The Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound

Appendices V and VI First Nations’ Perspectives

Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

March 1995 Design: Rich Rawling Editing/Layout: Cortex Consultants Inc. Appendices V and VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Appendices V and VI

These appendices are a companion document to First Nations' Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound (March 1995), the third report of the Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound. This document, and other reports of the Scientific Panel, can be obtained from:

Cortex Consultants Inc. 201-1290 Broad Street Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2A5 Phone (604) 360-1492 Fax (604) 360-1493

March 1995 i Appendices V and VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

March 1995 ii Appendices V and VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Table of Contents

Appendix V Inventory of Plants and Animals Culturally Significant to the Nuu-Chah-Nulth of Clayoquot Sound

Trees...... A-1 Shrubs ...... A-8 Herbaceous Plants ...... A-16 Non-Vascular Plants...... A-32 Marine Algae...... A-34 Land Mammals ...... A-37 Sea Mammals...... A-40 Birds...... A-43 Fish...... A-50 Shellfish ...... A-60 Land Invertebrates...... A-67

Appendix VI Inventory of Nuu-Chah-Nulth Cultural Areas by Resource and Association

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas...... A-69 Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals ...... A-75 Hunting / Trapping Areas - Sea Mammals ...... A-82 Hunting / Trapping Areas - Whales (Whaling) ...... A-85 Hunting / Trapping Areas - Birds ...... A-87 Fisheries ...... A-89 Shellfish / Beach Food Gathering Areas...... A-97 Summer and Winter Village Sites...... A-102 Summer and Winter Camping Sites ...... A-107 Spiritual Training Sites...... A-111 Burial Sites ...... A-114 Rock Transformations...... A-116

March 1995 iii Appendices V and VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

March 1995 iv Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound Appendix V

Inventory of Plants and Animals Culturally Significant to the Nuu-Chah-Nulth of Clayoquot Sound

Note 1: Citations for ethnobotanical data from 1978 of George Louie (Ahousaht), Peter and Jessie Webster (Ahousaht), Edith Simons (Clayoquot), Dan David (Opitsat), Jimmy McKay (Ucluelet), and Robert Sport (Ohiaht) are from interviews with Leslie Fenn and Maggie Norris done in the summer of 1978 on Pacific Rim Ethnobotany, for Parks Canada, Western Region and the Greater Victoria Environmental Centre. The interview notes were compiled and produced as a report to Parks Canada (Fenn et al. 1978). Turner and Efrat (1982), for Hesquiaht ethnobotany, incorporates the plant knowledge of the late Alice Paul, the late Mike Tom, the late George Ignace, and the late Alex Amos. Turner et al. (1983), for Ditidaht ethnobotany, well south of the Clayoquot area, includes the plant knowledge of the late John Thomas, the late Charlie Jones, Ida Jones, and other Ditidaht speakers, as recorded by John Thomas, Nancy Turner, Bob Ogilvie, and Barry Carlson; this information is included only as supplementary to the Clayoquot information. Ellis, Turner, and Swan (1976) pertains to plant knowledge of the late Luke Swan of Manhousaht, recorded by David Ellis and Nancy Turner. Earl George (1994) citations are from an interview with Nancy Turner in the spring of 1994. Full references are listed in the companion document First Nations' Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound (Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound 1995a).

Note 2: Most of the scientific names for mammals and birds are from Cannings and Harcombe (1990); most Nuu-Chah-Nulth names for mammals, birds, and fish provided by Dr. George Wikinanish Louie, Ethnology and Linguistics, Royal British Columbia Museum. Shellfish names in Nuu-Chah-Nulth are mostly from Ellis and Swan (1981).

Note 3: Additional information on the knowledge and use of many of these species is found in Management for a Living Hesquiat Harbour (Darling 1992), but this information is confidential at present.

Note 4: There is no single, practical orthography for representing sounds in the Nuu-Chah-Nulth language. We have attempted to standardize our orthography as follows: 7 (glottal stop, also sometimes written ?); (pharyngeal, also sometimes written ); aa, ii, uu (long vowel sounds, also sometimes written a., i., u.); apostrophe following a letter (e.g., t’, m’) indicates glottalization; underlining (e.g., h, x) indicates sounds pronounced at the back of the throat. Some equivalent symbols are (with those used here listed first): ch=c; h=h; lh= ; sh=s; tl= ; x=x=x.

Note 5: Items marked with a “?” require further verification.

Trees

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Alder, Red Alnus rubra Moist, rich Leafy branches used in steaming No specified place Edith Simons (Manhousaht, woods, clearings, pits; wood used for masks, rattles, 1978; Turner Hesquiaht,qaqmapt alluvial plains, bowls, bailers, small carvings; and Efrat Clayoquot) lakesides; along prime fuel for smoking fish; bark 1982:62; shoreline, where boiled for red dye, especially used Turner et al. indicative of for cedar bark; bark used as 1983:98Ð99 ancient village medicine for internal injuries, sites tuberculosis and lung ailments; medicine always gathered from river side of tree

March 1995 A-1 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Trees

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Arbutus Arbutus menziesii Dry Douglas-fir Wood steamed and made into Sproat Lake; on west coast, only in mid-upper George Louie (‘naked’) woods, rocky digging sticks (GL); leaves used as Muchalat Inlet on south aspect rocky sites 1978; Turner (Hesquiaht)han’ahtuulh outcrops; not medicine for sore throat (Cowichan; and Efrat found in known to Ditidaht) 1982:64; Clayoquot Turner et al. 1983:104

Cascara Rhamnus Moist alluvial Wood used for D-adze and other hupitsit 872; Hesquiat peninsula Luke Swan purshiana (‘D-adze plant’) flats, open implement handles; cut from the 1976; George (Hesquiaht,q’ay’aaxwasmapt woods; not root end down; bark used for Louie 1978; Manhousaht, common in laxative medicine and tonic, as well Turner and Ahousaht Ð applied Clayoquot; “now as worm medicine and stomach Efrat 1982:72; to crabapple by S. you have to go medicine (for upset stomach); bark Turner et al. Sam); or deep in the harvested in July and August; 1983:115; E. shuts7iqmapt, or woods or up chewed, or taken as infusion; George, pers. shumapt lakes and rivers infusion also used as external comm. 1994; (‘laxative-plant’; to find it” (EG) disinfectant; sometimes mixed with Bouchard and ‘defecate plant’) alder bark; bark gathered to sell to Kennedy 1990 (Hesquiaht, drug companies back in the ’30s Ahousaht) and ’40s (at about 20 cents per pound)

Cedar, Thuja plicata inner bark: pits’ip Common on Highly important; wood used for tlaasmaqwulhh 155; muchaa 280; naxwaqis Jessie Western (generally Nuu- moist forested construction of houses, canoes, 337; tl’uchp’it 346; maaqtusiis 423; Webster 1978; Redcedar Chah-Nulth); wood: sites and near boxes, roofing, fishing weirs, for ?ilhch?a?atimt 468; ts’aaqtl’aa 529; George Louie h umiis (Hesquiaht, watercourses, carving implements, and for fuel; pitsaasts’imit 547; wa h iitlmitis 548; ii h atis 575; 1978; Turner Manhousaht); young especially at inner bark harvested in early pin7iitl 579; w’aayi 591; p’inw’alhuwis 739; and Efrat tree: tlaasmapt lower elevations summer used for mats, baskets, tlatlaas 805; t’i7aamut 77; ts’achi 102; 1982:37; (Hesquiaht) clothing, cordage, shredded for t’ii7iitsaqa 352; ch’a h ayis 838; Turner et al. tinder; withes used for baskets, ch’uuchatswii7a 841; hup’ich 848; k’anuwis 1983:67Ð70; ropes, fish traps; green boughs for 869; unaatsulh h 878; uuqwmin 888; tla7uukwi Bouchard and catching herring spawn (not 902; ii h tsi 909; winchi 913 Kennedy 1990 preferred); boughs used as scrubber in manhood training; bundles of wood for torches; eat the leaves if you are lost in the woods; boughs and roots boiled and tea taken for tuberculosis (GL)

March 1995 A-2 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Trees

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Cedar, Chamaecyparis ?alhmapt Upper elevation Wood used for fire-drills (special Clayoquot Plateau; Catface Mountain; Jessie Yellow- nootkatensis (Hesquiaht) forests; bog variety), paddles, boxes, talking general in many places in Clayoquot; Webster 1978; forests sticks, small carvings; inner bark for mountains above Stewardson; a?aalhmaq- George Louie clothing, blankets, skirts, capes; wa h suu7is 443 1978; Turner considered finer than redcedar and Efrat bark; harvested in early summer; 1982:33; shredded bark for towelling, tinder; Turner et al. wood traded to Makah of 1983:65Ð66; Washington; in ancient times, these Bouchard and trees were said to originate from Kennedy 1990 three young women, sisters, who were scared by Raven and ran up the side of a mountain; chew the leaves if you are lost in the woods (GL)

Cherry, Bitter Prunus bark: lhitw’apt Moist open Cherries not eaten; tough bark Nootka and Zeballos; CPC cannery; Port George Louie Wild emarginata (Hesquiaht); deciduous used as wrapping, binding, and Alberni; Gold River; not at Hesquiat 1978; Turner lhitx-w’apt woods, often near waterproofing for joints of and Efrat (Manhousaht); tree: water implements such as whaling 1982:73; lhitxmapt harpoons and spears, bow hasps, Turner et al. (Hesquiaht); ? adze handles; thickly smeared with 1983:121 qu7ushitlmapt pitch; used for binding cedar withe (cherry tree) pack baskets; reed for wolf-whistle; (Ahousaht Ð GL) infusion of bark as general tonic for any kind of sickness

Cottonwood, Populus Moist alluvial Inner bark spun as cordage; knots Said not to occur originally around Hesquiat Turner and Black balsamifera ssp. (named after the floodplains, lake sometimes used for fishhooks; (AP) Efrat 1982:75; trichocarpa buds)k’wan’uw’inqmapt (Hesquiaht) edges, swamps resin used as paint base for Turner et al. pigments; buds used for medicinal 1983:126 and cosmetic skin salve with deer fat

March 1995 A-3 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Trees

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Crabapple, Pyrus fusca, fruit: tsitsi h 7aqtl Moist to wet Fruit eaten, very important; picked wiiqnit, a meadow behind Hesquiat village George Louie Pacific Malus fusca (‘sour inside’); tree: thickets, alluvial in August and placed in tight basket 1978; Peter tsitsi h 7aqtlmapt flats, lakeshores, for two months to ripen; then eaten Webster 1978; (Hesquiaht, marshes, fens with water; dried or stored under Turner and Manhousaht, water; tough wood used for digging Efrat 1982:73; Ahousaht); or sticks, axe handles, gaff handles, Turner et al. q’ay’aaxwasmapt and spring for baby’s cradle; bark 1983:121; (‘D-adze plant’) used for medicinal tonic, for Fenn et al. (Ahousaht Ð S. coughing and weight loss 1979; Larry Sam; see also Paul, pers. Cascara) comm. 1994; E. George, pers. comm. 1994

Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga , Dry, rocky sites; Bark, wood used for fuel; felled for Ahousaht, ridgetop of Flores Island; shoreline Turner and menziesii maawiqsmapt not common on this purpose long ago; knots used of Hesquiat Harbour; and some rocky Efrat 1982:44; maawi(Hesquiaht); maawi west coast for halibut hooks; wood for spear headlands in Clayoquot; haptulh 272; Turner et al. (Manhousaht) shafts, cod-fish lure poles; boughs tl’aakmaqapi 274; tluu h api 299; tl’its h uulh 1983:73Ð74; gathered for ceremonial costumes, 303; ?ilhch?a?atimt 468; chichixwas 533; Bouchard and after which they were hung over the wihmapt 115 Kennedy 1990 door of the house for a year

Fir, Amabilis Abies amabilis (also Moist, upland Pitch chewed; knots for halibut No specified place George Louie or Silver grand fir) forest areas, with hooks; boughs used for scent and 1978; Turner (Hesquiaht,w’ihmapt hemlock incense, especially for illness, also and Efrat Manhousaht) for bedding; boughs also for 1982:41; decorative clothing for wolf Turner et al. dancers; pitch used as hair and 1983:71 scalp ointment; bark medicine for internal injuries; bears use the boughs for bedding

Fir, Grand Abies grandis (also Not found in Pitch chewed; knots for halibut No specified place Turner and amabilis fir) Clayoquot Sound hooks; boughs used for scent and Efrat 1982:41; (Hesquiaht,w’ihmapt incense, especially for illness; bark Turner et al. Manhousaht) medicine for internal injuries 1983:71

March 1995 A-4 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Trees

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Hemlock, Tsuga tree: qwitl’aqmapt Common in moist Young shoots of boughs chewed as Young trees cut from shoreline wherever Edith Simons Western heterophylla (Hesquiaht, forested sites; hunger suppressant; boughs and herring spawn (e.g., across from Hot Springs 1978; George Manhousaht, shade tolerant young trees a major material for Cove) Louie 1978; Clayoquot); boughs: collecting herring eggs; boughs Turner and qwitlapt (CS) used for bedding; wood used for Efrat 1982:47Ð slow burning fuel; knots for halibut 48; Turner et hooks; bark used for reddish-brown al. 1983:74Ð dye and preservative for fishing 75; E. George, line, canoes; pitch used with deer pers. comm. fat to make skin ointment; bark 1994 used as medicine for internal bleeding, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, phlebitis; needles chewed and plastered on burns; roots boiled and infusion drunk for internal injuries and as pain killer; boughs used as scrubbers for cleansing the body in manhood, womanhood, and other spiritual training; to get daylight, Raven changed himself into a hemlock needle to be swallowed by a Chief’s daughter and “reborn”

Maple, Acer ?amits’apt, Not common in Wood used for making paddles, Clayoquot Valley; Sproat Lake; ?amits’aqis George Louie Broad-leaved macrophyllum ?amits’aqmapt area; moist, masks, rattles, plates, bowls, 466, 539 1978; Turner (Hesquiaht) alluvial soils and utensils and Efrat floodplains 1982:60; Turner et al. 1983:91; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Maple, Rocky Acer glabrum, A. (‘drinking Moist shorelines Wood used to make small bowls Distribution in Clayquot Sound uncertain for Turner et al. Mountain, circinatum bowl plant’) of lakes and and parts of salmon weirs (Ditidaht) A. glabrum; A. circinatum in Robertson River 1983:90 and Vine (Ditidaht)daqcapt rivers; vine maple and Nitinat River valleys (apparently not in not in Clayoquot Clayoquot) Sound

March 1995 A-5 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Trees

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Pine, Pinus contorta Bogs, rocky sites Pitch melted on a salal leaf and tl’aakmaqapi 274; tl’uuchilhulh 670; kw’asimlh Edith Simons Lodgepole, var. contorta tl’akmapt(Hesquiaht) made into chewing gum; wood for 315; tl’akmaqtqwuu7a 486 1978; George Jackpine, or small carvings; pitch as protective Louie 1978; Shore Pine coating for implements and Dan David waterproofing for canoes; pitch 1978; Turner mixed with deer tallow for cosmetic and Efrat salve; roots gathered; wood made 1982:44; into whistles; cones said to be Turner et al. eaten by bears and wolves 1983:73; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Pine, White Pinus monticola Bogs, rocky sites Wood for small carvings; pitch as There is a place called “Little White Pine” Turner and (‘needle plant’) protective coating for implements; where there were formerly lots of herring Efrat 1982:44; (Hesquiaht),n’ich’aksmapt pitch mixed with deer tallow for spawning; Whitepine Cove Ð pin7iitl 579 Turner et al. n’ich’akmapt cosmetic salve (Ditidaht) 1983:73; (Manhousaht) Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Spruce, Sitka Picea sitchensis young spruce: Moist areas in Wood for upper prong of salmon Cerantes Rock, off San Juan Point is named Edith Simons tuu h mapt coastal forests, harpoon; and for a club with yew after spruce on the island; Flores Island; there 1978; Peter (Hesquiaht), especially on wood handle; roots used for twining were giant ones logged in WW II at Bawden and Jessie (a very young floodplains and baskets, and for binding; roots from Bay; tikw’aa 587; yuulhw’in 600; Webster 1978; spruce, only a shores young spruce trees used to weave tl’up’achmaqimilh 648; uu7unmitis 750 Arima 1975Ð couple feet high Ð storage boxes; pitch used as 76; Turner and Earl George); large, protective coating for fishing spears Efrat 1982; older spruce: and other implements; pitch Turner et al. ch’u h smapt chewed for pleasure; pitch used as 1983:71Ð72; (Hesquiaht, salve for sores and sunburn; knots E. George, Manhousaht) used as long-burning fuel; bark pers. comm. soaked in water, boiled for a deep 1994; red dye; boughs used in winter Bouchard and dance ceremonies and costumes; Kennedy 1990 used to scare off evil spirits; for deep aches, the skin was scrubbed with spruce boughs until it bled; painful, but effective; roots gathered along a river bank where the soil erosion made it easier; if no river nearby, roots dug from ground

Unidentified Gathered for basketry mulhm’uu h su7is 842 Bouchard and tree roots Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-6 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Trees

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Willow, Salix hookerii ?ilhchsmapt Moist, swampy Roots used as scrubbers in A beach about two miles west of Estevan Turner and Hooker’s (Hesquiaht, thickets, adulthood training (Ditidaht); wood Point is called ?i?ilhchsmaaqis after this tree Efrat 1982:75; Manhousaht) lakeshores, used as barbecue sticks for Turner et al. creekbanks salmon; no Hesquiaht use recalled 1983:127

Willow, Salix lasiandra ?ilhchsmapt Moist, swampy Roots used as scrubbers in No specified place Turner et al. Pacific (Hesquiaht, thickets, adulthood training; wood used as 1983:127 Manhousaht) lakeshores, barbecue sticks for salmon creekbanks

Yew, Western Taxus brevifolia Sporadic in moist Hard, resilient wood honoured for 7atlkwumilh h tak 208; Hesquiat Lake; said to Turner and or Pacific (Hesquiaht, shaded forests its strength; used for many types of be harder to find larger trees in many areas Efrat 1982; Manhousaht)tlatmapt implements: harpoon and spear Turner et al. shafts, digging and prying sticks, 1983:78; E. bows, mat-making needles, mat George, pers. pressers, wedges, clubs, paddles, comm. 1994; lances, support stakes for salmon Bouchard and weir fencing; braces to support Kennedy 1990 cave roof; branches as scrubbers in manhood training; bark made into juice as medicine for severely ill people. Now bark used by western medical practitioners as cancer medicine; poles gathered for use in commercial trolling

March 1995 A-7 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shrubs

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Berries, Fruit gathered qayisaqts’us 870 Bouchard and general Kennedy 1990

Blackberry, Rubus procerus Introduced to Berries eaten; food of crows Ahousaht Peter Webster Himalayan (salmonberry, berry, Ahousaht area 1978 general)qa7wi (Ahousaht relatively Ð PW) recently; disturbed sites; English blackberry introduced as well as Himalayan

Blackberry, Rubus ursinus Dry sites, open Berries eaten fresh; young men Sproat Lake; higher elevations in the George Louie Trailing Wild (Ahousaht) clearings, rocky rubbed the plant over their bodies mountains, according to EG 1978; Turner et chismapt areas, shoreline to increase their strength al. 1983:125; thickets Earl George 1994

Blackcap, or Rubus berries: h isshitl; Clearings, rocky Berries eaten; features in oral Not at Hesquiat; Gold River; Sproat Lake George Louie Black leucodermis bush: h isshitlmapt areas, and burns traditions, in a story of how Raven 1978; Turner Raspberry (Hesquiaht, fooled women by using the berries and Efrat Manhousaht, to make himself look bloody 1982:74; Ahousaht) Turner et al. 1983:123; Earl George 1994

Blueberry, Vaccinium berries: situp; bush: Moist, shaded Fruit gathered in June and July and 7atlkwumilh h tak 208; hilhsyaqtlis 877; George Louie Alaska alaskaense situpmapts, coniferous forest; eaten with whale, dogfish, or hair Hesquiat Lake; kiish h niqwus 263; ii h atis 575; 1978; Turner sitmapt (Hesquiaht, close to rivers, seal or sea-lion oil; best near winchi 913 and Efrat Manhousaht); with large beach; dried for winter in cakes, 1982:67; tsi7tup (Ahousaht Ð redcedars sometimes with salal; berries used Turner et al. GL) for purple stain 1983:107; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990; Earl George 1994

Blueberry, Vaccinium h Not found in Fruit eaten when available Not in region Turner and Canada myrtilloides (Hesquiaht) or Clayoquot; Efrat 1982:67 muunisaqtl’itsxwapi imported from (Ahousaht) Fraser Valley

March 1995 A-8 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shrubs

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Blueberry, Vaccinium berries: Moist, shaded Berries eaten; very sweet; dried for Very common on islands in Nootka Sound; Turner and Oval-leaved, ovalifolium tl’itsxwaanush; coniferous forest, winter winchi 913 Efrat 1982:67; or Gray bush: clearings; along Turner et al. tl’itsxwaanush- creeks and lake 1983:108; mapt (Hesquiaht) margins Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Cranberry, Vaccinium Peat bogs Berries eaten; picked in fall; eaten Any peat bogs, e.g., around Kennedy Lake; Turner and Bog oxycoccus (Hesquiaht, with oil; stored under water; berries lots in meadows behind Hesquiat; Village Efrat 1982:67; Manhousaht,p’ap’a7is eaten by geese; now commercial Lake; Ahousaht; sach’a7umt 286; Turner et al. Ahousaht) ones planted where lake was yukwsaasaq h 317; ?a7ukwnak 421; t’ashii 1983:109; drained behind Ahousaht 858; wiiqnit 54; ya’ya sinas 55; tl’aaxaktis 63 Fenn et al. 1979; Earl George 1994; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Cranberry, Viburnum edule berries: Swampy thickets Berries eaten; not common; eaten m’u h tiisak h 103, at the edge of Hesquiat Lake Turner and Highbush m’um’uk’waqtl beside lakes and raw with oil in small quantities; tart Efrat 1982:63; (‘stone inside’); creeks but flavourful Turner et al. bush: 1983:118; m’um’uk’waqtl- Bouchard and mapt(Hesquiaht) Kennedy 1990

Currant, Ribes berries: hulh7iiwa, Rich, shaded soil Berries eaten with oil; where there yukwsaasaq h 317; Hesquiat Lake; Clayoquot Turner and Stink, or bracteosum bush: hulh7iqmapt along creeks and are plenty, they are mashed and River Valley Efrat 1982:68; Grayberry (Hesquiaht) in swamps, with dried like salalberries Turner et al. salmonberry and 1983:113; skunk cabbage Bouchard and Kennedy 1990; Luke Swan 1976

Currant, Ribes laxiflorum berries: Moist forests and Berries eaten raw and fresh, with hiniikw’umt 245 George Louie Trailing, hashp’uuna; shoreline oil; wood used for pipestems; sticks 1978; Turner White- bush: thickets, often on split and used as salmon spreaders and Efrat flowered or hashp’uqmapt rotten logs and for barbecuing – won’t burn 1982:69; Wild Black (Hesquiaht) stumps; often Bouchard and along rivers Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-9 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shrubs

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Devil’s Club Oplopanax Moist, rich alluvial Stems used for catching octopus; No specified place George Louie horridus (Manhousaht, soils, seepage wood used for carving fish lures 1978; Turner Hesquiaht,n’aap’aalhmapt sites and shaded (cod, black sea-bass); charcoal for and Efrat Ahousaht) gulleys protective face paint; bark used as 1982:61; medium for paint, with berries; Turner et al. medicine for arthritis; plant burned 1983:96 and infused, then drunk to give strength; if too much drunk, will give a bad temper; drunk from new moon to 8th day

Dogwood, Cornus (?) Moist clearings Possibly used in basketry No specified place Turner and Red-osier stolonifera (‘dog plant’) and thickets near Efrat 1982:64; (Hesquiaht)7ilhchsmapt (also water; swamps Turner et al. used for Willow) 1983:103

Elderberry, Sambucus bush: ts’iwiipt, Moist coniferous Berries formerly eaten [must be No specified place Edith Simons Red racemosa berries: tsiiyin forests, clearings, cooked]; made into a “home brew” 1978; George (Manhousaht, shorelines by some; branches used to make Louie 1978; Hesquiaht, ceremonial whistles; bark and roots Turner and Ahousaht, used as strong laxative, purgative, Efrat 1982:63; Clayoquot) and emetic (TOXIC); roots rubbed Turner et al. on skin as soothing analgesic; and 1983:100Ð102 on newborn babies to make them strong; many other medicinal uses; stems used as spears for catching octopus and for making fishing lures, bark used to make paint; during flood, canoes anchored to elderberry trees and roots, as well as bull kelp

False Azalea Menziesia ?ats?anixsmapt Rotten logs and Flower nectar sucked (GI); Hesquiat Lake Turner and ferruginea (Hesquiaht) stumps in branches used recently for sling Efrat 1982:65; shaded, moist shots; bark used as protective Turner et al. coniferous forest medicine; can cause dizziness 1983:107 (MAY BE TOXIC) (Ditidaht)

March 1995 A-10 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shrubs

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Gooseberry, Ribes divaricatum berries: milhk’iw’a; Gravelly shores Berries eaten raw and fresh with oil t’imqaqimilh 285; sach’a7umt 286; chaatsa Edith Simons Coastal bush: milhk’iqmapt and moist in summer; sometimes cooked with 819 1978; George Black, Wild (Hesquiaht); berries: clearings sugar; crushed and sun-dried when Louie 1978; milhka7um plentiful, according to some, but not Turner and (Ahousaht); bush: for others; sap from larger Efrat 1982:69; milhk’aq’mapt, or ? branches applied to boils Turner et al. ts’itsmapt 1983:114; (Ahousaht) Bouchard and Kennedy 1990; Earl George 1994

Hawthorn, Crataegus Name not recalled Gravelly river and Use not recalled; one bush was Hesquiat Lake Turner and Black douglasii (Hesquiaht) lakeshores, upper growing at swimming hole in Efrat 1982:72 beaches Hesquiat, said to have been transplanted from Hesquiat Lake

Huckleberry, Vaccinium berries: Moist, shady Berries eaten, very sweet; picked in Common around Long Beach (Middle Beach); Turner and Evergreen ovatum siinamuxs7its; forests; under old October and November; eaten with cha7akwap’aalh h 257; ?inchasimt 302; Efrat 1982:67; bush: growth; edges, oil; evergreen branches picked for kw’asimlh 315; sinimxsy’itsqwuu7a 510; Turner et al. siinamuxs7itsmapt along shores and florists mamach?aqtinit 518; a7aapswilh 536; 1983:108Ð109; (Hesquiaht, coastline y’aaq h sis 712; hupii7itaqwulh h 718; Bouchard and Manhousaht) t’aaqpaalh 873; chaanaakw’a7a 101 Kennedy 1990; Earl George 1994

Huckleberry, Vaccinium berries: his7inwa, Moist open Berries eaten fresh or dried, with oil kiish h niqwus 263; ii h atis 575; y’aaq h sis 712; Edith Simons Red parvifolium his7iniwa; bush: woods, on rotten hilhsyaqtlis 877; lots near Christie School 1978; George his7itqmapt logs and stumps, Louie 1978; (Hesquiaht, and in clearings; Turner and Ahousaht, often around Efrat 1982:67; Clayoquot, large cedars Turner et al. Manhousaht) 1983:109Ð110; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990; Earl George 1994

March 1995 A-11 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shrubs

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Kinnikinnick, Arctostaphylos (‘leaves, Sandy beaches, Leaves toasted and smoked Sand dunes at Long Beach; ?inchasimt 302; Edith Simons Bearberry uva-ursi plant, general’) gravelly banks, (relatively recent); berries eaten in y’aaq h sis 376; tl’atl’at h is 862 1978; George (Hesquiaht,tl’aqapt cliffs and rocky late summer; berries eaten fresh, or Louie 1978; Ahousaht); bluff, and stored in cool place for later use; Turner and tl’itl’itlk’aqtl outcrops berries gathered to mix with “Indian Efrat 1982:64; (berries); cheese” made from fermented Turner et al. tl’itl’itlk’aqtlmapt salmon eggs and leaves were dried 1983:104; (plant) (Ahousaht, and smoked in a mixture with Bouchard and Clayoquot Ð tobacco; berries eaten by grouse Kennedy 1990 tlitlikalh)

Labrador-tea Ledum (“tea” plant) Peat bogs Leaves picked around May to June Village lake, behind Hesquiat; bogs on road George Louie groenlandicum (Hesquiaht, and in fall; used to make a to Tofino 1978; Turner Manhousaht);tiimapt beverage and tonic tea; improves and Efrat muuniissaq appetite; used for tuberculosis, 1982:65; (Ahousaht) miscarriage; drunk as medicine Turner et al. from new moon to half moon as the 1983:106Ð107; only liquid consumed Fenn et al. 1979

Laurel, Bog Kalmia polifolia Peat bogs TOXIC; sometimes confused with Bogs behind Hesquiat village, around Tofino Turner and or Swamp (‘resembles previous species Efrat 1982:65 Labrador-tea’)tiitiimaptk’uk (Hesquiaht)

Ninebark Physocarpus Moist river and Used to darken cedar bark before Hesquiat Lake Turner and capitatus (‘resembles inner lakeshores, weaving; used medicinally for Efrat 1982:73 cedarbark’)pipits’k’uk swamps, and rheumatic pain, as a laxative and (Hesquiaht) thickets an antidote for poisoning; strong purgative; emetic to cause vomiting

Oceanspray, Holodiscus (Hesquiaht); Rocky bluffs, Wood used for mat-making No specified place; closest probably on south George Louie or Ironwood discolor xipmapt (Ahousaht) open woods; dry needles, barbecue sticks, children’s aspects above Sproat Lake 1978; Turner siw’iipt sites; apparently bows, octopus spears, knitting and Efrat not common in needles, skewers for drying clams, 1982:72; Clayoquot area; and other objects requiring Turner et al. associated with hardness; used for fishing rods for 1983:118 summerÐdry casting in fresh water; fishers say climates “xipsipa” while casting for luck

March 1995 A-12 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shrubs

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Oregon-grape Mahonia , or Apparently rare in Berries apparently eaten; Sproat Lake; Ursus Creek watershed George Louie aquifolium, M. ka?mum (?) Clayoquot area; preserved fresh and dried in cakes (M. nervosa) 1978; Turner et nervosa (Ahousahttsiiyaxnxtsy’its Ð GL); possibly known (? identity not confirmed Ð GL); al. 1983:96 tlukwshtqapt through trade bark used for yellow dye, possibly (‘raven’s plant’) medicine (Ditidaht) (Ditidaht)

Rose, Nootka Rosa nutkana fruit: pat?iwa Moist thickets Hips eaten raw; kept 6Ð8 weeks in pat?ixnit 278; pat?ixmaqimilh 298 George Louie Wild (also dwarf rose, (Hesquiaht; along shorelines, baskets, outer part eaten, often 1978; Peter R. gymnocarpa) Manhousaht, creeks, lakes and with seal oil or with salmon roe; Webster 1978; Ahousaht); bush: marshes leaves and shoots used for Turner and pat?xmapt, beverage and medicinal tea; fruit a Efrat 1982:74; (Hesquiaht, food of deer; fruit mixed with dried Turner et al. Ahousaht) salmon eggs and eaten 1983:123; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Salal Gaultheria berries: y’am’a; Very common Berries a staple food; “gallons and ts’aqamyis 306; wins h 574; ii h atis 575; Edith Simons shallon leaves: lhayiipt; along coastline gallons” picked; dried for winter on tlulhp’ich 723; ts’aapi 786; chaatsa 819; 1978; Jimmy plants: y’am’apt, and in moist skunk cabbage leaves, or hung up qatsuqwtl h 827; tl’uulhapi 834; Hope Island McKay 1978; lhayipqmapt forest sites with by their stems to dry; leafy George Louie (Hesquiaht, hemlock and branches used in cooking pits; 1978; Turner Manhousaht, cedar leaves used as flavouring in fish and Efrat Ahousaht, soups and fish being smoked and 1982:65; Clayoquot) as hunger suppressant; leaves Turner et al. used for green dye; made into 1983:106; drinking cups; medicine for newly Bouchard and married couples to produce male Kennedy 1990 babies (Ditidaht); leaves used as a poultice for boils; leaves eaten for strength and endurance by athletes (JM); harvested for florists for decoration

March 1995 A-13 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shrubs

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis fruit: qawii; edible Very common in Young shoots cooked and eaten, Hesquiat Lake; cove 1.6 km east of Cullite George Louie shoots: m’aayi; moist thickets often with salmon eggs; used as Cove called qawishad, “salmonberry cove” 1978; Jessie bush: m’ashmapt along the coast, travelling food; all people shared it; (Arima, E. unpublished notes, 1975Ð76); Webster 1978; or qawashmapt , in swamps, ripe when seagull eggs are ready in sprouts from Clealand Island (Bear Island), Turner and (Hesquiaht, marshes, early June; berries eaten fresh; qutumk h ; kiish h niqwus 263; wins h 574; Efrat 1982:75; Manhousaht, creeksides, very important; associated ripening tlulhp’ich 723; hisnit 803; chaatsa 819; Turner et al. Ahousaht) lakeshores, and with Swainson’s thrush; wood used shiishaawilh 894; winchi 913 1993:124Ð125; open woods for children’s bows, salmon Bouchard and spreaders, clam skewers, pryers for Kennedy 1990; sea anemones; leaves placed at Earl George bottom of fish cooking pot; pounded 1994 bark used as poultice for bleeding (Makah); important food of bears; important in oral traditions; plenty of salmonberries is an indicator that there will be lots of sockeye

