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Regional Planning and the Energy Efficiency Purposes Case of Tehran Region in Iran

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Regional Planning and the Energy Efficiency Purposes Case of Tehran Region in Iran Regional Planning and the Energy Efficiency Purposes Case of Tehran Region in Iran vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Mahmoudreza Khalili geb. in Hamedan von der Fakultät VI - Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr.-Ing – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzende: Prof. Dr. phil Gabi Dolff-Bonekämper Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rudolf Schäfer Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Frank Schwartze Gutachter: Prof. Peter Berten Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 20. Juli 2016 Berlin 2018 Acknowledgement I would like to appreciate all the individuals who motivated and supported me in all phases of this study. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my dear parents for their encouragements, supports, and especially for their patience during the long years of my studies. My special thanks go also to all of my family members for their perennial encouragements and also to my wife for her supports in preparing the work for submission. I am grateful to my distinguished supervisor Prof. Dr. Rudolf Schäfer for his scientific precise advices throughout this study. I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. Frank Schwartze for taking part in my final presentation and for reporting this work. With a special appreciation to Mr. Ing. Mohammad Reza Talebi and Mr. Dr. Ali Iranshahi for their valuable contributions to different phases of the work. My sincere thanks go to Mr. Dr. Pirouz Hanachee, deputy minister for architecture and urban development in Ministry of Roads and Urban Development of Iran, for his advices and supports. I also owe many thanks to the scholars of the urban planning and architecture research center of Iran, namely Mr. Ing. Sepehri, Mrs. Ing. Nasiri, and Mr. Dr. Saeid Izadi, who provided me with scientific materials needed in data collection phases. I would also like to thank Mr. Dr. Asadi in University of Tehran as well as Mr. Ing. Mohammadian in office for national construction codes in Ministry of Roads and Urban Development of Iran for their supports in data collection phase. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my dear friends Mr. Amir Soleymani, Mr. Ing. Mehrdad Mehran, Mr. Ing. Kian Tavakoli, Mr. Behzad Molla Norouzi, and Mr. Ing. Ahmad Nasrolahi for their helps and their great camaraderie. ii Abstract The background concepts based on which this research is carried out could be divided into four categories; first, the climate change impacts are clearly visible in urban regions throughout Iran, including Tehran Region; second, despite the national regulations set to reduce the use of fossil energies, the use of those energies are still high in different consumption types; third, the Tehran Metropolitan Region Plan as the regional plan for former Tehran Province has paid very little attention to the issues of climate protection and climate adaptation; and four, there are good capacities in governmental organizations, which could be utilized in order to insert climate adaptation strategies into the urban and regional plans. With the exception of national-wide general approaches e.g. replacing fossil energy carriers with clean and renewable ones, altering oil-firing vehicles into gas-firing ones, regulating buildings’ construction based on efficient isolating facades, etc. the issue of energy efficiency has been neglected in urban and regional development plans in Iran. It means that the actions needed against the high energy consumption rates, and its effects on climate change and air pollution have been taken into account only in case of consumption types, so the authority organizations are only obliged to act accordingly in a sectoral base. Therefore, there is a perceptible lack of integrated energy management in urban and regional plans especially in the Tehran Metropolitan Region Plan. Moreover, the impacts of climate change on this region are also disregarded in development plans prepared for that. This is due to the lack of integrated urban and regional planning system working closely with the units responsible for the climate research and climate projections. Whereas, the existing capacities in both urban management bodies and the department of environment could be utilized to incorporate the climate adaptation strategies in urban and regional development plans in Tehran Metropolitan Region. This study highlights the existing efforts, gaps, and capacities and tries to bridge the gap in the organizational frameworks of the responsible authorities. iii Zusammenfassung Die Hintergrundkonzepte, auf deren Grundlage diese Forschung durchgeführt wurde, gliedern sich in vier Kategorien; erstens die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels in urbanen Regionen im gesamten Iran, einschließlich der Region Teheran, sind deutlich sichtbar; zweitens trotz der nationalen Regelungen, die den Einsatz fossiler Energien reduzieren sollen, sind die Nutzung dieser Energien in den verschiedenen Verbrauchstypen immer noch hoch; drittens der Teheraner Metropolregionplan als Regionalplan für die ehemalige Teheraner Provinz hat den Fragen des Klimaschutzes und der Klimaanpassung wenig Beachtung geschenkt; und viertens es gibt gute Kapazitäten in Regierungsorganisationen, die genutzt werden könnten, um Klimaanpassungsstrategien in die städtischen und regionalen Pläne einzubringen. Mit Ausnahme von landesweiten allgemeinen Ansätzen z. B. der Ersatz fossiler Brennstoffe durch saubere und erneuerbare Energiequellen, die Umwandelung ölbefeuerter Fahrzeuge in gasbefeuerte Fahrzeuge, die Regelung vom Bau neuer Gebäude auf der Grundlage von effizienten isolierenden fassaden usw. das Thema Energieeffizienz ist in Stadt- und Regionalentwicklungsplänen im Iran vernachlässigt worden. Dies bedeutet, dass die Maßnahmen, die gegen die hohen Energieverbrauchsraten und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Klimawandel und die Luftverschmutzung erforderlich sind, nur bei den Verbrauchsarten berücksichtigt wurden, so dass die öffentliche Organisationen nur verpflichtet sind, entsprechend auf sektoraler Basis zu handeln. Daher besteht ein offensichtlicher Mangel an integriertem Energiemanagement in Stadt- und Regionalplänen, insbesondere im Teheraner Metropolregionplan. Darüber hinaus werden die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf diese Region auch in dafür vorbereiteten Entwicklungsplänen nicht berücksichtigt. Dies ist auf das Fehlen eines integrierten Stadt- und Regionalplanungssystems zurückzuführen, das eng mit den für Klimaforschung und Klimaprojektionen zuständigen Behörden zusammenarbeitet. Die bestehenden Kapazitäten sowohl in den städtischen Verwaltungsbehörden als auch im Umweltministerium könnten genutzt werden, um die Klimaanpassungsstrategien in Stadt- und Regionalentwicklungspläne in der Metropolregion Teheran einzubeziehen. Diese Studie hebt die bestehenden Bemühungen, Lücken und Kapazitäten hervor und versucht, die Lücke in den organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen der zuständigen Behörden zu schließen. iv Table of contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................. iii Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................. iv Table of contents .................................................................................................................... v List of tables .......................................................................................................................... xi List of figures ....................................................................................................................... xii List of boxes ......................................................................................................................... xv List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................ xv 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. State of the problem .................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Research questions and objectives ............................................................................ 3 1.3. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1. Major and minor case studies ......................................................................... 7 1.3.2. Data sources and data collection criteria ........................................................ 7 1.3.3. Comparative data analysis approach for case studies .................................... 9 1.3.4. Quotations and references ............................................................................ 11 1.3.5. Language equivalency .................................................................................. 12 2. Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 14 2.2. Definitions and general international concepts ....................................................... 16 2.2.1. Planning .......................................................................................................
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