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Home , 47 Tucanae, Charles Messier, Dumbbell Nebula, Hyades (star cluster), IC 405, Jewel Box (star cluster)

Charles Messier (1730-1817) was an observational Catalogue (NGC) which was being compiled at the same working from in the eighteenth century. time as Messier's observations but using much larger tele• He discovered between 15 and 21 and observed scopes, probably explains its modern popularity. It is a many more. During his observations he encountered neb• challenging but achievable task for most amateur astron• ulous objects that were not comets. Some of these objects omers to observe all the Messier objects. At « parties" were his own discoveries, while others had been known and within clubs, going for the maximum before. In 1774 he published a list of 45 of these nebulous number of Messier objects observed is a popular competi• objects. His purpose in publishing the list was so that tion. Indeed at some times of the it is just about poss• other -hunters should not confuse the nebulae with ible to observe most of them in a single night. comets. Over the following decades he published supple• Messier observed from Paris and therefore the most ments which increased the number of objects in his cata• southerly object in his list is M7 in with a decli• logue to 103 though objects M101 and M102 were in fact nation of -35°. He also missed several objects from his list the same. Later other added a replacement such as h and X Per and the which most observers for M102 and objects 104 to 110. It is now thought proba• would feel should have been included. The well-known ble that Messier had observed these later additions with astronomer Dr Patrick Moore has therefore recently the exception of the last. Thus the modern version of his introduced the Caldwell Catalogue (his full name is catalogue has 109 objects in it. Several of the objects in Patrick Caldwell-Moore). This has 109 objects like Messier's original lists are now difficult to identify, and Messier's list, but covers the whole sky. The Caldwell «best guesses" have had to be made regarding the objects objects are listed in decreasing order of , so intended. Ironically in one case (M91) it is possible that that from a given latitude all objects from C1 to Cn (or Messier's original observation was of an unrecognised from C109 down to Cn for southern observers), where n is comet! the number of the most southerly (northerly) objects Messier observed mostly with 3 to 3.5 inch (75-90 mm) rising at that site, should be visible. There is no overlap refractors. He had access to a 7.5 inch (190 mm) Gregorian between the Messier and Caldwell Catalogues, and the two reflector but since this used mirrors made from speculum taken together (see below) will give sufficient fascinating metal, its equivalent aperture would have been only 3 and spectacular objects to keep most astronomers occu• inches or so. With modern it should be possible pied for several ' worth of observing. to observe all the Messier objects with a 2.5 inch (60 mm) The Messier and Caldwell objects are listed within each or larger instrument. This accessibility of the objects in as it is discussed in Section 3.2. Here they Messier's list, compared with Herschel's New General are listed in order for ease of reference. The Messier and Caldwell Objects