Saskatoon Amelanchier Clearings and Berries picked, eaten Gold River and along the Alberni River Turner and berry, alnifolia (Hesquiaht) open-canopy Efrat 1982:72 Serviceberry t’i7itltup forests; shorelines; abundance decreases with increasing precipitation and elevation; characteristic of young seral forests

Soapberry, or Shepherdia x washkin Does not grow in Berries traded; used to make No known sites Turner and Soopollalie canadensis (Hesquiaht, Clayoquot Sound whipped confection, served at Efrat 1982:64; Manhousaht),mu or area (wet CWH); feasts; traded from Bella Coola and Turner et al. sup7ulalii must have been the Fraser Valley 1983:103 (Chinook jargon) imported in trade

Sweet Gale Myrica gale ?aanismapt (“blue Dense thickets Great blue herons stand among Village Lake, Hesquiat Lake Turner and heron plant”) along lake these bushes and are impossible to Efrat 1982:70 (Hesquiaht) margins and see marshes; often dominant in stream edge and lakeshore fens

March 1995 A-14 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shrubs

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus fruit: tl’aach7aalh; Moist open Young shoots eaten, gathered in Offshore islands beyond Ahousaht George Louie edible shoots: forests, thickets, spring by women, by the armload; 1978; Peter ch’aashxiw’a; lake edges and eaten by women with cured dogfish Webster 1978; bushes: shorelines eggs; berries eaten fresh; very Turner and tl’ach7alhmapt important; leaves placed in the Efrat 1982:74; (Hesquiaht, bottom of a pot when cooking Turner et al. Manhousaht, catfish, to keep fish from sticking 1983:124; Earl Ahousaht) and to add flavouring; laid between George 1994 layers of barbequing salmon for flavour

Twinberry, Lonicera (‘crow Moist shorelines, Buds and bark as tonic for general No specified place Edith Simons Black involucrata plant’) (Hesquiaht); forest edges, sickness, including nervous 1978; George ch’ihsmaptk’aa7itqmapt coastal thickets breakdown; berries not eaten by Louie 1978; (Manhousaht, humans, but food for crows and Turner and Ahousaht); other birds; medicine for whale Efrat 1982:63; chisimapt hunters Ð bark scraped off and Turner et al. (Clayoquot) eaten or boiled to make a tea to be 1983:99; Luke drunk by whalers; leaves rubbed on Swan 1976 their limbs; berries used to make paint with devil’s club bark

Waxberry, or Symphoricarpos Not common on Berries not edible; berry juice No specified place Turner and Snowberry albus (‘eyeball-plant’) west coast rubbed on warts and sores; bark Efrat 1982:63; (Hesquiaht)tl’iskts’in’immapt used for inability to urinate; and as Turner et al. a protective skin wash 1983:102

March 1995 A-15 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Angelica, Angelica Name unknown Moist, rich soil Children’s toy made from stalks No specified place Turner et al. Kneeling genuflexa near edges of 1983:91 lakes and rivers; floodplains and tidal flats

Avens, Large- Geum Moist, nitrogen- The entire plant including roots was No specified place Turner and leaved macrophyllum (childbirth plant) rich soils; open- eaten as a medicine for stomach Efrat 1982:72 (Hesquiaht)tiichsy’aapiqsy’i canopy, pains, or by a woman after deciduous forests childbirth to heal the womb; young and floodplains small leaves were considered the and stream edge; best disturbed sites

Beargrass, or Xerophyllum Imported to Tough, lustrous leaves used in Not found locally Jessie Webster “American tenax Vancouver Island making wrapped twined baskets 1978; Turner Grass” tl’iisukum from Olympic (as with Carex obnupta) and Efrat Peninsula as 1982:56 processed leaves

Bedstraw, Galium triflorum (‘sticks Shaded, moist Rubbed on body during bathing for No particular place; G. aparine common on George Louie Sweet- on’) (Hesquiaht) forestaparine floor; G. a nice scent, like a deodorant or beach at Hesquiat 1978; Turner scented (alsok’wiit’imts G. aparine); perfume; plants used to make and Efrat qats’alhp’uqs introduced; special scented hair rinse to keep 1982:75; (Ahousaht Ð GL) common along the hair lustrous Turner et al. beaches 1983:125; Fenn et al. 1979

Buckbean, Menyanthes Name not recalled Marshes and lake Favourite food of deer; wade into Village Lake behind Hesquiat village Turner and Marsh trifoliata edges, in water to get the rhizomes Efrat 1982:69 standing water

Bulrush, Scirpus acutus (Hesquiaht, River banks, Spongy, cylindrical stems used for Village Lake behind Hesquiat; Cheewhat Turner and Round-stem, Manhousaht) floodplains, lake mats, mattresses, room dividers, River floodplain; qay’aqimyis 340 Efrat 1982:54; Tule t’unaax edges etc.; cutting them believed to cause Turner et al. fog 1983:81; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-16 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Bulrush, Scirpus , or Muddy, brackish Stemsobnupta foundation for wrapped yaaspaalh h 716; kwuutwis 865; gathered Jessie Webster American, or americanus t’ut’unaxk’uk water in river twined trinket baskets (see Carex from the seashore at Vargas Island 1978; Turner “three- (Hesquiaht,t’uxt’ux estuaries and ); picked in summer, dried; and Efrat square” Ahousaht, and other shallow tidal flats traded to Makah; gathered for use 1982:54; dialects Ð Bamfield) in basketry and weaving mats Turner et al. 1983:81Ð82; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Bunchberry, Cornus berries: hast’aachi; At lower Berries eaten fresh and raw, with Meadows behind Hesquiat village Luke Swan Canadian canadensis plants: (submontane) dogfish oil; eaten in large 1976; Edith hast’aachiqmapt elevations, is quantities, as feasts; said to make Simons 1978; (Hesquiaht, associated with one’s mouth numb if too many George Louie Manhousaht, cedarÐhemlock eaten; said to make your lips red; 1978; Turner Ahousaht, forests (not said to have originated from the and Efrat Clayoquot) hemlockÐamabilis blood of a young woman stranded 1982:64; fir). At higher at the top of a cedar tree Turner et al. elevations 1983:102 (montane) is also associated with hemlockÐamabilis fir types

Buttercup Ranunculus spp. k’a h k’a h shsmapt Open meadows, Buttercups contain an irritating No specified place Turner and (‘blister plant’) cleared areas chemical which was used as a Efrat 1982:71 (Hesquiaht) counter-irritant medicinally for aches and pains; leaves were chewed for aches and pains as well as after childbirth

Camas, Blue Camassia Does not grow on Bulbs eaten; normally traded from The mouth of the Megin is one of the only George Louie quamash, C. (Hesquiaht, west coast, in wet south Vancouver Island, or dug places in the region where this plant may be 1978; Turner leichtlinii Manhousaht,kwan’us CWH; must have down there; some reports of found; also dug behind Hesquiat Village; and Efrat Ahousaht) been imported in transplanting to Hesquiaht area; wapuukw h 471 1982:54; trade bulbs pit-cooked with clover and Turner et al. silverweed roots 1983:85; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-17 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

“Carrot, wild,” Conioselinum (?), Upper beaches in Gathered for medicinal purposes; naxwaqis 337; behind cemetery at Ahousaht Luke Swan or Hemlock- pacificum qwaapuuks gravelly or sandy used in a musket to shoot elk; like (LS) 1976; Parsley (Manhousaht)qwaa’uuqws soil an anaesthetic; root mixed with Bouchard and black twinberry as a local Kennedy 1990 anaesthetic; root mashed and used to poultice bruises; chewed for toothache (LS)

Cat-tail, Typha latifolia x mapt, or Swampy ground Leaves used for mats, skirts, Said to have been introduced to Village Lake, Jimmy McKay Common lhuchmapt (edges and standing baskets, mattresses; leaf edges behind Hesquiat; i h tsi 909 1978; Turner ofsani leaves) fresh water at used for cordage, for sewing and Efrat (Hesquiaht, lake edges, and 1982:58; Manhousaht); open marshes Turner et al. sa7na x alh 1983:88 (Ucluelet)

Clover, Trifolium rhizomes: ?a?iits’u Saltmarshes, Rhizomes steamed or pit-cooked Hesquiat Harbour, mouth of Hesquiat Lake; Luke Swan Springbank or wormskioldii (long ones Ð GL); floodplains, river as a root vegetable; dug in August ma7uwis 483; wati h 491; tl’imaqis 497; 1976; George Wild plants: estuaries, sandy and September with digging sticks, t’iikwuwis 554; muuya h i 555; 7aahuus 10; Louie 1978; ?a?iits’uqmapt shorelines often at the same time as ?iiqwuu7a 747; ts’isaqis 777; uuqwmin 888; Turner and (Hesquiaht, silverweed roots; eaten with hair tl’aayaa7a 98 Efrat 1982:68; Manhousaht, seal oil or cured chum salmon Turner et al. Ahousaht) eggs; eaten at end of meal after 1983:112; salmon or seal, like “sweet Bouchard and potatoes” (GL); “cultivated” in Kennedy 1990 naturally occurring beds, which were sometimes marked off, and which were owned by hereditary chiefs; dug along the river at chum salmon time in the fall; in April and May, dug from saltmarshes (LS)

Club-moss, Huperzia selago Damp shaded Medicine: emetic and purgative Whyac Lake (Ditidaht) Turner et al. Fir (‘looks like a spruce woods 1983:60 tree’)tutuxubaqak’kw (Ditidaht)

Club-moss, Lycopodium Open woods, Taboo against touching; causes Common in bog meadows around Hesquiat Jimmy McKay Running clavatum (‘deer’s sandy soil one to lose his way if touched 1978; Turner t’apw’anim7akbelt’) (Hesquiaht) (because of branching pattern); and Efrat muwach used to make Christmas 1982:29; decorations at residential school Turner et al. 1983:60; Fenn et al. 1979

March 1995 A-18 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Coltsfoot Petasites frigidus Moist banks and Elk’s food; poultice for bruises No specified place Turner et al. var. palmatus tl’uudupiits(‘elk’s food’) seepage areas, (Makah) 1983:98 (Ditidaht) ha7ub alluvial plains Cow-parsnip, Heracleum budstalks: hum’aaq Moist openings Young budstalks and leafstalks qwutimq h 656; qilhtsma?a 694; along beach George Louie or “Indian lanatum (Hesquiaht, and meadows, eaten in spring, after peeling; from Hesquiat, towards Estevan Point 1978; Turner Rhubarb” Manhousaht); low to high people had favourite, special and Efrat leafstalks: elevations patches for gathering them; very 1982:62; qilhtsuup important food; formerly eaten with Turner et al. (Hesquiaht, dogfish oil; budstalks used for 1983:91Ð92; Manhousaht, children’s toys Bouchard and Ahousaht); plant: Kennedy 1990; qilhtsmapt WARNING: Must be peeled; “skin” Earl George (Hesquiaht) contains irritating chemical 1994

Dandelion, Taraxacum (‘white Common in Hollow stems could be used to No specified place Turner and Common officinale inside’) (Hesquiaht) meadows and make whistles Efrat 1982:62 tl’itl’its’aqtl disturbed places; introduced species

Eel-grass Zostera marina (also In beds in sandy Rhizomes and leaf bases eaten; Some places in Clayoquot Sound extremely George Louie seagrass); ? ocean bottom in gathered in May at very low tide; dense 1978; Turner haashqiitsts’aay’imts (“surf lower intertidal leaves to collect herring eggs; and Efrat grass” – GL; and subtidal rhizomes eaten by brants, 1982:59; Ahousaht) zones canvasback ducks and other birds Turner et al. 1983:89

Fairybells, Disporum hookeri Shaded forest Eaten by animals No specified place Turner et al. Hooker’s (‘deer’s floor 1983:86 food’)muwach (Hesquiaht) (bothha7um7ak also for twisted-stalk, Streptopus)

Fawn Lily, Erythronium Moist, shaded Believed to cause fog and storms if No specified place Turner et al. Pink revolutum (‘sad ones on the forest in rich picked 1983:85 ground’chaachaawa7s – also for organic soil trillium) (Ditidaht)

March 1995 A-19 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Fern, Pteridium rhizomes: shitlaa; Common in open Rhizomes formerly dug in spring tuxwtsaqnit 179; shitlaapqamilh 628; 7aahuus Luke Swan Bracken aquilinum (‘move to another woods and and summer and pit-cooked, 10; ts’akaat’a7a 106 1976; Edith place’); plants: clearings steamed or roasted and the starchy Simons 1978; shitlmapt inner part eaten, with fish eggs or George Louie (Hesquiaht, potatoes; shouldn’t eat straight; 1978; Turner Manhousaht, fronds used in pit-cooking, for and Efrat Clayoquot) cleaning fish on, and camping 1982:32; mats, etc.; young shoots formerly Turner et al. used as medicine for uterine cancer 1983:63; Fenn et al. 1979; WARNING: considered dangerous; Ellis et al. contain cancer-causing agents 1976; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Fern, Deer Blechnum spicant Shaded forest Young fronds chewed as hunger No specified place Edith Simons (‘standing up plant’) floor, often on suppressant; also as a breath 1978; George (Hesquiaht,kaatskuuxsmapt rotten logs sweetener; roots also chewed as Louie 1978; Ahousaht, hunger suppressant Ð PW; fronds Peter Webster Clayoquot, Ucluelet) used as medicine for skin sores 1978; Jimmy (learned from watching deer use McKay 1978; them for sores); one woman used Turner and fronds with success for internal Efrat 1982:29; cancer; deer eat this plant to the Turner et al. ground; double-tipped fronds, if 1983:63; Fenn found, are eaten as medicine to et al. 1979 make people smart

Fern, Lady Athyrium Shaded, swampy Fronds used to surround food in tl’i h aksulh 163 Edith Simons filix-femina (‘resembling forest areas, with cooking pits and kettles; ES said 1978; Turner bracken’)shishitlmaptk’uk skunk-cabbage roots were formerly eaten and that and Efrat (Hesquiaht); it grows among salal [possibly 1982:29; shikmapt referring to bracken]; fiddleheads of Turner et al. (Clayoquot Ð ES) lady fern eaten for internal ailments 1983:62; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-20 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Fern, Leather Polypodium Very shallow Rhizomes chewed on by children; Common around the sea coast near Hesquiat Turner and scouleri (‘raven’s soils; common in ravens said to eat it village Efrat 1982:30 food’),qu7ushin qu7ushin areas which hihit’ak ha7um7ak, or experience ocean qu7ushitqmapt spray; open (Hesquiaht) canopy forests; also on stems and branches of trees, especially spruce

Fern, Licorice Polypodium h i h it’a, On mossy logs, Rhizomes chewed as mouth h aytyaa 820 Peter Webster glychrrhiza h i h it’aqtlmapt rock faces and sweetener; make water taste 1978; Turner (Manhousaht, tree trunks and sweet; and medicine for coughs, and Efrat Hesquiaht) limbs colds and sore throats; rhizomes 1982:30; growing on crabapple were used Turner et al. for relief of gas 1983:64; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Fern, Adiantum Moist Infusion of ashes drunk or leaves Grows at the mouth of caves Luke Swan Maidenhair pedatum (Hesquiaht); streamsides, wet chewed as medicine for dancers 1976; Turner yumaptyuxsmapt(Ahousaht, cliffs, seepage and athletes to make them light- and Efrat Manhousaht) areas, often footed; for strength and endurance; 1982:29; shaded a young baby boy was rubbed with Turner et al. these leaves; whale hunters’ 1983:61; Fenn medicine too et al. 1979

Fern, Spiny Dryopteris Rotten logs in Fronds used to surround food in tl’i h aksulh 163; niisaq 569 (D.expansa) Turner and wood expansa; (‘resembling forest cooking pits and kettles; young Efrat 1982:29; (Dryopteris bracken’)shishitlmaptk’uk shoots used as medicine for skin Turner et al. austriaca) (Hesquiaht), or sores; fronds gathered by whalers; 1983:62; 7i7itsmaptk’uk root used as a medicine Bouchard and (‘resembling sword Kennedy 1990 fern’) (Hesquiaht)

March 1995 A-21 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Fern, Sword Polystichum 7itsmapt Rich, moist soil in Rootstocks formerly roasted and iitsmakwits 578; ts’aapi 786 Edith Simons munitum (Hesquiaht); forested areas; eaten; fronds used to surround food 1978; Peter pinapinamapt7itsmakt very common in cooking pits, and for placemats and Jessie , (Clayoquot) under food; fronds used as Webster 1978; ceremonial costume material; Jimmy McKay fronds gathered and sold for floral 1978; Turner decorations; fronds placed under and Efrat bedding; fiddleheads rubbed in 1982:32; children’s hair in the belief that this Turner et al. would make it lighter in colour; 1983:62; used as head decorations; young Bouchard and shoots chewed as a medicine for Kennedy 1990 uterine cancer; fronds used to play “pila pila” or “pina pina” endurance game by young women (and men) at potlatches

Fern, ? possibly t’ipaa Rootstocks formerly cooked and Said to grow along roadbanks Turner and unidentified Dryopteris eaten; Alice Paul’s mother used it; Efrat 1982:29, expansa like a potato 77 rootstocks

Fireweed Epilobium (‘fire on Very common on No apparent use; elsewhere, seed Hesquiat Peninsula; very common Turner et al. angustifolium top’ – translation burns and fluff spun with dog wool 1983:115 borrowing)7a7adakqii (Ditidaht) clearings

Fringecup, Tellima (‘hairy Very common in Spiritual medicine No specified place Turner et al. Tall grandiflora on one side’) moist, shaded 1983:127 (Ditidaht)hahaptspaa forest areas, with salmonberry, foamflower

Goatsbeard Aruncus sylvester Moist thickets, Root used as very strong medicine No specified place Turner et al. (‘herring eggs on banks, clearings, for fever, “measles” and similar 1983:117 thesisixbuxwaxs bushes’) streamsides illness (Ditidaht) (Ditidaht)

Grass, Brome Bromus carinatus ?aqmapt (general) Moist meadows Sharp-awned fruits considered No specified place Turner and and clearings dangerous because they get stuck Efrat 1982:56 in the throat

March 1995 A-22 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Grass, Dune, Elymus mollis Sandy soil at Leaves used for sewing and No specified place Turner and or Dune Wild (‘resembles basket upper beach binding, and for bag handles; roots Efrat 1982:58; Rye sedge’),ch’ich’itapqk’uk or used for scrubber in manhood Turner et al. hitinqis7itl’aqapt training, to strengthen the body 1983:88 (‘beach growth’) (Ditidaht) (Hesquiaht)

Grass, various spp. ?aqmapt Common in Eaten by deer and other animals; apwinqis 863 George Louie general (Hesquiaht, variety of habitats used in cooking pits, and in food 1978; Turner Manhousaht) storage baskets; used to clean fish; and Efrat gathered for use in weaving lids for 1982:56; baskets Turner et al. 1983:88; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

“Grass, Carex obnupta Swamp”; see Sedge, Tall Basket

Hedge Nettle Stachys cooleyae Moist swamps Laid under fish to keep it clean Hesquiat village; common Turner and and lakeshores Efrat 1982:69; tushksmaqk’uk Turner et al. 1983:114

Horsetail, Equisetum (Hesquiaht, Swamps, edges Abrasive for polishing implements No specified place Edith Simons Branchless hiemale Ahousaht, of sloughs (general) 1978; George Clayoquot)qwaqtl Louie 1978; Turner and Efrat 1982:29; Turner et al. 1983:60

Horsetail, Equisetum vegetative shoots: Moist, generally Young shoots eaten, but not as No specified place Edith Simons Common arvense qwaqtl (Hesquiaht, open areas commonly as E. telmateia; abrasive 1978; George Ahousaht, for polishing implements (general); Louie 1978; Clayoquot); fertile used to clean fish Turner and shoots: nitnaaktli Efrat 1982:28; (Hesquiaht) Turner et al. 1983:60

March 1995 A-23 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Horsetail, Equisetum vegetative shoots: Moist banks, Young shoots eaten in large Towards Estevan Point (Hesquiat) Edith Simons Giant telmateia qwaqtl (Hesquiaht, seepage areas, quantities in spring; potential 1978; George Ahousaht, ditches source of pure water; abrasive for Louie 1978; Clayoquot); polishing implements; medicine for Turner and kw’akw’aqtl diarrhoea (Makah); used to clean Efrat 1982:28; (Manhousaht); fish Turner et al. fertile shoots: 1983:60 nitnaaktli (Hesquiaht)

“Indian muuqwtl h Small yellow sweet potato gathered ts’aa h t’as 811 Bouchard and Celery” (?) in the month of May Kennedy 1990

Indian Lomatium Seeds traded Seeds burned as incense to No specified place on west coast; found at Turner et al. Consumption nudicaule (‘medicine for from Coast Salish fumigate a house in cases of Rathtrevor Beach, Parksville 1983:92Ð93 Plant codfish7a7ayxwqwsu7 lure’) sickness or death; seeds possibly (Ditidaht) used as charm for codfish lure

Indian Veratrum viride h (identified in Moist meadows, Roots gathered primarily for No specified place George Louie Hellebore Hesquiaht riverbanks external use, but also were used 1978; Jimmy ethnobotanyhaw’a as with extreme caution as an emetic; McKay 1978 trillium, but even a small amount could be a poisonous qualities deadly poison; put on arrows to and uses fit this poison deer; also used to poison species); confirmed bullets; will kill even a large animal this species by with one shot; rubbed on body to Jimmy McKay of increase strength Ucluelet (? h a7wah Ð GL) WARNING: HIGHLY TOXIC

Indian Castilleja miniata ?chuumyaqtllh Rocky headlands, Children suck flower nectar from No specified place Edith Simons Paintbrush (‘sweet inside’) gravelly soil in the corollas; used as hummingbird 1978; George (Ahousaht);cha clearings trap (with snail slime), since Louie 1978; 7i7inipitllh hummingbirds gather nectar from Turner et al. (Clayoquot) the flowers 1983:127; Fenn et al. 1979

March 1995 A-24 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Lettuce, Montia sibirica ?i?anm’i7aqtl Moist, nitrogen Medicinal uses; leaves chewed into No specified place Turner and Siberian (‘slug/snail inside’) rich soils; mush and plastered on cuts and Efrat 1982:71 Miner’s deciduous sores as a poultice, juice helps sore forests, alluvial eyes floodplains, seepage and stream edges

Lupine, Lupinus littoralis Upper edge of Grows near Hesquiaht, but roots Hesquiat Harbour George Louie Beach (‘rattling sound sandy beaches apparently not eaten (see note 1978; Turner inside’)kukuxmat7aqtl (Hesquiaht); under vetch) and Efrat k’wak’watlmapt 1982:68 (Ahousaht) (see also pea and vetch)

Mint, Canada Mentha arvensis Moist meadows, Aromatic; plants tied in bunches Hesquiat village George Louie or Field (Ahousaht Ð GL); swamps, and placed under beds in houses to 1978; Turner k’inlhimlhtutushksmaqk’uk lakeshores, upper keep out bad insects and Efrat (‘resembles hedge saltmarshes 1982:69 nettle’) (Hesquiaht); possibly “m’akpalh” (Ahousaht Ð plant with mint flavour)

Mission Bells, Fritillaria kuuxwapii h , Tidal flats and Bulbs, with rice-like bulblets, Hesquiat Harbour Turner and “Indian Rice”, camschatcensis h mapt floodplains, river steamed or boiled and eaten; dried Efrat 1982:55; kuuxwapii “Rice Root” (Hesquiaht) estuaries for winter Turner et al. 1983:85

Mustard, Wild Brassica Weed of Introduced from Steveston to Hesquiat village Turner and Turnip campestris (‘resembles turnip’) beachheads, Hesquiat as turnip; now a common Efrat 1982:62 (Hesquiaht)tatanapsk’uk disturbed areas weed

Onions, Wild Allium cernuum ?isaw Rocky bluffs Bulbs eaten; dug in summer and kwisiyis 769; Herbert Arm, which is called George Louie Nodding (Manhousaht), steamed or boiled; often eaten with ?isaqnit 568 ‘where onions grow’ (GL) 1978; Turner ?isaaq (‘makes you salmon; burned out (by the British and Efrat cry’) (Ahousaht); Navy) at Ahousat in 1840; no 1982:54; ?i?isaqk’uk patches left (GL) Turner et al. (Hesquiaht) 1983:83; (pertaining mainly to Bouchard and gardencepa onions, A. Kennedy 1990 )

March 1995 A-25 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Pea, Sea or Lathyrus ?ush?u7uqmapt, or Gravelly or sandy Said to have been introduced to No specified place Jimmy McKay Beach japonicus ch’ikn’aqmapt beaches Hesquiat; peas not eaten; plant 1978; George (‘sparrow plant’) rubbed on the body because it has Louie 1978; (Hesquiaht); a nice scent (possibly referring to Turner and k’wak’watlmapt Vicia gigantea); flowers used to Efrat 1982:68 (Ahousaht) (see decorate the house also lupine and vetch); k’way7ismapt (Ucluelet Ð JM)

Pearly Anaphalis Name not recalled Common on Rubbed on the skin as a softener No specified place Turner et al. Everlasting margaritacea sandy or gravelly 1983:97 soil in openings

Plantain, Plantago major Very common; Leaves used as poultice medicine No specified place Robert Sport Broad-leaved (‘resembles skunk moist openings, for wounds, burns, infections, and 1978; Turner cabbage’)titimatk’uk (Ohiaht) disturbed and sores; chewed for ulcers and Efrat trampled soil; 1982:70; introduced (?); Turner et al. Plantago 1983:115 maritima in saltmarshes

Pond-lily, Nuphar , and Submerged in Weather indicator; when the west Village Lake behind Hesquiat village Turner and Yellow polysepalum variants (‘west wind water at lake wind blows the leaves lift off the Efrat 1982:70; plant’)hach’lhsmapt (Hesquiaht, edges, marshes, surface of the water; used as Turner et al. Manhousaht) bogs, fens charm to call the west wind; 1983:114 rhizomes used for medicine, tonic, to prevent illness when there was an epidemic

Pondweed Potamogeton muwach Submerged in Foliage eaten by deer who wade Village Lake behind Hesquiat Turner and spp. ha7um7ak (‘deer’s water at lake into the water to get it Efrat 1982:56 food’) edges, marshes, bogs, fens

March 1995 A-26 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Poque, Boschniakia (Hesquiaht, Parasite on roots Potato-like “bulbs” eaten raw, p’uuqwapii h 713; grounds of Christie School Edith Simons Ground Cone hookeri Ahousaht, of salal, especially by children; said to be at Tofino; Wickaninnish Island 1978; George Clayoquot,p’uuq Ucluelet) kinnikinnick; good for coughs and to make them Louie 1978; grows in woods in strong; also peeled and boiled or Dan David summer; on cooked with seafood; eaten raw 1978; Turner beaches with salmon eggs; the flower and and Efrat seeds were mashed with water and 1982:70; applied to the skin for a good Bouchard and complexion and for health (ES) Kennedy 1990

Potatoes Solanum Introduced Cultivated 7alhma7a 275; maaqtusiis 423; hilhwin7a 129 Turner and tuberosum Efrat 1982; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Reed, Juncus effusus (Hesquiaht; Common in moist Dried and used for tying and No specified place Turner and Common Makah word for meadows and binding Efrat 1982:54 beargrass)tl’i7ich ditches

Sea-grass, or Phyllospadix On rocks in Gathered with herring spawn and Hesquiat, far down on the beach Edith Simons Surf-grass, h 7i heavy surf; far dried for future use; Hesquiaht 1978; Dan torreyi tsaay’mits long leaved y’uy’uuch- (‘narrow down on the people named from the sound of David 1978; (see also Eel- sea-grass’)kan’uu beach; long eating herring spawn from this Turner and grass) (Hesquiaht) narrow leaves plant; leaves sometimes used in Efrat 1982:58 baskets, and bunches of leaves used for wigs by children and for dancing costumes; used for cordage, as in making sealing spears (DD)

Sea-grass, or Phyllospadix ?i?anm’i7aqtl7i On rocks at lower Gathered for its attached herring hishkwii 46 Turner and Surf-grass, scouleri tsaay’imts (‘snail- intertidal and eggs Efrat 1982:58; shorter inside sea-grass’) subtidal zones Bouchard and leaved (see (Hesquiaht) Kennedy 1990 also Eel- grass)

Sedge, Sitka Carex sitchensis Used to make basket handles No specified place Turner and (Hesquiaht) because it is extremely strong Efrat 1982:53 ch’ich’itapqk’uk

March 1995 A-27 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Sedge, Tall Carex obnupta (Hesquiaht, Fens and shaded Vegetative leaves major basket tl’um’aqtl’a 333; naxwaqis 337; east side of George Louie Basket; also Manhousaht) swamps and making material for trinket baskets Estevan Point; Long Beach Ð lots; 1978; Jessie ch’itapt called sloughs in of many sizes and shapes; leaves t’upchwiya h suu7a 400; qwaatswiis 413; Webster 1978; “Swamp forests, harvested in late July, early August; ch’itapqts’u 71; k’aayits’ita?as 134; ch’i7uus Turner and Grass” and floodplains, lake split, dried, dyed; sometimes sold 721; ta7alha 722; ch’itapkwuu7is 22 Efrat 1982:50Ð “Canadian edges, etc. or traded 53; Turner et Grass” to al. 1983:79Ð distinguish 80; Bouchard from and Kennedy Beargrass 1990

Silverweed, Potentilla roots: tlitsy’up; Saltmarshes, Roots a staple food; pit-cooked or Various places known for this plant (Bouchard Luke Swan Pacific, or pacifica; P. plant: tlitsy’upmapt upper beaches, steamed with wild clover roots and and Kennedy 1990); tl’ayaqwulh h 184; 1976; George Cinquefoil anserinassp. (Hesquiaht, tidal flats; often camas bulbs; eaten with oil or ?aaqmaq h sis 458; ma7uwis 483; wati h 491; Louie 1978; pacifica Manhousaht, with springbank fermented chum salmon eggs at tl’imaqis 497; muuya h i 555; wa7uus 620; Turner and Ahousaht – “large clover the end of a meal, after salmon or ?aa h uus 10; shishp’ika 11; ?iiqwuu7a 747; Efrat 1982:73; Turner et al. clover roots” – GL) seal; dug along the river at chum uu7unmitis 750; kwisiyis 769; ts’isaqis 777; 1983:118; salmon time in autumn; in April and tlichma7a 35; uuqwmin 888; tl’aayaa7a 98 May, dug them in a saltmarsh; Bouchard and cultivated in naturally occurring Kennedy 1990 beds, which were marked off with rocks along the river estuaries, and owned by hereditary chiefs

Skunk- Lysichitum (Hesquiaht, Rich organic soils Large leaves used as mats for food No specified place Edith Simons cabbage americanum Manhousaht); in swamps, bogs, preparation, drinking cups, for 1978; George ti7maattinaat (Ahousaht, lake edges and drying salal berries on; leaves used Louie 1978; Clayoquot) floodplains as poultice for severe burns; roots Turner and used for some kind of medicine; Efrat 1982:48; important food for deer in spring; Turner et al. taints their meat, so they are not 1983:78 hunted at this time

Sour-grass, Rumex acetosella Name not recalled Disturbed areas; Leaves chewed, have tart, tangy No specified place Turner and Sheep Sorrel introduced flavour Efrat 1982:71

March 1995 A-28 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Stinging Urtica dioica ?iilhmakt Rich, moist soil in Young greens eaten (historic ?ii?iilhmakw’as 580 George Louie Nettle (Hesquiaht, disturbed sites, times); stem fibre used for twine, 1978; Peter Manhousaht) especially around for sewing, binding, fishing line, Webster 1978; (Ahousaht Ð villages; soils fishing nets (e.g., herring dipnets, Turner and ?ilhmakt) high in nitrogen halibut lines), duck nets; used to Efrat 1982:77; and especially mask body scent for fishermen; Turner et al. high in counter-irritant medicine for 1983:131; phosphorus rheumatism, arthritis, tonic; Fenn et al. steamed roots and leaves used as 1979; poultice for arthritis; salve of nettles Bouchard and and snail slime used to make a Kennedy 1990; salve for spiritual protection; Earl George “charm” for love, hunting, whaling; 1994 purification; fur sealers slept on them so they would sleep lightly; rubbed on their arms for strength; when plants are four inches high in spring, time to fish for halibut

Stonecrop, or Sedum divergens Rocky headlands Succulent leaves may have been No specified place George Louie Sedum (Ahousaht Ð GL) eaten as they were by some other 1978 k’inlhimts groups

Strawberry, Fragaria berries: F. chiloensis Berries eaten; especially seaside kitsiit 590; lots at Long Beach, at Ahousaht, Edith Simons Wild chiloensis, F. kalhkintapii h found on upper strawberry (F. chiloensis); special around the residential school; and at 1978; George vesca, F. (‘sweet’) (Hesquiaht, beaches, and treat for children; eaten fresh, not Esowista (huge ones) Louie 1978; virginiana Manhousaht, coastal rocky dried (too juicy); today sometimes Peter Webster Ahousaht, areas; the other jarred or jammed; leaves eaten for 1978; Jimmy Clayoquot); plant: species are found diarrhoea McKay 1978; kalhkintimapt in open woods Turner and (Clayoquot) and clearings Efrat 1982:72; Turner et al. 1983:117; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990; Earl George 1994

Surf-grass, Phyllospadix (also eel- In beds in Leaves sometimes used for No specified place Turner et al. Scouler’s scouleri grass) (Ditidaht) subtidal zone on collecting herring spawn 1983:89 tabaax exposed outer coast

March 1995 A-29 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Surf-grass, Phyllospadix (also eel- In beds in Leaves apparently sometimes used No specified place Turner et al. Torrey’s torreyi grass), or subtidal zone on for collecting herring spawn; dried 1983:89 dii7dik’wapttabaax exposed outer leaves used in basketry (‘gripping plant’) coast (Ditidaht)

