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Roman Life and Manners Under the Early Empire Dear Reader, This book was referenced in one of the 185 issues of 'The Builder' Magazine which was published between January 1915 and May 1930. To celebrate the centennial of this publication, the Pictoumasons website presents a complete set of indexed issues of the magazine. As far as the editor was able to, books which were suggested to the reader have been searched for on the internet and included in 'The Builder' library.' This is a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by one of several organizations as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. Wherever possible, the source and original scanner identification has been retained. Only blank pages have been removed and this header- page added. The original book has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. 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Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026955249 ROMAN LIFE AND MANNERS UNDER THE EARLY EMPIRE By LUDWIG FRIEDLANDER Authorized Translation of the Seventh Enlarged and Revised Edition of the Sittengeschichte Roms by J. H. FREESE, M.A. (Cams.) AND LEONARD A. MAGNUS, LL.B. (In Three Volumes) Volume II LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED NEW YORK: E. P. BUTTON & CO. A. 2-s.y2>^0 The Author's Excursuses and Notes will be published in a fourth volume CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I The Spectacles 1-130 General Considerations . 1-19 Spectacles a necessity in imperial Rome. Pattern et Circenses. Imperial interest in the spectacles. The spectacles as a substitute for popular assemblies. How persons of distinc- tion were received at them. Emperors at the spectacles ; their condescension. Petitions and complaints brought forward by the people. Gibes and abuse, even of the emperors, per- mitted. Political demonstrations. Etiquette (especially in the matter of dress). Expenses of the games a heavy burden on the senatorial order. Number of festival days in the year. The three chief classes of spectacles. Extra- ordinary spectacles. Illuminations. Enter- tainment of the spectators. Presents and tickets distributed. Influx of foreigners. Demoralizing influence of the shows not limited to the lower classes. Public appear- ance of persons of distinction a symptom of demoralization. Attitude of the emperors towards it. I The Circus ...... 19-40 Site and dimensions of the great circus. Arrangement of the seats. Decorations. Traffic in and near the circus. The circus games. Chariot races. Chariot drivers. Compared with modern jockeys. The highest circles of society keenly interested in racing. Racehorses. ' Factions '—their personnel and colours. ' Factions ' of Rome and Constanti- ' nople. Gradual development of the ' factions at Rome. Preparations for the circus games. V ; ri Contents CHAP. PAGE I The praetorian games of the younger Sym- machus. Public excitement. Superstitious ceremonies. The procession to the circus. Arrangements and number of the races. Chariots and teams. The race. The specta- tors. The present condition of the site of the circus. II The Amphitheatre .... 40-90 1. The Gladiatorial Games . 41-63 Beginnings and gradual development of the gladiatorial games. Numbers of the com- batants. Increasing splendour of the shows. Extraordinary measures to stimulate public interest. The amphitheatre. The gladiators. Condemned criminals. Innocent or unjustly condemned persons compelled to fight. Pri- soners of war. Slaves employed as gladiators. Freedmen. Gladiators under compulsion and volunteers. Advantages of the profession. Amateur gladiators. Commodus as a gladi- ator. Gladiators favourites with women and the public. Spanish toreros compared with gladi- ators. Trade in gladiators. Imperial gladi- atorial schools in Rome, and outside Rome. Number of the imperial gladiators in Rome. Arrangement of the schools. Stem discipline necessary. Careful diet. Gladiatorial organi- zations. Instruction in fencing. Differences of rank. Devotion of gladiators to their order and loyalty to their masters. Employment of gladiators in war. Their miserable lot. Suicide and mutiny in the schools. Advertise- ments of the games. Free meals. Parade in the arena. The chief classes of combats. Gladiators killed or spared at the bidding of the spectators. Gladiatorial ' factions.' Com- bats en masse. 2. Animal-Baiting .... 