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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 01 “BEAUTIFUL WORLDS”
LECTURE TITLE: “THE CALL TO EXPLORE”
OVERVIEW:
Visits to reachable moons and planets reveal truths about our ancient selves by exposing details in the processes that formed our star, our modern solar system, including the Earth, and even us. And they help lay the foundations for the greatest journeys ahead. In this lecture, we discuss the tradition of reaching for things just beyond, and the broader campaign for exploration that is drawing on incredible technology to push humanity ever farther into space.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. The present state of solar system exploration. 2. Ongoing missions: Curiosity (Mars), Juno (Jupiter), OSIRIS-Rex (asteroid Bennu), LRO (Moon). 3. Future missions: Dragonfly (Titan), Europa Clipper (Europa), 2040 mission to Uranus. 4. Why do we explore? What do we think we’ll find? 5. Colonizing new worlds. Our destiny is in the stars!
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From the Moon: detailed imagery of craters, canyons, riles, scarps, etc. (LRO). From Saturn: images of Titan (Cassini). From Jupiter: images of Jupiter (Juno). From Asteroid Bennu: detailed images of the surface (OSIRIS-Rex). From NASA: models and preliminary design work showcasing future spacecraft.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 02 “MARS ON HIGH”
LECTURE TITLE: “A STRANGE LAND INDEED”
OVERVIEW:
A veritable fleet of robotic avatars are currently exploring the Red Planet, obeying the wishes of their Earth-bound handlers, and extending our hands and minds across the void of space. Through their eyes, we gaze at the strange terrain and read the stories told by the rocks about what happened here in the past. And what might be possible in the future. Without them, humans would not be able to consider voyaging to Mars. And one day, we will stand on the Red Planet and walk along the path they blazed.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. Status of the Curiosity rover on the slopes of Mount Sharp inside Gale Crater. 2. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and the search for water ice and other resources. 3. Mars 2020: where will it land, and how will it support the planned human mission? 4. The future of Mars exploration: manned mission(s) in the 2030’s (or sooner?); Elon Musk. 5. The first human being to set foot on Mars will be a woman.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From the Curiosity Rover: detailed images of Gale Crater. From MRO: assessing the geography of Mars from above, looking for minerals, water ice, and interesting places for humans to land and explore. From NASA: footage of the Mars 2020 mission launch; early concepts for Mars bases and habitats.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 03 “STAR CITIES”
LECTURE TITLE: “REALM OF THE GALAXIES”
OVERVIEW:
Galaxies are the building blocks of our universe, fossil remnants of the earliest forces that shaped our cosmos. They gleam with billions of suns, gas and dust. Swirling spiral galaxies, like our own Milky Way. Or massive elliptical galaxies, the quiet giants of the cosmos. Their majestic beauty dazzles the eye and the mind. They tell a tale of the deep past and provide a glimpse into the future. From a cataclysm of cosmic collisions, to the quiet heat-death of the universe.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. Classes of galaxies in the modern universe: ellipticals, lenticulars, spirals, irregulars. 2. Galaxy morphology and the Hubble Sequence. 3. What will galaxies look like in the future? 4. How do galaxies change as we look further back in time? 5. New telescopes (JWST, WFIRST) with the power to see the first galaxies forming.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: stunning Hubble Space Telescope images of galaxies of all shapes and sizes, including galaxy clusters, and high-energy galaxies (starburst, radio, megamasers, quasars, etc.). Also: the Hubble Sequence diagram of galaxy classification.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 04 “HOST CITY”
LECTURE TITLE: “THE INSIDE LOOKING OUT”
OVERVIEW:
Beneath the undisturbed skies of Earth’s highest observatories, we view our galaxy’s impressive backbone arching majestically across the night. It’s not just curiosity that draws us in, but sheer wonder. The Milky Way is an ancient structure, forming out of the mists of the early universe. Its many dramatic vistas spark curiosity about the galaxy’s past, present and future. Our observations are slowly revealing its shape, size and age. But there are still many mysteries to investigate.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. How did the Milky Way form? How old is it? 2. Core studies: Sagittarius A, the Milky Way’s supermassive black hole. 3. Our nearest galactic neighbors and their effect on the Milky Way. 4. The Gaia spacecraft: uncovering the Milky Way’s secrets. 5. Scanning the Milky Way for solar systems like ours.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From VISTA: infrared images of stars near the Milky Way’s central region. From ESA: Gaia spacecraft maps of the positions, distances and motions of stars in the Milky Way. From NASA: Hubble images of our nearest galactic neighbors. Astrophotography: the Milky Way as seen from the world’s darkest skies.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 05 “STELLAR NURSERIES”