Thistle, Bull Cirsium (‘sharp Gravelly soil in Introduced; flower nectar sucked; Hesquiat village Turner and brevistylum plant’) (Hesquiaht) openings down used for spinning with dog Efrat 1982:61; sachkmapt wool; leaves, roots used for good Turner et al. luck and protection against evil 1983:97 (Ditidaht)

Tiger Lily, or Lilium ?anixsmapt (‘great Open woods Bulbs possibly steamed and eaten, Small island along the south shore of Nitinaht Turner and Columbia Lily columbianum blue heron plant’) but this was not recalled by Lake Efrat 1982:55; (Hesquiaht) Hesquiaht elders Turner et al. 1983:85

Trillium Trillium ovatum h (Hesquiaht, Moist, shaded Believed to cause fog and storms if ts’aayaa 113 Turner and Ahousaht Ð but forest in rich picked (Ditidaht) Efrat 1982:55; denotedhaw’a Indian organic soil Turner et al. hellebore) (?) Ð see 1983:85; this sp. Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Twisted-stalk, Streptopus Shaded forest Eaten by deer; berries not eaten No specified place Turner and Common amplexifolius (‘deer’s floor Efrat 1982:55; food’)muwach (Hesquiaht) Turner et al. (bothha7um7ak also for 1983:86 fairybells, Disporum)

Unidentified ?ayk Gathered ?ayqqwuw’a 27 Bouchard and plant Kennedy 1990

Unidentified qwaxwapii h Gathered apwinqis 863 Bouchard and plant Kennedy 1990

Unidentified wiik Gathered wiiqnit 54, Hesquiat Peninsula Bouchard and plant Kennedy 1990

Vegetables Cultivated y’aaq h sis 712 Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-30 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Vetch, Giant Vicia gigantea Upper beaches, Seeds occasionally eaten; plants ch’iknuu 34 George Louie (‘sparrow plant’) driftwood zone; used as scent to mask odour on 1978; Peter (Hesquiaht);ch’ikn’aqmapt coastal thickets; fishing lines, and for fishermen’s Webster 1978; k’wak’watlmapt tidal flats hands; sparrows like these plants; Jimmy McKay (Ahousaht) (see used to be much more common at 1978; Turner also lupine and pea, Hesquiat village; plant rubbed on and Efrat beach); the body because it has a nice 1982:68; ch’ach’apats’aqtl scent (see also sea pea) Turner et al. mapt (Ahousaht Ð 1983:112; - PW); k’wey7ismapt Bouchard and (Ucluelet) Kennedy 1990

Water- Oenanthe (Hesquiaht) Common in Root and important medicine for Former village north of Long Beach, wa7iiwa Turner and Parsley sarmentosa marshes, fens, childbirth; purgative; charm in Efrat 1982:61; wa7uu lakeshores, narrative of Stealing Daylight Bouchard and creeks, ditches (Ditidaht) Kennedy; Turner et al. 1983:93Ð94

Wild Lily-of- Maianthemum Shaded, moist Berries eaten, sparingly; fruit eaten Clayoquot Valley; Hesquiat Lake Edith Simons the-Valley dilatatum (‘thief plant’) forest floor, for tuberculosis; leaves used whole 1978; George (Hesquiaht,kuuw’iikmapt floodplains, or mashed as medicinal poultice for Louie 1978; Ahousaht, swampy areas sores, boils, cuts, wounds, burns, Peter Webster Clayoquot) eczema; leaves sometimes soaked 1978; Dan in water and applied to wounds; David 1978; mashed roots mixed with water Turner and used as eye medicine, for eye Efrat 1982:55; irritations; leaves used over a small Turner et al. hole in the ground to make a trap 1983:86; Roy for hummingbirds; they were held, Haiyupis, pers. then released, by children (PW); comm. 1994 food for deer

Wormwood, Ambrosia h i h iy’aqtl Sandy beaches Children of Hesquiat played with Hesquiat Turner and Beach, or chamissonis; syn. the juice of this plant, which turns Efrat 1982:62 Burweed Franseria red when first exposed to air, chamissonis pretending it is blood

Wormwood, Artemisia Name not recalled Gravelly soil in Leaves used as a scent No specified place Turner et al. Suksdorf’s suksdorfii openings and 1983:97 along beaches

March 1995 A-31 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Herbaceous Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Yarrow Achillea h Common on General medicine, and especially No specified place Edith Simons millefolium (Hesquiaht) sandy, or gravelly for colds, coughs, general internal 1978; Turner shashaaxtan’uu soil in openings pains; said to heal stomach and and Efrat and on alluvial internal organs; leaves a good 1982:61; flats and general medicine Turner et al. saltmarshes 1983:97

March 1995 A-32 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Non-Vascular Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Bracket Fungi Ganoderma k’iichk (Hesquiaht), On dead and Spiritual medicine for protection No specified place George Louie applanatum, k’itch7q (Ahousaht) dying tree trunks, against bad luck or bad thoughts 1978; Turner Fomitopsis especially (generally Nuu-Chah-Nulth) and Efrat pinicola, coniferous, and 1982:27 Polysporusspp. rotting logs and related species

Lichen, Peltigera canina tl’atl’x7aa7aq (‘flat On mossy rocks Apparently used for kidney No specified place Turner and Dogtooth and related spp. ones against the in forest areas medicine (Ditidaht); used for some Efrat 1982:27; rock’), or and clearings kind of medicine by Hesquiaht Turner et al. tl’iitl’iidqwaqsib 1983:55 ak’kw (‘resembling- whale’s baleen’) (both Ditidaht); Hesquiaht name not recalled

Lichen, Lung Lobaria m h ts’u Grows on Hesquiaht used this lichen, when it No specified place Turner and pulmonaria (‘having hemlock (western grew on hemlock trees, as a Efrat 1982:26 spots/patchiness’)tl’atstl’astup and mountain) medicine for coughing up blood. (Hesquiaht) and yellow-cedar Lichens taken from other locations trees (cypress) were used for different maladies; and other trees; mixed with water and other herbs more so at higher (including bull kelp frond ashes) elevations (montane)

Lichens, “Old Usnea p’u7up (general for On tree branches Important deer food; important No specified place Turner and Man’s Beard” longissima, mosses and lichens; and boughs of traditional wound dressing material Efrat 1982:26; Alectoria named after tree various species; (“Indian bandage”) and towelling; Turner et al. sarmentosaand species growing on) common in west baby diapers; sanitary napkins 1983:55 other light (Hesquiaht, coast forests (Ditidaht); probably had other coloured species Ditidaht); e.g., medicinal uses, but not recalled tsitsi h 7aqtlmapt (Hesquiaht) p’u7upuk (‘crabapple tree- moss’) (Hesquiaht)

Liverwort, Pellia spp. ch’ich’ip’alhk’uk Shaded, moist The juice or chewed-up pulp of this No specified place Turner and “fish scale,” (‘resembling fish soil in forests; liverwort would heal sore mouth of Efrat 1982:27; thallose scales’) (Hesquiaht) rich organic soil an infant Turner et al. 1983:58

March 1995 A-33 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Non-Vascular Plants

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Liverwort, Conocephalum (Ditidaht) Moist, shaded Eye medicine; spiritual medicine No specified place Turner et al. Cone-head conicum rocks and (Ditidaht; possibly Nuu-Chah-Nulth, 1983:58 tl’atl’xa7s ground, general) especially beside streams

Moss, Fontinalis In creeks Believed that the salmon would not The creek at Hesquiat Turner and Aquatic antipyretica (‘moss under water’) spawn while this moss was present Efrat 1982:27 (Hesquiaht)p’u7upasu7um in the water; washed down with first fall rains

Moss, Hair Polytrichum (general for Drier sites, on Medicine for childbirth (Ditidaht) No specified place Turner et al. commune mosses, lichens) exposed mineral 1983:59 p’u7up soil, or weathering (granular) rock

Moss, Polytrichum (general for Drier sites, on Possible medicine; purgative (?) No specified place Turner et al. Juniper- juniperinum mosses, lichens) exposed mineral 1983:59 leaved Hair p’u7up soil, or weathering (granular) rock

Moss, Sphagnum spp. p’u7up (general Bogs and poorly Used for wiping salmon, diapers, Bogs around Flores Island, and behind Turner and Sphagnum, name for mosses drained forest sanitary napkins, and bandaging Hesquiat Efrat 1982:27; or Peat and lichens) floor Turner et al. 1983:58

Mosses, Various species, p’u7up (general Shaded forest Used for wiping salmon, diapers, No specified place George Louie general including name for mosses floor, logs, etc. sanitary napkins, etc.; large 1978; Turner Hylocomium and lichens) (all quantities formerly used and Efrat splendens; dialects) 1982:27; Plagiothecium Turner et al. undulatum; 1983:58 Rhytidiopsis robusta; Eurhynchium oreganum; Rhytideadelphus spp., Sphagnum spp.

March 1995 A-34 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Marine Algae

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Algae, green Spirogyra and ?umumtsuk7i On rocks in Washes out to sea with first heavy Creek at Hesquiat village Turner and freshwater; or other spp. ts’a7ak (and creeks and lake rains in early fall; then the coho and Efrat 1982:26 “green pond variants) edges during dog salmon will start to run up the slime” summer stream; the fish will not go up as long as it is there (GI, AP)

Iridescent Iridaea spp. ?umumts (also On rocks at Not used by Nuu-Chah-Nulth, but Beachfront at Hesquiat Edith Simons Seaweed Porphyra, Ulva and intertidal zone eaten by Japanese and Chinese 1978 other membranous people algae)

Kelp, Boa Egregia menziesii Not remembered, Lower intertidal Considered a good fertilizer for Beachfront at Hesquiat, and at Ahousaht George Louie something like “lots zone, on rocks potatoes; children play with this 1978; Turner of hair on it” plant, running along and chasing and Efrat (Hesquiaht) each other and squirting each other 1982:23 with the water-filled sacs

Kelp, Bull Nereocystis (bulb), On rocks, forming Stalks cured and used for fishing Certain places had the best and longest Edith Simons luetkeana huus?ikum dense beds in lines, ropes; hollow portion for stalks for fishing lines 1978; George (fronds);husmin subtidal zone; storing oil and deer fat, and as Louie 1978; sanap’aalh (stipe) quiet bays and mold for skin ointment of Peter Webster (Manhousaht, inlets cottonwood bud resin; used in 1978; Turner Hesquiaht); plant Ð preparing tree knot halibut hooks; and Efrat 7ayqtlalhu (CS Ð fronds to keep fish cool in boats; 1982:25; Luke Clayoquot) during the Great Flood, canoes Swan, pers. were anchored to bull kelp and comm. 1978; elderberry roots Turner et al. 1983:52Ð53

Kelp, Giant Macrocystis (plant); Forming dense Herring spawn on the fronds in sumaqquu7is (‘kelp on the point’) – a village Turner and integrifolia tl’uqwaqmapt beds in quiet spring; the fronds are then at Hot Springs Cove; grows there in large Efrat (frondssuqmapt with herring bays; subtidal harvested and sun-dried allowing patches 1982:24Ð25 spawn on them) zone the eggs to be peeled off and (Hesquiaht) stored; little floats dried and exploded in fire: “Hesquiaht firecrackers”; kelp greenlings caught along the edges of kelp beds

March 1995 A-35 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Marine Algae

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Kelp, tough- Lessoniopsis ?alh?at’apt (stipes); On rocks in Sometimes herring spawn gathered Beachfront at Hesquiat village Turner et al. stalked, short littoralis susuqmaqk’uk heavy surf at low from fronds; dried stalks used as 1983:52 (‘resembles giant intertidal and sticks in beach hockey game, kelp’) (fronds) subtidal zones played in winter when the short (Hesquiaht) kelps wash up on the beach; stipes used to carve “puck”; salve from burned stipes a strengthening medicine for young boys; ospreys build their nests with the stipes

Kelp, short, Laminaria tl’uukwakmápt On rocks in low Sometimes herring spawn gathered Ditidaht came up to Barkley Sound to get George Louie leafy groenlandica, (Manhousaht); intertidal and from fronds; dried stalks used as herring eggs 1978; Turner Hedophyllum ?alh?at’apt (stipes); subtidal zones sticks in beach hockey game, and Efrat sessile, Alaria susuqmaqk’uk played in winter when the short 1982:24; Luke marginata, (‘resembles giant kelps wash up on the beach; stipes Swan, pers. Ptegophora, kelp’) (fronds) used to carve “puck”; ospreys build comm. 1978; Costaria costata (Hesquiaht) their nests with the stipes Turner et al. and other similar 1983:51 species

Laver, Red, Porphyra ?umumts (also Ulva On rocks in lower Harvested in late June and July in Certain places had best seaweeds for harvest George Louie or “edible abbottae, P. and other green intertidal zone historic period for sale to Oriental (e.g., along beach at Hesquiat) 1978; Turner seaweed” perforataand algae), or people in Victoria; elsewhere eaten and Efrat related spp. ha7un7i?umumts traditionally, but apparently not 1982:25; Luke (Hesquiaht, Nuu-Chah-Nulth Swan, pers. Ahousaht); comm. 1978; ?umumits Turner et al. (Manhousaht) 1983:54;

Rockweed, Fucus gardneri h ts’apt On rocks at Placed over fish to keep it cool; Beachfront at Hesquiat village Edith Simons Bladder- (Hesquiaht); intertidal zone used as fertilizer for potato garden; 1978; Turner hu wrack, or Sea “huuilhtlapt Ditidaht, and perhaps other Nuu- and Efrat Wrack (Clayoquot Д CS) Chah-Nulth used it as a medicine 1982:24; for boys destined to be whalers Turner et al. 1983:51

March 1995 A-36 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Marine Algae

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Sea Lettuce Ulva lactuca ?umumts On rocks at Most say it was not eaten by Nuu- Beachfront at Hesquiat village George Louie (Hesquiaht, intertidal zone; Chah-Nulth, but it, and Porphyra 1978; Turner Ahousaht) bright green; were gathered for sale to Orientals and Efrat common in Victoria; GL said Ulva was eaten 1982:26 with seal or whale oil and dried into seaweed cakes, as well as being collected and sold to the Japanese in the 1930s (see also Porphyra, red laver)

Sea Palm Postelsia h ts’apt On rocks in Stipes used to carve ball for beach Only on outer coast George Louie palmaeformis (Manhousaht, intertidal zone, in hockey; stipes, or ashes from 1978; Dan Opitsaht);hu heavy surf burned stipes, used as David 1978; ?alh?at’apt strengthening medicine for babies Turner and (Hesquiaht) destined to be whale hunters, and Efrat 1982:26; to strengthen the limbs of whalers Luke Swan, and long distance runners, warriors pers. comm. and others; used as a laxative; 1978 also, as a salve for one who “went crazy” Turner et al. 1983:54Ð55

Seaweed, Leathesia On rocky or Some unidentified medicinal use Beachfront at Hesquiat village Turner and Bubble difformis ?i?anm’i7aqtl gravelly beach in Efrat 1982:24 (‘underwaterhiilhasu7is7i slug intertidal zone inside’) (Hesquiaht)

Seaweed, Halosaccion ?i?inmak’uk On rocks at Hesquiaht – children’s toy; Ditidaht Rocky shoreline; no specific place mentioned George Louie Sac, Bladder glandiforme (‘nipple-like’) intertidal zone Ð medicine to predetermine gender 1978; Dan (Hesquiaht); of child; rubbed on inside of dugout David 1978; ?inmak’uk canoe so it would not crack Turner and (Ahousaht Ð GL) Efrat 1982:24

Turner et al. 1983:51

Tubular Enteromorpha Creek and river Said to be food of brant geese Creek at Hesquiat village Turner and seaweed, intestinalis ?umumts mouths in Efrat 1982:23, green pond (Hesquiaht)7u7inkit7is7i brackish water 26; Turner et slime and al. 1983:50 other green growth in the water

March 1995 A-37 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Land Mammals

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Bat, general e.g., Myotis spp. napis Hollow trees, Important in cultural traditions No specified place George Louie caves 1994

Bear, Black Ursus (NOTE: Den beneath Dead-fall (lhuchis Ð baited with fish k’a h ts’ulhulh 743; 7u7inmitis 750 (GL) George Louie americanus nani refers to grizzly downed trees, or meat) trapped and hunted for 1994; Calvert chams and polar bears) stumps or roots; furs and meat; bear meat is very 1980; eat berries, small important; hides also important; Bouchard and mammals, fish, important in cultural traditions; Kennedy 1990 tubers; use a found in archaeological sites variety of habitats from riparian areas, meadows and openings, swamps and closed forest

Beaver Castor ?at’u7 Freshwater Trapped and speared for furs; most No specified place George Louie canadensis swamps, ponds, beavers hunted during full moon, at 1994; Drucker streams night, with bow and arrow or spear; 1951:61; sometimes eaten; important in Calvert 1980 cultural traditions; in story, Beaver’s tail was added on as a weapon; found in archaeological sites

Cougar Felis concolor x Uses a variety of Hunted for furs; occasionally eaten; No specified place George Louie (NOTE: leopard is forests and open important in cultural traditions; 1994; Drucker k’ayuuminsichpax ; lynx is areas including found in archaeological sites 1951:61; k’ayu) clearcuts (feeds Calvert 1980 on deer and smaller animals)

March 1995 A-38 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Land Mammals

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Deer, Odocoileus (Port Prefer close Hunted sometimes with deadfall kish h niqus 263 (GL); a7aalhmaq-wa h suu7is George Louie Columbian hemionus Alberni Ð ?atush); proximity of traps; deer swim over to Vargas 443; wati h 491; ?isaqnit 568; chats-siis 576; 1994; Calvert Black-tailed columbianus youngmu7wach fawn: forage and cover Island; people hunted them there; 1980; Turner pin7iitl 579; ch’ich’iip’alhswis 649; nachaa?as titstix areas (forests flesh eaten; hides used for drums, 652; haw’aa 658; ts’a7ak 669; yuchk’aachi and Efrat intermixed with mats; important winter food is 673; ts’itstaa7a 693; y’aaq h sis 712; ch’i7uus 1982:26; Roy openings). Old Alectoria and other tree lichens; 721; tlulhp’ich 723; uu7unmitis 750; mukwnit Haiyupis, pers. growth is best important in cultural traditions Ð 763; paniitl 775; humt’aa 25; ?aqmaq h sis 788; comm. 1994 severe winter said to have stolen fire from the ?aqmaqis 879; kistak7itaqwulh h 896; habitat; second wolves or from Blackbird for hilhwin7a 129; tl’atl’at h inqwuu7is 645 growth used in people; found in archaeological low snowfall sites regions; clearcuts are good forage areas (fireweed a favourite food)

Elk, Cervus Prefer riparian Formerly hunted; now very rare kiish h niqwus 263; tla7uukwi 902; winchi 913 George Louie Roosevelt canadensis areas and 1994 roosevelti tl’unim swampy meadows

Marmot, Marmota (‘clean Talus slopes, Formerly hunted; now an Remains found in certain caves George Louie Vancouver vancouverensis its face’); or alpine meadows, endangered species 1994 Island t’it’iitl’ushishitulh?a high elevation (“hiding under clearcuts; live boulders”) near timberline; den under rocks

Marten Martes h ey’u h (‘red Dens in hollow Trapped and hunted for furs, sach’a7umt 286; ts’a7i 294 (GL); kwists7ii George Louie americana on its neck’) trees, logs, or usually in winter when skins 479; wa h iitlmitis 548; muuya h i 555; 1994; Calvert (GL;tl’itl’i SS) root wads; eats were/are prime; found in um’aaqts’it7a 559; ii h atis 575 1980; red squirrel, mice, archaeological sites Bouchard and birds, berries and Kennedy 1990 a variety of other prey; old growth appears important but second growth also used if den sites available

March 1995 A-39 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Land Mammals

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Mink Mustela vison (singular), Prefer riparian Trapped for furs, sometimes with sa7aaqwuwa7a 228; m’ukw-waa 235; George Louie ch’astimts (plural) areas for foraging small deadfall traps called lhuchis; tl’uum’aqtlan’ulh 288; h a h achits’us 295; 1994; Calvert (ch’astaqwaxti in and denning; important in cultural traditions; h ats’uu 322; ch’i h nit’aqtlis 325; tl’um’aqtl’a 1980; , qwatyat stories) marine shorelines found in archaeological sites 333; ch’itis 353; ts’aat-su h tisiis; Bouchard and tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulth 391; ?amits’aqis 466, 539; Kennedy 1990 ii h atis 575; haw’aa 658; ts’a7ak 669; hitaqtl’a 691; ?aq-witis 724; hitaqtlis 832; McIntosh Bay, former trapping line of Roy Haiyupis; lots on Flores Island and especially Cape Cook (GL)

Raccoon Procyon lotor , or Many habitats, Trapped with small deadfall traps h a h achits’us 296; hilhwin7a 129 George Louie ch’atya but prefer being called lhuchis and eaten; raccoons 1994; Drucker tl’apisam close to water eat a lot of clams, fish, etc. (GL); 1951:60; (streams or lakes found in archaeological sites Calvert 1980; or ocean) Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Squirrel, Red Tamiasciurus Common in Hunted for food (in early times, at No specified place George Louie hudsonicus coniferous forests least); found in archaeological sites 1994; Calvert ts’imt’u 1980

Ermine Mustela erminea ?i?in’ch, ?i?inlh7ch Forests, Trapped for fur, but very rare on the No specified place George Louie (referring to its shorelines coast; very small 1994; Calvert odour) 1980; Roy Haiyupis

Wolf Canis lupus Uses a variety of Occasionally hunted for fur; ritually Formerly common throughout; recently noted George Louie forest and open and ceremonially important; model at Hesquiat Harbour 1994; Calvert qwayats, habitats; feed on of social organization; sacred 1980; Stanley qwayatsik deer, elk, beaver symbol; found in archaeological Sam, Roy sites Haiyupis

March 1995 A-40 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Sea Mammals

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus ?a?a x p’alh or Deep ocean to Important in cultural traditions No specified place George Louie , Pacific White- obliquidens ?a?a xx inshore waters 1994 sided

Otter, River Lontra (relating to its Riparian areas: Trapped, sometimes using deadfall tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulth 391; waxniqat’a 165; George Louie canadensis odour; wax Ð to fart) stream and lake traps lhaa h asu 291; kwists7ii 479; kwuwat’as 640; 1994; waxni borders but can ts’a7ak 669; kaapi 731; t’iichaqapi 755; Bouchard and travel several km ts’aapi 786; waaxp’inch’a 792; hitaqtlis 832 Kennedy 1990 overland to reach new streams; often dens in streambanks, estuaries, nearshore marine habitat

Otter, Sea Enhydra lutris Inshore and Formerly hunted, especially during ?aa h uus 675; haaniilh 280; siin’u7a 655; George Louie shore waters; fur trade era uusis 677; hum7is 15; ch’aqsit 817; no longer 1994; kwakwatl’ kelp beds are present in Clayoquot Sound area, but may be Bouchard and prime feeding reintroduced Kennedy 1990 areas

Porpoise, Phocoena Deep ocean to Found in archaeological sites No specified place George Louie Harbour and phocoena; inshore waters 1994; Calvert Dall’s Phocoenoides hitswin 1980 dalli

Sea-lion, Eumetopias , tukwaqamlh Deep ocean to Hunted for meat (ch’isqmas), skins No specified place George Louie Northern, or jubata inshore waters (tukwaq) and oil (tlaqmas); found 1994; Calvert Steller tukuk in archaeological sites 1980

March 1995 A-41 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Sea Mammals

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Seal, Phoca vitulina Common in Hunted with spears and by chasing k’aayits’ita7as 134; niilhn’iin’ulh 138; George Louie Harbour, or (young seal: offshore waters; off rocks onto harpoons; hi h 7aa7a 178; wa?atnit 247; lhaa h asu 290; 1994; Roy Hair Seal kach’aakukuhw’isa; young, fat on rocks and occasionally caught in sockeye tidal chaw’in7a 321; lhu7aa 341; pakw’aa 365; Haiyupis, hair seal: m’ishtsit) offshore islands traps; hunted at high tide; shot from hu7ulh 368; t’atn’aachisht 382; 7aaqtlilh 456; Stanley Sam shoreline in the fall; meat ya7aqtlis 540; tl’itsis 625; siin’u7a 655; uusis pers. comm. sometimes smoke-dried; used for 677; tl’itl’itsatis 680; n’in’iits’ita 681; 1994; Drucker skins, meat, oil; found in kakatsts’ista 8; hum7is 15; chachaqwuu7a 1951:59; archaeological sites 734; t’iichaqapi 755; chaapiilh 764; mukwakis Calvert 1980; 19; kilhch’iiqwulh h 779; humt’aa 25; Bouchard and ?aaqmaq h sis 788; tu7ukw 790; ich’aachisht Kennedy 1990 829; tinwis 837; ?aqmaqimlh 847; chaa h su7a 884; uuqwmin 888; muts’uu7a 889; kwu h wisaqnit 911; hihulh 91; tl’itsis 284; ts’anakw’a7a 297; ?uts’uus 364; ayiisaq h 371; 7a7itulh 490; hunqis 511; maaq7a7aalh 549; ch’itaapi 595; ch’astu?aktl h 659; aa7inqwus 661; ?aa h uus 675; qilhtsma?a 694; ?aptsimyis 703; y’aaq h sis 712; maatl7a7aalh 770; tukwnit 860; hilhwin7a 129; hair seal cave in Watta Inlet along shore, also Cannery Bay, Kennedy River

Seal, Mirounga or Pelagic, and Found in archaeological sites No specified place George Louie Northern angustirostris chichi h kup (its inshore 1994; Calvert tl’asaa Elephant nose, snout:; 1980 nists’wa ) Seal, Callorhinus k’ilh, k’ilha Deep ocean and Hunted; used for skins, meat, oil; n’u?asaq h 398; uusis 677; t’imaqyu 688; George Louie Northern Fur ursinus (singular), inshore waters found in archaeological sites chachama7aq 689; hupqmalhni 690; 1994; Calvert k’ilha7nus (plural) kw’ukw’ukw h ulh 702; ch’ay’aqumyas 785; 1980; (seal pup: hupksis ich’aachisht 829 Bouchard and ) Kennedy 1990

Sea ?a h mas Inshore and Hunted for meat and oil nachaa?as 652; axwuus 653; haw’aa 658 George Louie mammals, (also “bear”) offshore marine 1994; general Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Whale, Gray Eschrichtius Deep ocean and Hunted for meat, oil; meat was No specified place George Louie robustus inshore; found in smoked; found in archaeological 1994; Calvert ma7ak archaeological sites 1980 sites

March 1995 A-42 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Sea Mammals

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Whale, Megaptera Deep ocean and Hunted for meat, oil No specified place George Louie Humpback novaengliae inshore; found in 1994; Calvert yayacham archaeological 1980 sites

Whale, Orca, Orcinus orca Deep ocean and Important in cultural traditions No specified place George Louie or Killer inshore; found in 1994; Calvert Whale kaka7w’in archaeological 1980 sites

Whales, ?a h mas Marine Whales were both hunted and chaskwatqis 185; ?uts’uus 364; ts’iwapts’us George Louie general (“mammals”, salvaged; they were frequently 384; huup’ichis 644; uusis 677; 1994; general) towed to be butchered in a bay; mukwaataqwulh h 684; qilhtsma?a 694; Bouchard and meat eaten; oil used as condiment; kw’ukw’ukw h ulh 702; ich’aachisht 829; Kennedy 1990 sinew used for cordage; last cha7aa 36; hilhwin7a 129; ?upnit 229 whaling along the Coast was 1900 to 1905 (GL); whalers in their canoes would hang onto the kelp while waiting for whales

March 1995 A-43 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Birds

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Albatross Diomedea spp. 7isan Pelagic; offshore Hunted and caught with hook and cha7aa 36; apqu7a 65 (GL) George Louie line; bones used for needles 1994; Turner and Efrat 1982: 44; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Birds, general mamati ‘fly’) Hunted using a net called ?aaqmaq h sis 788; ts’aayaa 113 George Louie (mata lhi h yanim made from stinging 1994; nettle twine attached to a large Bouchard and frame. Net was thrown from a Kennedy 1990 canoe bow, entangling birds, which were killed by biting their necks

Blackbird, Agelaius Marshes and lake Features in oral traditions; formerly No specified place George Louie Red-wing phoeniceus edges a chief 1994; Turner ch’ach’atnlh and Efrat 1982:36

Brant Branta bernicla Small numbers Hunted during migration toward the tl’aa7ii7is 818; apqu7a 65 (GL) George Louie winter along south in September; also in April 1994; waxwash Pacific coast in Bouchard and B.C.; most are Kennedy 1990 spring migrants (going north); use estuaries, beaches, lagoons, mud flats; distribution closely associated with that of eelgrass and sea lettuce

Chickadee, Parus rufescens Common in Features in oral traditions No specified place George Louie Chestnut- coniferous forest (Hesquiaht) 1994; Turner backed canopy and Efrat 1982:36

March 1995 A-44 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Birds

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Cormorants Phalacrocorax ?alhchats, tl’ipus Prefer marine Shot for consumption or for the tsilhii7imt 327; hu7ulh 368; place name #29, George Louie (Pelagic and pelagicus, P. habitats, whole herring from their stomachs E&S 81:12, 14 1994; Ellis and Brandt’s) penicillatus estuaries, for use as bait; hunted at night Swan 1981: lagoons, bays, Appendix IV; etc.; also found Bouchard and on lakes close to Kennedy 1990 the ocean; breeding colonies on bare rocky islands. Tl’itshúulh ‘white slime’ is named after the cormorant dung on the roosting rocks; nesting site at Rylas Cove

Crow, Corvus caurinus Very common; Important in oral traditions No specified place George Louie Northwestern nest in trees that 1994; Ellis and k’a7in can support large Swan 1981: nests Appendix IV

Ducks, mamati Hunted in a lake by use of kw’uuts’itlulh h 440; a?aalhmaqwa h suu7is 443 George Louie general torchlight; snared using gorge (GL); tlulhp’ich 723; ?aaqmaq h sis 788; 1994; hooks chimiq h sis 793; h aatsiin’u7is 881; chu7is 899; Bouchard and ya’ya s inas 55; wiknit 83 Kennedy 1990

Duck, Bucephala spp. ?atstix, huuyuu, Variety of marine Hunted with bow and arrow, snares hita7pu7ilh 283 (GL); a?aalhmaqwa h suu7is George Louie Goldeneye, tsikints and freshwater and nets, in fall and winter 443 1994; “Butterball” habitats; Bouchard and (possibly concentrate in Kennedy 1990 Bufflehead) areas where/when herring spawning; winters along the coast; spring and fall migrations

March 1995 A-45 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Birds

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Duck, Mallard Anas h t’ats Sea level to Hunted using bird arrows, and huw’a h sulh 311; a?aalhmaqwa h suu7is 443 George Louie platyrhynchos 3000Êm elevation; sometimes using a two-pointed (GL); ch’iikna 566; pin7iitl 579; tu7ukw 790; 1994; Ellis and na everywhere open spear Ð a practice called qishqii 845 Swan 1981: water is present; huw’a h sulh; also by bow and Appendix IV; shallow marshes arrow, snares and nets Bouchard and to lakes and Kennedy 1990 coastal marine environments; feed in marshes, fields

Duck, Anas acuta Tidal marshes, Hunted in the fall season and until tsaaqtlis 810 George Louie Northern (a duck similar to a shallow foreshore spring 1994; Pintail pintailkakaktli Ð 7a7awin) waters, estuaries, Bouchard and exposed eelgrass Kennedy 1990 beds, mud flats, agricultural fields; spring and fall migrants

Eagle, Bald Haliaeetus Riparian areas Hunted for feathers; flesh No specified place George Louie leucocephalus most commonly sometimes eaten, especially in fall 1994; Ellis and ts’ixwatin used, but found in when birds have fed on salmon; Swan 1981: many habitats; snared or trapped; important in Appendix IV; use large roost cultural traditions Drucker, p. 59 and nest trees; common in herring spawning areas

Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos Nests on high Important in cultural traditions No specified place George Louie Golden cliffs 1994 7awatin Flicker, Colaptes auratus h ma, or Prefers open Features in oral traditions No specified place George Louie Northern qwaqwin h forests (edges, 1994; Ellis and tl’i (its movement Ð mixed forests); Swan 1981: to and fro) nest in cavities in Appendix IV conifer and deciduous trees

Geese, huqsam Wetlands Hunted for food pin7iitl 579; ?ii?iilhmakw’as 580; ?a?aasit 633; George Louie general huhkii 1; tu7ukw 790 1994; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-46 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Birds

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Goose, Snow Chen q’aqup) h (?tsiyas, Primarily winter Hunted for food; during stormy hum7is 15 George Louie caerulescens visitor; marshes weather the feathers were put into 1994; tl’ista and fields during use, especially the eiderdown Bouchard and winter feeding (tsilhin Kennedy 1990 (cattail and sedge , p’uqtl’itum rhizomes and ) shoots)

Goose, Branta Found anywhere Hunted for food using bird arrows, huw’a h sulh 311; qaamiilhuwis 525; ch’iikna George Louie Canada canadensis permanent water and sometimes using a two-pointed 566; yaaspaalh h 716; hum7is 15; paniitl 775; 1994; huqsam and grazing spear Ð a practice called qishqii 845; cha7aa 36; ya’ya s inas 55; Bouchard and areas are found; huw’a h sulh; caught with snares; apkwuu7a 65 Kennedy 1990 migrant and netted from canoes when stormy wintering weather prevented them from flying populations away