Table A 1.1 . The Messier Objects .. Object Name NGC Type RA2000 Dec2000 Constellation Visual' Size H m degrees mag (') Messier 1 Crab 1952 Remnant 05 35 22.0 Tau 8.4 6 7089 21 34 -0.8 Aqr 6.5 13 5272 Globular Cluster 13 42 28.4 CVn 6.4 16 6121 Globular Cluster 16 24 -26.5 Seo 5.9 26 5904 Globular Cluster 15 19 2.1 Ser Cap 5.8 17 Messier 6 BUHerfly 6405 17 40 -32.2 Sco 4.2 15 6475 Open Cluster 17 54 -34.8 Sco 3.3 BO Messier 8 Lagoon 6523 Emission 18 04 -24.4 Sgr 5.8 90 Messier 9 6333 Globular Cluster 17 19 -18.5 Oph 7.9 9 6254 Globular Cluster 16 57 -4.1 Oph 6.6 15 Messier 11 Wild Duck 6705 Open Cluster 18 51 -6.3 Sct 5.8 14 6218 Globular Cluster 16 47 -2.0 Oph 6.6 15 6205 Globular Cluster 16 42 36.5 Her 5.9 17 6402 Globular Cluster 17 38 -3.3 Oph 7.6 12 7078 Globular Cluster 21 30 12.2 Peg 6.4 12 Messier 16 Eagle 6611 Open Cluster 18 19 -13.8 Ser 6.0 7 Messier 17 Omega 6618 18 21 -16.2 Sgr 6.0 46 6613 Open Cluster 18 20 -17.1 Sgr 6.9 9 Messier 19 6273 Globular Cluster 17 03 -26.3 Oph 7.2 14 Messier 20 Trifid 6514 Emission Nebula 18 03 -23.0 Sgr 6.3 29 Messier 21 6531 Open Cluster 18 05 -22.5 Sgr 5.9 13 6656 Globular Cluster 18 36 -23.9 Sgr 5.1 24 Messier 23 6494 Open Cluster 17 57 -19.0 Sgr 5.5 27 Messier 24 6603 Star Cloud 18 18 -18.4 Sgr 11. 1 5 Messier 25 IC 4725 Open Cluster 18 32 -19.3 Sgr 4.6 32 Messier 26 6694 Open Cluster 18 45 -9.4 Sct 8.0 15 Messier 27 Dumbbell 6853 20 00 22.7 Vul 7.6 15 Messier 28 6626 Globular Cluster 18 25 -24.9 Sgr 6.9 11 6913 Open Cluster 20 24 38.5 Cyg 6.6 7 7099 Globular Cluster 21 40 -23.2 Cap 7.5 11 Messier 31 Andromeda 224 00 43 41.3 And 3.5 180 221 Galaxy 00 43 40.9 And 8.2 8 Messier 33 598 Galaxy 01 34 30.7 Tri 5.7 62 1039 Open Cluster 02 42 42.8 Per 5.2 35 2168 Open Cluster 06 09 24.3 Gem 5.1 28 1960 Open Cluster 05 36 34.1 Aur 6.0 12 2099 Open Cluster 05 52 32 .6 Aur 5.6 24 1912 Open Cluster 05 29 35.8 Aur 6.4 21 7092 Open Cluster 21 32 48.4 Cyg 4.6 32 Messier 40 2 12 22 58.1 UMa 0.8 9 Messier 41 2287 Open Cluster 06 47 -20.7 CMa 4.5 38 Messier 42 1976 Emission Nebula 05 35 -5.5 Ori 4.0 66 Orion 1982 Emission Nebula 05 36 -5.3 Ori 9.0 20 Messier 44 Praesepe 2632 Open Cluster 08 40 20.0 Cnc 3.1 95 Messier 45 Open Cluster 03 47 24.1 Tau 1.2 110 Messier 46 2437 Open Cluster 07 42 -14.8 Pup 6.1 27 2422 Open Cluster 07 37 -14.5 Pup 4.4 30 2548 Open Cluster 08 14 -5.8 Hya 5.8 54 4472 Galaxy 12 30 8.0 Vir 8.4 9 Messier 50 2323 Open Cluster 07 03 -8.3 Mon 5.9 16 The Messier and Caldwell Objects

Table A 1.1. (continued) ., Object Name NGC Type RAwoo Dec2000 Constellation Visual" Size H m degrees mag (') Messier 51 Whirlpool 5194 Galaxy 13 30 47.2 CVn 8.4 11 7654 Open Cluster 23 24 61.6 Cas 6.9 13 5024 Globular Cluster 13 13 18.2 Com 7.7 13 6715 Globular Cluster 18 55 -30.5 Sgr 7.7 9 6809 Globular Cluster 19 40 -31.0 5gr 7.0 19 Messier 56 6779 Globular Cluster 19 17 30.2 Lyr 8.3 7 Messier 57 Ring 6720 Planetory Nebula 18 54 33.0 Lyr 9.7 3 Messier 58 4579 Galaxy 12 38 11.8 Vir 9.8 5 Messier 59 4621 Galaxy 12 42 11.7 Vir 9.8 5 Messier 60 4649 Galoxy 12 44 11.6 Vir 8.8 7 4303 