LECTURE TITLE: “THE UNIVERSE’S GREAT CYCLES”
OVERVIEW:
Deep within galaxies lie wispy, luminous clouds called nebulas. Primarily hydrogen gas, nebulas have some other gases – helium and plasma – and are also streaked with dark, denser material known as “dust” made of cooler, more complex molecules. It is in a nebula that a star’s life-story begins. Fuelled by gravity and time and exquisite purpose, nebulas churn out stars, most with their own planets. And just possibly, life.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. The composition of a nebula: hydrogen gas, helium, plasma, dust grains, other gases. 2. How do stars ignite? Young stellar objects, protostars. 3. What are the telltale signs of star birth? Stellar jets, winds/bubbles, Herbig-Haro objects. 4. Planet formation as a consequence of star birth: protoplanetary disks, planetesimals, proplyds. 5. Future telescopes designed to see the earliest moments of star formation.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: beautiful Hubble images of star formation regions, emission nebulas, reflection nebulas, Herbig-Haro objects, proplyds in Orion, etc.. From ALMA: accretion disks around new stars. Also: future telescopes whose primary mission objectives include looking for new stars and planets, i.e. James Webb.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 06 “CHRYSALIS”
LECTURE TITLE: “THE ESSENCE OF OURSELVES”
OVERVIEW:
Wherever we look in the universe, we see the very essence of ourselves in a colourful helix of fine powder. Gas, dust, atoms and molecules, arrange it all the right way, and you get stars with planets, some of which might harbour life! These radiant clouds and their delicate pillars of creation are the starting point – the wellspring of diversity that we see all around us in the Milky Way … and even on our own planet. They are the future of the galaxy, yet inexorably tied to its past.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. Where are all the molecular clouds in the Milky Way? 2. Bok globules (small molecular clouds); giant molecular clouds. 3. What do we know about the timescales on which they exist? 4. A closer look at the Orion molecular cloud complex. 5. The first chapter in the story of us.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: beautiful Hubble Space Telescope images of molecular clouds, Bok globules, emission nebulas, the Orion molecular cloud complex, the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula, etc.. Also: spectacular Earth-based visuals showing the great diversity of life on our planet.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 07 “MADE OF STARS”
LECTURE TITLE: “POSTCARDS FROM THE UNKNOWN”
OVERVIEW:
How a star lives dictates how it dies. The forces that act on a star - gravity, magnetism and spin - continue to shape the star even as it is going out. These forces mould planetary nebulae into a zoo of incredible forms, lovely and mystifying. Like postcards from the unknown, telescopic images reveal the full extent of their exotic beauty. Some round and others elongated, each one a beautiful cosmic flower telling a tale from its shining past.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. A brief history of the discovery of planetary nebulas. 2. Main sequence (the Sun), red giant (Betelgeuse), and white dwarf (Helix Nebula remnant) stars. 3. Magnetism and spin: the complex morphologies of planetary nebulas. 4. What will happen during the final stages of the Sun’s life? 5. Realistically, will humans exist that far in the future?
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From SDO: mesmerizing 4K footage of the Sun. From NASA: beautiful Hubble Space Telescope images of red giant stars like Betelgeuse, white dwarf stars, such as the one found in the Helix Nebula remnant, and planetary nebulas, such as the Dumbbell Nebula, Ring Nebula, and Butterfly Nebula.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 08 “RADIANCE IN DEATH”
LECTURE TITLE: “A BEAUTIFUL DISASTER”
OVERVIEW:
Supernova remnants redistribute cosmic wealth, cradling within them rare elements and carrying them out to surrounding space. A supernova remnant must have floated by as our solar system formed, because we find those rare elements here. Elements that enable life on Earth, fuel the desire for human exploration, trigger wars, and power much of our modern technology. It is an awe inspiring reminder of how connected we are to the fundamental cycles of the cosmos.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. Different types of novas and supernovas. 2. Black hole or neutron star: what becomes of a supernova progenitor star? 3. SN 1987A: how did this event revolutionize our understanding of supernovas? 4. Supernova shock waves and the formation of new stars and planets. 5. Near-Earth supernovas: how could they (or did they) effect life on Earth?
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: numerous Hubble Space Telescope images of SN 1987A; various supernova remnants like the Veil Nebula, Crab Nebula, Cassiopeia A, etc.. Also: supernova shockwaves and the star formation regions they create in the spiral arms of the Southern Pinwheel galaxy (M83).