Grebe, Podiceps spp. qatx7a (qatx Ð its Horned grebe The fat, or the grease is used for No specified place George Louie Horned, Red- sound), or k’im7alh most common in medicine; the feathers were used in 1994; Ellis and necked (k’im ‘to submerge, winter, marine a cradle as a baby support, placed Swan 1981: (excluding sink’) habitats; red- behind the head Appendix IV Western necked in marine Grebe) and large lakes and rivers in winter

Grouse, Blue Dendragapus Common in Hunted for food Common around Ahousat George Louie obscurus forested areas 1995 huw’ik and clearings; salalberries a common food

Heron, Great Ardea herodias ?anis Variety of salt, Featured in oral traditions; noted to No specified place George Louie Blue brackish and camouflage in sweet gale patches; 1994; Ellis and freshwater tiger lily and sweet gale named Swan 1981: habitats; roosts in after it Appendix IV large conifer and cottonwood trees; uses meadows, fields, and riparian areas for foraging

March 1995 A-47 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Birds

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Hummingbird, Selasphorus (the male Ð Common; nests Featured in oral traditions; red No specified place George Louie Rufous rufus tl’a h emlh) throughout range, feathers apparently formerly used 1994; Ellis and sa7sin in edges, in ceremonial head-dresses; Swan 1981: shorelines, Ditidaht trapped with snail slime Appendix IV openings, placed on Indian paintbrush, meadows, Castilleja spp. clearcuts

Kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon Common along Important in cultural traditions No specified place Belted shore, estuaries t’amuk and waterways

Loon, Gavia immer , h awi Large lakes, Hunted tlulhp’ich 723 (GL) George Louie Common rivers, inlets, 1994; 7ama coves, lagoons, Bouchard and etc.; nests along Kennedy 1990 shores

Osprey, or Pandion haliaetus ?imwaa, n’in’ikwik, Near lakes, Featured in oral traditions; use No specified place George Louie “Fish Hawk” chisa7 h um rivers, sloughs, dried brown algae stipes as nest 1994; Ellis and and protected material Swan 1981: marine waters; Appendix IV nests in trees along shores

Raven, Corvus corax Common Featured in oral traditions; many No specified place George Louie Common throughout stories about Raven as a cultural 1994 qu7ushin figure

Scoter, Surf, Melanitta Winters here, Hunted, meat preserved and tu7m’aqtlis 795 (GL); hilh h uu7is 796 George Louie or Black Duck perspicillata SeptemberÐ feathers used for down mattresses; 1994; k’uuxwuu, k’uxu; February mostly; only much7a7a in shallow water; Bouchard and much7a7a uses a variety of the other two species go down as Kennedy 1990; freshwater and far as 15Ð20 fathoms (GL) Ellis and Swan marine habitats, 1981: especially Appendix IV shallow water near beaches and protected waters in bays etc.; large numbers near herring

March 1995 A-48 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Birds

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Scoter, Melanitta fusca x -st’alh Large numbers in Hunted for food; made into a soup p’uqwu7a 583 (GL) George Louie White-winged winter, but some broth for use as a laxative; found 1994; ts’ats’a in summer; breed during the winter season when Bouchard and in B.C. interior; herring are plentiful (GL) Kennedy 1990 uses marine and brackish water; more open, deeper water than surf scoter

Seagulls, Larus spp. qwini Variety of marine Eggs collected from offshore qwnqiit 396; kaakimilhpiiyis 601; qwutimq h George Louie many species and freshwater islands, for food 656; ?aqmaqimlh 847; tin’im7a 850; 1994; habitats; also use chaw’in7is 857 Bouchard and fields for roosting Kennedy 1990; Earl George, pers. comm. 1994

Sparrow Melospiza Common in Known in cultural traditions; No specified place George Louie (e.g., Song melodia bushy areas associated with some beach plants 1994; Turner Sparrow) chikn’a (seven species in and Efrat 1982 Clayoquot region)

Swan Cygnus spp. Hunted ya’ya s inas 55 George Louie 1994; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Swan, Cygnus Mainly a winter Hunted for food, and down, when ch’iikna 566 George Louie Trumpeter buccinator visitor (October to migrating in fall and spring 1994; qaqup, ts’iyash March); use Bouchard and estuaries, Kennedy 1990 agricultural fields, sloughs, bays, lakes

“Tern” Sterna matis Arctic tern Known in cultural traditions No specified place George Louie (possibly paradisaea (or migratory and 1994 Bonaparte’s possiblyphiladelphia Larus transient; Gull) ) Bonaparte’s gulls common offshore; nest in region

March 1995 A-49 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Birds

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Thrush, Catharus (“ring Common; coastal Featured in oral traditions; cause No specified place George Louie Swainson’s ustulatus on its neck”?); forests; moist salmonberries to ripen with their 1994 ?ch’ach’atinlhawap?ik bushy areas, singing particularly around salmonberry

Thrush, Ixoreus naevius ?awip; xwaxwa- Common; coastal Featured in oral traditions (?) No specified place George Louie Varied xwiyu forests 1994

Waterfowl, qatx7a kim7alh Hunted ch’iiqtlis 439 George Louie general 1994; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Wren, Winter Troglodytes h up’na Common, year- Blood is used for medicinal No specified place George Louie troglodytes round; coastal purpose; has spiritual values 1994 forests

March 1995 A-50 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Anchovy, Engraulis mordax (tluswi Marine; deep Fished p’aat’achapi 461; ts’ipatqnit 586 George Louie Northern Ð young herring) water, offshore; 1994; Calvert t’achkumts found in 1980; Kennedy archaeological and Bouchard sites 1990

Bocaccio Sebastes Marine; Jigged, fished tsaqaaq h 255; 7a7itl 301; ap7aqsulh 428; Calvert 1980; pacispinis moderately deep tl’aatl’app’awaas 452; yaaqswiis 453; Kennedy and water; rocky chaapi7a 459; yaa7aqtlis 460; ts’aqwuulhh h Bouchard 1990 bottom; found in 582 archaeological sites

Cabezon Scorpaenichthys x , naxk’uts Marine; Fished with a special spear called a ts’ats’axwach’a7akwulhh 50; Hesquiat George Louie marmoratus moderately deep 7uxwyak or using a method called 1994; Calvert 7u water; rocky 7uxw7uxwsh which used a 1980; Kennedy bottom; found in stinging nettle fishing line, a gorge and Bouchard archaeological hook baited with dried lingcod skin, 1990 sites and a lingcod stomach bob

“Catfish” k’a h ch’a Fished; boiled with thimbleberry or George Louie salmonberry leaves as flavouring 1994; Turner and Efrat 1982:74

Cod, general Gadus macroc- tush h Fished, often in spring and ap’iiqtl’a 495; ch’itaapi 595; p’aatqwats’u 607; George Louie , tushku ephalus “Pacific (Alaska cod Ð summer; cod stomach used to uusis 677; 7aq-witis 724; chaapiilh 764; 1994; Turner cod” hachxuk make fermented salmon eggs ich’aachisht 829; cha7aa 36; cha7aa 36; and Efrat Ð GL) k’ikaksuh hilhwin7a 129 1982:68; Kennedy and Bouchard 1990

March 1995 A-51 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Cod, Lingcod Ophiodon h Marine; shallow Fished using live bait, usually husmat7a 142; suuma?a 213; ch’aa7ayapi George Louie elongatus to deeper water; tommie cod, a method known as 215; tl’iichtl’iicha7a 218; kwisutqwuu7a 238; 1994; Calvert tushku areas of strong mamiita; jigged; trolled using ts’iitqat’imt 276; apqwuu7a 296; ts’anakw’a7a 1980; tidal currents; herring bait; speared after using 297; apswiy’alh 309; ch’itis 353; Bouchard and found in live bait to lure them to the surface; tl’uchp’itaktupi 355; qwa7a h ulth 359; pakw’aa Kennedy 1990 archaeological GL used to use sea urchin flesh for 366; chichw’aa 367; lhalhiyipqwapii h waas sites bait 378; tl’aatl’app’awaas 452; yaa7aqtlis 460; ts’atswiilh 514; ch’iikna 566; shitlaapqamilh 628; tutushkachisht 683; tl’uqwchit7a 699; tlulhp’ich 723; maalhsit 758; yaalhapis 783; muu7ak 28; apaktu7a 29; ch’uuchatswii7a 841; wawaalhswas 37; ch’iitis 38; chichwaa 39; Hesquiat

Cod, Red tl’ihapi h Jigged; fished 7a7itl 301; ap7aqsulh 428; tl’aatl’app’awaas George Louie 452; yaaqswiis 453; chaapi7a 459; yaa7aqtlis 1994; 460; siin’u7a 467; chichixwas 533; imta?a Bouchard and 541; tlulhp’ich 723 Kennedy 1990

Cod, Rock mukmuk’wa Caught tsaqaaq h 255; tl’its h uulh 303 George Louie 1994; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Cod, Pacific Microgadus Fished using green sea urchin bait suuma?a 213; tl’uum’aqtlan’ulh 288; George Louie Tomcod proximus apswiy’alh 309; naxwaqis 337; hu7ulh 368 1994; suma Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Dogfish, Squalus Found in Fished; processed by boiling ts’ilhitqwulh h 433; mukwuulh h 513; pin7iitl George Louie Spiny acanthias archaeological followed by squeezing with a press 579; ch’itaapi 595; ts’atiikwis 611; paats’ista 1994; Earl yacha sites (called ts’ilhitqy’ak) made out of 5; yachnit 16; hilhwin7a 129 George, pers. redcedar to extract the oil, which comm. 1994; was then stored in a lingcod Drucker, bladder sometimes for commercial 1951:57; purposes Calvert 1980; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Eel, including Anarhichthys (wolf-eel Marine; Fish and eggs cooked yuulhw’in 600; Hesquiat George Louie Wolf-eel ocellatus Ð haniqwats’u) moderately deep 1994; Calvert halhtinwa water; found in 1980; archaeological Bouchard and sites Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-52 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Fish, general ts’ushtup Highly important food; dried and chaaktuus 882 George Louie canned 1994; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Flounder, Atheresthes h u ?analhth’a Marine; deep Hesquiat George Louie Arrowtooth stomias, (see halibut) ocean to shallow; 1994; Calvert and Starry Platichthys pu found in 1980 stellatus archaeological sites

Greenling, Hexagrammos Marine; shallow Fished for food from edges of kelp George Louie Kelp decagrammus to moderately beds (husmat?a) 1994; Turner deep water; rocky and Efrat areas around 1982:25 kelp beds

Greenling, Hexagrammos ?umumts Marine; Hesquiat George Louie Rock lagocephalus moderately deep 1994; Calvert water; found in 1980 archaeological sites

Hake, Pacific Merluccius h api h Marine; deep Hesquiat George Louie productus ocean; found in 1994; Calvert tl’i archaeological 1980 sites

Halibut, Hippoglossus Deep ocean; Fished in spring and summer; husmat7a 143; tl’iichtl’iicha7a 218; George Louie Pacific stenolepis found in caught with husmatqmapt, fishing ap7aqsuu7is 219; chaalhchaanuwa 226; 1994; Calvert p’u7i archaeological line made of kelp; stinging nettle in tl’uchp’itaktupi 355; ?uts’uus 364; pakw’aa 1980; Turner sites spring an indicator for proper 366; ayiisaq h 371; lhalhiyipqwapii h waas 378; and Efrat 1982; fishing time for halibut (four-inch kiina h apis 379; hitaqtlis 401; ch’itaapi 595; Bouchard and high stinging nettle; time to fish); axwuus 653; yuuyuchqwulh h waas 657; Kennedy 1990 halibut feed on crabs; filleted very haw’aa 658; aa7inqwus 661; uusis 677; thin because of its richness; very qwuuqwuulhts’askwin 686; qwuulhts’aas 687; fat t’ukwis 6; humpiilh 7; qilhtsma?a 694; tl’uqwchit7a 699; kw’ukw’ukw h ulh 702; ?aptsimyis 703; muu7ak 28; apaktu7a 29; chaqmii7a 815; ts’ii?um 825; ich’aachisht 829; tinwis 837; ch’uuchatswii7a 841; hisaawist’a 854; wawaalhswas 37; ch’iitis 38; hilhwin7a 129; ?upnit 229

March 1995 A-53 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Herring, Clupea harengus young Marine; spawn Fished in first two weeks of March; h aachiiqtlis 241; wa?atnit 247; muchachilh h George Louie Pacific pallasi herring: tluswi seasonally in spawn gathered and dried on 281; hitaapu7ulh 283; ts’aqamyis 306; tanaknit 1994; Calvert tlusmit ; herring eggs:( offshore waters seaweed; spawn collected on 314; 7uu7um’aqtl’a7iik 319; h ats’uu 322; ii7aaq 1980; si h m’u k’waqmis and intertidal submerged young hemlock 323; qwiitlapi 430; ts’iiq7aqwuuw’a 431; Bouchard and ) zone; found in branches and laid out on rocks to kwispaa 435; yaqqimilhachisht 448; h ishkwii Kennedy 1990 archaeological dry; fish collected with a herring 546; pin7iitl 579; 7ii7iilhmakw’as 580; sites rake and gathered by dip-netting yaa7aqtlis 585; ts’ipatqnit 586; kwa x malhimyis before being smoke-dried; herring 593; ch’itaapi 595; qwa?it 624; tl’itsis 625; noted to attract seals and salmon to t’imaqyu 688; ts’itstaa7a 693; y’aaq h sis 712; the area; spawn covered kelp 7aq-witis 724; qwiitl’aqapi 726; wat’ints’us 729; collected; sea grass collected and tlusaas h 780; qaaqaawis h 781; ch’akna 807; run through the mouth to remove the eggs; spawning very hupits’at h 812; hishkwii 46; apkwuu7a 65; susceptible to disturbance formerly lots of herring spawning at Little White Pine, below Catface Mountain, and Steamer Cove; now very few after forestry activities; SE shore of Vargas Island; W side of Meares Island, from Kelsemat to Ohiaht and Tofino; NE of Dunlop Island beside Meares (“yellow bar”)

Irish Lord, Hemilepidotus Marine; shallow Hesquiat George Louie Red hemilepidotus inshore waters; 1994; Calvert kwikma suma found in 1980 archaeological sites

Midshipman, Porichthys Marine; Hesquiat George Louie Plainfin notatus moderately deep 1994; Calvert water; found in 1980 archaeological sites

Perch, Cymatogaster h Marine; shallow Fished by placing boughs across sach’a7umt 286; sach’aa7aqwulh h 438; George Louie including Pile aggregata; inshore waters; the mouth of the cove at high tide; tl’its h uu7is 537; ya7aqtlis 540; t’a7aaa 544; 1994; Calvert xwitch’ak, tl’isapi Perch Embiotoca found in the perch were trapped as the tide pin7iitl 579; yaa7aqtlis 585; tl’itsis 625; 1980; lateralis; archaeological fell and used for halibut bait; drag- yaaspaalh h 716; Hesquiat Bouchard and Rhacochilus sites seined; caught with tidal traps; Kennedy 1990 vacca caught for use as red snapper bait

Pilchards ma7nu Fished; formerly pilchard fish plant ts’ipatqnit 586; qwa?it 624 George Louie (now absent) at Rylas Cove, late 1800s; very rich 1994; in oil Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-54 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

“Pitchheads” 7i7ishp’alh, Fished chapiiqtl h 304; ch’iitukw h api 308; siin’u7a George Louie 7i7ishp’a 467; kwakwayu?in 487; kw’aakw’aqi7is 489; 1994; ap’iiqtl’a 495; astskwi7amit 499 Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei x Found in Hesquiat George Louie Spotted, or archaeological 1994; Calvert Chimera kumu7u sites 1980

Rockfish, Sebastes spp. mukmuk’wa Marine; kelp beds Caught in very deep water, 70Ð100 suuma?a 213; kwakwayu?in 487 George Louie including wan’ulh;kwikma tl’i h apih; and rocky bottom fathoms (GL) 1994; Calvert Black, (black areas; 1980; Yellowtail, bass) moderately deep Bouchard and Shortbelly, water; many Kennedy 1990 Copper, kinds Quillback, Canary (see also Snapper, Red)

Sablefish Anoplopoma Marine; deep Hesquiat George Louie fimbria ocean; found in 1994; Calvert archaeological 1980 sites

Salmon, Oncorhynchus h a, Anadromous; Caught with a fish weir, in hiniikw’umt 245; tusuwis 254; kiish h niqwus George Louie Chum or Dog keta satsin, sats’up, moderately deep conjunction with square basketry 263; muchachilh h 281; tl’iikw’aqtlis 318; 1994; su hu7pin, ocean and traps called ya h aak (could not be ts’ats’a7in 446; t’uutsuuqwtl h 450; ts’aaqtl’aa Bouchard and tlitli h stkwin coastal streams used in the lower Megin); gaff- 465; wapuukw h 471; t’aamuukwsit 478; wati h Kennedy 1990 hooked when they ascend to 491; ts’ikt’a7aqtl’a 515; 7a h niqwus 523; spawn and either smoked or ts’ikt’aqis 524; t’a7aaa 544; muuya h i 555; cooked; fished by pitchlight torch and spear; fished by commercial huupsin 557; 7a7ukw’as 558; iitsmakwits 578; seine; purse-seined; gaff hooked pin7iitl 579; tikw’aa 587; chaw’in7a 588; male fish; fished using a trap called ts’atiikwis 611; k’a h ts’ulhulh 743; uu7unmitis ch’iilhalh; caught with spears for 750; qwaatswii 768; paniitl 775; qaaqaawis h trapping bait; fished using a tidal 781; tu7ukw 790; tl’i h iiqtlts’us 846; hilhsyaqtlis trap called kwuhts’ita7a; fished 877; unaatsulh h 878; paaschitlh 80; ma7ap’ii using a cedar fish trap; eggs used 85; ts’aaqtlchiik 159; iitsmakwits 578; suuchaqs 617; uu7unmitis 750; qwaatswii 768; tu7ukw 790; tla7uukwi 902; winchi 913; yaakhsis 89; ?ayisakh 118; Kennedy Lake, Watta Inlet

March 1995 A-55 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Salmon, Oncorhynchus Anadromous; Caught with a fish weir, in kiish h niqwus 263; siip7aa 266; muchachilh h George Louie Coho kisutch moderately deep conjunction with square basketry 281; sach’a7umt 286; tl’iikw’aqtlis 318; 1994; Calvert ts’uuw’it, ts’uuw’in ocean and traps called ya h aak; basket traps h ats’uu 322; tuutuxwulh7in7a 329; lhu7aa 1980; coastal streams; called niipi were placed to catch 341; tl’uchp’itaktupi 355; pakw’aa 366; Bouchard and found in the spawning coho which fell tl’i h tl’aa 377; lhalhiyipqwapii h waas 378; Kennedy 1990 archaeological backwards if they were 7itma7aqtl 402; ts’ats’a7in 446; t’uutsuuqwtl h sites unsuccessful in leaping the falls; 450; h aachiiqtlis 462; tsuxwnit 464; ts’aaqtl’aa trolled; caught with a weir and a 465; wapuukw h 471; t’aamuukwsit 478; wati h cylindrical fish trap; fished by 491; 7a h i pitchlight torch and spear; seined; h niqwus 523; ts’ikt’aqis 524; muuya gaff-hooked, and either smoked or 555; iitsmakwits 578; pin7iitl 579; yaa7aqtlis cooked; gill net fished; caught at 585; ch’itaapi 595; qwayatsnit 603; suuchaqs several places along the creek by 617; napnit 619; tl’isp’it 637; ?itma?aqtl 641; means of box-shaped fish traps hina?aq 654; ts’a7is 667; ts’a7ak 669; iihata used in conjunction with small 4; uushinakw’uu h 682; t’imaqyu 688; weirs; caught in rock kettles where tl’uqwchit7a 699; tsuxwnit 711; ts’aakwuu 12; coho became trapped; caught for yaaspaalh h 716; uu7unmitis 750; qwaatswii dogfish bait 768; qaaqaawis h 781; tl’aa7ii7is 818; ts’aam’ita 844; ch’uuchilhswi7a 849; hisaawist’a 854; kwuutwis 865; wawaalhswas 37; hilhsyaqtlis 877; unaatsulh h 878; chu7is 899; tla7uukwi 902; kwu h wisaqnit 911; winchi 913; ts’aa7akwu 56; ts’aap’i7as 57; kwukwuwa 75; ts’aachisht 100; mawiikh?inshta 105; ?ayisakh 118; hilhwin7a 129; Clayoquot Lake and upper Clayoquot River; NW coast of Flores Island a major coho river; Kennedy Lake, Watta Inlet

Salmon, Oncorhynchus Anadromous; Caught with a fish weir, in kiish h niqwus 263; t’a7aaa 544; muuya h i 555; George Louie Humpback or gorbuscha moderately deep conjunction with a trap called a uu7unmitis 750; ayiisaq h 371; hu7ii 372; 1994; ch’ap’i, hani7nawis Pink ocean and ya h aak wapuukw h 471 Bouchard and coastal streams Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-56 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Salmon, Oncorhynchus (when in a Anadromous; Trapped with ya h aak and muyaa mi7atnit 156; k’anulh 292; mi7atnit 293; ts’a7ii George Louie Sockeye nerka lake); hisit moderately deep 294; ?a7ukwnak 421; wapuukw h 471; 1994; Calvert chak’wa , types of traps as well as tidal traps; mi7at ?in open ocean, drag-seined or chiits-susiisap in wapuukw h 471; 7iits’ukwts’ita 276; tl’ii h asu 1980; lakes; migrates deep pools; speared, gaff-hooked, 477; t’aamuukwsit 478; kwists7ii 479; Bouchard and up coastal sometimes used for marten bait; ts’ikt’aqis 524; t’a7aaa 544; qwaatswii 768; Kennedy 1990 streams and earliest fish, small, very tasty; hisnit 803; hisaawist’a 854; wawaalhswas 37; rivers to spawn; fished by pitchlight torch and spear; hilhsyaqtlis 877; ch’atsp’iichisht 880; found in fished using gill nets made from chaa h su7a 884; uuqwmin 888; muts’uu7a archaeological stinging nettle twine; caught with a 889; shiishaawilh 894; ch’i h nit 898; aamapilh sites beach seine; caught with tidal 900; ?ayuus 901; tla7uukwi 902; winchi 913; traps; smoke-dried Clayoquot Lake, Upper Clayoquot River, Kennedy Lake and River

Salmon, Oncorhynchus (“king Anadromous; Caught with a fish weir, in yaqaachisht 189; suu h umlh 221; hiniikw’umt George Louie Spring, or tshawytscha salmon”); su h a moderately deep conjunction with square basketry 245; wa?atnit 247; tsaqaaq h 255; 1994; Calvert sats’up Chinook (silver salmon; they ocean and traps called ya h aak; fished by kiish h niqwus 263; ap7aqsulh 279; 1980; do not spawn up coastal streams; pitchlight torch and spear; fished in ts’anakw’a7a 297; tl’uchp’itaktupi 355; Bouchard and river, but in the found in spring and summer; trolled in pakw’aa 366; lhalhiyipqwapii h waas 378; Kennedy 1990 ocean Ð GL) archaeological winter, especially in February, often 7itma7aqtl 402; lhayipqwapii h 407; ts’aamaa sites off islands 426; ap7aqsulh 428; wapuukw h 471; t’aamuukwsit 478; kw’aakw’aqi7is 489; muuya h i 555; p’uqwuu7a 583; suuchaqs 617; ?itma?aqtl 641; hina?aq 654; ch’astu?aktl h 659; uushinakw’uu h 682; t’imaqyu 688; tl’uqwchit7a 699; tlulhp’ich 723; uu7unmitis 750; qwaatswii 768; ch’ayaqumyas 784; ?aaqmaq h sis 788; hitaqtl’a 794; tup’alh h tin 802; ch’a h ayis 838; ch’uuchatswii7a 841; cha7aa 36; pakwatqqwuu7a 876; hilhsyaqtlis 877; tla7uukwi 902; winchi 913; hilhwin7a 129; kiish h niqwus 263; muchachilh h 281; qwaatswiis; 413; lots formerly at Steamer Cove until MacMillan Bloedel log dump site placed there

March 1995 A-57 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Salmon, Oncorhynchus Anadromous; Trolled year-round; fished using a tl’iichtl’iicha7a 218; qaqa7utsw’ukw 222; George Louie unspecified spp. ocean and gorge hook and line; hand-trolled; kw’utsma7aqtl’a 224; ts’aqamyis 306; tanaknit 1994; coastal streams needlefish often attract salmon; 314; tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulth 391; hitaqtlis 401; Bouchard and fished using weirs and traps masaqwus h 408; 7ii7iilhmakw’as 580; Kennedy 1990 ts’aqwuulhh h 606; qwa?it 624; nachaa?as 652; axwuus 653; haw’aa 658; uusis 677; qwuuqwuulhts’askwin 686; humpiilh 7; tuumats’u 698; ts’aapi 786; chaqmii7a 815; ?iitsaapi 828; nanaqwuu7a 839; ?aqmaqimlh 847; wa7ichulh h 853; tit7atu 864; hilhp’ii7a 892; apkwuu7a 65; t’i7aamut 77; tiilhuwa7a 227; apswiy’alh 309

Sanddab, Citharichthys Marine; shallower Hesquiat George Louie Pacific sordidus inshore waters; 1994; Calvert sandy bottom; 1980 found in archaeological sites

Sardine, Sardinops sagax Marine; deep Fish herded towards shore, area clicksclecutee 799; Hesquiat George Louie Pacific water; found in enclosed in boughs until tide 1994; Calvert ma7nu, archaeological ebbed, when the fish would be 1980; t’achk’umts, tluswi sites picked off the sand Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Sculpin, Enophrys bison Marine; shallower Fished Hesquiat George Louie Buffalo inshore waters; 1994; Calvert found in 1980 archaeological sites

Sculpin, Cottus aleuticus Fished George Louie Coastrange 1994

Sculpin, Cottus asper Fished George Louie Prickly 1994

Sea Perch Family h , xwitch’ak, Marine; shallower Caught for bait; fished by “driving” apkwuu7a 65; Hesquiat George Louie kakim (see also Embiotocidae; inshore waters; line of fishers across a cove 1994; Drucker tl’isapi h ek Shiner) various spp., found in 1951:57; including archaeological Calvert 1980; Embiotoca sites (striped Bouchard and lateralis seaperch) Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-58 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Shark, Cetorhinus mamach (shark, Fished 7a7itl 301 George Louie Basking (and maximums; general); nutku7 1994; other types?) various spp. Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Sharks, Mud Pleurotremata Ð mamach (shark, Marine; deep, Fished with sealing harpoon; liver mutkwu h swi7a 338 George Louie various spp. general); mutku h , open to shallow of fish rendered for its lamp oil 1994; Drucker ?aqtlitsa ocean; found in 1951:57; archaeological Calvert 1980; sites Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Shiners, Cymatogaster h ek Sandy areas Fished by “driving” line of fishers George Louie Shiner Perch aggregata across a cove 1994; Drucker kakim 1951:57; Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Skate, Raja rhina, Raja Marine; deep Hesquiat George Louie Longnose binoculata water offshore; 1994; Calvert and Big pakwin found in 1980 archaeological sites

Smelts Family Coastal waters; Fished wihatis 3 Bouchard and Osmeridae various spp. Kennedy 1990 hap’atsus Snapper, Sebastes Marine; usually Jigged, caught tiilhuwa7a 227; saaxtat’ulh 273; chapiiqtl h George Louie Red, or ruberrimus moderately deep 304; ch’iitukw h api 308; ?ilhch?a?atimt 468; 1994; kwikma mukmuk Yelloweye to deep water kwakwayu?in 487; kw’aakw’aqi7is 489; Bouchard and (= mukwa) Rockfish (see ap’iiqtl’a 495; astskwi7amit 499; apaktu7a 29; Kennedy 1990 also wawaalhswas 37 Rockfish)

March 1995 A-59 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Sole, Petrale, Eopsetta jordani; ?analhts’a Marine; deep to Fished; sea urchin flesh used for Hesquiat George Louie Flathead, Hippoglossoides medium to bait; these are also caught with 1994; Calvert Dover, elassodon; puhu, shallow ocean; traps (GL) 1980 English, Microstomus found in Rock, Sand pacificus; archaeological Parophrys sites vetulus; Lepidosetta bilineata; Psettichthys melanostictus

Steelhead Salmo gairdneri h yu Ð Sea-run rainbow Caught with a fish weir, in muchachilh h 281; wapuukw h 471; ts’ikt’aqis George Louie changes its colour trout; cold conjunction with square basketry 524; suuchaqs 617; qwaatswii 768; hisnit 1994; Calvert qi7w’ah headwaters; traps called ya h aak; fished by 1980; of the meat (qiwa between 803; hilhsyaqtlis 877; uuqwmin 888; white and red Ð GL) creeks; small to pitchlight torch (hichak) and spear kiish h niqwus 263; t’aamuukwsit 478; Bouchard and large rivers; (wa) (GL); winter and summer Kennedy Lake; Hesquiat; Megin River, Kennedy 1990 lakes; types Moy7iha, Kennedy River (GL) anadromous in coastal streams; moderately deep waters in ocean; found in archaeological sites

Sturgeon, Acipenser x ut’a Fished kaakimilhpiiyis 601 George Louie Green and medirostris; 1994; White Acipenser Bouchard and transmontanus Kennedy 1990

Trout, Salmo clarki Anadromous in Fished; present in archaeological Hesquiat George Louie Cut-throat coastal streams; sites 1994; Calvert gravel-bottomed 1980 creeks and small rivers; lakes

Tuna, Bluefin Thunnus thynnus Marine; deep Hesquiat George Louie ocean; found in 1994; Calvert archaeological 1980 sites

March 1995 A-60 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Abalone, Haliotis Very rare in Gathered at low tide; eaten, but tl’its h uulh 303; ch’iitukw h api 308; Ellis and Swan Northern kamtschatkana subtidal zone on rarely found; usually eaten raw, yukwsaasaq h 317; 7uu7um’aqtl’a7iik 319; 1981:70Ð71; 7apts7in rocks; possibly boiled; shells used for chaw’in7a 321; lhayipqwapii h 407; chaapi7a Bouchard and found in decoration 459; chaw’in7a 588; ?aptsimyis 703; ?aq-witis Kennedy 1990 archaeological 724 sites

Barnacle, Pollicipes On rocks at Roasted or steamed or boiled and Gathered at suuhaamalh, hilhhuu7a, lhu7aa, Ellis and Swan Gooseneck polymerus exposed outer eaten and the Barney Rocks; yaqaachisht 189; 1981:34; ts’a7inwa coastline; suu h umlh 221; lhu7aa 341; pakw’aa 365; Bouchard and harvested only 7itma7aqtl 402; ?itma?aqtl 641; qwutimq h Kennedy 1990 from certain 656; ch’uch’upkw’ukw 697; tuumats’u 698; areas mukwakis 19; ?a?a?itlis 821; qatsuqwtl h 827; ts’ix-wat-sats 840; ch’astu?aktl h 659

Barnacles Includingcariosus Balanus Rocks in intertidal Large ones formerly eaten during waaxp’inch’a; 792 Ellis and Swan tlaan’ulh zone summer months, but not during red 1981:26; tide; pit-cooked Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

Chiton, Black Katharina Rocks in intertidal Eaten; a delicacy; best in spring; Especially tender at certain places, such as Ellis and Swan Katy tunicata (haay’i ‘low tide’) zone roasted, poached or boiled; pried stream mouths, e.g., a small island called 1981:35Ð37;

haay’ishtuup off with yew wood sticks Lhu7aa, in front of a sockeye fishing camp at Bouchard and Hisnit, 4.8 km south of Hesquiat Point; also Kennedy 1990 Tiitapi ‘splashing waterfall’, 5.2 km NW of Openit; both sides of entrance to Hot Springs Cove; many on east side of Mate Island, and near hotsprings; also at Barney Rocks; yaqaachisht 189; t’ima?a 212; ts’aqwuulhh h 606; kwuwat’as 640; ?a?a?itlis 821; tlakishp’iqa 397; 7itma7aqtl 402; lhayipqwapii h 407; ?a?aats’itaqwulh h 418; qwayatsimilh 597; ?itma?aqtl 641; qwutimq h 656; ch’uch’upkw’ukw 697; tuumats’u 698; cha7aa 36

Chiton, Giant Cryptochiton p’a7am On rocks in Eaten, raw or cooked Obtained from certain locations, certain rocks; Ellis and Swan Red Gumboot stelleri intertidal zone yaqaachisht 189; kwuwat’as 640; 1981:47Ð48; p’aa7aknit 9 Bouchard and Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-61 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Clam, Butter, Saxidomus Sandy beaches, Eaten; most important shellfish for Good clam beds at: 7atlmalhhtak ‘double Ellis and Swan or “Clams” giganteus usually inner, at Manhousat; pit-cooked, baked or rocks’, a small bay near head of Hot Springs 1981:48Ð53; ya7isi lower intertidal boiled, or steamed; dried for winter Cove; and across Sydney Inlet from Openit Bouchard and zone; forming Village, on Flores Island Ð Iiyaak (small cabin Kennedy 1990 dense beds built here for clam diggers and herring egg gatherers); and Ts’akmiis ‘water on both sides’ – beach just north of Clio Island in Shelter Inlet, about 7.5 km NE of Openit Village; also from George Island, in Steamer Cove, called Tanaknit ‘place of mosquitoes’; Vargas Island; 7uuts’usiis 194; 7atlkwumilh h tak 208; tanaknit 314; h ats’uu 322; ii7aaq 323; kikina h tskwi7a 447; 7upi7imt 502; ch’iituwis 527; niitpiilh 615; chu7is 629; muukwlh h 534; p’uuqwapii h 713; ch’astuqwumyis 714; mamiisuwis 715; muqwumyisnak 720; chaapiilh 764; tl’itsimyisnak 772; tl’itsi h tis 774; ts’isaqis 778; matlaakh 808; ch’ach’atits 816; chaatsa 819; ?a?a?itlis 821