Galaxy 12 22 4.5 Vir 9.7 6 Messier 62 6266 Globular Cluster 17 01 -30.1 Oph 6.6 14 Sunflower 5055 Galaxy 13 16 42.0 CVn 8.6 12 Messier 64 Black-eye 4B26 Galaxy 12 57 21.7 Com 8.5 9 3623 Galaxy II 19 13 .1 9.3 10 3627 Galaxy 11 20 13.0 Leo 9.0 9 2682 Open Cluster 08 50 11.8 Cnc 6.9 30 4590 Globular Cluster 12 40 -26.8 Hya 8.2 12 Messier 69 6637 Globular Cluster 18 31 -32.4 5gr 7.7 7 Messier 70 6681 Globular Cluster 18 43 -32.3 5gr 8.8 8 6838 Globular Cluster 19 54 18.8 Sge 8.3 7 6981 Globular Cluster 20 54 -12.5 Aqr 9.4 6 6994 Open Cluster 20 59 -12.6 Aqr 8.9 3 628 Galaxy 01 37 15.8 Psc 9.2 10 6864 Globular Cluster 20 06 -21.9 Sgr 8.6 6 Messier 76 liHle Dumbbell 650 Planetary Nebula 01 42 51.6 Per 12.2 5 1068 Galaxy 02 43 0.0 Cet 8.8 7 Messier 78 2068 05 47 0.1 Ori 8.0 8 1904 Globular Cluster 05 25 -24.6 Lep 8.0 9 Messier 80 6093 Globular Cluster 16 17 -23.0 Sco 7.2 9 Bode's 3031 Galaxy 09 56 69.1 UMa 6.9 26 3034 Galaxy 09 56 69.7 UMa 8.4 11 5236 Galaxy 13 37 -29.9 Hya 8.2 11 4374 Galaxy 12 25 12.9 Vir 9.3 5 Messier 85 4382 Galaxy 12 25 18.2 Com 9.2 7 Messier 86 4406 Galaxy 12 26 13.0 Vir 9.2 7 A 4486 Galaxy 12 31 12.4 Vir 8.6 7 Messier 88 4501 Galaxy 12 32 14.4 Com 9.5 7 Messier 89 4552 Galaxy 12 36 12.6 Vir 9.8 4 Messier 90 4569 Galaxy 12 37 13.2 Vir 9.5 10 Messier 91 4548 Galaxy 12 35 14.5 Com 10.2 5 6341 Globular Cluster 17 17 43.1 Her 6.5 II Messier 93 2447 Open Cluster 07 45 -23.9 Pup 6.2 22 4736 Galaxy 12 51 411 CVn 8.2 11 3351 Galaxy 10 44 11.7 leo 9.7 7 Messier 96 3368 Galaxy 10 47 11.8 leo 9.2 7 Messier 97 Owl 3587 Planetary Nebula 11 15 55.0 UMa 12 3 Messier 98 4192 Galaxy 12 14 14.9 Com 10.1 10 4254 Galaxy 12 19 14.4 Cam 9.8 5 Messier 100 4321 Galaxy 12 23 15.8 Com 9.4 7 The Messier and Caldwell Objects

Table A 1.1. (continued) .. Object Name NGC Type RA2000 Dec2000 Constellation Visual" Size H m d rees ma (" Messier 101 Pinwheel 5457 Galaxy 14 03 54.4 UMa 7.7 27 Messier 102 5866 Galaxy 15 07 55 .8 Ora 10.0 5 581 Open Cluster 01 33 60.7 Cas 7.4 6 Messier 104 Sombrero 4594 Galaxy 12 40 -11 .6 Vir 8.3 9 Messier 105 3379 Galaxy 10 48 12.6 Leo 9.3 5 4258 Galaxy 12 19 47.3 CVn 8.3 18 Messier 107 6171 Globular Cluster 16 33 -13.1 Oph 8.1 10 Messier 108 3556 Galaxy II 12 55.7 UMa 10.1 8 Messier 109 3992 Gala II 58 53.4 UMa 9.8 8 • This is the integrated over the whole area of the object. An angularly large object with a bright magnitude may therefore be less eosy to see than a smaller object with a fainter magnitude. The magnitudes of the emission nebulae in particular may be misleoding because they frequently contain brighter and darker regions. •• This is the largest dimension of the object. Some objects may be filamentary or have a brighter core or outer region making them eosier to see than might be expected. (Data for this table obtained from Sky Catalogue 2000.0, Vol. 2 (Ed. A. Hirshfeld and R.w. Sinnott, Cambridge University Press, 1985); Astrophysical Quantities (C.W. Allen, Athlone Press, 1973); NGC 2000.0 (R.W. Sinnott, Cambridge University Press, 1988); Visual Astronomy of the Deep Sky (R.N. Clark, Cambridge University Press, 1990); Hartung's Astronomical Ob;ecfs for Southern Telescopes (D. Molin and OJ. Frew, Cambridge University Press, 1995); Astrophysica/Journal Supplement, 4, 257, 1959, S.Sharpless., The Messier and Caldwell Objects