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 09 “JEWEL BOXES”
LECTURE TITLE: “SECRETS OF STELLAR EXISTENCE”
OVERVIEW:
There are many other stars that physics tells us are more brilliant, more energetic and more spectacular. But to us, the Sun is unique and incomparable. Governor of time and energy on Earth, bringing light and life, and connecting us to the rest of the cosmos. The Earth and everything on it is a child of the Sun. The primordial stardust from which both Sun and Earth formed is part of our DNA. And we cannot help but wonder… if the stars are in our DNA … is our DNA also in the stars?
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. What did the star cluster that produced the Sun look like? 2. What happened to the Sun’s stellar siblings? 3. Locating the stars that were born at the same time as the Sun. 4. Using spectroscopy to detect specific elements in individual stars. 5. The Sun’s siblings might be the best places to search for alien life.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From SDO: mesmerizing 4K footage of the Sun. From NASA: diagram of different evolutionary paths of various stars; beautiful Hubble Space Telescope images of star clusters like NGC 4755, nearby stars like Sirius, clusters like the Pleaides. Also: stunning Earth-based visuals of Aurora Borealis.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 10 “ANCIENT OBJECTS”
LECTURE TITLE: “FIRES OF A MILLION SUNS”
OVERVIEW:
Globular clusters, spectacular assemblies of stars, sparkle like jewels at the galaxy’s edge. The stars here are ancient, pure and untouched by the processes of stellar evolution. Over their long and complex histories, many things have already happened to these clusters. Stars have died, leaving behind their cooling remnants -- white dwarves and neutron stars. Gravitational interactions may have kicked stars out of the cluster. But for all we do understand, much remains a mystery.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. Mysteries of globular clusters: what are they exactly, and how do they change over time? 2. Dynamical evolution and aging in globular clusters. 3. Why are the LMC’s globular clusters older than the Milky Way’s? 4. A closer look at blue straggler stars in Omega Centauri. 5. The likelihood of habitable planets, life inside a globular cluster.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: lovely Hubble Space Telescope images of various globular clusters around the Milky Way like Omega Centauri (including its crowded core), 47 Tucanae, Messier 2; globular clusters around the LMC and other galaxies. Astrophotography: the Milky Way as seen from the world’s darkest skies.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 11 “ISLAND UNIVERSE”
LECTURE TITLE: “KING OF ITS DOMAIN”
OVERVIEW:
Astronomers have watched and wondered about Andromeda since it was written about in the 9th century, and probably farther into the past. Fortunately, Andromeda lies far enough away from the densest parts of the Milky Way that it is relatively easy to spot. But in all those many stars speeding and spinning through space, an ominous truth is hidden. Andromeda is more than just our nearest massive neighbour. It is our future.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. Early observational history of “the Great Nebula in Andromeda”. 2. Edwin Hubble and “the star that changed the universe”. 3. The Local Group of galaxies: Andromeda, Milky Way, Triangulum, others. 4. How similar is Andromeda to the Milky Way? 5. What is the fate of the Earth and Sun in a future collision with Andromeda?
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: Hubble Space Telescope images of Andromeda’s halo of stars (which may be interacting with the Milky Way’s halo), its outer regions, and its brightly glowing central core; component galaxies of the Local Group, including: the Triangulum Galaxy, LMC, SMC, etc..
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 12 “SKY MERGERS”
LECTURE TITLE: “THE POWER OF OBSERVATION”
OVERVIEW:
Wherever we look and as far back in time as we can see, there is matter and the spaces between, all dancing to the pull of gravity. Atom by atom, and epoch by epoch, all of the stars, gas, dust and planets in the galaxies move ever closer until, inevitably, the attraction becomes too strong. They finally pull together and collide. This is happening all over the cosmos, galaxies and stars in a gravitational dance, flirting like moths to a flame.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. What do we know about galaxy evolution? 2. Piecing together a complete galaxy merger from beginning to end. 3. Elliptical galaxies: some of the most evolved systems in the universe. 4. The Antennae Galaxies: galactic cannibalism as a creative force. 5. The Milky Way: evidence of past, present, and future merger events.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: Hubble images of interacting galaxies, galaxy groups, elliptical galaxies, etc.; infrared and visible light images of the Antennae Galaxies. Also: evidence (via Gaia, Hubble, etc.) of broadside collisions and galactic cannibalism (both ancient and ongoing) in the Milky Way.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 13 “LIGHT SPEED”
LECTURE TITLE: “AS DEEP AS IT GETS”
OVERVIEW:
Time, useful for measuring distances in the cosmos and lifetimes on Earth, becomes something different in outer space – a strange commodity that is hard to define. The laws of nature tell us that time is irreversible, always moving forward, but relative, tied irrevocably to the observer. In truth, the human mind becomes flighty when peering so deeply into time. We may never fully understand the enormity of it, or how long we'll be part of it.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. What is light? It has properties of both waves and particles. 2. What is time? it can vary depending on your speed through space. 3. Proxima Centauri: can humanity make the leap to the nearest star? 4. Breakthrough Initiatives: Listen, Watch, Message, Starshot. 5. Can the world come together and learn to speak as one planet?