Clam, Horse Tresus capax Deep in sandy Eaten when available; said to be Ii7aaq, Flores Island across from Openit; Ellis and Swan beach used more by Kelsomat and plentiful in shallow sandy channels near 1981:56Ð57; 7amiik Clayoquot people than Manhousat; Tofino; ii7aaq 23; ch’ach’atits 816; kw’uu7uus Bouchard and pit-cooked or made into chowder; 117 Kennedy 1990 shell used as ladle, and drinking dish; and as “slow match” with smouldering cedar bark; gathered by digging deep in the sand

Clam, Native Protothaca Common in sand Eaten raw, or cooked like butter ?uuts’usiis 194; p’aat’achapi 461; 7upi7imt Ellis and Swan Littleneck staminea on beaches, clams, but not dried or stored 502; ch’iituwis 527; tluushtluushukw 542; 1981:54; (commonly hichin usually obtained tl’itsimyisnak 772; paniitl 775; ts’achiisuw’is Bouchard and called “Butter with Saxidomus 776; chaalhchiis 804; ?a?a?itlis 821; t’iikwuwis Kennedy 1990 Clams”) butter clams, 554; ikisxa 122; hilhwin7a 129 which are deeper

March 1995 A-62 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Clam, Razor Siliqua patula Sandy beaches in Eaten; gathered in spring tides in Formerly gathered at Naxwakis, a sandy Ellis and Swan (‘sticking up’) subtidal zone; May and June beach on Flores Island across from Openit; 1981:55Ð56; kaka7is barely ever beaches near Ahousat; Tlakishus, about 2.6 Bouchard and exposed km west of Openit Village, whales said to Kennedy 1990 feed on the razor clams (gray and humpback); naxwaqis 337; y’aaq h sis 376; ch’a h amyis 414; tu7ukw 790

Clam, Dug and gathered ts’aqamyis 306; qwaatswiis 413; chaapi7a Bouchard and unspecified 459; h aachiiqtlis 462; 7aa7anisach’a7a 470; Kennedy 1990 variety mutskwi7as 501; ts’ikt’a?aqtl’a 515; mamach?aqtinit 518; cha h taakwis 519; ?a h niqwus 523; yaa7aqtlis 585; tl’itsis 625; t’iimiiq 639; tlulhp’ich 723; ?aq-witis 724; huhuuupan’u7as 728; waaxp’inch’a 792; tsaaqtlis 810; h aytyaa 820; tl’uulhapi 834; chuchu7akw’ukw 51; apkwuu7a 65; humthuu7is 119

Cockle Clinocardium (from Sandy beaches in Eaten raw or boiled, or steamed Up Shelter Inlet, Ts’akmiis; many sandy Ellis and Swan nuttalli ‘squatting’) lower tidal zone (never roasted); foot used as beaches near Ahousat; Hupitsit (“Opitsat”) 1981; huupisi trolling lure for salmon; gathered by means “cockle” – abundant around there, Bouchard and stepping around on the sand, which across from Tofino; ts’aqamyis 306; Kennedy 1990 caused the cockles to come to the ch’a h amyis 414; tsaaqtlis 810; hupitsit 872; surface 7ayisakh 118; humthuu7is to ?ayisaq h 119

Crabs, Cancer magister, (hasaa Subtidal, on Rock crabs and Dungeness crabs Obtained from around eelgrass beds; rocky Drucker p. 61; including Hemigrapsus ‘crawling’) sandy bottom and gathered during very low tides in beach north of Dixon Bay in Shelter Inlet Bouchard and Dungeness nudus hasaamats intertidal zones, spring, and eaten; formerly pit- called “place of crabs” from purple shore Kennedy 1990 Crab, Purple under rocks cooked, now steamed in pots; crabs which were numerous there; Shore Crab, spider crabs also eaten; gathered, qwaatswiis 413; ?aq-witis 724; ?aaqmaq h sis Spider speared from canoes at low tides 788; ch’ach’atits 816; hitaqtlis 832; tl’i h iiqtlts’us 846; hasaknit 463

Dentalium Dentalium Muddy bottom of Flesh eaten; shells used in Obtained north of Clayoquot area, in Ellis and Swan pretiosum ocean bays in decoration and trade Esperanza Inlet; shells drift ashore; 1981:73 hiixwa subtidal zone p’ats’aqtl’a 343; 7a7itl 344; mu7is 62

Geoduck Clam Panopea Muddy bottom of Recently dug for food and for sale Vargas Island generosa ocean bays in subtidal zone

March 1995 A-63 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Ghost Shrimp Callianassa Sandy beaches Formerly eaten occasionally; No places noted Ellis and Swan californiensis at low tide, gathered with dipnet 1981:57 lhilhihm’aktli occasionally fresh water near the mouths of streams

Limpets Notoacmea huhu7a On rocks in Gathered and eaten Ellis and Swan scutum, Collisella intertidal zone 1981:27 peltaand others

Mussel, Mytilus Lower intertidal Important food year-round except in About 10 places listed on p. 30 of Ellis and Ellis and Swan California californianus zone summer, and during and shortly Swan 1981; hilhhuu7a, place halfway 1981:29Ð33; tl’uch’m after herring spawn in early spring; between Opitsaht and Hisnit. Four locations Bouchard and taken only at certain places; baked in Hot Springs Cove area (tiny island off Kennedy 1990 or pit cooked; shells important Sharp Point called suuhaamalh); Barney material for knives and chisels; Rocks or “Canoe Reef” – y’akaachisht; gathered, roasted, and shells sup’itsaqtu7is 176; yaqaachisht 189; sometimes used to cut up whales suu h umlh 221; lhu7aa 341; tl’uchp’it 346; masaqwus h 408; qwutimq h 656; tl’uuchilhulh 670; ?amiha 78; mumuu7a 94

Mussel, Edible Mytilus edulis Attached to rocks Eaten, but never during herring Cove on east side of Openit Peninsula near Ellis and Swan Blue (‘attach, stick’) and trees at spawning time Sharp Point, Kw’utsma7aktl’a ‘edible blue 1981:32; kw’uts’m intertidal zone mussel bay’; kw’utsma7aqtl’a 224; 7itma7aqtl Bouchard and 402; kw’uuts’itlulh h 440; ?a?a?itlis 821 Kennedy 1990

Mussel, Mytilus spp. Gathered qay’aqimyis 340; n’u?asaq h 398; ?itma?aqtl Bouchard and unspecified 641; ch’uch’upkw’ukw 697; tuumats’u 698; Kennedy 1990 variety ?aq-witis 724; cha7aa 36

Octopus Octopus dofleini (cf. tiilhaa Under rocks in Rarely eaten; considered ts’aqamyis 306; p’aawatsqi 411; cha7aa 36 Ellis and Swan ‘any bait’) lowest intertidal dangerous prey; important 1981:61Ð63; tiilhuup and subtidal character in mythical traditions; Bouchard and zones occasionally hunted; main bait for Kennedy 1990 halibut; sometimes eaten, boiled and then skinned; used as a poultice for burns

Oyster Crassostrea Dug and gathered at very low tides sa7aaqwuwa7a 228; apswiis 258 Bouchard and gigas Kennedy 1990

March 1995 A-64 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Oyster, Native Ostrea lurida Rocky shoreline Eaten occasionally formerly, pit- Apswiis, behind Darr Island in Sydney Inlet; Ellis and Swan or Olympia (?‘wide’, or ‘thin and at lowest cooked or boiled; broth drunk also several places along upper Sydney Inlet, 1981; flat’)tluuxwtluxw intertidal zone, Kiishhnikwus river mouth; t’iw’in7a 271; Bouchard and under rocks t’a7aaa 544 Kennedy 1990

Sand Dollars Dendraster Sandy beaches Not used Very common Ellis and Swan exentricus at lowest 1981:72 maa7its intertidal and subtidal zones

Scallop, Purple Hinnities Low intertidal Eaten, pit-cooked or boiled At Hisnit and other places Ellis and Swan Hinged Rock giganteus (from ‘red’) zone, along 1981:64 tl’iihaw’achi exposed coast

Scallop, Thick Pecten circularis Not occurring Shells traded for ornamentation Ellis and Swan locally 1981:64Ð65 mamaya7aktl Scallop, Chlamys spp.; Gathered by striking a bailer on the apswiy’alh 309; 7uu7um’aqtl’a7iik; 319 Bouchard and unspecified Hinnutes spp. surface of the water and gathering Kennedy 1990 variety the scallops as they swam to the surface one by one

Scallop, Pecten caurinus Subtidal ocean Eaten, steamed or boiled; shells Said to have been common on bottom at Weathervane bottom used for dancing rattles; small Hayden Passage scallop shells used for toy dishes by children

Sea Including On rocky shores Eaten; formerly pit-cooked, now chaachinqis 388; qwutimq h 656 Ellis and Swan Anemones Anthopleura in subtidal zone, roasted; collected in certain places 1981:71; xanthogrammica k’aniilhm’its and lower and only; gathered in early spring until Bouchard and middle intertidal mid-June; gathered and cooked Kennedy 1990 zones between layers of salal leaves

Sea Cucumber Cucumaria Under rocks in Common eaten, raw or boiled; very Along shoreline between Openit and Sharp Ellis and Swan miniata; lower intertidal popular with “old timers” Point, and at Hayden Passage or “Rocky 1981:58Ð59; Parastichopus taa7inwa and subtidal Pass”, Apswiy’alh (‘narrow passage’) and Bouchard and californicus zones many other places; ch’aa7ayapi 215; Kennedy 1990 ts’aqamyis 306; apswiy’alh 309; h ats’uu 322; mutskwi7as 501; yaa7aqtlis 585

Sea Stars, or Includingochraceus Pisaster (‘crossed’) Rocks in intertidal Apparently not used Very common Ellis and Swan Starfish kaskiip zone 1981:57

March 1995 A-65 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Sea Urchin, Strongylo- Rocks in lower Gonads eaten raw; considered a Gathered only from certain specific places, Bouchard and Giant Red, or centrotus intertidal and delicacy; gonads sometimes used where seaweed was abundant; Chaachaak, a Kennedy 1990 “Big red sea franciscanus t’uts’up subtidal zone; for bait for kelp greenling group of rocks and reefs on the west side of egg” skewered at Mate Island; small reef in front of Sumakawis; midtide and low and Kw’utsma7aktl’a ‘edible blue mussel bay’, tide from canoe near Sharp Point; Adventure Point; 7uu7um’aqtl’a7iik 319; chaachaak 195; suuma?a 213; kw’utsma7aqtl’a 224; ts’anakw’a7a 297; ch’iitukw h api 308; h ats’uu 322; naxwaqis 337; lhayipqwapii h 407; chaw’in7a 634; kwuwat’as 640; hitaqtlis 832; ts’iitqat’imt 276; tl’its h uulh 303; apswiy’alh 309; ts’atswiilh 514

Sea Urchin, Strongylo- On rocks at very Gonads eaten raw and well liked, Collected at Saap7a, an intertidal passage Ellis and Swan Green, or “Sea centrotus low intertidal and some used as bait for tommie cod and bay on east side of Mate Island; also, 1981:66; egg” droebachiensis nuuschi subtidal zones small bay on NW side of Hayden Passage; Bouchard and kwisutqwuu7a 238; chaapi7a 250; ts’iitqat’imt Kennedy 1990 276; apswiy’alh 309; ch’ich’itis 348; lhayipqwapii h 407; ts’atswiilh 514; atlts’ikapii h 621; qatsuqwtl h 827; ts’ix-wat-sats 840

Sea Urchin, Strongylo- Rocks at subtidal Gonads eaten raw and well liked kaatsis, near the navigational light on the Ellis and Swan Purple centrotus zone and in tide west side of Hot Springs Cove entrance; 1981; purpuratus hiix pools in exposed Estevan Point area (for Hesquiat); qaatsis Bouchard and outer coast, such 190; ch’uch’upkw’ukw 697; mukwakis 19; Kennedy 1990 as rough stretch h aytyaa 820 of coast west of Hot Springs Cove

Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrus Gathered tl’uum’aqtlan’ulh 288; 7itma7aqtl 402; Bouchard and unspecified spp. masaqwus h 408; ?a?aats’itaqwulh h 418; Kennedy 1990 variety ch’itaapi 595; qwayatsimilh 597; ?itma?aqtl 641; qwutimq h 656; aa7inqwus 661; p’uuqwapii h 713; ?aq-witis 724; ?a?a?itlis 821; cha7aa 36; apkwuu7a 44

Shellfish, Gathered nachaa?as 652; axwuus 653; haw’aa 658; general qilhtsma?a 694; ?aptsimyis 703; ich’aachisht 829; tin’im7a 850

Snail, Moon Polinices lewisii “stupid” or Sandy to gravelly Not eaten [possible ornamental Ellis and Swan “mute” beaches use] 1981:29 humam March 1995 A-66 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

Snail, Black Tegula funebralis Beach in intertidal Occasionally eaten in spring time, Ellis and Swan Turban zone raw 1981:29 tl’achkwin Snails: includinglamellosa; Nucella Rocks in intertidal Not eaten; used at least recently to Long Beach and other beaches Turner and Periwinkles, Searlesia dira; (Manhousaht);7ish7iniitl zone, wash make jewelry, especially olive shell Efrat 1982; Whelks and Olivella biplicata wats’aay’i ashore along Ellis and Swan other small (Hesquiaht) sandy beaches 1981:28 snails (including Dire Whelk and Purple Olive)

March 1995 A-67 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Land Invertebrates

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

bee ha x its, (honeybee Ð George Louie chamassuk7i 1994 ha x its; chamas sweet) Ð butterfly k’atsk’am’in George Louie 1994 caddisfly larvae:7aqtl qwiqwitl’a Streams, fresh George Louie (‘inside - water 1994; Turner hemlock’– and Efrat qwitl’aqmapt) 1982:46 (Hesquiaht) fly maakwin George Louie 1994

mosquito tanakmas, tanak George Louie 1994

moth puchpu?an George Louie 1994

slug ?anm’i George Louie 1994

snail ?anm’i George Louie 1994

wasp ?asits George Louie 1994

March 1995 A-68 Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Land Invertebrates

Common Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulth Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard and Reference English name name Kennedy, 1990

March 1995 A-69 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Appendix VI

Inventory of Nuu-Chah-Nulth Cultural Areas by Resource and Association

Note 1: The information in this appendix is drawn from the categorizations in Wilson, I.R., Bouchard, R., Kennedy, D., and N. Heap. 1991. Cultural heritage background study. Clayoquot Sound. Clayoquot Sound Sustainable Development Strategy, Victoria, B.C.; and based on the report by Bouchard, R. and D. Kennedy. 1990. Clayoquot Sound Indian Land Use. B.C. Indian Language Project, Victoria, B.C. Note 2: There is no single, practical orthography for representing sounds in the Nuu-Chah-Nulth language. We have attempted to standardize our orthography as follows: 7 (glottal stop, also sometimes written ); (pharyngeal, also sometimes written ); aa, ii, uu (long vowel sounds, also sometimes written a., i., u.); apostrophe following a letter (e.g., t’, m’) indicates glottalization; underlining (e.g., h, x) indicates sounds pronounced at the back of the throat. Some equivalent symbols are (with those used here listed first): ch=c; h=h; lh= ; sh=s; tl= ; x=x=x.

Note 3: Items marked with a “?” require further verification.

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

?aa h uus Area along western shore of Hesquiat Camping site; Pacific #10 42 Peninsula, northeast from qaqatsts’ista cinquefoil, wild clover, bracken fern roots shishp’iqa Pacific cinquefoil site situated a short Pacific cinquefoil #11 43 distance southeast of ?aa h uus ch’itapqwuu7is Site located not far southeast along the Basket sedge (Carex obnupta) #22 47 coast from ?i?ihchsmaaqis ?ayqqwuw’a Located just south from timksit at Estevan Campsite and gathering place #27 49 Point of ?ayq (plant) tlichma7a Area on eastern side of southern tip of Pacific cinquefoil #35 52 Matlahaw Point wiiqnit Meadows behind (west from) Hesquiat Bog cranberries, edible #54 61 village unidentified plant wiiq ch’itapqts’u A meadow just southwest of aa7apswin7is Basket sedge #71 67 t’i7aamut Area of land known as “Teahmit” Indian Redcedar #77 69 Reserve. Another possibility is a creek that enters north side of Indian Reserve tl’aayaa7a A grassy area on north shore of Rae Basin Pacific cinquefoil roots and wild #98 78 clover roots were gathered here ts’achi Small creek which empties into Redcedars #102 79 northeasternmost end of Hesquiat Lake ts’aqaat’a7a Area along east shore of Hesquiat Lake Bracken fern roots were #106 80 south from mawiiq h 7inshta gathered here ts’aay’aa Outlet that drains Hesquiat Lake into Rae Plant called haw’a h (trillium or #113 82 Basin Indian hellebore) grows here; ROOTS POISONOUS wi h mapt Area along shoreline in southeastern corner Fir trees, Douglas-fir boughs #115 84 of Rae Basin gathered here for ceremonial costumes k’aayits’ita?as Area east from ii h at’a Basket sedge gathered here #134 100

March 1995 A-69 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

hisnit Hisnit Indian Reserve #34 including creek Kanim Lake area was good for #148 107 draining Kanim Lake into ocean redcedar for canoes and house planks tlaasmaqwulh h Possibly an area on the west side of Kanim Redcedar bark #155 118 Lake directly across from lhap h uulhachisht tl’i h aksulh A cave on shoreline near southeast Red coloured moss, spiny #163 122 entrance to bay at hisnit wood fern or lady fern tiitapi Circular beach located northwest from Gathered cedar bark #170 125 ts’a h t’aa tuxwtsaqnit Gravel beach in bay southeast from Bracken fern roots #179 129 hi h 7aa7a tl’ayaqwulh h An area on west side of end of wide point Pacific cinquefoil roots, wild #184 131 which is adjacent to westernmost channel clover (Trifolium wormskjoldii) leading into Hot Springs Cove chakwatqis Area not far east from tl’ayaqwulh h on east Tall basket sedge gathered #185 131 side of end of wide point that is adjacent the westernmost channel leading into Hot Springs Cove ?atlkwumilh h tak A small v-shaped bay on eastern shore of Black huckleberries, yew wood #208 143 Hot Springs Cove south from tl’its h uulh poles hiniikw’umt Sandy beach in small bay north from Wild currants #245 162 ch’aapukw-kwachitl cha7akwap’aalh h Darr Island on north side of entrance to Evergreen huckleberries #257 168 Stewardson Inlet qaamiilhuwis Tidal flats immediately south from islands at Pacific cinquefoil and wild #262 170 mouth of Sydney River clover roots dug here ?alhma7a A bay containing a gravel beach on east Winter village site; potato #275 178 side of Sydney Inlet across from garden sa7aaqwuw’a7a pat?ixnit Large area containing several small bays Wild rose hips #278 180 along shoreline north from t’ayasimt muchaa Area at northwest end of Holmes Inlet where Redcedar logs for canoes #280 180 two creeks drain into inlet t’imqaqimilh A broad point of land located south from Gooseberries #285 184 hitaapu7ulh and across from Adventure Point sach’a7umt Narrow bay at head of small constricted inlet Bog cranberries and #286 184 locally known as Bottle Cove gooseberries ?inchasimt V-shaped bay on north shore of entrance to Kinnikinnick and evergreen #302 192 Shelter Inlet huckleberries ts’aqamyis A long beach located on north side of Salalberries #306 194 Shelter Inlet, west from Dixon Point kw’asimlh George Island in Steamer Cove Pitchwood from pine trees, #315 200 evergreen huckleberries yukwsaasaq h Known as Riley Cove Bog cranberries, stink currants #317 201 naxwaqis Sandy beach in bay on west side of Flores Gathered basket sedge for #337 210 Island basketry; redcedar bark; medicinal plant qwap’uuqws (Conioselinum pacificum?) grew here qay’aqimyis Long narrow constricted bay and lagoon on Gathered tule rushes (Scirpus #340 212 west side of Flores Island acutus)

March 1995 A-70 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

tl’uchp’it A bay and beach south from ch’ach’ap’ii h . Redcedar bark #346 214 Name also applies to low mountain peak situated northeast from the bay t’ii7iitsaqa A long sandy beach extending between Bark from young cedars for #352 217 ?aaqtlilh and Dagger Point making pack baskets y’aaq h sis A long sandy beach that extends from Picked kinnikinnick berries and #376 250 lhapuu7a to tl’i h tl’aa smoked the leaves as tobacco t’upchwiya h - A small constricted bay on southwest side of Gathered basket sedge #400 258 suu7a Bartlett Island qwaatswiis The shoreline area along the southwest Collected basket sedge #413 265 portion of Whitesand Cove encompassing northeast portion of Kutcous Indian Reserve #33 ?a7ukwnak Former lake situated west from small bay Bog cranberries #421 269 north of Yates Point maaqtusiis A narrow isthmus located near middle of the Potato gardens; redcedar bark #423 270 McNeil Peninsula - the Ahousat Indian for basketry Village yaaqswiis Narrow passageway on inside of island Yellow-cedar #453 285 located north from tl’iikapi ?aaqmaq h sis Small bay and creek draining into it, just Gathered roots of Pacific #458 287 north of ch’i h nit cinquefoil chaapi7a Tiny islet, possibly a reef, located Special carved redcedar tree #459 287 immediately offshore from Flores Island, north from ?aaqmaq h sis ?ilhch?a?atimt Area on north side of Shelter Inlet Douglas-fir firewood, redcedar #468 290 wapuukw h Area now known as Wappook Indian Crabapple orchards; blue #471 292 Reserve #26 east side of mouth of Megin camas River ma7uwis An islet east from mouth of Megin River Roots of Pacific cinquefoil and #483 302 wild clover were dug here tl’akmaqtqwuu7a Area of shoreline along north side of Shelter Collected pine pitch #486 304 Inlet between shitlaapqkwachitl to kwakwayu?in wati h Area now identified as “Watta Indian Cultivated naturally growing #491 305 Reserve #25” at mouth of Watta Creek beds of Pacific cinquefoil and wild clover tl’imaqis A small bay with creek draining into it, Was a site for Pacific cinquefoil #497 309 located on the east side of Shelter Inlet, and wild clover but this was south from qaaqatqqwi7is burned astskwi7amit Fishing bank located northeast from Belcher Redcedar #499 310 Point sinimxsy’its- Area situated between two points of land on Evergreen huckleberries #510 315 qwuu7a western extremity of Obstruction Island mamach?aqtlnit A creek located on east side of Millar Evergreen huckleberries #518 317 Channel, south from ts’a7ak and north from Atleo River; locally known as Shark Creek or Shark River ts’aaqtl’aa A small creek just south of the point on Redcedars #529 323 which tsikipqimilh is located a7aapswilh Cluster of islands scattered throughout Evergreen huckleberries #536 325 northwest half of Ross Passage

March 1995 A-71 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

tluushtluushukw A bay containing a creek, located on north Canoe-making settlement; #542 328 side of entrance to Herbert Inlet, south from redcedar entrance to Bedingfield Bay pitsaasts’imit Small v-shaped bay on west side of Herbert Douglas-fir and redcedar #547 330 Inlet north from h ishkwii wa h iitlmitis A bay with a creek running into it located on Large redcedars #548 331 west side of Herbert Island, north from pitsaasts’imit t’iikwuwis Tidal flats just offshore from Moyehai Indian Wild clover #554 335 Reserve #23 and extending to Moyeha River mouth muuya h i The Moyehai Indian Reserve #23 and Wild clover and Pacific #555 335 Moyeha River cinquefoil ?isaqnit An area at the mouth of Cotter Creek, and Wild onions #568 341 ‘place of wild extending up the creek, which flows into onions’ east side of Upper Herbert Inlet niisaq Small creek which empties into east side of Unidentified fern; the root is #569 342 Herbert Inlet, south from Cotter Creek medicinal wins h Gibson Cove Redcedar bark, spruce roots, #574 344 salmonberries and salalberries ii h atis Vicinity of a small creek on east side of Alaska blueberries, red #575 344 Herbert Inlet, south from Gibson Cove huckleberries, salalberries, redcedar pin7iitl Whitepine Cove and area now Peneetle Redcedar #579 346 Indian Reserve #22 kitsiit Island off northwest tip of Clifford Point, Wild strawberries #590 353 across from Marktosis village w’aayi A cliff along shoreline south from Clifford Redcedar, cedar bark #591 353 Point and immediately north of ma h t’i7a yuulhw’in A number of rock islets and reefs along Huge spruce #600 365 shoreline not far southeast from ?uuts’u7uulh wa7uus Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth of Roots (Pacific cinquefoil) #620 376 Cypre River shitlaapqamilh Welcome Island, located in center of Gathered bracken fern roots #628 381 southern portion of Cypress Bay tl’up’ach- A small island located just east from the Gathered spruce roots for #648 389 maqimilh eastern side of Blunden Island basketry qwutimq h Cleland Island (locally known as “Bare Indian rhubarb (cow-parsnip) #656 391 Island”) kilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach in Indian rhubarb (cow-parsnip) #694 421 third bay west from Moser Point y’aaq h sis Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side of Wood supply and fishing base; #712 428 Vargas Island cultivated vegetable gardens; red and evergreen huckleberries yaaspaalh h A large v-shaped bay located north from Gather “three-cornered grass” #716 432 mamiisuwis as well as the creek entering (t’ut’unaxkw’ukw) [American into bay and former village site located on bulrush] used for basketry and southwest side of creek mouth weaving hupii7itaqwulh h A small bay with sandy beach located Camping area; picked #718 433 immediately west of Rassier Point evergreen huckleberries ch’i7uus A small bay on northeast side of Vargas Tall basket sedge #721 434 Island

March 1995 A-72 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island in Gathered salmonberries and #723 435 vicinity of Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12 salalberries p’inw’alhuwis A bay just north from tluushtluushukw and Redcedar bark #739 444 on west side of Bedwell Sound ?iiqwuu7a A flat rock on a point at northern end of Gathered Pacific cinquefoil and #747 447 uu7inmitis village at mouth of Bedwell wild clover roots River ts’isaqis Area around mouth of second creek north Pacific cinquefoil and wild #777 464 from Heelboom Bay on east side of Meares clover were harvested Island qaaqaawis h Area at mouth of Brother Creek which Salmonberries #781 466 empties into bay on west side of Meares Island (former Christie School site) ts’aapi The Tsapee Narrows on Meares Island Salalberries; ferns to sell to #786 484 florists tlatlaas Area along west shore of Lemmens Inlet Cedar saplings were cut to be #805 482 across from Arakun Islands used for trolling poles ts’aa h t’as A freshwater spring located about the Gathered Indian potatoes #811 494 middle of Opitsat Indian Reserve #1 (muuqwtl h ) (?) chaatsa Refers to Felice Island, known locally as Wild gooseberries, salalberries #819 505 Round Island, situated west of Grice Point and salmonberries h aytyaa Refers to northernmost tip of Wickaninnish Gathered licorice ferns #820 505 Island qatsuqwtl h Refers to Lennard Island Large, sweet-tasting #827 508 salalberries ich’aachisht A small bay near southeast end of Echachis Red elderberries #829 509 Island tl’uulhapi Refers to Alfred Beach south of Grice Point Camping site; large sweet- #834 513 in Duffin Cove tasting salalberries ch’a h ayis Refers to Chesterman Beach Cedar bark stripped here #838 514 ch’uuchatswii7a Cox Bay; could also be a passage at nearby Stripped cedar bark #841 515 Portland Point mulhm’uu h su7is A slough on east side of Esowista Roots for basketry dug here #842 516 Peninsula, south from Browning Passage hup’ich Confused location: Northwest of Radar Cedar trees for trolling poles #848 518 Beaches and southeast from Cox Point t’ashii Narrow isthmus separating Bog cranberries #858 524 southwesternmost finger of Grice Bay with the northwestern end of Long Beach, opposite from chaw’in7is tl’atl’at h is Large area of sand dunes along shoreline at Gather kinnikinnick #862 527 Long Beach about a mile north from the Wickaninnish Inn apwinqis Shoreline southwest of Kootowis Indian Plant called qwaxwapii h #863 527 Reserve #4 in Grice Bay gathered here (identity unknown), also a certain grass used for basket lids gathered here kwuutwis Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 at mouth of Triangle-stemmed [American] #865 528 Kootowis Creek in Grice Bay (also known as bulrushes for basketry Mill Bay) k’anuwis Indian Island. More specifically a distinctive Cedar for canoe making #869 530 narrow point at southernmost portion of Indian Island

March 1995 A-73 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

qayisaqts’us Indian Bay Berries #870 531 hupitsit Head end of Gunner Inlet Harvest cascara bark #872 532 t’aaqpaalh The shoreline on northwest side of Tofino Evergreen huckleberries #873 532 Inlet just west of the Ridout Islets and McCall Island hilhsyaqtlis Eelsuklis Indian Reserve #10 at head of Red huckleberries, blueberries #877 533 Tranquil Inlet (V. alaskaense) unaatsulh h Onadsilth Indian Reserve #9 at mouth of Cedar for canoe making #878 534 Tofino Creek uuqwmin Okeamin Indian Reserve #5 on east side of Cedar, wild clover roots, Pacific #888 539 mouth of lower Kennedy River cinquefoil roots shiishaawilh Ilthpaya Lake Salmonberries #894 546 tla7uukwi Clayoquot Indian Reserve #6 at mouth of Cedar #902 551 Clayoquot River emptying into north end of Clayoquot Arm of Kennedy Lake ii h tsi Area on southeast shore of Kennedy Lake, Bulrushes; cedar bark stripped #909 555 north from Mount Dawley winchi Mouth of upper Kennedy River at east end Cedar, salmonberries, #913 557 of Kennedy Lake blueberries

March 1995 A-74 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

yachnit A little lake east from Homais Cove Deer #16 45 ‘place of dogfish’ t’alhat’a Vicinity of mouth of small creek north of Summer place of a Hesquiat #23 47 ‘always damp’ Estevan Point family group; trapping area humt’aa Reefs offshore from Estevan Point Deer near Estevan Point #25 48 ‘obstructing’ h ishkwii Hesquiat Indian settlement located in Trapline covered entire #46 56 Hesquiat Harbour southeast end of Hesquiat Peninsula, south of t’ashaktu wiiknit Meadows behind (west from) Hesquiat Deer #54 61 village ma7ap’ii Now known as “Maahpe” Indian Reserve #4 Deer #85 73 ts’aay’aa Hesquiat Lake outlet draining into Rae Basin Land otter #113 82 ?ayisaq h The northeast shore of Hesquiat Harbour, Trapline extended from Iusuk #118 85 ‘lots of cockles’ from point of land immediately south of Indian Reserve #5 south to kw’uu7uus, southward to a small creek Hesquiat Point hilhw’in7a Specifically, a small bay with creek located Deer, raccoons #129 89 ‘in between; immediately north of Hesquiat Point halfway; middle’ ts’aaqtlchiik A creek emptying in east side of Kanim Lake Land otters #159 120 tl’ayaqwulh h An area on west side of end of wide point Deer #184 131 ‘area where which is adjacent to westernmost channel something is leading into Hot Springs Cove growing’ tl’ayaqwulh h Area at southeastern tip of more easterly of Deer #192 135 two Mate Islands suma x qwuu7is Former Manhousaht village site situated at Trapline extended along the #201 137 ‘tommie cod (kelp northeast end of Canoe Passage, across entire west shore of Hot greenling) point’ from northern tip of larger of two Mate Springs Cove (including larger Islands Mate Island) west to a point slightly east of Kanim Lake and as far inland as height of land at’apq A creek which empties into west side of Mink, raccoon #205 141 north end of Hot Springs Cove sa7aaqwuw’a7a A point located at immediate southeast Wolves, mink #228 150 ‘crawl around’; entrance to bay at ?upnit ‘pretending to be wolves’ ?upnit Openit Indian Reserve #27 on east side of Trapline extended from the #229 151 ‘place of calm’ Openit Peninsula Openit Indian Reserve north to approximately sa7aaqwuw’a7a and west to height of land m’ukw-waa Place at northern end of ?upnit village Mink #234 158 ‘mink running’; ‘rocky on point’ kwu h aa Head end of Stewardson Inlet Wolverines; trapline included all #253 165 ‘open passage of Stewardson Inlet, as well as way’ north arm of Sydney Inlet up to point just upstream from Kishnacous Indian Reserve #29

March 1995 A-75 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

kiish h niqwus Manhousaht fishing camp on an island at Elk, deer, mink, marten; #263 170 ‘lust’ mouth of Sydney River trapline extended along the Sydney River from its mouth to about five miles up qwu7atsts’as A place on west side of Sydney River about Bears #265 174 ‘found a man two miles upriver from its mouth there’ p’uqwuu7a Point of land with a creek flowing through it Land otter #269 176 located on east side of Sydney Inlet, south from mouth of Sydney River maalhsit Area on east side of Sydney Inlet, south Mink, marten #270 176 ‘cold water’ from p’uqwuu7a muchachilh h Pretty Girl Cove at head of Holmes Inlet Trapline extended north to the #281 181 ‘always under south shore of Pretty Girl Lake, water’ south to Young Bay and the headwaters of creeks draining into bay, and east to all of Easter Lake and the creeks draining into lake sach’a7umt Narrow bay at head of small constricted inlet Marten #286 184 ‘block bay to trap locally known as Bottle Cove fish’ h asyukwis Small bay just north from Young Bay Marten #287 185 ‘loud sound’ tluum’aqtlan’ulh Point known as Rocky Point, forms the Mink #288 185 ‘always warmed by northern entrance to Young Bay sun’ ts’a7ii Young Bay (known locally as East Bay) Marten #294 188 ‘a lot of creeks come in’ h a h achits’us A small bay and creek flowing into it in the Mink, raccoon #295 189 ‘deep bay; southeast corner of Young Bay immediately channel’ south of LS’s cabin tl’its h uulh White-coloured bluff on north side of Shelter Deer #303 192 Inlet east from ?inchasimt ts’aqamyis A long beach located on north side of Trapline included north shore of #306 194 ‘water on both Shelter Inlet, west from Dixon Point Shelter Inlet from sides’ approximately tl’uu h api in the west to ts’aaqtl’aa in the east, and all of Dixon Bay tanaknit Steamer Cove and possibly George Island Trapline, crescent-shaped, #314 199 ‘place of covered north and east sides of mosquitoes’ Flores Island from approximately Starling Point on west to Hayden Passage on east and south to the entrance of Matilda Inlet h ats’uu Baseball Bay, located south from chaw’in7a Mink #322 203 ‘deep inside’ ch’i h nit’aqtlis Small bay on west coast of Flores Island, Mink #325 205 ‘supernatural north from ?a?itlnak creature place’ tl’um’aktl’a Small narrow bay located southeast from Mink #333 209 ‘warm bay’ w’aayi ch’itis Dagger Point Mink, wild pigs (formerly #353 217 ‘sideways; on domestic) edge’

