, many historic libraries built in the same period share similar planimetric and altimetric schemes, as well as structure and materials. Starting from this single observation that the structure of a building heavily influences its microclimate, we tried to individuate specific study cases to confirm this relation, some of which are described in this volume. This led to the definition of Historic Indoor Microclimate and of the research area its study is related to. Indoor microclimate acquired a significant status as immaterial and irreplaceable part of its building, so that its characteristics, its role, and consequences of changes are important and worth studying. The present volume is divided in two distinct parts. The first one describes the contest and the instrument of research on Historic Indoor Microclimate, as well as the interpretation of results. In the second one are analyzed four study cases: the Malatestiana Library in Cesena, the Santuario del Valinotto in Carignano, Villa Medici La Petraia in Florence, and Vleeshuis Museum: Antwerp (Belgium). Chapter 1 deals with the relation between architecture and indoor microclimate, while in Chap. 3 is defined the field of research of Historic Indoor Microclimate and its component, Original, Subsequent and Actual Indoor Microclimates. Chapters 2, 4, and 5 give methodological instruments to study HIM: they describe the thermophysical variances, probes, software modeling, archival research, and in situ surveys. Chapter 6 suggests criteria for indexes to characterize indoor micro- climate and Chap. 7 describes the complex theme of HIM conservation, highlight- ing the need to study indoor microclimate in order to preserve and restore heritage buildings. Finally, the last four chapters are dedicated to the study cases. Venice, Italy Marco Pretelli Cesena, Italy Kristian Fabbri February 2017 Acknowledgments As the authors, we want to thank Leila Signorelli for her contribution to the researches carried on and still ongoing, and for her passion and dedication. We thank Giovanni Litti as well for having accepted to contribute to this book with his methodological skills and his somehow more international point of view. We would like to acknowledge eng. Cinzia Magnani who, with her work on Villa La Petraia (supervisor: Leila Signorelli; co-supervisors: Kristian Fabbri e Marco Pretelli), contributed to collect data on that building. In addition to the people just mentioned, our gratitude goes to all the people who contributed to the researches on the Heritage Buildings object of the second part of the volume: Paola Errani for the Malatestiana Library; Alessandra Griffo and Cinzia Magnani for Villa Medici La Petraia; Agostino Magnaghi and Andreina Milan for the Santuario del Valinotto. A last, sincere, thanks goes to Ilaria Pretelli for her work in the translation as well as for her critical activity, the comments and observations which, as we hope, led this volume to reach its goal: to focus the attention of technicians and researchers dealing with Historic Buildings on the preservation of their specific and delicate Historic Indoor Microclimate. vii Contents 1 Architecture and Indoor Microclimate ..................... 1 Marco Pretelli and Kristian Fabbri 2 Indoor Microclimate ................................... 23 Kristian Fabbri 3 Historic Indoor Microclimate ............................. 73 Marco Pretelli and Kristian Fabbri 4 The Study of Historic Indoor Microclimate .................. 85 Kristian Fabbri 5 The Investigation ...................................... 119 Leila Signorelli 6 Buildings’ Indoor Microclimate Quality (IMQ): Assessment and Certification .......................................... 129 Giovanni Litti and Amaryllis Audenaert 7 Design Criteria and Strategies ............................ 145 Marco Pretelli 8 Malatestiana Library in Cesena, Italy ...................... 159 Marco Pretelli and Kristian Fabbri 9 Villa La Petraia (Florence) UNESCO World Heritage .......... 185 Kristian Fabbri, Leila Signorelli,
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