Table A 1.2. The Caldwell Objects Object Name NGC Type RA2000 Dec2000 Constellation Visual" Size .. H m degrees mag ('I Caldwell 1 188 Open Cluster 00 44 85.3 Cep 8.1 14 Caldwell 2 40 Planetary Nebula 00 13 72.5 Cep 10.7 0.6 Caldwell 3 4236 Galaxy 12 17 69.5 Dra 9.7 19 Caldwell 4 7023 Reflection Nebula 21 02 68.2 Cep 7.0 18 Caldwell 5 IC 342 Galaxy 03 47 68.1 Cam 9.1 18 Caldwell 6 Cot's Eye 6543 Planetary Nebula 17 59 66.6 Dra 8.8 6 Caldwell 7 2403 Galaxy 07 37 65.6 Cam 8.4 18 Caldwell 8 559 Open Cluster 01 30 63.3 Cas 9.5 5 Caldwell 9 Cave Sh2·155 Emission Nebula 22 57 62.6 Cep ",9 50 Caldwell 10 663 Open Cluster 01 46 61.3 Cas 7.1 16 Caldwell 11 Bubble 7635 Emission Nebula 23 21 61.2 Cas 8.5 15 Caldwell 12 6946 Galaxy 20 35 60.2 Cep 8.9 11 Caldwell 13 457 Open Cluster 01 19 58.3 Cas 6.4 13 Caldwell 14 h & X Per 869/884 Open Cluster 02 20 57.1 Per 4.3/4.4 30/30 Caldwell 15 Blinking 6826 Planetary Nebula 19 45 50.5 Cyg 9.8 2 Caldwell 16 7243 Open Cluster 22 15 49.9 lac 6.4 21 Caldwell 17 147 Galaxy 00 33 48.5 Cas 9.3 13 Caldwell 18 185 Galaxy 00 39 48.3 Cas 9.2 12 Caldwell 19 Cacaon IC 5146 Emission Nebula 21 54 47.3 Cyg 7.2 12 Caldwell 20 North America 7000 Emission Nebula 20 59 44.3 Cyg 5.0 120 Caldwell 21 4449 Galaxy 12 28 44.1 CVn 9.4 5 Caldwell 22 Blue Snowball 7662 Planetary Nebula 23 26 42.6 And 9.2 2 Caldwell 23 891 Galaxy 02 23 42.4 And 10.0 14 Caldwell 24 1275 Galaxy 03 20 41.5 Per 11.6 3 Caldwell 25 2419 Globular Cluster 07 38 38.9 lyn 10.4 4 Caldwell 26 4244 Galaxy 12 18 37.8 CVn 10.2 16 Caldwell 27 Crescent 6888 Emission Nebula 20 12 38.4 Cyg '" 11 20 Caldwell 28 752 Open Cluster 01 58 37.7 And 5.7 50 Caldwell 29 5005 Galaxy 13 11 37.1 CVn 9.8 5 Caldwell 30 7331 Galaxy 22 37 34.4 Peg 9.5 11 Caldwell 31 Flaming Star IC 405 Emission Nebula 05 16 34.3 Aur ",7 30 Caldwell 32 4631 Galaxy 12 42 32.5 CVn 9.3 15 Caldwell 33 Veil(EI 6992/5 20 57 31.5 Cyg 8.0 60 Caldwell 34 Veil (WI 6960 Supernova Remnant 20 46 30.7 Cyg 8.0 70 Caldwell 35 4889 Galaxy 13 00 28 .0 Com 11.4 3 Caldwell 36 4559 Galaxy 12 36 28.0 Com 9.9 11 Caldwell 37 6885 Open Cluster 20 12 26.5 Vul 5.7 7 Caldwell 38 4565 Galaxy 12 36 26.0 Com 9.6 16 Caldwell 39 Eskimo 2392 Planetary Nebula 07 29 20.9 Gem 9.9 0.7 Caldwell 40 3626 Galaxy 11 20 18.4 leo 10.9 3 Caldwell 41 Hyades Open Cluster 04 27 16.0 Tau 0.5 330 Caldwell 42 7006 Globular Cluster 21 02 16.2 Del 10.6 3 Caldwell 43 7814 Galaxy 00 03 16.2 Peg 10.5 6 Caldwell 44 7479 Galaxy 23 05 12.3 Peg 11.0 4 Caldwell 45 5248 Galaxy 13 38 8.9 Boo 10.2 7 Caldwell 46 Hubble's variable 2261 Emission Nebula 06 39 8.7 Mon 10.0 2 Caldwell 47 6934 Globular Cluster 20 34 7.4 Del 8.9 6 Caldwell 48 2775 Galaxy 09 10 7.0 Cnc 10.3 5 Caldwell 49 RoseHe 2237-9 Emission Nebula 06 32 5.1 Man ",4 80 Caldwell 50 2244 Open Cluster 06 32 4.9 Mon 4.8 24 The Messier and Caldwell Objects