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: various Hubble Space Telescope images of deep space, including the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, Abell 1689, galaxy clusters, galaxies of various ages, sizes, shapes, and colours, etc.. Also: the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri); Breakthrough Initiatives program imagery.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 14 “THE QUINTESSENCE”
LECTURE TITLE: “STRANGE FORCES”
OVERVIEW:
As the universe expands, galaxies move apart, like raisins in a loaf of bread as it rises. But the most distant galaxies do not follow the pattern. They actually accelerate apart, moving much faster than they should. The explanation is another invisible agent, working against gravity, is actively pushing the galaxies apart. This is dark energy, this is the quintessence, a fantastic power that propels the very expansion of the universe. And if dark energy can overcome gravity, there may be no stopping it.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. Understanding dark matter and dark energy. 2. The biggest mysteries that physicists are working to solve. 3. A closer look at strong gravitational lensing in galaxy cluster Abell 1689. 4. Artificial Intelligence: a powerful tool for understanding the cosmos. 5. The Big Rip and the ultimate fate of the universe: will dark energy overcome dark matter?
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: spectacular Hubble images of spiral galaxies (Whirlpool, Pinwheel, etc.) and distant galaxy clusters (Abell 1689, El Gordo, etc.); strong and weak gravitational lensing in galaxy clusters. Also: decoding data from large astronomical survey projects (like the LSST) using computers (like Morpheus).
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 15 “HUBBLE ON HIGH”
LECTURE TITLE: “THE PEOPLE’S TELESCOPE”
OVERVIEW:
Hubble’s images advanced the science of astronomy by leaps and bounds, confirming a long list of theories about the cosmos, and starting an equally long list of new questions. But many images also achieved iconic status, carrying the message of discovery into popular culture. The Hubble Space Telescope’s impact on people, maybe even more than the science, helped to ensure its legacy will continue far into the future.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. What does the future look like for Hubble? How long will it last? 2. What are Hubble’s main mission(s) in the later stages of its life? 3. What will Hubble’s final days look like? 4. The possibility of more servicing missions to restore the telescope. 5. A closer look at Hubble’s upcoming successors: James Webb and WFIRST (Roman).
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: Servicing Mission images of astronauts working on the Hubble Space Telescope; some of Hubble’s most iconic images, including the Pillars of Creation, Ultra Deep Field, the Orion Nebula, planets in our solar system, etc.. Also: James Webb and WFIRST telescope construction, testing.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 16 “INFRARED EXPANSE”
LECTURE TITLE: “TELLING TALES WITH LIGHT”
OVERVIEW:
The cosmos tells its tales with light. For millennia, we could only collect visible light. Then, new technology extended our vision across the electromagnetic spectrum. This opened new doors on the universe, and added fascinating new voices to its story. Telescopes that collect infrared light are an astronomer’s best tool to peer inside nebulas and explore the centres of galaxies. Observing in infrared reveals an invisible cosmos … and a secret reality.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. Telling tales with light: the electromagnetic spectrum explained. 2. What makes the Atacama Desert the perfect environment for observing? 3. Infrared on the ground (VISTA, HAWK-I) and in space (Hubble, Spitzer). 4. A closer look at the Tarantula Nebula in infrared light. 5. James Webb Space Telescope: next generation infrared observatory.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From ESO: images of VISTA and the VLT at the Paranal Observatory in the Atacama Desert. From NASA: Hubble Space Telescope infrared images of the Tarantula Nebula; Spitzer Space Telescope infrared images. Also: James Webb Space Telescope instrumentation, construction, testing, deployment.
