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Laura Beecher Comer, Plantation Mistress and Daughter of the Confederacy, 1846 - 1900

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Laura Beecher Comer, Plantation Mistress and Daughter of the Confederacy, 1846 - 1900 The Other Beecher: Laura Beecher Comer, Plantation Mistress and Daughter of the Confederacy, 1846 - 1900 by Carol Ann Băchl Dennis A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 8, 2012 Keywords: Beecher, Elite Women, Slavery, Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction Copyright 2012 by Carol Ann Băchl Dennis Approved by Patience Essah, Chair, Associate Professor of History Donna Jean Bohanan, Joseph A. Kicklighter Professor of History Anthony Gene Carey, Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs & Professor of History, Appalachian State University David C. Carter, Associate Professor of History Abstract This dissertation explores the life of Laura Beecher Comer (1817-1900), which spanned the tumultuous nineteenth century in America. For most of her adult life, Laura resided in what would be the heart of the Confederacy during the Civil War. She was a member of the prominent Beecher family of New England, yet she was a plantation mistress, a strong supporter of the Confederacy during the Civil War, and an ardent defender of the Lost Cause. There was no extant work about the life of Laura Beecher Comer except for a section of a 1947 book on the Comer family and some minor works done during the 1970s as part of a women’s history project in Columbus, Georgia. As revealed in Laura’s diaries and ancillary primary source materials, her life brings to light themes that were crucial to the period and provides the setting for an epic history: union and Southern independence, slavery and emancipation, war and peace, and reconstruction and race relations. It is a tale of the rich and famous of the Old South and the Confederacy. It is also an exploration of the lives of the African Americans who inhabit the shadow world of Laura’s diaries, yet provide a nuanced understanding of the contours of Southern society and the people, black and white, who were its actors. Laura Beecher Hayes arrived in rural Russell County, Alabama, in 1846, a twenty-nine year old, eloquent, well-educated, petite widow with lustrous dark hair and calm dark eyes, who was engaged by the planter community to establish an academy for ii young women. By 1848, this young, Connecticut-born woman, who was a member of a branch of the famous, influential, but often controversial Beecher clan, was the wife of prosperous Alabama plantation owner and slave master James Comer. At first glance, Laura’s life, viewed through the prism of her diary, merely offers a picture of the day-to- day concerns of a Northern woman who married well in the planter aristocracy of the Old South. The odyssey of research and investigation integral to rendering a thoughtful account of her life reveals a life that was a great deal more than that of a wealthy Southern plantation mistress. Her diary, at times, becomes a page-turner couched in the inner circles and back stories of the Confederacy that compels the reader to return to discover what happens next. Understanding the chronicle of Laura’s life demands intellectual engagement, because, her saga is the story of the men and women who facilitated the Confederacy through their wealth and influence. Laura’s subtle diary entries challenge the researcher to explore the innermost reaches of elite white society in order to analyze and understand the record of those Southerners and ardent Confederates who worked behind the scenes during the antebellum and Civil War eras. iii Acknowledgments This dissertation was written in honor of my beloved father and mother, Maximillian Ludwig Băchl and Ann Rose Bressi Băchl. It is dedicated to the love of my life, Donald Wayne Dennis. You are my inspiration. iv Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ iv Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Memorial Days and Wedding Days, 1846-1862 ................................................... 8 Chapter Two: Secession, “May we, as a nation, be taught by the Holy Spirit . .” .................. 35 Chapter Three: War, “May God avenge the wrong and support the right!” ............................. 69 Chapter Four: Death and Destruction, “The very sky is o’er hung with gloom” ...................... 98 Chapter Five: Undefeated, A True Daughter of the South ...................................................... 133 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 175 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 179 Appendix A .............................................................................................................................. 198 v Introduction This dissertation explores the life of Laura Beecher Comer, which spanned the tumultuous nineteenth century in America. For most of her adult life, Laura resided in what would be the heart of the Confederacy during the Civil War. She was a member of the prominent Beecher family of New England, yet she was a plantation mistress, a strong supporter of the Confederacy during the Civil War, and an ardent defender of the Lost Cause. There was no extant work about the life of Laura Beecher Comer except for a section of a 1947 book on the Comer family and some minor works done during the 1970s as part of a women’s history project in Columbus, Georgia. Based on Laura’s diaries and ancillary primary source materials, her life brings to light themes that were crucial to the period and provides the setting for an epic history: union and Southern independence, slavery and emancipation, war and peace, and reconstruction and race relations. It is a tale of the rich and famous of the Old South and the Confederacy. It is also an exploration of the lives of the African Americans who inhabit the shadow world of Laura’s diaries, yet provide a nuanced understanding of the contours of Southern society and the people, black and white, who were its actors. Laura L. Beecher (b. March 6, 1817- d. January 3, 1900) was born and raised in New Haven, Connecticut, where she received a strong religious education. She was a member of the Trinity Episcopal Church of New Haven. New Haven had struggled 1 mightily with racial tensions during the years when Laura was growing up. Nascent abolitionism and the question of the position of African Americans in New Haven society were hotly contested from the 1830s through the 1840s with many social reactions and attending controversies that included discussions of the colonization of free people of color and the subject of the inclusion of African Americans in churches and schools. New Haven’s Trinity Episcopal Church had a prominent place in this history. Trinity’s rector during this period, the Reverend Harry Croswell, played a significant role in unobtrusively supporting his black parishioners in the formation of a separate, independent black Episcopal Church amidst racial tensions in the urban environment of nineteenth-century New Haven where blacks were considered “a vile ignorant race of beings.” 1 Croswell quietly ministered to the African Americans in his congregation and apparently faced disapproval among white church members for doing so. Trinity’s vestry members voted to limit the presence of “colored people” in their church to four segregated pews in the back of the gallery in 1842 when Laura was 25 years old. This event demonstrated to black parishioners that they were unwelcome at Trinity. It also inspired Alexander DuBois, great-grandfather of W.E.B. DuBois, and other black members to lead Trinity’s African American Episcopalian congregation in the movement to start an independent black Episcopal church. This effort culminated in the 1 Randall K. Burkett, “The Reverend Harry Croswell and Black Episcopalians in New Haven 1820-1860,” The North Star: A Journal of African American Religious History, 7, 1, (Fall 2003), 1-20, hereafter Burkett, “Croswell”; and William E.B. DuBois, Darkwater; Voices from Within the Veil (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920), 8, hereafter DuBois, Darkwater; and Edward J. Getlein, A History of Trinity Church On-The-Green, New Haven, Connecticut, 1752-1976 (New Haven: Trinity Church on the Green, 1976), 96, hereafter Getlein, History. Crosswell papers at Yale University Archives http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/HLTransformer/HLTransServlet?stylename=yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&pid=m ssa:ms.0781&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes 2 establishment of St. Luke’s Parish in 1842-4 in New Haven.2 It was the Reverend Harry Croswell who presided at the marriage of Laura Beecher and her first husband, Samuel Hayes, in September of 1841 at Trinity Church on the Green in New Haven. Laura’s constant pronouncements throughout her diary that her servants were dark minded and ignorant are reflective of the opinions of a significant portion of the white population in the racially charged environment of New Haven and in particular, Trinity Episcopal Church, in which she came to womanhood. Above all, Laura’s observations in her diary, before, during, and after the Civil War, lead to the conclusion that Laura found living
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