Table A 1.2. leontinued) .. Object Nome NGC Type RA2000 Dee2000 Constellotion Visuol' Size H m degrees mog n Coldwell 51 IC 1613 Golaxy 01 05 2.1 Cet 9.3 12 Caldwell 52 4697 Galoxy 12 49 -5.8 Vir 9.3 6 Caldwell 53 Spindle 3115 Goloxy 10 05 -7.7 Sex 9.2 8 Caldwell 54 2506 Open Cluster 08 00 -10.8 Mon 7.6 7 Coldwell 55 Soturn 7009 Planetary Nebula 21 04 -11.4 Aqr 8.3 2 Coldwell 56 246 Planetory Nebula 00 47 -11.9 Cet 8.0 4 Coldwell 57 Barnard's 6822 Galaxy 19 45 -14.8 Sgr 9.4 10 Coldwell 58 2360 Open Cluster 07 18 -15.6 CMo 7.2 13 Caldwell 59 Ghost of Jupiter 3242 Planetary Nebulo 10 25 -18.6 Hya 8.6 21 Caldwell 60 Antennae 4038 Galaxy 12 02 -18.9 Cry 10.7 3 Caldwell 61 Antennae 4039 Galaxy 12 02 -18.9 Cry 10.7 3 Coldwell 62 247 Golaxy 00 47 -20.8 Cet 8.9 20 Caldwell 63 Helix 7293 Planetary Nebula 22 30 -20.8 Aqr 7.4 13 Caldwell 64 2362 Open Cluster 07 19 -25.0 CMa 4.1 8 Coldwell 65 Silver Coin 253 Galaxy 00 48 -25.3 Sci 7.1 25 Coldwell 66 5694 Globular Cluster 14 40 -26.5 Hya 10.2 4 Coldwell 67 1097 Galaxy 02 46 -30.3 For 9.3 9 Coldwell 68 R CrA 6729 Reflection Nebulo 19 02 -37.0 CrA ., 11 1 Coldwell 69 Bug 6302 Planetory Nebulo 17 14 -37,1 Seo 12.8 1 Coldwell 70 300 Golaxy 00 55 -37.7 Sci 8.7 20 Coldwell 71 2477 Open Cluster 07 52 -38.6 Pup 5.8 27 Coldwell 72 55 Galoxy 00 15 -39.2 Sci 7.9 32 Coldwell 73 1851 Globulor Cluster 05 14 -40.1 Col 7.3 11 Caldwell 74 Eight-Burst 3132 Plonetory Nebulo 10 08 -40.4 Vel 8.2 0.8 Coldwell 75 6124 Open Cluster 16 26 -40.7 Seo 5.8 29 Coldwell 76 6231 Open Cluster 16 54 -41.8 Seo 2.6 15 Coldwell 77 Cen A 5128 Golaxy 13 26 -43.0 Cen 7.0 18 Caldwell 78 6541 Globular Clusler 18 08 -43.7 CrA 6.6 13 Caldwell 79 3201 Globular Cluster 10 18 -46.4 Vel 6.8 18 Caldwell 80 w Centauri 5139 Globular Cluster 13 27 -47.5 Cen 3.7 36 Coldwell 81 6352 Globulor Cluster 17 26 -48.4 8.2 7 Caldwell 82 6193 Open Cluster 16 41 -48.8 Aro 5.2 15 Coldwell 83 4945 Goloxy 13 05 -49.5 Cen 8.6 20 Coldwell 84 5286 Globulor Cluster 13 46 -51.4 Cen 7.6 9 Coldwell 85 IC 2391 Open Cluster 08 40 -53.1 Vel 2.5 50 Coldwell 86 6397 Globular Cluster 17 41 -53.7 Ara 5.7 26 Coldwell 87 1261 Globular Cluster 03 12 -55.2 Hor 8.4 7 Caldwell 88 5823 Open Cluster 15 06 -55.6 Cir 7.9 10 Caldwell 89 S Normo 6087 Open Cluster 16 19 -57.9 Nor 5.4 12 Caldwell 90 2867 Plonetary Nebulo 09 21 -58.3 Car 9.7 0.2 Caldwell 91 3532 Open Cluster 11 06 -58.7 Cor 3.0 55 Coldwell 92 Eta 3372 Emission Nebula 10 44 -59.9 Cor 2.5 120 Caldwell 93 6752 Globulor Cluster 19 1 1 -60.0 Pav 5.4 20 Coldwell 94 4755 Open Cluster 12 54 -60.3 Cru 4.2 10 Coldwell 95 6025 Open Cluster 16 04 -60.5 TrA 5.1 12 Caldwell 96 2516 Open Clusler 07 58 -60.9 Cor 3.8 30 Caldwell 97 3766 Open Cluster 11 36 -61 .6 Cen 5.3 12 Caldwell 98 4609 Open Cluster 12 42 -63.0 Cru 6.9 5 Caldwell 99 Coolsoek Absorption Nebula 12 53 -63.0 Cru 350 Coldwell 100 IC 2944 Open Cluster 11 37 -63.0 Cen 4.5 15 The Messier and Caldwell Objects

Table A 1.2. (continued) .. Object Name NGC Type RA2000 Dec2000 Constellation Visual" Size H m degrees mag n Caldwell 101 6744 Galaxy 19 10 -63.9 Pav 8.4 16 Caldwell 102 Southern Pleiades IC 2602 Open Cluster 10 43 -64.4 Car 1.9 50 Caldwell 103 Tarantula 2070 Emission Nebula 05 39 -69.1 Dor 8.2 40 Caldwell 104 362 Globular Cluster 01 03 -70.9 Tuc 6.6 13 Caldwell 105 4833 Globular Cluster 13 00 -70.9 Mus 7.4 14 Caldwell 106 104 Globular Cluster 00 24 -72.1 Tuc 4.0 31 Caldwell 107 6101 Globular Cluster 16 26 -72.2 Aps 9.3 11 Caldwell 108 4372 Globular Cluster 12 26 -72.7 Mus 7.8 19 Caldwell 109 