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 17 “STRIKING FORMS”
LECTURE TITLE: “CITIZENS OF THE SKY”
OVERVIEW:
The myriad shapes and forms of the universe are spellbinding. Modern satellites, spacecraft and telescopes are just making them more so. From distant galaxy clusters to our closest neighbours, each object has a story to tell – stories that ultimately connect back to us. And we are compelled to look. Constantly pushing the limits of our technology to get clearer and clearer views of the order, chaos, majesty and mystery of our cosmos.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. The Decadal Survey: planning for leading-edge scientific missions of tomorrow. 2. HabEx: a mission to directly image planetary systems around Sun-like stars. 3. Origins Space Telescope: searching for biosignatures in nearby exoplanets. 4. LUVOIR: looking for exoplanets that might be habitable, or even inhabited. 5. The prime objective for the future: hunting for signs of life elsewhere in the universe.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: models, preliminary designs, and concept studies related to leading-edge, next-generation space telescopes, including: HabEx (launch in 2035), Origins (launch in 2035), and LUVIOR (launch in 2039). Also: generic images of Earth from space, planets in the solar system, stars in the Milky Way, etc..
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Sky Candy & The Real Universe
ASTRONOMY COURSE -- WEEK 18 “SIGNS OF LIFE”
LECTURE TITLE: “DREAMS OF THE COSMOS”
OVERVIEW:
Human curiosity has driven us to peer into the far corners of the cosmos, searching for ways to answer those age-old questions of who we are and where we came from. That same curiosity will keep driving us to search harder, build even better tools, and collect more information. The next generation of space explorers will know exactly what to look for as they wade bravely into the light: fantastic beings from recognizable worlds prototyped in the same ancient process as us.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
To Discuss: 1. The Overview Effect: looking at Earth from 400 km straight up. 2. Earth analogue studies: what might life look like from afar? 3. Types of extrasolar planets and the common threads that connect them. 4. How would a signal from an alien world redefine what it means to be human? 5. Appreciating the importance and value of our world.
OPTIONAL ADD-ON VISUALS:
From NASA: photography of Earth’s atmosphere, ecosystems, habitats, cities, etc., taken by astronauts aboard the ISS. Also: generic images of planets and moons in our solar system; directly imaged exoplanets; new radio telescopes (LOFAR and NenuFAR) designed to study exoplanets at a distance.
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NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS:
The writer of these lecture notes respectfully offers the following information and advice:
• The lectures take as their starting point the main theme(s) discussed in the Sky Candy video, and quickly branch out into new territory, new ideas, extended learning. • Begin each lecture by referencing the main topic or central theme of the Sky Candy video, so as to create a practical link between the two elements (video and lecture) of the unit, and to promote or reinforce the established Sky Candy narrative. • Instructors should continue to refer to the Sky Candy video throughout their lecture: What we learned in the video … The stunning image we saw of the galaxy … As we discovered in the video … We saw an incredible picture of … • The lectures should reflect a deep passion for astronomy, and be full of modern, up-to-the- minute theories and discoveries, yes. But they should also be focused, not too broad. Each lecture should be like the Sky Candy video itself: a self-contained short story about a specific topic of general interest to astronomy/science students. • Limit the main topics in a lecture to five or fewer. The “specific objectives to discuss” (listed above for each lecture) includes five topics, fully researched, but not fully fleshed out. • One of the suggested lecture topics usually refers back to an image from the Sky Candy video, and gives a “deeper dive” into the object. For example: a closer look at the Antennae Galaxies … a closer look at SN 1987A … a closer look at blue straggler stars in Omega Centauri … etc.. • The last lecture topic is usually something fantastical, futuristic, imaginative, speculative, ending on a visionary and often uplifting note. • Share your lecture outline with students. Emphasize your objectives and key points in the beginning, as you get to them, and as a summary at the end. • The purpose of the “optional add-on visuals” (listed above for each lecture) is (time and budget permitting) to show them in the background behind the speaker, supporting the lecture being given. Keeping with the series-wide theme, the add-on visuals should all be 100% real (no animations or simulations). • Instructors may be recorded in front of a dark (or black) background (black curtains), which can be easily keyed with amazing space pictures related to the topic at hand, i.e.: the surface of Mars, glowing clouds of gas and dust, stars in a galaxy, etc.. • Note that the add-on visuals are “suggestions” only. They are NOT provided with these educational materials. If instructors wish to incorporate them into their lectures, they will need to be researched and downloaded separately. • As per the Sky Candy course syllabus, the lectures should last approximately 30 minutes each. • Note that the Sky Candy quizzes, as currently written, DO NOT incorporate or reference any information with respect to these proposed lectures.