March 1995 A-76 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

?uts’uus Siwash Cove Trapline covered entire south #364 245 ‘water gets into end of Flores Island from bay’ Rafael Point on west to slightly northeast of Whitesand Cove on east ts’aat-su h tisiis Small creek draining into central portion of Mink #387 253 ts’aaq h sis beach tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulh A small island located south from the Mink, otter #391 255 ‘small bushes southeast end of lhulhuus beach among the rocks’ n’u?asaq h Bartlett Island and more specifically to Trapline included all of Bartlett #398 257 ‘camping spot’ village site on west side of island Island and islets off its southwest shore a?aalhmaq- Western side of the southwesternmost end Deer #443 281 wa h suu7is of Matilda Inlet ‘odor of yellow- cedar here’ ch’i h nit ch’i h nit is just north from ?aaqtlilh Trapped mink in bays north #457 286 ‘place of and south from ch’i h nit supernatural creature’ ?amits’aqis A bay located immediately north of Mink #466 290 ‘maple tree’ ts’aaqtl’aa t’aamuukwsit Large pool in Megin River below outlet of Bear, elk, deer #478 299 ‘kingfisher’ Megin Lake kwists7ii Talbot Creek (spawning channel for Land otter, marten #479 300 ‘place of red sockeye) flows into Megin River just west of sockeye’ western end of Megin Lake wati h Area now identified as “Watta Indian Deer #491 305 Reserve #25” at mouth of Watta Creek mutskwi?as A creek and bay that this creek flows into, Trapline includes all of Sulphur #501 311 ‘burned over’ located in the central portion of east side of Passage, all of Obstruction Sulphur Passage Island and extends south to the mouth of the Atleo River, north to the headwaters of Watta Creek, east to the height of land nuchts’uu McKay Island, locally known as Cone Island Trapline covered all of McKay #538 326 ‘mountain inside Island, plus an area on the harbour’ adjacent mainland, extending from entrance to Herbert Inlet in north and as far as entrance to Calmus Passage in south ?amits’aqis A bay with stream emptying into it, located Mink #539 326 ‘broad leafed on north side of Ross Passage maple tree’ t’a?aa Bedingfield Bay, located on north side of Trapline included entire area #544 329 ‘always there’ Herbert Inlet.; locally known as “Setcher’s beginning with the Atleo River Bay” watershed, then south to Ross Passage, east to the western side of Bedingfield Bay wa h iitlmitis A bay with creek running into it, located on Marten #548 331 west side of Herbert Inlet, north from pitsaasts’imit muuya h i Moyehai Indian Reserve #23 and Moyeha Elk, marmots, wolverines, #555 335 ‘steamy or foggy River marten all the time’

March 1995 A-77 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

um’aaqts’it7a First deep pool encountered when going up Marten #559 339 ‘green slime’ Moyeha River where river curves sharply to east kwisuuqwak Name for Mariner Creek, locally known as Elk #562 340 ‘branches away “East Fork”, enters east side of Moyeha from river’ River ?isaqnit An area at the mouth of Cotter Creek, and Deer; trapline extended along #568 341 ‘place of wild extending up the creek, which flows into east shore of Herbert Inlet from onions’ east side of Upper Herbert Inlet approximately Cotter Creek in north to southern shore of Whitepine Cove in south ii h atis Area in vicinity of small creek on east side of Mink, marten, deer #575 344 ‘sudden flooding of Herbert Inlet, south from Gibson Cove river’ chats-siis Small island immediately offshore from east Deer #576 345 ‘island right up side of Herbert Inlet, south from ii h atis against beach’ pin7iitl Whitepine Cove and the Peneetle Indian Deer #579 347 ‘glassy, calm Reserve #22 place’ waayiinak Small cove on northeast side of Bawden Trapping #584 350 ‘cliff; low hill’ Bay ts’atiikwis Sutaquis Indian Reserve #18 on north side Trapping #611 371 of Epper Passage wa7uus Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth of Trapline along Cypre River and #620 376 ‘wolves come out’ Cypre River south to Calmus Passage including Hecate Bay and Saranac Island qwa?it Quait Bay located on east side of Cypress Trapline situated slightly #624 379 Bay northwest of Quait Bay kwuwat’as Leeke Islets located offshore from northwest Land otter #640 386 ‘cleared area side of Vargas Island under bushes’ tl’atl’at h in- A lengthy beach on west side of Vargas Deer #645 388 qwuu7is Island, south from huup’ichis ‘sandhills; sandslides’ ch’ich’iip’alhswis A beach located on east side of Blunden Deer #649 389 ‘fish scale’ Island, just north from aa7inqwus nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Deer #652 390 ‘facing in either direction’ haw’aa Small bay on southwest side of Blunden Trapped mink #658 392 Island ts’a7is Small bay and creek at north end of Ahous Trapline covered entire west #667 396 ‘current’ Bay coast of Vargas Island in addition to Blunden Island t’a7ak Lagoon located near north end of Ahous Mink, land otters, deer, beaver #669 397 ‘creek’ Bay yuchk’aachi A swamp closest to beach at Ahous Bay Deer #673 399 ‘long, narrow area’ hitaqtl’a A bay situated northeast from shaayiik h Mink #691 420 ‘in the corner’

March 1995 A-78 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

ts’itstaa7a Narrow bay southeast from nituus Deer #693 420 ‘water pouring down into a bowl’ qilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach in Trapline covering entire south #694 421 ‘where Indian third bay west from Moser Point end of Vargas Island south of rhubarb grows’ Yarksis y’aaq h sis Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side of Deer; trapline located west of #712 428 ‘long beach’ Vargas Island y’aaq h sis and encompassing the interior of Vargas Island yaaspaalh h A large v-shaped bay located north from Trapline included entire #716 432 ‘legs spread apart’ mamiisuwis and possibly to village site and northeast end of Vargas Island creek that enters bay from t’aakwist south to y’aaq h sis muqwumyisnak A very small island located at northwest end Elk #720 434 ‘has burned area of bay that is northwest of Rassier Point on island’ ch’i7uus Small bay on northeast side of Vargas Deer #721 434 ‘cut’ Island; bay located northwest from muqwumyisnak and south of ta?alha tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island vicinity Deer #723 435 ‘nice around the of Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12 base’ ?aq-witis Area locally known as McIntosh Bay or Mink #724 437 ‘wide opening’ Marshall Bay at northeast end of Vargas Island ch’isaxsats Dunlap Island located northeast from Trapline included Dunlap Island #725 438 northeastern end of Vargas Island and and Morfee Island southwest from Robert Point on Meares Island kaapi Two small points of land adjoining one Land otter #731 441 ‘jutting out’ another that are located on the north shore of Meares Island, slightly east from the northwesterly tip of Meares Island k’a h ts’ulhulh Gaff-hooking site on the west side of Bear #743 445 ‘flat rock wall’ kwaalhts’iis creek uu7inmitis Village site on east side of Bedwell River Bear #750 448 mouth and lower Bedwell River (locally known as Bear River) maalhsit Former village site in Matlset Narrows, just Hunting and trapping campsite #758 453 ‘cold water’ east from mouth of stream flowing into north side of narrows t’iw’in7is Area just east from maalhsit and west from Trapping and hunting campsite #759 453 ‘something in a creek that enters into the north side of centre’ Matlset Narrows h ats’uu Two adjoining bays on north side of Meares Trapline included northeast end #760 454 ‘right into the end’ Island and south side of Matlset Narrows of Meares Island from h a h aachits’us in north to the northern most Wood Islet in the south, excluding western shore of Mosquito Harbour siw’apq Camping site situated in small bay northeast Trapping and hunting camp #762 455 of Matlset Narrows and north of Maltby Islets mukwnit Small island immediately off shore from Possible good place to hunt #763 455 ‘place of deer’ (south of) siw’apq and north of chappiilh deer

March 1995 A-79 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

qwaatswii Village site located on west side of mouth of Trapline included entire Bulson #768 457 Bulson Creek at northeast end of Warn Bay Creek watershed; trapline included entire shoreline of Warn Bay and extended south along eastern shore of Fortune Channel tl’itsimyisnak White shell beach on small island off end of Trapline extended along both #772 460 ‘white beach’ a point on east shore of Fortune Channel shores of Fortune Channel, beginning at Plover Point and tl’itsimyisnak and extending as far south as Dawley Passage paniitl Mosquito Harbour, located at the northeast Deer hunting #775 461 end of Meares Island ts’achiisuw’is Village site on north side of mouth of Sutton Trapline includes an area along #776 462 ‘near the creek’ Mill creek which enters into small bay on west side of Mosquito Harbour west side Mosquito Harbour and as far inland as headwaters of Sutton Mill Creek ch’ayaqimyas Windy bay at southeast end of Meares Trapline, included shores of #784 483 ‘water coming from Island and Sear Peak Mountain located Windy Bay and large area to all around’ immediately north of Windy Bay west as far as Meares Creek ts’aapi Tsapee Narrows, Meares Island River otter #786 484 ‘place of strong current’ ?aaqmaq h sis Village site located on south shore of Trapping, deer hunting #788 485 Meares Island, along north side of Browning Passage, southeast from Ginnard Creek waaxp’inch’a Neilson Island, off Tofino, locally known as Land otter #792 487 ‘land otter’ Pond Island tum’aqtlis A stream and bay it empties into, on the Trapline including watershed of #795 488 western side of the entrance to Lemmens creek and the side of Mount Inlet Colnett to the northeast wanachas Lone Cone mountain on Meares Island Trapline includes western half #801 491 ‘flukes of a whale of Opitsat, western and when diving’ northern slopes of Lone Cone, and northern shore of Meares Island as far east as h ats’uu tlatlaas Area along west shore of Lemmens Inlet Trapline extends from east side #805 492 ‘young red cedar’ across from Arakun Islands of Opitsat village and includes the entire area of Lemmens Inlet from height of land to shore tl’its’aa A beach on the south end of Echachis Deer seen but not hunted here #823 507 ‘white shells’ Island hitaqtlis A sandy beach on northeast side of Mink, land otter #832 512 ‘end of island’ Wickaninnish Island yuusaats’us h An area immediately south from “Usatzes” Trapline includes east shore of #836 513 ‘wind blows for all Point, east from Tofino Esowista Peninsula from directions’ vicinity of Usatzes Point to an area east of Chesterman Beach ch’uuchatswii7a Cox Bay; could also be a passage at nearby Trapline, vicinity of Cox Bay #841 515 ‘finning of fish’ Portland Point kwuutwis Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 at mouth of Trapline includes Indian Island #865 528 Kootowis Creek in Grice Bay (also known and north shore of Grice Bay as Mill Bay)

March 1995 A-80 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

t’iichaq h sa7a Area on north side of Tofino Peninsula, Trapline on south shore of #866 529 southwest from Indian Island; locally known Browning Passage, including as McLean’s Point area of t’iichaq h sa7a hupitsit Head end of Gunner Inlet Trapline includes both shores #872 532 ‘cockle’ of Gunner Inlet, Island Cove and Warne Island hilhsyaqtlis Eelsuklis Indian Reserve #10 at head of Trapline includes Tranquil Inlet, #877 533 Tranquil Inlet the McCaw Peninsula, and upper end of Tofino Inlet ?aqmaqis East side of Tofino Inlet, northeast from Deer #879 536 ‘grassy beach’ Berryman Point kaach h ak Freshwater spring just south of ts’aaqtlis Trapline extends from #885 538 ‘laughing’ southwest side of mouth of Kennedy River in a southwesterly direction along Tofino Inlet to Indian Bay hilhp’ii7a Area upriver from head end of rapids on Trapline includes Ilthpaya Lake #892 544 ‘at back [head end] lower Kennedy River and Muriel Lake to the north of rapids’ saayachan’ulh A long channel of the lower Kennedy River Trapline extends along the #895 547 ‘narrow all along’ extending from area upstream from Ithpaya lower Kennedy River from Indian Reserve #8 all way up to Kennedy approximately Ithpaya Indian Lake Reserve #8 up to kistak7itaqwulh h kistak7itaqwulh h Meadow area on south side of upstream Deer #896 547 ‘something green’ portion of lower Kennedy River aamapilh Area on west side of Clayoquot Arm, near Trapline including all of #900 549 ‘beach before the its head end Clayoquot Arm point’ ?ayuus A site on west side of Clayoquot Arm, near Trap #901 550 ‘lots of food’ head end slightly north of aamapilh tla7uukwi Clayoquot Indian Reserve #6 at mouth of Elk #902 551 ‘changing Clayoquot River emptying into north end of emotions and Clayoquot Arm of Kennedy Lake behaviour’ qaqaas An area just south of broad point along the Trapping area #905 553 central portion of the east side of Clayoquot Arm t’iqm’aa Site on east side of Clayoquot Arm, south Hunting, fishing site #906 554 from qaqaas winchi Mouth of upper Kennedy River at east end Elk #913 557 of Kennedy Lake

March 1995 A-81 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Sea Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

qaqatsts’ista A group of rock islands located slightly Hair seal hunting #8 41 northeast of Perez Rocks and just offshore from Hesquiat Peninsula hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Sea otters; hair seal hunting #15 44 mukwaqis The largest of a cluster of islands located Hair seal hunting #19 46 west from chaachaak and maaqiyu kw’atlnit Tiny island just southwest of mukwaqis Indian name means “place of #20 46 shows only during low water sea otters” humt’aa Reefs offshore from Estevan Point Hair seal hunting #25 48 h i h ulh Rocks at the point east from p’aat-sit7as Seal hunting #91 76 ts’aay’aa Hesquiat Lake outlet draining into Rae Basin Harbour seal #113 82 hilhw’in7a Specifically, a small bay with creek located Hunt seals; whales were off #129 89 immediately north of Hesquiat Point Hesquiat Point suukw-washt Rocks located southwest of Hesquiat Point Hunt hair seals #131 99 k’aayits’ita?as Area east from ii h at’a Hair seals #134 100 hisnit Hisnit Indian Reserve #34 including creek Sea otters offshore #148 107 draining Kanim Lake into ocean yaqaachisht Refers to Barney Rocks known locally as Two whale watchmen kept a #189 133 Canoe Reef located southwest from Mate lookout at this site for passing Islands whales wa?atnit Small gravel beach in bay on west side of Hair seals #246 163 ‘place of frogs Sydney Inlet north from hiniikw’umt (or toads)’ ts’anakw’a7a A creek located slightly south of apqwuu7a Hunt seals #297 190 tanaknit Steamer Cove and possibly George Island Folklore about a killer whale #314 199 ii7aaq Village site on west shore of Flores Island A Manhousaht whaler trained #323 204 here for spiritual power and became a good whale hunter lhu7aa Small island with flat top located offshore Hair seals #341 213 and south from qay’aqimyis tl’uchp’it A bay and beach south from ch’ach’ap’ii h . Site where during whale #346 214 Name also applies to low mountain peak season the situated northeast from the bay tl’uchp’itaktupi7at h lived ?uts’uus Siwash Cove Seals #364 245 pakw’aa String of rock islands south from ?uts’uus Hunted hair seals #365 246 hu7ulh Rocky islands off the point at the southeast Hair seals #368 247 entrance to ?uts’uus tl’i h tl’aa Point of land at south end of y’aaq h sis Hair seal and sea otter off point #377 250 beach haaniiq Refers to Sea Otter Rock Hunted sea otters #380 250 t’atn’aachisht Refers to several islets east from tl’itsqaa7a Hair seal hunting area #382 252 in the Garrard group of islands n’u?asaq h ‘ Bartlett Island and more specifically to Fur seals #398 257 village site on west side of island hunqis A bay on the northwest portion of Seal hunting area #511 315 Obstruction Island yaa7aqtlis A bay located on north side of Ross Hair seal hunting #540 327 Passage, southeast from ?amits’aqis

March 1995 A-82 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Sea Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

ap h uulh A cliff on west side of Herbert Inlet, north Seal hunting #549 331 from wa h iitlmitis ch’itaapi Refers to both the area of “Chetarpe” Indian Hunted seals #595 362 Reserve #17 and to Catface Range located northeast from reserve tl’itsis Distinctively shaped bay south from Quait Hair seals #625 379 Bay, locally known as Honeymoon Bay nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Seal hunting #652 390 axwuus A bay on northwest side of Blunden Island Sea mammal hunts #653 390 siin’u7a Entire area of the Plover Reefs west of Hair seals and sea lions were #655 391 Blunden Island hunted here as were sea otters haw’aa Small bay on southwest side of Blunden Hunted sea mammals #658 392 Island ch’astu?aktl h Applies to a hill on larger of the two small Sealing bank 18 miles south of #659 393 islands off the southeast end of Blunden Blunden Island Island aa7inqwus Refers to a village site in a bay on southeast Fur sealing #661 393 side of Blunden Island ?aa h uus Area along north side of Ahous Point at Seal and sea otter hunting #675 400 south end of Ahous Bay uusis Beach and west-facing bay located Fur seal, hair seal, and sea #677 402 immediately southeast from tl’its’aa on otter hunting south side of Ahous Point ?aaqmaqimilh A small grassy island located southwest Folklore tale about a seal being #679 404 from ?inlhqa shot and taken by a ch’i h aa (supernatural creature) tl’itl’itsatis A small island located west from Good place to hunt hair seal #680 404 ?aaqmaqimilh t’imaqyu Refers to a fur sealing and salmon fishing Fur seals #688 407 bank approximately south from Ahous Point and 15 miles offshore chachama?aq A fur sealing bank about 20 miles out to sea Fur seals #689 408 hupqmalhni A fur sealing bank about 25 miles offshore; Fur seals #690 408 bearings in line with those for t’imaqyu and chachama?aq qilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach in Seal hunting #694 421 third bay west from Moser Point kw’ukw’ukw h ulh Village site at north end of second bay west Fur seal hunting #702 424 from Moser Point ?aptsimyis Bay immediately west of Moser Point and Seal hunting #703 425 campsite at north end of bay ch’isaxsats Dunlap Island located northeast from Hunt porpoise #725 438 northeastern end of Vargas Island and southwest from Robert Point on Meares Island chachaqwuu7a Refers to Rant Point at entrance to Bedwell Large hair seals #734 442 Sound t’iichaqapi An area on north side of Matlset Narrows at Hair seals and land otters #755 452 western entrance chaapiilh More southerly of the two Maltby Islets at Hair seals #764 456 entrance to Warn Bay maatl?a?aalh A small island near east shore of Fortune Seals #770 459 Channel, just south of entrance to Warn Bay

March 1995 A-83 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Sea Mammals

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

tl’itsi h tis A point on north end of most northerly of Hunt hair seals #774 461 Wood Islets near entrance to Mosquito Harbour on Meares Island kilhch’iiqwulh h A narrow strip of land between a bay at Hair seal hunting #779 465 southeast end of Fortune Channel and the northwest portion of Island Cove on north side of entrance to Tofino Inlet ?aaqmaq h sis Village site located on south shore of Hair seal hunting #788 485 Meares Island, along north side of Browning Passage, southeast from Ginnard Creek tu7ukw A creek located southeast from Meares Hair seals #790 486 Creek at south end of Meares Island ch’aqsit Area southeast end of Stubbs Island, south In former times sea otters were #817 504 ‘water close to it’ from ch’ach’atits hunted here ich’aachisht A small bay near southeast end of Echachis Offshore fur and hair sealing #829 509 ‘land elevated Island above ocean surface’ tinwis Refers to Mackenzie Beach Hair seals hunted here; whales #837 514 ‘calm beach’ were anchored here before being towed away to ich’aachisht qishqii A low mountain called Vargas Cone, located Formerly used as bearing for #845 517 ‘bent at top a little east from Cox Point and northwest from fur seal bank bit’ Radar Hill ?aqmaqimlh Applies to the Gowland Islands Hair seals #847 518 tukwnit Area known locally as “Sea Lion Rocks” Hunt for sea lions and seals #860 525 ‘place of sea lions’ located offshore from central area of Long Beach chaa h su7a A tiny island off tip of narrow point, at Occasional hair seals caught #884 537 ‘island out from narrowest portion of entrance to lower here bay’ Kennedy River uuqwmin Okeamin Indian Reserve #5 on east side of Hair seals #888 539 mouth of lower Kennedy River muts’uu7a Area not far below rapids on lower Kennedy Hair seals #889 543 River, slightly upstream from Okeamin Indian Reserve kwu h wisaqnit Possible coho stream; could also be Rocky Hair seals hunted here #911 556 ‘place of hair seal’ Island located near northeast end of Kennedy Lake

March 1995 A-84 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Whales (Whaling)

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

?aaqmaq h sis A small island which forms northwesterly A drift whale washed ashore #2 39 extension of Split Cape here cha7aa Matlahaw Point (locally known as “Boulder” Drift whales used to wash #36 52 Point) and to reef ashore here aa7apswin7is Area immediately west of apqwuu7a Gray whales used to feed on #68 66 razor clams here hilhw’in7a Specifically, a small bay with creek located Whales found off Hesquiat #129 89 immediately north of Hesquiat Point Point cha7aksim A tiny rock island located in the middle of Hunted whales here in old days #147 107 the entrance to bay at hisnit hisnit Hisnit Indian Reserve #34 including creek Gray whales #148 107 draining Kanim Lake into ocean tlakishus Area of the ocean located south and slightly Gray whales migrate north #182 130 east from ts’aam’ita through this region every spring; stop here to feed on razor clams chaskwatqis Located not far east from tl’ayaqwulh h on Manhousahts used to tow #185 131 the east side of the end of a wide point whales here to be butchered adjacent to westernmost channel leading into Hot Springs Cove yaqaachisht Refers to Barney Rocks known locally as Two whale watchmen kept a #189 133 Canoe Reef located southwest from Mate lookout at this site for passing Islands whales lhu7aktlim A rock which is always awash located just Whalers would hang on to kelp #190 134 east of yaqaachisht here while they waited for whales to surface puxwpuxwsh A v-shaped cave at end of point southeast Refers to water shooting up out #223 149 of ?upnit of a cave; water resembles spouting of a whale ?upnit Area on the east side of the Openit Whaling #229 151 Peninsula (Openit Indian Reserve #27) kwu h aa Specifically refers to head end of Whale bones seen around #253 165 Stewardson Inlet stream tl’uchp’it A bay and beach south from ch’ach’ap’ii h Whale bones found here #346 214 also refers to a low mountain peak northeast from bay ?uts’uus Siwash Cove In former times whales were #364 245 hunted nearby y’aaq h sis A long sandy beach that extends from Drift whales occasionally came #376 250 lhapuu7a to tl’i h tl’aa ashore here ts’iwapts’us A small bay on south side of Flores Island Whales would be towed to this #384 253 east from tl’i h tl’aa site for butchering n’u?asaq h Refers to all of Bartlett Island and Whale hunting base for the #398 257 specifically to village site on west side of Otsosat island masaqwus h Kutcous Islets, off Kutcous Point Gray whales came here to rub #408 261 against cliff to rid themselves of barnacles nuchts’uu McKay Island, locally known as Cone Island Whale hunting #538 326 aa7inqwus Refers to a village site in a bay on southeast Whaling #661 393 side of Blunden Island

March 1995 A-85 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Whales (Whaling)

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

uusis Beach and west-facing bay located Whaling #677 402 immediately southeast from tl’its’aa on south side of Ahous Point ?aaqmaqimilh A small grassy island located southwest Ahousaht whalers wanted to #679 404 from ?inlhqa block the passageway but whale bones washed away mukwaataqwulh h A reef and kelp bed located south from Whalers would hang onto kelp #684 406 shaayiik h while waiting to chase whales shaayiik h Distinctive point of land on southwest side of Drift whale once came ashore #685 406 Vargas Island qilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach in Whaling #694 421 third bay west from Moser Point kw’ukw’ukw h ulh Village site at north end of second bay west Whaling #702 424 from Moser Point y’aaq h sis Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side of Whaling #712 428 Vargas Island ich’aachisht A small bay near southeast end of Echachis Whales hunted during northern #829 509 Island migration; sometimes whales were towed to Echachis Island to be butchered tinwis MacKenzie Beach Anchored whales here before #837 514 being towed for butchering at ich’aachisht muy’ap’alh h Refers to Green Point located on Long Drift whale landed here #859 524 Beach southeast from t’ashii kwuutwis Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 at mouth of Gray whales feed here on razor #865 528 Kootowis Creek in Grice Bay (also known as clams Mill Bay) t’iichaq h sa7a Area on north side of Tofino Peninsula, Killer whales; drift whale landed #866 529 southwest from Indian Island, locally known here and caused hostilities as McLean’s Point between tla7uukwi7at h and hisaawist’a7at h

March 1995 A-86 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Birds

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

hu h qii Applies to Split Cape Used in summer by the #1 39 humis7at h to hunt geese hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Canada geese, snow geese #15 44 cha7aa Matlahaw Point (locally known as “Boulder” Canada geese, albatross #36 52 Point) and to reef ya’yasinás Name of Village Lake and creek that drains Duck, especially mallards, #55 62 it Canada geese and occasionally swan hunted here apqwuu7a Beginning of Antons Spit Albatross, Canada geese, brant #65 65 wiknit A small creek and land around the mouth of Ducks hunted in vicinity #83 72 creek not far north from t’aamukw ts’aay’aa Outlet that drains Hesquiat Lake into Rae Ducks #113 82 Basin ts’aaqtlchiik A creek emptying in east side of Kanim Lake Trumpeter swans, mallards #159 120 at’apq A creek which empties into west side of Canada geese #205 141 north end of Hot Springs Cove hitaapu7ulh Narrow water passage on east side of large Goldeneye ducks #283 183 island in Holmes Inlet hu7ulh Applies to rocky islands situated off point at Cormorants #368 247 southeast entrance to ?uts’uus qwnqiit An islet west from Hagen Reef Seagull eggs #396 256 ch’iiqtlis A tiny stream that drains into a small bay on Variety of water fowl #439 280 southeast side of Matilda Inlet just south of Indian Reserve boundary a?aalhmaq- Western side of the southwesternmost end “Butterball” ducks, mallards #443 281 wa h suu7is of Matilda Inlet qaamiilhuwis Applies to a place south of the mouth of the Old-timers used to snare #525 321 Atleo River just south of the Indian Reserve Canada geese here boundary ch’iikna An area immediately east of mouth of Canada geese, mallards, and #566 341 Moyeha River trumpeter swans were hunted here pin7iitl Applies to Whitepine Cove and area known Geese, mallards #579 346 as Peneetle Indian Reserve #22 ?ii?iilhmakw’as Applies to a large bay southwest from Caught geese and ducks at #580 348 Whitepine Cove night here p’uqwuu7a Applies to the point at northern entrance to White-winged scoters caught #583 350 Bawden Bay here; the broth was used as a laxative ?a?aasit A small lake located south and slightly west Geese hunting #633 383 from milhaatuqwis qwutimq h Cleland Island (locally known as “Bare Seagull eggs, variety of sea #656 391 Island”) birds yaaspaalh h A large v-shaped bay located north from Hunted Canada geese #716 432 mamiisuwis as well as the creek entering into bay and former village site located on southwest side of creek mouth tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island vicinity Hunted ducks and loons #723 435 of Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12

March 1995 A-87 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Birds

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

paniitl Refers to Mosquito Harbour at northeast Canada geese were hunted #775 461 end of Meares Island here at north end of Mosquito Harbour ?aaqmaq h sis Village site located on south shore of Hunted ducks and other birds #788 485 Meares Island, along north side of Browning Passage, southeast from Ginnard Creek tu7ukw A creek located just southeast from Meares Geese and mallards #790 486 Creek at south end of Meares Island tum’aqtlis A stream and bay it empties into, on the Black ducks #795 488 western side of the entrance to Lemmens Inlet ts’aaqtlis Small creek at easternmost end of Opitsat Pintail ducks #810 494 ‘water runs into Indian Reserve #1 ground’ tl’aa7ii7is Beach known locally as Sunset Beach on Hunted brant #818 505 ‘outside beach’ southwest end of Stubbs Island qishqii Refers to Vargas Cone located east from Mallards and Canada geese #845 517 Cox Point and northwest from Radar Hill hunted in vicinity ?aqmaqimlh Name for Gowland Islands Seagull eggs #847 518 chaw’in7is A distinctive rock island just offshore from Seagull eggs #857 523 Long Beach, southeast of ts’ashiiwa h aatsiin’u7is The shore of Kennedy Cove near entrance Huntedducks #881 536 ‘from one end to to lower Kennedy River the other’ chu7is Area around the mouth of Staghorn Creek Duck hunting done at mouth of #899 549 ‘creeping up on which empties into the west end of Kennedy Staghorn Creek ducks’ Lake at lake’s outlet to Kennedy River

March 1995 A-88 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fisheries

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

ii h ata Little creek entering south side of Barcester Coho fishing and spawning #4 40 Bay place; fished by Hesquiats paats’ista South side Barcester Bay Dog fish and other fish #5 40 t’ukwis Fishing bank west of Barcester Bay and Halibut fishing bank #6 41 Perez Rocks humpiilh Fishing bank west of Barcester Bay Halibut and salmon fishing #7 41 bank hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Sealing and fishing station #15 44 muu7ak Fishing bank southwest of Estevan Point Halibut bank, some lingcod #28 49 apaqtu7a Fishing bank off Estevan Point (northeast Halibut, lingcod, and red #29 50 from muu7ak) snapper caught cha7aa Matlahaw Point (locally known as “Boulder” Cod fish, spring salmon #36 52 Point) and to reef w’aw’aalhswas Fishing bank south from Matlahaw Point Fishing bank for coho, sockeye, #37 53 halibut, lingcod, and red snapper ch’iitis East of w’aw’aalhswas Halibut and lingcod bank #38 54 chichwaa Some distance southeast from ch’iitis Lingcod bank #39 54 h ishkwii Hesquiat Indian settlement located in Herring spawn place #46 56 Hesquiat Harbour ts’ats’axwach’a7a Flat topped rock approximately 100 yards Cabezon #50 60 qwulh h southeast from end of present day breakwater ts’aap’i7as Purdon Creek Coho #57 63 apqwuu7a Beginning of Antons Spit Herring spawned, salmon, sea #65 65 perch, and small flatfish kwukwuw’a Portion of creek entering Hesquiat Harbour Coho stream and fishing station #75 68 south of t’i7aamut; specifically sand stone rock kettles t’i7aamut Creek entering on the north side of the Coho stream and fishing station #77 69 Teahmit Indian Reserve paaschitl h Creek entering Hesquiat Harbour north from Chum salmon #80 70 Le Claire Point wiknit Creek and land around mouth north from Chum salmon #83 72 t’aamukw ma7ap’ii Now known as “Maahpe” Indian Reserve #4 Chum salmon #85 73 y’aaq h sis Long beach at northeast end of Maahpe Dog salmon #89 74 Indian Reserve and creek ts’achi Small creek which empties into Coho #102 79 northeasternmost end of Hesquiat Lake mawiiq h ?inshta A creek entering east side of Hesquiat Lake, Coho creek #105 80 south from kw’uxwinqi ts’aay’aa Hesquiat Lake outlet draining into Rae Basin Chum salmon, midshipman #113 82 ?ayisaq h Northeast shore of Hesquiat Harbour from Chum salmon, coho spawned #118 85 land immediately south of kw’uu7uus, southward to small creek hilhw’in7a Small bay with creek located immediately Spring salmon, cod, halibut #129 89 north of Hesquiat Point

