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Etalem Tesfaye's Phd Disseratation NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CASSAVA ROOT CHIPS AND Moringa oleifera LEAF MEAL IN BROILER AND LAYER RATIONS PhD Dissertation ETALEM TESFAYE BEKELE August 2013 Haramaya University NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CASSAVA ROOT CHIPS AND Moringa oleifera LEAF MEAL IN BROILER AND LAYER RATIONS A PhD Dissertation Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies School of Animal and Range Sciences HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (ANIMAL NUTRITION) By Etalem Tesfaye Bekele August 2013 Haramaya University SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY As PhD Dissertation research advisors, we hereby certify that we have read and evaluated this Dissertation prepared under our guidance by Etalem Tesfaye Bekele titled Nutritional Value of Cassava Root Chips and Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal in Broiler and Layer Rations. We recommend that it can be submitted as fulfilling the PhD Dissertation requirement. Getachew Animut (PhD) _________________ ____________ Name of Major Advisor Signature Date Mengistu Urge (PhD) __________________ ____________ Name of Co-advisor Signature Date Tadelle Dessie (PhD) __________________ ____________ Name of Co-advisor Signature Date As member of the Board of Examiners of the PhD Dissertation Open Defense Examination, we certify that we have read, evaluated the Dissertation prepared by Etalem Tesfaye Bekele and examined the candidate. We recommend that the Dissertation be accepted as fulfilling the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture (Animal Nutrition). _______________________ __________________ ____________ Chairperson Signature Date ________________________ ___________________ ___________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ________________________ ___________________ ___________ External Examiner Signature Date ii DEDICATION To the late my most beloved elder brother Essayas Tesfaye, who nursed me as a father and brother, who facilitated all the means to go to school, but failed to see my destination; t o my grandmother W/ro Gedame W/Mariam who shaped today’s me, and my uncle Ato Birhanu Kassa my earliest role model . My Wish to All Rest in Peace, Amen! iii STATEMENT OF AUTHOR First, I declare that this dissertation is my bonafide work and that all sources of materials used for this dissertation have been duly acknowledged. This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for PhD degree at Haramaya University and is deposited at the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I solemnly declare that this dissertation is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major School or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. Name : Etalem Tesfaye Signature : ----------------------- Place : Haramaya University, Haramaya Date of Submission : --------------------------------------- iv BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Etalem Tesfaye was born on June 29, 1978 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. She attended her elementary and secondary school education in Repi Primary and Junior Secondary School and Ayer Tena Senior Secondary School. After completion of her high school education, she joined the then Alemaya University of Agriculture (now Haramaya University) in 1997 and graduated with BSc degree in Animal Sciences in 2001. Soon after graduation, she joined Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training/ATVET) at Agarfa ATVET College and worked as junior instructress up to August 2004 in the Department of Animal Sciences. In September 2004, she joined School of Graduate Studies (SGS) of Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences to pursue MSc studies majoring in Animal Nutrition and graduated in 2007. Upon completion of her MSc study, Etalem served the Domestic Animals Genetic Resources Information System (DAGRIS) Project as Research Assistant for nine months in the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Soon after she joined the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center and worked as Assistance Researcher II. Given the opportunity to pursue her PhD study at Haramaya University by the institute, she joined the graduate studies of Haramaya University in the School of Animal and Range Sciences majoring in Animal Nutrition, and started PhD study in March 2009. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I am greatly indebted to express my sincere gratitude and genuine appreciation to Dr. Getachew Animut my major advisor, for which, without his proper guidance, constructive criticism, patience and professional expertise, and help rendered in the preparation of the papers and dissertation the completion of this work would have been difficult. Sincere gratitude also goes to Dr. Mengistu Urge and Dr. Tadelle Dessie my co- advisors, for their proper guidance, understanding and financial support. The Rural Capacity Building Project (RCBP) through Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) awarded me a Dissertation Completion Fellowship, and financial support to complete the thesis research project, for which I like to duly acknowledge. I am indebted to Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center (DZARC) for providing me study leave. The studies presented in this dissertation were carried out at DZARC and partly financed by DZARC. Haramaya University as a whole and School of Graduate Studies and School of Animal and Range Sciences in particular created conducive learning and living environment during my stay at Haramaya. I wish to convey my sincere gratitude and acknowledgement to these institutions. I am being proud to be at the final stage to thank peoples who were my milestone to the process to complete my study. Even the smallest little help were instrumental in making a great positive contribution to the outcome. The interest, involvement and keen assistance of my colleague Mr. Wondmeneh Esatu was special to me, and is highly acknowledged. I would like to thank Mr. Dechasa Jiru, Mr. Assefa Girma, Mr. Bedilu Gebre, Mr. Abebe Wodajo and Mr. Girma Mamo. I remember how difficult to collect and prepare the bulky cassava root and moringa tree leaf was. Thank you all for helping me under such strained conditions. Mr. Dawud Ibrahim and all the DZARC staff, especially the poultry case team helped me starting from material preparation till the end of the experiment and I heartily thank and appereciate all. I also give thanks to Ms. Tesfanesh Demie who was very active in facilitating miscellaneous issues in each and every step at DZARC. I sincerely acknowledge Mr. Moges vi Huluf from RCBP for his concern regarding the training; Mr. Kaleb Kelemu for his kindness to give me the moringa seedlings; Dr. Meskerem Adamu for her hospitality during my stay in Bangkok for the attachment course; Drs. Alemu Yami, Getenet Assefa and Kefelegne Kebede for their technical and material support. I also give thank to the model cassava farmer in the Gofa-Sawella district and K.K. Vegetable and Fruit Private Limited Company owner who were willing to sale cassava root and moringa leaf, respectively in required amount. Mr. Assefa Gonfa, Mr. Dadi Shiferaw, Mrs. Ethiopia Yiferu and Mrs. Bosena Bizuneh from DZARC animal science and soil science laboratories were a devoted and helpful staffs. Deeply I thank you for your help, understanding and respect for the research work. Mr. Yosef Cherinet at physiology laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University and Mr. Gemechu Sorresa from Jije Analytical laboratory, Addis Ababa assisted me during the laboratory work and Dr. Tadios Habte from DZARC looked after the health of the experimental birds. I warmly thank you all. My sincere appreciation also goes to my dearest friends who put up with me through the whole PhD process and helped me even with personal challenges, in particular Dr. Rehima Mussema, Ms. Tigist Beshir, Mrs. Kedija Hussen and Mrs. Helen Nigussie. I thank you all for the courage, care and love I received and the enjoyable discussions about life and PhD’s politics we spent, and all that. Mr. Anuwar Aberar, Dr. Meseret Girma and Mrs. Mesesret Fanta are also acknowledged for their hospitality. A special thank also gose to Tibebu T/Mariam who come to cheer me up at the final lapse of this Dissertation write-up. I thank you heartly for your love and care! I would like to express my deepest appreciation and thanks to those persons and institutions not listed here, who in one way or another contributed to this study as it is impossible to mention all. Last but the most, from the very bottom of my heart, genuine appreciation and recognition goes to my dearly loved mother Yeshi Gorfu who take care of me delightfully in the absence vii of a father, and who played an immense role in my life to make me successful; my sisters and brothers, who shared the pain staking days during my study and all your position when I have needed it the most. My late
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