3195 Planetary Nebula 10 10 -80.9 Cha 11.6 0.6 This is the integrated magnitude over the whole area of the object. An angularly large object with a bright magnitude may therefore be less easy to see than a smaller object with a fainter magnitude. The magnitudes of the emission nebulae in particular may be misleading because they frequently contain brighter and darker regions. The symbol "~" indicates a magnitude estimated from visual descriptions . .. This is the largest dimension of the object. Some objects may be filamentary or have 0 brighter core or outer region making them easier to see than might be expected.

IData for this table obtained from Sky Catalogue 2000.0, Vol. 2 (Ed. A. Hirshfeld and R.W. Sinnott, Cambridge University Press, 1985); The Coldwell Card (Sky Publishing Corp., 1996); NGC 2000.0 (R.W. Sinnott, Cambridge University Press, 1988); Visual Astronomy of the Deep Sky (R.N. Clark, Cambridge University Press, 1990); Hartung's Astronomical Obiects for Southern Telescopes (D. Molin and D.J. Frew, Cambridge University Press, 1995); AstrophysicolJournol Supplement, 4, 257, 1959, S. Sharpless.) Letter Lower case Upper case Letter Lower case Upper case

Alpha a A Nu I' N

Beta j3 B Xi g ~ Gamma 'Y r Omicron 0 0 Delta 6 .:1 Pi 7T n Epsilon e E Rho p P Zeta , Z Sigma (T ! Eta ." H Tau T T Theta 8 8 Upsilon v Y Iota I Phi cP cp Kappa K K Chi X X Lambda A it Psi 'i' Mu P- M Omega w'" n Cambridge Deep-Sky Album, J Newton and P Teece, Cambridge A3.1 Journals University Press, 1983 Greek Myths, Vols 1 and 2, R. Graves, Penguin, 1966 Only the major and relatively widely available journals are listed. Messier Album: An Observer's Handbook, JH Mallas and There are numerous more specialised research-level journals E Kreimer, Sky Publishing Corporation, 1978 available in academic libraries. Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters, KG Jones, Cambridge University Press, 1991 Astronomy Stars, R Lampkin, Gall & Inglis, 1972 Astronomy Now Norton's 2000.0, I Ridpath (Ed.), Longman, 1989 Ciel et Espace Observing Handbook and Catalogue of Deep Sky Objects, New Scientist C Luginbuhl and B Skiff, Cambridge University Press, 1990 Scientific American Photographic of the Stars, H. Arnold, P Doherty and Sky and P Moore, lOP Publishing, 1997 Sky Atlas 2000.0, W Tirion, Sky Publishing Corporation, 1981 Sky Catalogue 2000, Vols 1 and 2, A Hirshfeld and R W Sinnott, Cambridge University Press, 1985 A3.2 E hemerises Star Tales, I Ridpath, Lutterworth Press, 1988 URANOMETRIA 2000.0, W Tirion, B Rappaport and G Lovi, Astronomical Almanac (published each year), H.M.S.O./U.S. Willman-Bell Inc., 1988 Government Printing Office Handbook of the British Astronomical Association (published each year), British Astronomical Association Yearbook ofAstronomy (published each year), Macmillan A3.4 Introductory Astronom Books A3.3 Star and Other Astronomy: A self-teaching guide, DL Moche, John Wiley & Sons, Catalogues, 1993 Astronomy: The Evolving , M Zeilik, John Wiley & Sons, Atlases and 1994 Astronomy: Principles and Practice, AE Roy and D Clark, Adam Reference Books Hilger, 1988 Astronomy through Space and Time, S Engelbrektson, WCB, 1994 Astrophysical Quantities, CW Allen, Athlone Press, 1973 Introductory Astronomy and , M Zeilik, SA Gregory Burnham's Celestial Handbook, Vols I, 2 and 3, R Burnham, and EvP Smith, Saunders, 1992 Dover Press, 1978 Universe, WJ Kaufmann III, WH Freeman Publishers, 1994 Bibliography