March 1995 A-89 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fisheries

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

shushu7ilhwas Fishing bank south and slightly east of Halibut bank #132 99 Hesquiat Point husmat7a Fishing bank slightly offshore, south from Lingcod bank, halibut; trolled #142 105 qwa h nit for springs and cohos nachuu7a A rock island at the end of the point located Sockeye #145 106 immediately west from the mouth of hisnit creek hisnit Hisnit Indian Reserve #34 including creek Sockeye fishery; coho, chum; #148 107 draining Kanim Lake into ocean offshore were halibut and cod ts’aaqtlchiik A creek emptying in east side of Kanim Lake Dog salmon #159 120 tiitapi Circular beach located northwest from Salmon, halibut, and cod #170 125 ts’a h t’aa tiitapi Fish bank located southwest from tiitapi Fishing bank, primarily spring #171 126 salmon, coho, lingcod, and a few halibut aat’apqsa Small creek entering the northwest side of Alternate water supply for #200 137 Canoe Passage settlement at suna x qwuu7is; a few coho sama x qwuu7is Manhousaht village site situated at Winter village; herring spawn #201 137 northeast end of Canoe Passage across from northern tip of the larger of two Mate Islands suuma?a Kelp bed located directly offshore from Tommie cod, rockfish, lingcod; #213 145 t’ima?a trolled for spring salmon ch’aa7ayapi Sharp Point at southern entrance to Hot Lingcod #215 146 Springs Cove tl’iichtl’iicha7a Fishing bank located distant southwest from Large halibut, large lingcod, #218 147 Sharp Point and salmon ap7aqsuu7is Fishing bank located distant south from the Halibut #219 147 entrance to Sydney Inlet chaalh- Small islands immediately offshore from Halibut fishing bank #226 150 chaan’uw’a hat’inqwulh tiilhuw’a7a Area near tip of the point that extends Red snapper; good place to #227 150 eastward from the southeast entrance to the troll for salmon bay at ?upnit ?upnit Area on the east side of the Openit Halibut bank #229 151 Peninsula (Openit Indian Reserve #27) kwisutqwuu7a A bay just north from ?a?itlqwuu7a Lingcod #238 159 hiniikw’umt Sandy beach in small bay north from Chum salmon, spring salmon #245 162 ch’aapukw-kwachitl wa?atnit Small gravel beach in bay on west side of Offshore spring salmon trolling; #246 163 Sydney Inlet north from hiniikw’umt herring kwu h aa Head end of Stewardson Inlet Chum salmon spawn #253 165 tusuwis Village site on north shore of Stewardson Small chum salmon #254 166 Inlet east from kwu h aa tsaqaaq h Steep hillside on west side of Stewardson Rock cod and bocaccio #255 167 Inlet (Sebastodes paucispinis); trolled for spring salmon kiish h niqwus Manhousaht fishing camp on an island at Spring, coho, chum salmon, #263 171 mouth of Sydney River pink salmon, steelhead, and trout

March 1995 A-90 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fisheries

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

p’uqwuu7a Point of land with a creek flowing through it Rockfish, bocaccio #269 176 located on east side of Sydney Inlet, south from mouth of Sydney River saaxtat’ulh Steep area on east side of Sydney Inlet Red snapper and bocaccio #273 177 (“pitchheads”) ts’iitqat’imt Refers to Adventure Point Lingcod bank just off the point #276 179 muchachilh h Pretty Girl Cove at head of Holmes Inlet Chum salmon, tyee spring #281 181 salmon, coho and steelhead hitaapu7ulh Narrow water passage on east side of large Herring spawn #283 183 island in Holmes Inlet sach’a7umt Narrow bay at head of small constricted inlet Perch, some coho #286 184 locally known as Bottle Cove east of t’imqaqimilh tluum’aqtlan’ulh Point known as Rocky Point, forms the Tommie cod and offshore cod #288 185 northern entrance to Young Bay ts’a7ii Young Bay (known locally as East Bay) Sockeye, some coho and #294 188 chum; pilchard reduction plant apqwuu7a Southeastern entrance to Young Bay Lingcod fishing #296 190 ts’anakw’a7a A creek located slightly south of apqwuu7a Troll for spring salmon and jig #297 190 for lingcod tl’its h uulh White-coloured bluff on north side of Shelter Offshore rock cod #303 192 Inlet east from ?inchasimt apswiy’alh Hayden Passage locally known as Rocky Winter salmon, lingcod, tommie #309 196 Pass cod tl’iikw’aqtlis Stream emptying into south end of Riley Coho salmon #318 202 Cove tuutuxwulh7in7a Stream near mouth and bay on west coast Coho salmon, few chum #329 207 of Flores Island naxwaqis Sandy beach in bay on west side of Flores Offshore tommie cod #337 210 Island mutkwu h swi7a Two bays located immediately south from Mud sharks (used the liver oil #338 211 naxwaqis for lamps) lhu7aa Small island with flat top located offshore Troll for coho #341 213 and south from qay’aqimyis tl’uchp’itaktupi A fishing bank south from Rafael Point Spring salmon, coho, halibut, #355 242 and lingcod pakw’aa Fishing bank located south from pakw’aa Halibut, lingcod, spring salmon, #366 246 and coho chichw’aa A lingcod bank situated south and slightly Lingcod fishing bank #367 246 west of ?uts’uus and north of pakw’aa hu7ulh Rocky islands off the point at the southeast Offshore tommie cod #368 247 entrance to ?uts’uus ihalhiyipqwapii A fishing bank located south from tl’i h tl’aa Halibut, large lingcod, spring #378 251 h waas and in line with Shot Islet salmon, and coho kiina h apis Small shallow fishing bank southeast from Halibut #379 251 ihalhiyipqwapii h waas fishing bank and north of Sea Otter Rock tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulh A small island located south from the Black bass and salmon #391 255 southeast end of lhulhuus beach hitaqtlis Site at southeast end of Bartlett Island Salmon and halibut fishing #401 259

March 1995 A-91 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fisheries

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

lhayipqwapii h Shot Islet, located northeast from h iyuut Spring salmon #407 261 and southeast from Kutcous Point on Flores Island masaqwus h Kutcous Islets, off Kutcous Point Needlefish, salmon #408 261 qatqwuuwis Area southwest end of Kutcous Point Lingcod #412 263 qwaatswiis Shoreline area along southwest portion of Jacksprings #413 265 Whitesand Cove ?a7ukwnak Former lake situated west from small bay Used to have sockeye #421 269 north of Yates Point ap7aqsulh Entrance of Matilda Inlet Red cod, bocaccio, spring #428 275 salmon ts’ilhitqwulh h Small creek draining into northernmost end Dog fish processing area #433 277 of Marktosis Harbour tl’aatl’app’awaas Fishing bank located in Millar Channel east Red cod, lingcod, bocaccio #452 285 from tl’iikapi yaaqswiis A narrow passageway on inside of an island Jigging red cod; bocaccio #453 285 located north from tl’iikapi chaapi7a Tiny islet located immediately offshore from Offshore bocaccio, red cod #459 287 Flores Island yaa7aqtlis Large bay northwest from chaapi7a Red cod and bocaccio fishing #460 287 bank; lingcod h aachiiqtlis Dixon Bay, north of Dixon Point Coho #462 288 ts’aaqtl’aa Small, deep, v-shaped bay on north side of Coho, chum salmon #465 289 Shelter Inlet, north from hunqis on Obstruction Island siin’u7a Sandy area on north side of Shelter Inlet Red cod, bocaccio #467 290 ?ilhch?a?atimt Area on north side of Shelter Inlet Red snapper #468 290 wapuukw h Area now known as Wappook Indian All five species of salmon, #471 292 Reserve #26 east side of mouth of Megin steelhead and trout River kiitsaaqwuwa7a Rocky area on bank of Megin River on west Fish speared or gaffed #472 296 side at mouth xipuwa7a Area along west side of lower Megin River Trout, some sockeye #473 298 qawishtsaqs West side of Megin River, across river from Fish weir site #475 298 northern boundary of Wappook Indian Reserve t’aamuukwsit Large pool in Megin River below outlet of Sockeye, spring, coho and #478 299 Megin Lake chum, steelhead and trout, tyee spring salmon kwists7ii Talbot Creek (spawning channel for Sockeye #479 300 sockeye) flows into Megin River just west of western end of Megin Lake yuchkwuulh h A mountain east and south from naanachqi Halibut fishing bank #481 301 shitlaapqkwachitl Group of small rock islands at eastern Chum salmon, possibly perch #485 303 entrance to bay of Megin River drain kwakwayu?in Name of an area along rocky shoreline north Bocaccio fishing bank; rockfish #487 304 shore of Shelter Inlet and red snapper kw’aakw’aqi7is Fishing bank just southeast of ?inchasimt Red snapper, bocaccio #489 304 wati h Area now identified as “Watta Indian Chum and coho salmon #491 305 Reserve #25” at mouth of Watta Creek app’iiqtl’a Fishing bank south from kw’aakw’aqi7is Red snapper, bocaccio, cod #495 308

March 1995 A-92 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fisheries

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

qaaqatqqwi7is Fishing bank located east from app’iiqtl’a Red snapper, bocaccio #496 308 astskwi7amit Fishing bank located northeast from Belcher Red snapper, bocaccio #499 310 Point itsaaqwuu7a Large area of shoreline along north side of Herring (?) #512 315 Obstruction Island ts’ikt’aqis Area at mouth of Atleo River known as Chum, coho, some sockeye, #524 319 Seektukis Indian Reserve #24 and steelhead chichixwas Shoreline on east side of Millar Channel Offshore red cod fishing bank #533 324 tl’its h uu7is Large bay on west side of McKay Island Perch #537 325 nuchts’uu McKay Island, locally known as “Cone Bocaccio (“pitchheads”) #538 326 Island” yaa7aqtlis A bay located on north side of Ross Perch were caught during #540 327 Passage, southeast from ?amits’aqis winter using tidal perch traps imta?a Rock bluff along north shoreline midway Offshore red cod fishing bank #541 327 between western entrance to Herbert Inlet and eastern entrance to Ross Passage muuya h i Moyehai Indian Reserve #23 and Moyeha Chum, spring, coho and pink #555 335 River salmon, steelhead iitsmakwits Wide bay on east side of Herbert Inlet Chum salmon, dog salmon #578 346 pin7iitl Whitepine Cove and the Peneetle Indian Chum salmon, coho, perch, #579 347 Reserve #22 red snapper ts’aqwuulh h Bawden Point Bocaccio #582 349 ts’ipatqnit Bay on south side of Bawden Bay Herring spawn and pilchards #586 351 tikw’aa An area in southwestern corner of Bawden Chum salmon, possibly herring #587 351 Bay. Includes Tequa Indian Reserve #21 spawn chaw’in7a Small island east from Clifford Point at Chum salmon #588 352 southwest entrance to Bawden Bay ch’itaapi Area of Chetarpe Indian Reserve #17 and Dogfish, halibut, cod, and #595 362 Catface Range located northeast from herring spawn reserve yuulhw’in A number of rock islets and reefs along Eels #600 365 shoreline southeast from ?uuts’u7uulh ts’aqwuulh h Point on north side of Calmus Passage, the Salmon #606 368 tiny rock islets just offshore and the beach immediately east from this point ts’atiikwis Sutaquis Indian Reserve #18 on north side Dogfish station; chum salmon #611 371 of Epper Passage suuchaqs Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth of Chum salmon, spring salmon, #617 374 Cypre River tyee spring salmon, cohos, steelhead and trout wa7uus Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth of Large spring salmon #620 376 Cypre River qwa?it Quait Bay located on east side of Cypress Troll salmon, year-round; #624 379 Bay herring spawn, pilchards tl’itsis Distinctively shaped bay south from Quait Perch, herring spawn #625 379 Bay, locally known as Honeymoon Bay shitlaapqamilh Welcome Island, located in center of Dogfish, lingcod #628 381 southern portion of Cypress Bay ?itma7aqtl Lawrence Inlets of southeast tip of Bartlett Troll for coho and spring #641 386 Island salmon nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Troll for salmon #652 390

March 1995 A-93 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fisheries

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

axwuus A bay on northwest side of Blunden Island Halibut and salmon #653 390 hina?aq Fishing bank off northwest side of Blunden Trolled for coho and spring #654 391 Island salmon yuuyuchqwulh- Halibut bank about six miles southwest of Halibut #657 h waas Cleland Island haw’aa Small bay on southwest side of Blunden Fished for salmon and halibut #658 392 Island ch’astu?aktl h A hill on the larger of two small islands off Offshore spring salmon bank #659 393 southeast end of Blunden Island aa7inqwus Refers to a village site in a bay on southeast Ahousaht fished halibut from #661 393 side of Blunden Island this summer village site ts’a7is Small bay and creek at north end of Ahous Coho #667 396 Bay and creek draining into it t’a7ak Lagoon located near north end of Ahous Coho #669 397 Bay ?aa h uus Area along north side of Ahous Point at Halibut fishing #675 400 south end of Ahous Bay uusis Beach and west-facing bay located Cod, halibut, and salmon #677 402 immediately southeast from tl’its’aa on fishing south side of Ahous Point uushinakw’uu h Fishing bank southwest of n’in’iits’ita Troll for spring salmon and #682 405 coho tutushkachisht Area of ocean south and slightly west from Lingcod #683 405 shaayiik h qwuuqwuulh- Fishing bank five miles offshore south from Halibut, salmon #686 407 ts’askwin Sea Otter Rock qwuulhts’aas Thirty miles offshore fishing bank Halibut #687 407 approximately south from Catface mountain t’imaqyu Fur seal and salmon fishing bank Spring salmon, herring, and #688 407 approximately south from Ahous Point, 15 coho miles offshore ts’itstaa7a Narrow bay southeast from nituus Herring spawn #693 420 qilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach in Halibut fishing #694 421 third bay west from Moser Point tl’uqwchit7a Fishing bank several miles south from Halibut, spring salmon, coho #699 423 tuumats’u and lingcod kw’ukw’ukw h ulh Village site at north end of second bay west Halibut fishing #702 424 from Moser Point ?aptsimyis Bay immediately west of Moser Point and Halibut #703 425 campsite at north end of bay chimq h sa7a Small bay north of Moser Point near Used to locate the fishing bank #705 426 southeast end of Vargas Island on Father known as tl’uqwchit7a Charles Channel y’aaq h sis Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side of Herring spawn #712 428 Vargas Island tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island vicinity Red cod, lingcod, winter spring #723 435 of Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12 salmon ?aq-witis Area locally known as McIntosh Bay or Herring, cod #724 437 Marshall Bay at northeast end of Vargas Island qwiitl’aqapi Robert Point near northwestern end of Herring spawn #726 439 Meares Island

March 1995 A-94 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fisheries

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

wat’ints’us South end of Ritchie Bay Herring spawning area #729 440 k’a h ts’ulhulh Gaff-hooking site on the west side of Chum salmon #743 445 kwaalhts’iis creek uu7inmitis Village site on east side of Bedwell River Chum, coho, pink, spring #750 448 mouth and lower Bedwell River (locally salmon, steelhead, and large known as Bear River) trout maalhsit Former village site in Matlset Narrows, just Lingcod #758 453 east from mouth of stream flowing into north side of narrows chaapiilh More southerly of the two Maltby Islets at Offshore cod fishing #764 456 entrance to Warn Bay qwaatswii Village site located on west side of mouth of Chum, coho, spring salmon, #768 457 Bulson Creek at northeast end of Warn Bay sockeye, steelhead paniitl Mosquito Harbour, located at the northeast Chum salmon #775 461 end of Meares Island qaaqaawis h Area at mouth of Brother Creek emptying Chum, coho, herring spawned #781 466 into bay on west side of Meares Island yaalhapis Beach located immediately south from Lingcod #783 483 ts’aqwuu7a and east from Lane Islet ch’ayaqimyas Windy bay at southeast end of Meares Troll for winter spring salmon #784 483 Island and Sear Peak Mountain located immediately north of Windy Bay ts’aapi Tsapee Narrows, Meares Island Salmon #786 484 ?aaqmaq h sis Village site located on south shore of Trolled for spring salmon #788 485 Meares Island, along north side of Browning Passage, southeast from Ginnard Creek tu7ukw A creek located southeast from Meares Chum and coho salmon spawn, #790 486 Creek at south end of Meares Island dog salmon hitaqtl’a Lemmens Inlet Troll for winter spring salmon #794 488 “clicksclecutee” East side of Lemmens Inlet, known as Sardines #799 490 Adventure Cove tup’alh h tin A lagoon on west side of Lagoon Island in Troll for winter spring salmon #802 491 Lemmens Inlet hisnit Lake and creek draining into west side of Sockeye, steelhead #803 492 Lemmens Inlet, directly east from Kakawis chaqmii7a Northwestern tip of Stubbs Island Troll offshore for salmon, large #815 503 halibut tl’aa7ii7is Beach known locally as Sunset Beach on Blueback fishing #818 505 southwest end of Stubbs Island ts’ii?um Fishing bank; bearings are Moser Point, Halibut #825 508 inside of McKay Reef and east side of Lennard Island qatsuqwtl h Fishing bank; bearings are hills north of Halibut fishing place #826 508 Portland Point, east side of Lennard Island and Felice Island ?iitsaapi Tonquin Island Place to hand-troll for salmon #828 508 ich’aachisht A small bay near southeast end of Echachis Halibut, cod; deep sea fishing #829 509 Island tinwis MacKenzie Beach Offshore halibut fishing #837 514 ch’a h ayis Chesterman Beach Offshore halibut fishing; troll for #838 514 spring salmon

March 1995 A-95 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Fisheries

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

nanaqwuu7a A point of land at south end of Chesterman Needlefish; close shore salmon #839 515 Beach trolling ch’uuchatswii7a Cox Bay; could also be a passage at nearby Spring salmon trolling; halibut, #841 515 Portland Point lingcod fishing ts’aam’ita Known locally as “Maltby Slough” located Coho #844 517 south from shiiwa7a qishqii A low mountain called Vargas Cone, located This area was used as a #845 517 east from Cox Point and northwest from bearing for fishing banks Radar Hill tl’i h iiqtlts’us A slough located east from ts’aam’ita Chum salmon #846 517 ?aqmaqimlh Name for Gowland Islands Salmon bank #847 518 hup’ich Confused location: Northwest of Radar Fishing station #848 518 Beaches and southeast from Cox Point ch’uuchilhswi7a A sheltered passage on north side of island Coho #849 519 located just northwest of Portland Point tin’im7a Fishing bank located approximately two Fishing bank #851 521 miles southwest of Portland Point wa7ichulh h A bay inside Box Island Troll for salmon #853 521 hisaawist’a Area northwest end of Long Beach now Coho salmon #854 521 Esowista Indian Reserve #3 ts’its7ii Sandhill Creek south of central portion of Salmon #861 525 Long Beach tit7atu A creek with a waterfall located immediately Coho and chum salmon #864 527 south of Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 kwuutwis Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 at mouth of Chum salmon, coho spawn #865 528 Kootowis Creek in Grice (or Mill) Bay pakwatqqwuu7a South side of broad point at entrance to bay Troll for spring salmon #876 533 leading into lower Kennedy River hilhsyaqtlis Eelsuklis Indian Reserve #10 at head of Chum, coho, spring salmon, #877 533 Tranquil Inlet steelhead, and few sockeye unaatsulh h Onadsilth Indian Reserve #9, at mouth of Chum, coho #878 534 Tofino Creek uuqwmin Okeamin Indian Reserve #5 on east side of Sockeye, steelhead #888 539 mouth of lower Kennedy River muts’uu7a Area not far below rapids on lower Kennedy Sockeye #889 543 River, slightly upstream from Okeamin Indian Reserve hilhp’ii7a Area upriver from head end of rapids on Sockeye #892 544 lower Kennedy River shiishaawilh Ilthpaya Lake Sockeye #894 546 aamapilh Area on west side of Clayoquot Arm, near Fishing camp; later sockeye #900 549 its head end hatchery ?ayuus A site on west side of Clayoquot Arm, near Sockeye #901 550 head end slightly north of aamapilh tla7uukwi Clayoquot Indian Reserve #6 at mouth of Spring, dog salmon, sockeye #902 551 Clayoquot River emptying into north end of and coho Clayoquot Arm of Kennedy Lake t’iqm’aa Site on east side of Clayoquot Arm, south Fishing in the vicinity #906 554 from qaqaas winchi Mouth of upper Kennedy River at east end Spring, dog salmon, sockeye, #913 557 of Kennedy Lake pink, chum, and coho

March 1995 A-96 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish / Beach Food Gathering Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

mukwaqis The largest of a cluster of islands located Gooseneck barnacles and #19 46 west from chaachaak and maaqiyu purple sea urchins cha7aa Matlahaw Point (locally known as “Boulder” Mussels, chitons, sea urchins, #36 52 Point) and to reef octopus apqwuu7a Beginning of Antons Spit Clams #65 65 ?ami h a Area on southwest side of Le Claire Point Large mussels [California #78 69 mussel]; their shells were used as knives to cut up whales m’umuu7a Refers to a point immediately southeast of Large mussels [California #94 76 ?u?um’alhukw mussel] kw’uu7uus A beach situated just south of yaa7aqtlis Large horse clams #117 85 ?ayisaq h Northeast shore of Hesquiat Harbour from Cockles #118 85 land immediately south of kw’uu7uus, southward to small creek humt h uu7is A point located south from ?ayisaq h and Gather cockles, dig clams #119 86 north from ikisxa ikisxa A small bay on north side of Rondeault Native littleneck clams #122 87 Point; more generally, Rondeault Point as a whole hilhw’in7a Specifically, a small bay with creek located Native littleneck clams, other #129 89 immediately north of Hesquiat Point beach foods suukw-washt Rocks located southwest of Hesquiat Point Gather black katy chitons and #131 99 purple sea urchins ma7uus A creek and area around creek mouth Black katy chitons, purple sea #135 101 located east from k’aayitis’ita?as urchins lhu7aa A tiny island situated approximately 150 Black katy chitons, California #146 106 yards offshore from mouth of hisnit creek mussels, and gooseneck barnacles tiitapi Circular beach located northwest from Collected black katy chitons #170 125 ts’a h t’aa yaqaachisht Refers to Barney Rocks known locally as Black katy chitons, giant red #189 133 Canoe Reef located southwest from Mate chitons, gooseneck barnacles, Islands California mussels ?uuts’usiis Refers to narrow passage between the two Dig butter clams and littlenecks #194 135 Mate Islands sama x qwuu7is Manhousaht village site situated at Giant red sea urchins #201 137 northeast end of Canoe Passage across from northern tip of the larger of two Mate Islands q’aa h api West-facing bluff on point which forms Sea urchins #209 143 entrance to h aachiiqtlis t’ima?a Refers to both a rocky beach on east shore Black katy chitons #212 145 of Hot Springs Cove and smaller rocky beach directly across the Openit Peninsula on west side of Sydney Inlet suuma?a Kelp bed located directly offshore from Giant red sea urchins #213 145 t’ima?a ch’aa7ayapi Sharp Point at southern entrance to Hot Sea cucumbers #215 146 Springs Cove sa7aaqwuw’a7a A point located at immediate southeast Native oysters #228 150 entrance to bay at ?upnit

March 1995 A-97 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish / Beach Food Gathering Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

kwisutqwuu7a A bay just north from ?a?itlqwuu7a Green sea urchins #238 159 chukwsist’imt South side of sa7aaqwuw’a7a Green sea urchins #248 164 p’uqwuu7a Point of land with a creek flowing through it Oysters #269 176 located on east side of Sydney Inlet, south from mouth of Sydney River ts’iitqat’imt Refers to Adventure Point Red and green sea urchins #276 179 tluum’aqtlan’ulh Point known as Rocky Point, forms the Sea urchins #288 185 northern entrance to Young Bay ts’anakw’a7a A creek located slightly south of apqwuu7a Giant red sea urchins #297 190 tl’its h uulh White-coloured bluff on north side of Shelter Small sized red sea urchins, #303 192 Inlet east from ?inchasimt abalone ts’aqamyis A long beach located on north side of Dig clams; cockles, sea #306 194 Shelter Inlet, west from Dixon Point cucumbers; caught octopus apswiy’alh Hayden Passage locally known as Rocky Green and red sea urchins, #309 196 Pass sea cucumbers, scallops tanaknit Steamer Cove and possibly George Island Butter clams #314 199 h ats’uu Baseball Bay, located south from chaw’in7a Sea cucumbers, butter clams, #322 203 giant red sea urchins ii7aaq Village site on west shore of Flores Island Butter clams, horse clams #323 204 naxwaqis Sandy beach in bay on west side of Flores Razor clams, large sea urchins #337 210 Island qay’aqimyis Long narrow constricted bay and lagoon on Mussels #340 212 west side of Flores Island lhu7aa Small island with flat top located offshore Gooseneck barnacles, #341 213 and south from qay’aqimyis California mussels tl’uchp’it A bay and beach south from ch’ach’ap’ii h . California mussels #346 214 Name also applies to low mountain peak situated northeast from the bay ?uts’uus Siwash Cove Various seafood #364 245 pakw’aa String of rock islands south from ?uts’uus Gathered goose barnacles #365 246 y’aaq h sis A long sandy beach that extends from Razor clams #376 250 lhapuu7a to tl’i h tl’aa ts’achit Refers to Tibbs Island, located southwest Gooseneck barnacles #394 256 from Kutcous Point and northwest from Bartlett Island tlakishp’iqa Group of small islands off northwest tip of Collected chitons #397 257 Bartlett Island n’u?asaq h Refers to all of Bartlett Island and Gathered mussels #398 257 specifically to village site on west side of island ?itma?aqtl Refers to Lawrence Islets and the pass Gooseneck barnacles, chitons, #402 259 north of these islets sea urchins, and blue mussels lhayipqwapii h Shot Islet, located northeast from h iyuut Chitons, giant red sea urchins, #407 261 and southeast from Kutcous Point on Flores abalone, green sea urchins Island masaqwus h Refers to the Kutcous Islets, off Kutcous Sea urchins, California mussels #408 261 Point p’aawatsqi Small island immediately offshore from Clams #411 263 southeastern end of Kutcous Point qwaatswiis Shoreline area along southwest portion of Dig clams; horse clams, crabs #413 265 Whitesand Cove

March 1995 A-98 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish / Beach Food Gathering Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

chuupis A beach in Whitesand Cove extending from Cockles #414 266 rocky point at northeast corner of Kutcous Indian Reserve east to point that is north of McKinn Islets ch’a h amyis Tiny islet just offshore from eastern end of Cockles, razor clams #415 267 Whitesand Cove ?a?aats’itaqwulh Refers to McKinn Islets located east from Clams, chitons, sea urchins #418 268 h Whitesand Cove chaapi7a Tiny islet located immediately offshore from Clams, abalone #459 287 Flores Island h aachiiqtlis Dixon Bay, north of Dixon Point Butter clams #462 288 ts’ikt’a?aqtl’a A triangular-shaped bay at northeast end of Clams #515 316 Millar Channel mamach?aqtlnit A creek located on east side of Millar Clams #518 317 Channel, south from ts’a7ak and north from Atleo River; locally known as Shark Creek or Shark River cha h taakwis Small island offshore from mouth of “Shark Clams #519 318 Creek” ?a h niqwus A wide bay and beach located immediately Clams #523 319 north of the northern boundary of Seektukis Indian Reserve at mouth of Atleo River ts’ikt’aqis Area at mouth of Atleo River known as Butter clams, littleneck clams #524 319 Seektukis Indian Reserve #24 and the Atleo River ch’iituwis A creek draining into small bay south from Small butter clams #527 322 qaamiilhuwis tluushtluushukw A bay containing a creek, located on north Littleneck clams #542 328 side of entrance to Herbert Inlet, south from entrance to Bedingfield Bay t’iikwuwis Tidal flats just offshore from Moyehai Indian Native littleneck clams #554 335 Reserve #23 and extending to Moyeha River mouth yaa7aqtlis A long inlet and lagoon on east side of Sea cucumbers, clams #585 350 Bawden Bay chaw’in7a Small island east from Clifford Point at Abalone #588 352 southwest entrance to Bawden Bay ch’itaapi Area of Chetarpe Indian Reserve #17 and Sea urchins #595 362 Catface Range located northeast from reserve qwayatsimilh A burial island off point of land immediately Sea urchins, chitons #597 364 south of ch’itaapi ts’aqwuulh h Point on north side of Calmus Passage Black katy chitons #606 368 niitpiilh Refers to Rhodes Island, at south entrance Butter clams #615 373 to Cypress Bay tl’itsis Distinctively shaped bay south from Quait Clams #625 379 Bay, locally known as Honeymoon Bay chu7is Refers to Saranac Island Large butter clams #629 381 t’iimiiq A clam bed at south end of hu h is beach on Clams #639 386 northwest side of Vargas Island kwuwat’as Leeke Islets located offshore from northwest Giant red sea urchins, black #640 386 side of Vargas Island katy chitons, gumboot chitons

March 1995 A-99 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish / Beach Food Gathering Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

?itma7aqtl Lawrence Inlets of southeast tip of Bartlett Gooseneck barnacles, sea #641 386 Island urchins, chitons, and mussels nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Collected beach foods #652 390 axwuus A bay on northwest side of Blunden Island Collected beach foods #653 390 qwutimq h Cleland Island (locally known as “Bare Sea urchins, gooseneck #656 391 Island”) barnacles, chitons, California mussels, sea anemones haw’aa Small bay on southwest side of Blunden Collected beach foods #658 392 Island ch’astu?aktl h A hill on the larger of two small islands off Gooseneck barnacles #659 393 southeast end of Blunden Island aa7inqwus Refers to a village site in a bay on southeast Ahousaht gathered sea urchins #661 393 side of Blunden Island qilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach in Collected beach foods #694 421 third bay west from Moser Point ch’uch’upkw’ukw An island south from qwu7ats’p’iqa Chitons, mussels, gooseneck #697 422 barnacles, purple sea urchins qwayatsimilh Refers to Wilf Rock, located southeast from Gooseneck barnacles, chitons #698 422 ch’uch’upkw’ukw and mussels ?aptsimyis Bay immediately west of Moser Point and Collected beach foods; abalone #703 425 campsite at north end of bay p’uuqwapii h An island located in northern portion of bay Butter clams, sea urchins #713 431 off Yarksis ch’astuqwumyis A small island north from p’uuqwapii h , just Butter clams #714 431 offshore from northern boundary of Yarksis Indian Reserve mamiisuwis Clam beach located immediately north from Clam processing area; large #715 431 northern boundary of Yarksis Indian butter clams Reserve muqwumyisnak A very small island located at northwest end Butter clams #720 434 of bay that is northwest of Rassier Point tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island vicinity Clams #723 435 of Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12 ?aq-witis Area locally known as McIntosh Bay or Crabs, clams, sea urchins, #724 437 Marshall Bay at northeast end of Vargas mussels, and abalone Island huhuupan’u7as Keltsomaht village east of Robert Point on Clams #728 439 Meares Island chaapiilh More southerly of the two Maltby Islets at Butter clams #764 456 entrance to Warn Bay tl’itsi h tis A point on north end of most northerly of Butter clams #774 461 Wood Islets near entrance to Mosquito Harbour on Meares Island paniitl Refers to Mosquito Harbour at northeast Littleneck clams #775 461 end of Meares Island ts’achiisuw’is Village site on north side of mouth of Sutton Littleneck clams #776 462 Mill creek which enters into small bay on west side Mosquito Harbour ts’isaqis Bay locally known as Heelboom Bay Butter clams #778 464 ?aaqmaq h sis Village site located on south shore of Crabs #788 485 Meares Island, along north side of Browning Passage, southeast from Ginnard Creek

March 1995 A-100 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Shellfish / Beach Food Gathering Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

tu7ukw A creek located southeast from Meares Razor clams #790 486 Creek at south end of Meares Island waaxp’inch’a Neilson Island, off Tofino locally known as Clams, barnacles #792 487 Pond Island chaalhchiis The Arakun Islands on west side of Littleneck clams #804 492 Lemmens Inlet, near its entrance matlaak h Deadman Islets located north from Tofino Butter clams #808 493 ts’aaqtlis Small creek at eastern most end of Opitsat Cockles, clams #810 494 Indian Reserve #1 ch’ach’atis Refers generally to Stubbs Island and Clams, large horse clams, #816 503 specifically to settlement “Clayoquot” butter clams, crabs located near northeast end of island chaatsa Refers to Felice Island, known locally as Butter clams #819 505 Round Island, situated west of Grice Point h aytyaa Refers to northernmost tip of Wickaninnish Purple sea urchins, clams #820 505 Island ?a?a?itlis Wickaninnish Island, and passage between Gooseneck barnacles, butter #821 506 Wickaninnish Island and Echachis Island clams, littleneck clams, black katy chitons, edible blue mussels, and sea urchins qatsuqwtl h Refers to Lennard Island Green sea urchins, gooseneck #827 508 barnacles tl’uulhapi Refers to Alfred Beach south of Grice Point Clams #834 513 in Duffin Cove ts’ix-wat-sats Refers to Frank Island just offshore from Green sea urchins and #840 515 point between Chesterman Beach and Cox gooseneck barnacles Bay tl’i h iiqtlts’us A slough located east from ts’aam’ita Crabs #846 517 hisaawist’a Area northwest end of Long Beach now Clams #854 521 Esowista Indian Reserve #3

March 1995 A-101 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Village Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Village site, sealing and fishing #15 44 station ch’ikn’uu Refers to Smokehouse Bay west of Winter village of the #34 51 Matlahaw Point ch’ikn’uu7at h h ishkwii Hesquiat Indian settlement located in Winter village of the #46 56 Hesquiat Harbour h imayis7at h kiiqina h Houses were along the entire area between Winter village of the kiqinath #69 66 aa7apswin7is and ts’uwaktlis ma7ap’ii Now known as “Maahpe” Indian Reserve #4 ma7ap’ii7at h winter village #85 73 maatsuwis Area west side of the Hesquiat Lake outlet Formerly a village of the #99 78 yaaq h sis7at h ap h skwapu7as Area on east side of the outlet of Hesquiat Former yaaq h sis7at h village #110 81 Lake just south of tukwachisht site hisnit Hisnit Indian Reserve #34 including creek Sockeye salmon fishery and #148 107 draining Kanim Lake into ocean Manhousaht village site and fishery sama x qwuu7is Former Manhousaht village site situated at Winter village and summer #201 137 northeast end of Canoe Passage across Manhousaht campsite from northern tip of the larger of two Mate Islands ?upnit Area on the east side of the Openit Village site was headquarters #229 151 Peninsula (Openit Indian Reserve #27) of Manhousaht Indians kwu h aa Head end of Stewardson Inlet Former winter village wiped out #253 165 by smallpox; recently people used to camp in vicinity while fur trapping tusuwis Village site on north shore of Stewardson Former Manhousaht village #254 166 Inlet east from kwu h aa site, wiped out during smallpox epidemic ?alhma7a A bay containing a gravel beach on east Former Manhousaht winter #275 178 side of Sydney Inlet across from village site sa7aaqwuw’a7a ts’iitqat’imt Refers to Adventure Point Red and green sea urchins; #276 179 lingcod bank just off the point h asyukwis Small bay just north from Young Bay Winter village; people camped #287 185 here while making canoes ts’a7ii Young Bay (known locally as East Bay) A Manhousaht village taken #294 188 ‘a lot of creeks over by the Ahousaht come in’ ts’aqamyis A long beach located on north side of A Manhousaht village taken #306 194 Shelter Inlet, west from Dixon Point over by the Ahousaht; people camped here in temporary lean-to shelters while smoke- drying spring salmon ii7aaq Village site on west shore of Flores Island Village site #323 204 naxwaqis Sandy beach in bay on west side of Flores Summer and winter village site #337 210 Island tl’uchp’it A bay and beach south from ch’ach’ap’ii h . Spring and summer village for #346 214 Name also applies to low mountain peak the tl’uchp’itaktupi7at h situated northeast from the bay