62-74 The first exhibitions of animals. In the last century of the republic and in imperial times. Rare animals in Europe in the Middle Ages and in modem times. Giraffe ; rhinoceros hippopotamus. Number and variety of the Contents vii CHAP. PAOE I animals. Animal hunts. Wild animals ex- tirpated and driven out from northern Africa and Egjrpt ; Asia still full of them. Imperial claims to elephants and lions. The imperial menageries in Rome. Animals procured from the provinces and foreign parts. Methods of hunting them. Their transport, decoration, taming and training. Animal fights in the arena. Huntsmen and hounds. Persons put to death by wild animals. Theatrical outfit of the spectacle. Executions and tortures accompanied by theatrical and pantomimic performances. Mythological ani- mal pantomimes. 3. The Naumachiae . 74-76 Naval engagements in the flooded arena of the amphitheatre. The Naumachiae of Julius Caesar, Augustus, Claudius (on the Fucine lake), Titus, Domitian, and Philip. Summary ...... 76-90 Views of educated Romans on the shows in the amphitheatre. Seneca alone condemns them. Reasons for the Roman opinion of them. Slavery. Force of habit. Magnifi- cence of the spectacles. The individual lost in the crowd. Games in the amphitheatre compared with Spanish bull-fights. Gladi- atorial games abolished at the beginning of the fifth century. Venationes still in existence in the sixth century. Spread of the games in the amphitheatre throughout the empire. The western provinces. Greece. Asia Minor and the East. Fate of the amphitheatres in the Middle Ages and modem times. The amphitheatres at Nlmes, Aries, Frejus, Verona. The Colosseum. Ill The Theatre 90-117 Relation oftheatricalshows to other spectacles. The Atellana. The Mimus. Its indecency. The mimus in Justinian's time according to Choricius. AUusions to events of the day (and especially to the emperors). The artistic viii Contents I drama. The iogata and the palliata. Actors in the palliata. Tragedy. Separation of song and dance in tragedy. Dissolution of tragedy into its elements. Semi-dramatic concert per- formances of tragedians. The pantomime as an independent kind of art. The libretti oi the pantomimes. The music of the pantomimes. The pantomimic dance. Robe or cloak dance. Pantomimic displays. Expressiveness of the pantomime. Its sensuous charm, indecency, and corrupting influence. Tragic and comic pantomime. Pylades and Bathyllus. Other orchestral performances. The Pyrrhic dance. The judgment of Paris as a Pyrrhic, described by Apuleius. Pantomime supreme on the stage. Dilettantism in the art of dancing. Infamia attaching to actors. Actors chiefly slaves or freedmen. Social position of famous actors. Honours and distinctions. Rewards. Court actors often imperial favourites. Public interest in the actors. Theatrical ' factions '. Disturbances in the theatre. IV The Stadium ..... 1 17-130 Athletic contests in Rome before the im- perial period. The Actian games at Nicopolis, and the periodical games under Augustus at Rome. Frequent repetition of athletic con- tests in Rome. The Neronea. The Capitoline agon. Later agones. Dislike of the Romans to gymnastics and athletics. Gymnastics nevertheless introduced into Rome, especially encouraged by Nero. Opposition to them. The Romans comparatively seldom took part in athletic contests. Dilettantism in athletics at Rome. Civil status of the athletes. Their guilds. Difference between the Greek and Roman views of athletics. High repute of athletes in Greece. Their privileges. Their improved position in Rome also after the third century. II Roman Luxury 131-230 General Review of the Subject . 131-145 Introductory remarks. The common view Contents ix CHAP. PAGE II partly based on exceptions and anomalies. Luxury of the Emperors (Caligula and Nero). Luxury of the petty German despots in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Lux- ury of the nabobs in the later days of the republic. Their enormous incomes and ex- penses. Their real wealth not great in com- parison. The largest individual fortunes of antiquity not equal to those of modern, and especially of most recent times. The largest individual fortunes in the Middle Ages and succeeding centuries ; in the nineteenth century, in Russia and America. Ancient and modern wealth difficult to compare. Further exceptions—^Apicius. The luxury of the wanton destruction of valuables. Too strict views of our three main authorities —Varro, Seneca and Pliny, e.g.
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