Modern Amateur Astronomer, P Moore (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, A3.S Practical 1995 Observational Astronomy, DS Birney, Cambridge University Astronom Books Press, 1991 Practical Astronomer, CA Ronan, Pan, 1981 Amateur Astronomer's Handbook, JB Sidgwick, Faber & Faber, Practical Astronomy with your Calculator, P Duffett-Smith, 1971 Cambridge University Press, 1981 Astronomical Telescope, BV Barlow, Wykeham Publications, 1975 Practical Astronomy: A User Friendly Handbook for Skywatchers, Beginner's Guide to Astronomical Telescope Making, J Muirden, HR Mills, Albion Press, 1993 Pelham Press, 1975 Seeing the Sky: 100 Projects, Activities and Explorations in Building and Using an Astronomical Observatory, P Doherty, Astronomy, F Schaaf, John Wiley & Sons, 1990 Stevens Publications, 1986 Seeing Stars, C Kitchin and RW Forrest, Springer-Verlag, 1997 Challenges of Astronomy, W Schlosser, T Schmidt-Kaler and Star Gazing through : A Complete Guide to Binocular EF Malone, Springer-Verlag, 1991 Astronomy, S Mensing, TAB, 1986 Compendium of Practical Astronomy, GD Roth, Springer-Verlag, Star Hopping: Your Visa to the Universe, RA Garfinkle, Cambridge 1993 University Press, 1993 Handbook for Telescope Making, NE Howard, Faber & Faber, 1962 Telescopes & Techniques, C Kitchin, Springer-Verlag, 1995 Index

Acamar 96 Alshain 84 Aspidiske 88 Bubble nebula 89, 137 58, 96 27,29,59,61,84 Asterion 87 Bug nebula 109, 138 49,94 Altais 95 Asterisms 16, 23 Bull 110 Acubens 86 Altar 84 Asterope 111 Butterfly 109, 134 Adhafera 99 Alterf 99 Astraea 113 Adhara 87 Aludra 87 Athene 105 Aeroplane 3 Alula Australis 113 Atik 106 6, 64, 76, 86 Aesculapius 103, 110 Alula Borealis 112 Atlas 111 Caldwell 79-80 Agena 90 Alwaid 95 Atria 111 Caldwell objects 133-139 Airpump 79 Alya 110 5-6, 9, 22-3, 29, 40-42, 44, California 105 Akrab 109 Amymone river 98 46-7,85, 115-7 Callisto 112-113 Alkitn 108 Ancha 84 visibility diagram for 116, 119 , see Camelopardus AINa'ir 97 Andromeda 6,9, 16,22-26,29,42-3, Auriga pentagon 29,41 Camelopardus 6,22-23,43,47,86 Al rescha 106 47,68,70,77-8,83,89-90,105, Autumnal equinox 100 Canaan 110 Al Suhail 113 116-7,134 Avior 88 5-6,39,46-7,76,86,98 Albali 84 Great Galaxy in 16,83 Avis Indica (Bird of the Indies) 83 6,17,36,47,85,87 Albieba 99 visibility diagram for 117 Azha 96 6,9,30,45-7,58,62-4, 94 Ankaa 106 72-3,76-7,87,99, 116-7 Alcaid 112 4,33,36,52-53,55,60-61, 109 visibility diagram for 120 A1chiba 93 Antennae 93, 138 Bacchus 93 6,9,29,38-9,47,76-8, Alcor 12, 113 6, 73, 76, 79, 83 Balance 100 88,99,116-7 111 Aphrodite 106 Barnard's star 4, 108, 138 visibility diagram for 120 29,42-3,46,62,65-67,111 Apollo 93, 107 Baten Kaitos 91 62,64,71,73,80,88 Alderamin 90 Apus 6,51,55,58,76,83 Bayer system 4, 12, 14, 49 40,42-43, 85 Aldhafera 99 5-6,26,47,58,61,64,68,70, Beid 96 Caph 89 Aldhibain 95 76,84 Bel 95 5-6,33,52,58-9,61,70, Alfirk 90 5-6,9,27,29,31-3,47,52,59, Bellatrix 80, 104 76,88 Algedi 88 61,76-7,84,116-7 