March 1995 A-102 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Village Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

maan’u7as A midden mound on narrow point of land at Formerly part of the “Otsosat” #363 244 western entrance to ?uts’uus village site ?uts’uus Siwash Cove Main summer village of the #364 245 Otsosat tribe, camped here while offshore halibut fishing hu7ii Cow Creek Formerly an Otsosat family #372 248 group hu7iistaqimlh village wa?ixs7i Former Otsosat village site and a large Defensive type site; is the site #393 255 creek situated not far west from Kutcous of a battle between Otsosat Point and the Ahousaht n’u?asaq h Refers to all of Bartlett Island and Whale hunting base for the #398 257 specifically to village site on west side of Otsosat. An Ahousaht war island party attacked one night and war chief’s reward was n’u?asaq h to Herbert Arm hitaqtlis Site at southeast end of Bartlett Island Camping site in April during fur #401 259 sealing, salmon and halibut fishing qatqwuuwis Area southwest end of Kutcous Point Originally an Otsosat summer #412 263 encampment but during Ahousaht-Otsosat war, captives lost their heads here k’iilhxnit A long beach, locally known as Powell Former village site #420 269 Beach on southeast end of McNeil Peninsula maalhts’aas Area at southernmost end of beach along Ahousaht village #422 270 eastern side of Marktosis village, west from point maaqtusiis A narrow isthmus located near middle of the Former winter village of several #423 270 McNeil Peninsula - the Ahousat Indian groups of Otsosat Village tl’iikapi Refers to a low cliff beside (north from) Former village in Raven story #434 278 present-day boathouse in Marktosis Harbour mutskwi?as A creek and bay that this creek flows into, Permanent village #501 311 located in the central portion of east side of Sulphur Passage ts’ikt’aqis Area at mouth of Atleo River known as Fall fishing village belonging to #524 319 Seektukis Indian Reserve #24 and the Atleo the Otsosat, then after River Ahousaht-Otsosat war, area changed hands t’a?aa Bedingfield Bay, located on north side of Formerly an Otsosat winter #544 329 Herbert Inlet. Locally known as “Setcher’s village Bay” wa h iitlmitis A bay with creek running into it, located on Overnight camp for the Otsosat #548 331 west side of Herbert Inlet, north from on their way from muuya h i to pitsaasts’imit maaqtusiis nism’iis Area just south of creek that is immediately Possible village site; Otsosat #553 334 south of the Moyehai Indian Reserve held winter ceremonials known as ts’aayiqa (Power Dance) muuya h i Moyehai Indian Reserve #23 and Moyeha Permanent village; before #555 335 River Ahousaht-Otsosat war, this was an important Otsosat fishery kwisuuqwak Refers to Mariner Creek, which enters east Elk hunting ground of the #562 340 side of Moyeha River (locally known as East Otsosat and possible village Fork) site on east side of Moyeha River

March 1995 A-103 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Village Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

ama?a Village site on north side of Moyeha River at Year-round village of the #565 340 the confluence of Kowus Creek with the Otsosat Moyeha ch’itaapi Refers to both the area of “Chetarpe” Indian Ahousaht village site occupied #595 362 Reserve #17 and to Catface Range located in spring; caught dogfish, northeast from reserve halibut and cod, hunted seals and collected sea urchins and herring spawn ts’atiikwis Sutaquis Indian Reserve #18 on north side Ahousaht and Keltsomaht #611 371 of Epper Passage major/main capital winter village site suuchaqs Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth of Former village site, chief #617 374 Cypre River salmon fishing station of Ahousaht Indian Band wa7uus Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth of Ahousahts stayed here while #620 376 Cypre River using Cypre River fishery; also capital village where Ahousahts spent the winter ?imxwii Refers to all of Blunden Island Five ancient Indian villages #647 388 aa7inqwus Refers to a village site in a bay on southeast Summer village site while #661 393 side of Blunden Island Ahousaht fished halibut, gathered sea urchins, went fur sealing and whaling ts’a7is Small bay and creek at north end of Ahous The ts’a7is7at h taqimlh family #667 396 Bay and creek draining into it group of Ahousaht summer village site tup’alh h tin Refers to one of two creeks located at south Source of water for Ahousahts #674 399 end of Ahous Bay beach living nearby ?aa h uus Area along north side of Ahous Point at Family group of Ahousahts #675 400 south end of Ahous Bay lives along north side of Ahous Point in summer months uusis Beach and west-facing bay located Major summer village site for #677 402 immediately southeast from tl’its’aa on Ahousahts. Whale, fur seal, south side of Ahous Point hair seal, and sea otter hunting plus cod, halibut and salmon fishing undertaken qilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach in Site occupied during spring and #694 421 third bay west from Moser Point summer by Keltsomaht people. Whaling, halibut fishing, sealing and collecting beach foods; Indian rhubarb kw’ukw’ukw h ulh Village site at north end of second bay west Keltsomaht people stayed here #702 424 from Moser Point in springtime (in April); whaling, fur seal hunting, halibut fishing ?aptsimyis Bay immediately west of Moser Point and Spring and summer village of #703 425 campsite at north end of bay the Keltsomahts who fished for halibut, collected beach food, and went sealing here y’aaq h sis Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side of Keltsomahts spring and #712 428 Vargas Island summer village; former principal village yaaspaalh h A large v-shaped bay located north from Keltsomaht people stored their #716 432 mamiisuwis as well as the creek entering boats and canoes in bay into bay and former village site located on southwest side of creek mouth

March 1995 A-104 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Village Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island vicinity Became residence of the #723 435 of Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12 Keltsomaht people after they abandoned y’aaq h sis huhuupan’u7as Keltsomaht village east of Robert Point on Home of the #728 439 Meares Island huhuupan’u7as7at h family group haatsmuxw Former village site on west side of Bedwell Former village site of the #740 445 Sound at its north end uu7inmitis7at h who possibly lost the site when non-Indian prospectors came uu7inmitis Village site on east side of Bedwell River Now known as the “Oinimitis” #750 448 mouth and lower Bedwell River (locally Indian Reserve #14. Inhabited known as Bear River) by the Keltsomaht people maalhsit Former village site in Matlset Narrows, just Village site possibly wiped out #758 453 east from mouth of stream flowing into north by smallpox. Primarily a side of narrows hunting and trapping site t’iw’in7is Area just east from maalhsit and west from qwaatswii7at h winter #759 453 a creek that enters into north side of Matlset residence and campsite while Narrows they were traveling from fall fishing site to winter village k’aa7inmitis Located on east side of mouth of a creek Possible former village site of #766 456 that empties into northwest side of Warn the qwaatswii7at h Bay, northeast from ?upnit qwaatswii Village site located on west side of mouth of Village site. Fishery: chum #768 457 Bulson Creek at northeast end of Warn Bay salmon, cohos, spring salmon, sockeye, and steelhead paniitl Refers to Mosquito Harbour at northeast Village site on north side of #775 461 end of Meares Island small bay which is located on west side of Mosquito Harbour; Keltsomaht came here to dry fish ts’achiisuw’is Village site on north side of mouth of Sutton Village site #776 462 Mill creek which enters into small bay on west side Mosquito Harbour yaalhapis Beach located immediately south from Winter village of the #783 483 ts’aqwuu7a and east from Lane Islet tla7uukwi7at h ?aaqmaq h sis Village site located on south shore of Winter village site where #788 485 Meares Island, along north side of Browning Clayoquot people stayed Passage, southeast from Ginnard Creek trapping, duck and deer hunting; hair seal hunts and good trolling for spring salmon tu7ukw A creek located southeast from Meares Village site prior to 1900 #790 486 Creek at south end of Meares Island ts’aa h t’as A freshwater spring located about the Village of Opitsat #811 494 middle of Opitsat Indian Reserve #1 hupits’at h Area now identified as “Opitsat” Indian Opitsat was occupied from mid- #812 495 Reserve #1 December to end of March ch’ach’atis Refers generally to Stubbs Island and Summer village used by the #816 503 specifically to settlement “Clayoquot” Kennedy Lake Clayoquot located near northeast end of island chaatsa Refers to Felice Island, known locally as Clayoquots lived here in the fall #819 505 Round Island, situated west of Grice Point while digging and processing butter clams ich’aachisht A small bay near southeast end of Echachis Spring and summer village; #829 509 Island convenient and valuable fishing station

March 1995 A-105 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Village Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

shiiwa7a District Lots 278 and 279 on south side of Village site #843 516 Browning Passage across from Ginnard Point of Meares Island hup’ich Confused location: Northwest of Radar Village site where people #848 518 Beaches and southeast from Cox Point stayed while drying halibut aniishtaq Refers specifically to southeast corner of Ancestors of Police George #868 529 Indian Island now known as Indian Reserve “have from time to time made #10 Indian Island their home” chaa h su7a A tiny island off tip of narrow point, at A winter village site where tidal #884 537 narrowest portion of entrance to lower traps were constructed Kennedy River uuqwmin Okeamin Indian Reserve #5 on east side of Winter village #888 539 mouth of lower Kennedy River

March 1995 A-106 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Camping Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

paats’ista South side Barcester Bay Fishing camp, usually during #5 40 summer ?aa h uus Area along western shore of Hesquiat Camping site while gathering #10 42 Peninsula, northeast from qaqatsts’ista Pacific silverweed and other roots ?ayqqwuw’a Located just south from timksit at Estevan Campsite and gathering place #27 49 Point of ?ayq (plant) cha7aa Matlahaw Point (locally known as “Boulder” Cod fishing camp, according to #36 52 Point) and to reef Drucker (1951) wiknit Creek and land around mouth north from Fall and winter campsite #83 72 t’aamukw maaksti A bay immediately north of ikisxa on Was a camp, then it got raided #121 86 Rondeault Point by Ahousaht hilhw’in7a Small bay with creek located immediately Summer place; spring salmon, #129 89 north of Hesquiat Point cod, halibut ii h at’a A creek southeast of Hesquiat Point Not a long-term camping or #133 100 live-in site; strictly a stop off to obtain coho and chum, trap minks, raccoons and martens ma7uus A creek and area around creek mouth Summer camp #135 101 located east from k’aayitis’ita?as tiitapi Circular beach located northwest from Summer camp while using #170 125 ts’a h t’aa nearby fish bank saayach h sis Gravel beach in bay located southeast from Manhousaht summer camp #183 130 ts’aam’ita aat’apqsa Small creek entering the northwest side of Alternate water supply for #200 137 Canoe Passage settlement at suna x qwuu7is; possible camping site sama x qwuu7is Manhousaht village site situated at Winter village, summer #201 137 northeast end of Canoe Passage campsite tusuwis Village site on north shore of Stewardson Fishing camp for small chum #254 166 Inlet east from kwu h aa salmon kiish h niqwus Manhousaht fishing camp on an island at Camp occupied for fishing only #263 171 mouth of Sydney River muchaa Area at northwest end of Holmes Inlet where Camp while fishing #280 180 two creeks drain into inlet h asyukwis Small bay just north from Young Bay Winter village; camped here #287 185 while making canoes ts’aqamyis A long beach located on north side of Camped here while processing #306 194 Shelter Inlet, west from Dixon Point clams and smoke-drying spring salmon tanaknit Steamer Cove and possibly George Island Southwest corner, a grassy #314 199 ‘place of patch was where people used mosquitoes’ to camp yukwsaasaq h Known as Riley Cove Campsite due to coho creek #317 201 tl’iikw’aqtlis Stream emptying into south end of Riley Campsite while fishing for coho #318 202 Cove tl’um’aqtlis A bay which forms west side of Indian Campsite at south end of bay; #330 208 Reserve #28 at tuutuxwulh7in7a fresh water problem

March 1995 A-107 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Camping Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

naxwaqis Sandy beach in bay on west side of Flores Village site used both in #337 210 Island summer and winter; also summer campsite ?uts’uus Siwash Cove Otsosat tribe camped here #364 245 beginning March and April while fishing offshore for halibut ayiisaq h Refers to Cow Creek Camping area while fur sealing #371 248 and fishing for halibut n’u?asaq h Bartlett Island and more specifically to Camping area while halibut #398 257 village site on west side of island fishing off Cleland Island; fur seal hunting base as well as whale hunting hitaqtlis Site at southeast end of Bartlett Island Camping site during fur sealing, #401 259 salmon and halibut fishing ch’iitkwaqy’akwa Largest Whaler Islets located east from Sometimes used as camping #405 260 nu7is Bartlett Island site but lacked fresh water h aachiiqtlis Dixon Bay, north of Dixon Point Camping site #462 288 t’aamuukwsit Large pool in Megin River below outlet of Used to camp here while #478 299 Megin Lake fishing kwists7ii Talbot Creek (spawning channel for Good campsite, lots of food #479 300 sockeye) flows into Megin River just west of available; “invisible” people live western end of Megin Lake here ma7uwis An islet east from mouth of Megin River Camping area where people #483 302 dried butter clams and dug roots of Pacific cinquefoil and wild clover wati h Area now identified as “Watta Indian Camped in fall to process fish #491 305 Reserve #25” at mouth of Watta Creek chalhchakts’us Refers to several islands in bay south from Camping spot during chum #493 307 mukwaqat’as salmon run tuqwata Second creek south from tl’imaqis on east Camped along shore #498 310 side of Shelter Inlet mutskwi?as A creek and bay that this creek flows into, Permanent village and winter #501 311 located in the central portion of east side of encampment Sulphur Passage ?a h niqwus A wide bay and beach located immediately Former camping site #523 319 north of the northern boundary of Seektukis Indian Reserve at mouth of Atleo River ts’aaqtl’aa A small creek just south of the point on Campsite while making dugout #529 323 which tsikipqimilh is located canoes wa h iitlmitis A bay with creek running into it, located on Overnight camp for the Otsosat #548 331 west side of Herbert Inlet, north from on their way from muuya h i to pitsaasts’imit maaqtusiis wins h Gibson Cove Camp while obtaining redcedar #574 344 bark, spruce roots qwayatsnit West-facing bay located on north side of Ancient encampment #603 367 Calmus Passage, southeast from huy’anak hinap’ii7is A bay on north side of Calmus Passage just Campsite #605 368 east of t’ut’ukwis ts’aqwuulh h Point on north side of Calmus Passage, the Beach was a special meeting #606 368 tiny rock islets just offshore and the beach place for Ahousaht war immediately east from this point commanders

March 1995 A-108 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Camping Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

wa7uus Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth of Ahousahts stayed here while #620 376 Cypre River using Cypre River fishery; also capital village where Ahousahts spent the winter shitlaapqamilh Welcome Island, located in center of “Topsail Charlie” used to camp #628 381 southern portion of Cypress Bay on island t’aakwist Sandy beach located immediately southwest The h ach’aa7at h tribe (Barkley #636 384 of h aayipqwapis Sound tribe) landed here hoping to raid the Ahousahts while they were camping at hu h is hu h is A beach on the northwest side of Vargas A camping area used by the #638 385 Island, south from t’aakwist Ahousahts tl’atl’at h in- A lengthy beach on west side of Vargas Formerly an Ahousaht camping #645 388 qwuu7is Island, south from huup’ichis site ch’ich’iip’alhswis A beach located on east side of Blunden Ahousaht summer #649 389 Island, just north from aa7inqwus encampment nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Ahousaht summer #652 390 encampment haw’aa Small bay on southwest side of Blunden Ahousaht summer #658 392 Island encampment uusis Beach and west-facing bay located Major summer village and #677 402 immediately southeast from tl’its’aa on campsite for Ahousahts south side of Ahous Point nituus Keltsomaht camping site located not far east Keltsomaht camping site #692 420 from hitaqtl’a ?aptsimyis Refers to both the bay immediately west of Spring and summer village of #703 425 Moser Point and a campsite at north end of Keltsomahts; formerly campsite bay tl’ayaqwulh h A bay and beach on east side of Vargas Small summer campsite #707 427 Island, north from mukwa?aqtlulh h y’aaq h sis Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side of Keltsomahts’ spring, summer #712 428 Vargas Island and winter village and camp k’anuwis Small bay west from Rassier Point and east Temporary camping site for the #717 433 from yaaspaalh h uu7inmitis7at h people hupii7itaqwulh h A small bay with sandy beach located Temporary camping area #718 433 immediately west of Rassier Point where Keltsomaht warriors practiced shooting arrows titis A creek and narrow bay into which this Camping site used by #735 442 creek enters located on west side of Bedwell uu7inmitis7at h on their way in Sound north from Rant Point or out of Bedwell Sound tluushtluushukw Located on west side of Bedwell Sound, Stop over place only, no fish in #738 443 north from ?a7ukwnak any of the creeks p’inw’alhuwis A bay just north from tluushtluushukw and Storage site for large canoes #739 444 on west side of Bedwell Sound t’iw’in7is Area just east from maalhsit and west from qwaatswii7at h campsite while #759 453 a creek that enters into north side of Matlset they were traveling from fall Narrows fishing site to winter village siw’apq A small bay northeast of Matlset Narrows qwaatswii7at h campsite while #762 455 and north of the Maltsby Islets trapping and hunting qaaqaawis h Area at mouth of Brother Creek emptying Site of former Christie School; #781 466 into bay on west side of Meares Island fishing campsite ts’aqwuu7a Generally refers to Dawley Passage, Camp on the northeast side of #782 482 Meares Island ts’aqwuu7a point

March 1995 A-109 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Summer and Winter Camping Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

wawa?it’a Area at northwestern end of Lemmens Inlet Possible camping site #800 490 tl’uulhapi Refers to Alfred Beach south of Grice Point Camping site used when #834 513 in Duffin Cove people were traveling ch’uuchatswii7a Cox Bay; could also be a passage at nearby Camp while traveling overnight #841 515 Portland Point hup’ich Confused location: Northwest of Radar Village and campsite where #848 518 Beaches and southeast from Cox Point people stayed while drying halibut tin’im7a Confused location: Drucker indicates Camp in bay immediately north #850 519 tin’im7a is on immediate south side of Cox from Portland Point Point; consensus report that tin’im7a was at Portland Point, about four miles southeast from Cox Point t’ayis Refers to Schooner Cove Camp #852 521 wa7ichulh h Bay inside of Box Island Overnight camp #853 521 hisaawist’a Area northwest end of Long Beach now Summer halibut fishing camp #854 521 Esowista Indian Reserve #3 hilhp’ii7a Area upriver from head end of rapids on Overnight camping spot owned #892 544 lower Kennedy River by the apwin7as7at h family group aamapilh Area on west side of Clayoquot Arm, near Former camping site before #900 549 its head end hatchery was built ?ayuus A site on west side of Clayoquot Arm, near Camping area used by #901 550 head end slightly north of aamapilh Clayoquots while smoke-drying sockeye lham’aachi A site about halfway down the east side of Camping place possibly owned #904 553 Clayoquot Arm by ?aqwitis7at h family

March 1995 A-110 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Spiritual Training Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

cha7aa Matlahaw Point (locally known as “Boulder” “Great Shark” believed to live in #36 52 Point) and to reef waters; ritual diving place off Boulder Point t’icha7am Applies to Rae Lake People came here to train for #95 77 spiritual power k’inlhimts Underwater site on east side of outlet from Train for spiritual power by #112 82 Hesquiat Lake just south from ?iit’at’ulh h diving down to see two sharks in underwater cave ?ayisaq h Applies to northeast shore of Hesquiat A monster octopus lived in a #118 85 Harbour from a point of land immediately small lake. Man who owned south of kw’uu7uus, southward to a small lake trained for power here. creek The octopus did not bother owner but killed anyone else tlaamaayukw A site on a mountain that is east of Trained for spiritual power and #136 102 headwaters of ma7uus creek became a great whale hunter cha7aksim A tiny rock island located in the middle of Trained for power and hunted #147 107 the entrance to bay at hisnit whales naatya?aqtlilh A tiny cave located at base of the spruce Spiritual power to train as a #152 117 tree near the summit of low hill behind the whaler. Had to abstain from sex houses at hisnit village for eight months. Chief Swan obtained good luck by sticking his spear inside the cave as well as his shotgun or rifle before going seal hunting ch’ituukwachisht A small narrow elongated islet located just In Manhousaht story, this site is #186 132 offshore and south from chaskwatqis near where a magical cormorant the entrance to yuulhw’in lived, whose power came from a dentalium [shellfish] within its body ayaap h i Refers to a distinctive rock pinnacle which A t’apsulh ‘ritual diving place’; #216 146 only shows at low tide, located off the Manhousaht men trained for southeast end of Sharp Point power here, dove off the rock and swam underwater hat’inqwulh Located on a point of land northeast from A person trained for spiritual #225 149 kw’utsma7aqtl’a power could go through a reddish-colour spring water pool which somehow connected to the ocean ?ayis Site on the west side of Sydney Inlet Trained to become hair seal #242 161 hunters in a cave, on a new moon tl’uchqii Refers to Sydney Cone, a high mountain Manhousaht men would climb #264 173 located slightly northwest from mouth of mountain when undergoing Sydney River spiritual training (whale hunters) tl’its h uulh Distinctive white-coloured bluffs on north A favourite training place for #303 192 side of Shelter Inlet, east from ?inchasimt Willie Swan and Herbert Johnson. They would dive off the cliffs and go underwater as far as they could kwuukwuukw’ii h A rock crevice located just east of a point of Food was left in crevice and #316 201 land that is east of Riley Cove people would pray for good luck in sealing

March 1995 A-111 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Spiritual Training Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

ii7aaq Village site on west shore of Flores Island A Manhousaht whaler trained #323 204 for spiritual power by swimming around entire offshore island chuupis A beach in Whitesand Cove extending from Pubescent girls would bathe in #414 266 rocky point at northeast corner of Kutcous spring here; there was a Indian Reserve east to point that is north of whaler’s shrine about a quarter McKinn Islets of a mile north of Whitesand Cove wi h aaqsusiis A lagoon and creek that drains into it People once trained for spiritual #429 275 power here ch’iiqtlis A tiny stream that drains into a small bay on People used to train for spiritual #439 280 southeast side of Matilda Inlet, just south of power in vicinity of this creek the Indian Reserve boundary maqy’aa- A burial cave near point on east side of Sea otter hunters and lahal #455 286 qw’aqtlilh Flores Island, north from yaaqswiis players went here while training for spiritual power naanachqi A high mountain near headwaters of Megin People went here to train for #480 301 River spiritual power wanachis A high mountain located not far east from People went here to train for #494 308 chalhchakts’us spiritual power mamach?aqtlnit Refers to a creek known locally as Shark At base of Shark Creek is a #518 317 Creek or Shark River, located on the east deep pool where some people side of Millar Channel, south from ts’a7ak underwent ritual bathing for and north from the Atleo River spiritual power kwakwumkw’ukw Is a rock formation located on east side of Underwater cave where #531 323 Millar Channel supposedly a shark lives; young men would dive down to try and enter this cave in order to obtain spiritual power nuchts’uu Applied to all of McKay Island, known locally A small pond here was used by #538 326 as Cone Island people training for spiritual power (whale hunting) ch’i h nit’aqtlis A small v-shaped bay on west side of Place where Otsosat chief #551 332 Herbert Inlet, south from t’it’aa experienced a “blood-dripping rainbow” t’it’aa Is name of a waterfall and stream located on People would go up this #552 333 west side of Herbert Inlet, south from waterfall to purify their eyes; Moyehai Indian Reserve also trained for spiritual power to assist in fur seal hunting nism’iis Area just south of creek that is immediately Winter ceremonials known as #553 334 south of the Moyehai Indian Reserve ts’aayiqa (Power Dance) held here sasachk’a Located just south of ii h atis. Could also be People trained for spiritual #573 343 an area of shoreline along east side of power in a cave located in Herbert Inlet near northern entrance to vicinity Gibsons Cove ts’aqwuulh h Applied to Bawden Point Young men dived underwater #582 249 and entered a cave while training for spiritual power and for testing their bravery; the cave helped a woman get pregnant qwayatsnit West-facing bay located on north side of Near the headwaters of the #603 367 Calmus Passage, southeast from huy’anak upper western branch of qwayatsnit creek was a place where people trained for spiritual power

March 1995 A-112 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Spiritual Training Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

ulh7uxwumilh An island in Epper Passage, northwest of Special diving spot just off #608 369 Morfee Island south end of ulh7uxwumilh. Ahousahts used to dive for good luck before playing lahal at Opitsat ?a?itl A cave located at west end of beach known People trained for spiritual #632 383 as milhaatuqwis power in this cave ?a?aasit A small lake located south and slightly west Ritual bathing for purification #633 383 from milhaatuqwis purposes; magical little seal lives in lake ?aa h uus Area along north side of Ahous Point at Ritual diving spot located on #675 400 south end of Ahous Bay north side of the Foam Reefs off Ahous Bay tutushkachisht An area of ocean south and slightly west Men train for supernatural #683 405 from shaayiik h power especially to assist them in whaling, by diving under the water here ch’isaxsats Applies to Dunlap Island, located northeast A ritual diving spot off #725 438 from the northeastern end of Vargas Island southwest end of Dunlap Island and southwest from Robert Point on Meares Island kwu h swii Applies to Mount Guemes on the northwest Possibly ancient training site #741 445 side of Bedwell River mouth kwiilhkwiiqwuu h Name of a side hill on west side of Bedwell People used to train for spiritual #744 446 River, west of the confluence of Ursus power here Creek with Bedwell River ?inmista Applied to mountain east from the mouth of People used to train for spiritual #752 451 the Bedwell River power on this mountain ch’i h lhaa An area at mouth of a creek flowing into A man was training for power #753 451 east side of Bedwell Sound, south from up on the mountain called ?iitsaq ?inmista and during course of his training obtained two songs tl’itsi h tis A point on north end of most northerly of A man trained here before #774 461 Wood Islets near entrance to Mosquito killing chief kaan’aqim Harbour on Meares Island puxwpuxwsh Refers to a cave at Schindler Point where Ritual diving spot off Schindler #814 502 water comes in at certain tides and shoots Point upwards through a hole in the rock qatsuqwtl h Refers to Lennard Island Ritual diving spot for whalers #827 508 off this island; would dive into an underwater cave; a one- eyed basking shark could be found down there ch’i h nit A small point of land on west end of People trained around ch’i h nit #898 548 Kennedy Lake, just south of mouth of for spiritual power Staghorn Creek winchi Refers to an area at the mouth of the upper Old timers used to undergo #913 557 Kennedy River at the east end of Kennedy ritual training for whale hunting Lake; now identified as “Winche” Indian up on a cone-shaped mountain Reserve #7 situated northeast from winchi; Larry Lake, located on south side of Kennedy Lake across from winchi was a place where sit’aqinim trained for spiritual power

March 1995 A-113 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Burial Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V. Note: Burial sites are one type of culturally important site recognized in the Interim Measures Agreement as requiring protection.

hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Graves near shoreline halfway #15 44 between creek and northwest end of Homais Cove h ishkwii Area where Hesquiat Indian settlement is Graves indicated near beach at #46 56 located in Hesquiat Harbour southeast end of village ?a?itl Applies to area northeast from ma7ap’ii Cave burials here #86 74 creek naatya?aqtlilh A tiny cave located at base of spruce tree Burial cave below bluff on east #152 117 near summit of low hill behind hisnit village side of trail from hisnit to Kanim Lake; folklore about kidnapped babies being hidden here ?a?itlqwuu7a Located on point of land forming northern Burial cave of chiefs #237 159 entrance to ?upnit bay maqy’aa- A point of land north from haachiqtlis Burial cave near the end of the #241 160 qw’aqtlilh point; bones of a Manhousaht chief were placed here; twins and mother also buried here ?ayis Located on the west side of Sydney Inlet Burial cave situated between #242 161 ?ayis and maqy'aaqw'aqtlilh; there is a swimming hole inside burial cave qaqmaptqwuu7a Small point of land on north side of Shelter The corpse of a Keltsomaht #305 193 Inlet, on east side of bay that is north of Clio man who died at Megin River Island was taken here for burial ?a?itlnak Located on west side of Flores Island, north Burial cave #326 206 from tuutuxwulh7in7a ch’it h taak Name of the islet just off point of land at Used as a burial island #417 268 south end of k’iilhxnit k’iilhxnit A long beach, known locally as Powell Tree burial and burials in #420 269 Beach on southeast end of McNeil vicinity of Yates Point (near Peninsula north end of k’iilhxnit) asilhmitis Applied to area of present day cemetery on Cemetery for Marktosis village #425 273 beach at east side of north end of Marktosis Indian Reserve kwispaa Refers to entire inner (western) side of Otsosat cave burials near north #435 278 narrow isthmus at maaqtusiis which end of kwispaa; could also be constitutes eastern portion of Marktosis burials near south end of Harbour kwispaa maqy’aa- A burial cave near point on east side of Sea otter hunters and lahal #455 286 qw’aqtlilh Flores Island, north from yaaqswiis players went here while training for spiritual power qwayatsimilh An island off the point of land immediately A burial island #507 364 south of ch’itaapi tl’its h uu7is A large bay on west side of McKay Island Burial caves in bay on west #537 325 side; also folklore about little creatures known as maatsmayuxwin who carry and shoot short invisible spears at people

March 1995 A-114 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Burial Sites

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

qwaqwatl’aq A whale-jaw-shaped low rock bluff along Burial box holding body of #571 343 simkw’ukw shoreline just southwest from ?um’aqtl’a Otsosat chief was hoisted up to top of bluff kitsiit Applied to island off northwest tip of Clifford Tree burials on this island #590 353 Point ?aqis A wide beach north from Chetarpe Indian Tree burials along beach; trade #594 355 Reserve beads were found here in conjunction with burials y’aaq h sis Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side of Graves were found immediately #712 428 Vargas Island north of eight houses tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island A grave south of the more #723 435 southerly stream was found here ts’achiisuw’is A village site on north side of mouth of Tree burials at Sutton Mill creek #776 462 Sutton Mill creek which enters into small bay on west side of Mosquito Harbour kwiisuwat’a7a Refers to northwest side of Stockham Island A burial ground found on south #806 493 side of westernmost point of Stockham Island matlaak h Refers to Deadman Islets located north from Several graves on each islet #808 493 Tofino hupits’at h Now identified as Opitsat Indian Reserve #1 Uninhabited village of 200 #812 495 destroyed by Americans (March 1792); graveyard about 200 yards west of village and a rock island where graves were situated; a burial cave located behind the village is reserved for mothers of twins and twins themselves and for women who died giving birth uuqwmin Identified as Okeamin Indian Reserve #5 on Tree burial of a lady who was #888 539 east side of mouth of lower Kennedy River frightened of insects

March 1995 A-115 Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

Rock Transformations

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard and Kennedy, 1990) Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V. Note: These serve as one example of sites with specific oral histories associated with them.

qaqatsts’ista A group of rock islands located slightly Once three men in a canoe #8 41 northeast of Perez Rocks offshore from who were transformed because Hesquiat Peninsula they were hunting seals in someone else’s territory a7uutuu7a Area on western side of Hesquiat Peninsula Woman carrying baby was #14 43 at north entrance to Homais Cove transformed near shoreline; nearby rock was her husband suukw-washt Rocks located southwest of Hesquiat Point These rocks are belongings of #131 99 some people transformed m’ukws7iichitl A large split rock on the beach at ?upnit, Woman transformed as she #232 157 west from the island siixp’aa carried a whale’s tail qaqa7utskw’ukw Ten feet south of m’ukws7iichitl rock is a This rock is the pack basket #233 157 small rock about two feet high belonging to the woman transformed at m’ukws7iichitl ch’aapukw- A rock configuration offshore, about 150 Rock originally two men in a #244 162 kwachitl yards north of small point north of qaqma7a canoe hair seal hunting, something happened and they were transformed chukwsist’imt Located on south side of sa7aaqwuw’a7a Dogfish transformed into stone #248 164 shitlaapqkwachitl A group of small rock islands at eastern Legend has it that some people #485 303 entrance to bay into which Megin River traveling to mutskwi?as in drains Sulphur Passage and their belongings were turned to stone here chaapi7a Applies to Belcher Point and in particular to Originally a sea lion hit the rock #500 310 a rock near water’s edge on south side of tip point and was transformed into of the point stone. Another story has a man training for power as a hunter and he was transformed into stone pakwatqqwuu7a An area on north shore of Herbert Inlet, east Shape of a skate in rock here #545 330 of point at southeast entrance to Bedingfield Bay na h 7iitskwachitl A point on the west side of Herbert Inlet, Can see outline of a person in #550 332 south of ch’i h nit’aqtlis rock here ii h tupsit Rock on east bank of Moyeha downstream Rock was once a whaler who #563 340 from Kowus Creek was training for spiritual power when he was transformed here qwaqwatl’aq A low rock bluff along shoreline southwest Rock is shaped like jaw of #571 343 simkw’ukw from 7um’aqtl’a whale kist’a Small island just off northwest shore of A rock on island containing a #767 457 Warn Bay depression said to resemble a chamber pot qaqa7utskw’ukw Located on east side of Fortune Channel A large rock shaped like an #771 460 overturned pack basket

March 1995 A-116