Bellerophon 104 Caput Trianguli III Algeiba 99 visibility diagram for 118 Belt of Orion 30 Carina 4,6,47,49-51,58,62-4,71,73, Algenib 105 Ara 6,47,52,55,77,84,116-117 Berenice's Hair 92 76-7,88, 107, 113, 116-7 23, 42-3, 85, 105 visibility diagram for 118 13 Lyrae type 81 visibility diagram for 121 Algol type 81 Ara/Scorpius 5 Betelgeuse 30, 45-6, 64, 80, 103 Cassiopeia 5-6,9,16,18-23,43,47,83, Algorab 93 Arcas 112 10, 112 89-91,105,116-7 Alhena 97 Archer 108 Biham 105 changing appearance of 19 Alioth 12, 112 16, 34, 85 Binaries, eclipsing 81 visibility diagram for 121 Alkaid 12, 16, 112 Argo 4, 58, 88, 107, 113 Binary stars 82 29, 43-6, 96 Alkalurops 86 Argonauts 107 Binoculars 79 Catalogues Alkes 93 Ariadne 93 Bird of the Indies (Avis Indica) 83 Herschel's New General (NGC) 133 Almach 83 Arich 114 Bird of Paradise 83 star 81,83 Almeisam 97 5-6,23,26,43,47,70,84 Black-eye 92, 135 Cat's Eye nebula 95,137 Alnasl 108 first point of 26,81 Blinking 94, 137 Cave 91,137 Alnilam 104 Arion 94 Blue Planetary 90 Cebalrai 103 104 Arkab 108 Blue Snowball 83, 137 111 Alpha Tri 111 Arneb 100 Bode's 112, 135 Celestial 80 Alphabet, Greek 141 Arrow 107 Bonner catalogue 4 Celestial North Pole 113 98 Arsh 100 Bootes 6,9,16-17,33-4,36,47,77-8, CenA 90,138 Alphecca 93 Artemis 103, 112 85,116-7 Centaur 90, 107-8 Alpheratz 83 Asad Australis 99 visibility diagram for 119 6,47-53,55,64,73,76-7, Alrai 90 Ascella 108 Boundaries 12 90,93, 116-7 Alrakis 95 Asclepius 103, 108, 110 outer 15 visibility diagram for 122 Alrami 108 Asellus Australis 86 Bright 4 Centaurus// 5 Alruccabah 113 Asellus Borealis 86 Brocchi 114 Cepheids 81 Index

Cepheus 6,22,30,47,83,89-90, 105 Crane 97 Equatorial observers 77-78 Graffias 109 / 5 6,73, 76,93 Equators, celestial 80 Great Bear 10, 112 Ceres 113 Crescent 94, 137 Equinox, autumnal 100 Great Galaxy in Andromeda 16 6,47, 63,65-8,70,76-8,83, 89, Crete 110 6,26,30,47,61,96 Greek alphabet 141 91, 116-7 Cross 93 Equuleus Pictoris 106 Greenwich meridian 81 visibility diagram for 122 Cross-wires 107 Erichthonius 85 Gregorian reflectors 133 Chamaeleon 6,51,58,64, 76,91 Crotus 108 6,46,67,76,94,96 Griffon 107-08 Chara 87 Crow 93 Eros 106-07 Grumium 95 Charioteer 85 Crux 6,30,47-51,58,73,76-7,93, Errai 90 6,47,52-53,55-6, 58,61, 70, Charles I 87 116-7 Eskimo 97,137 76-7,97,116-7 Charles II 87 changing appearance of 48 Eta Carina 89, 138 visibility diagram for 124 Cheiron 107-108 visibility diagram for 123 Etamin 95 Cheleb 103 Crux/Musca/Centaurus 5 Euphrates river 106 Chemical furnace 79 Cup 93 Europa 110 H II regions 82 Chertan 99 Cupid 106-107 Euryale 105 h and X Per 105,133,137 Chimaera 104 Cursa 96 Eurystheus 97 Hades 103 Chios 103 Cyclops 107 Extrinsic variables 81 85 Chrysaor 105 5-6,9,19,22,26-31,33,47, Eye, pupil of 2 Hare 99 Cih 89 94, 96, 116-7 Helius 103 Circinus 5-6,51,55,76,91 visibility diagram for 123 84, 138 Circumpolar 10, liS, Cynosura 113 Filters, red 3 Helle 84 117 Finding constellations 9-78 Hellespont 84 Civil times 116 Firmamentum Sobiescianum 87, 4 Clenched fist 1-2, 11,49, 64 Dabih 88 98-100,109-10,114 Hephaestos 85 Cleonaean lion 99 Danae 105 26, 81 Heracles 86,95, 97-99,107-8 Clouds Dardanelles 84 Fishes 106 Herbig Ae and Be stars 81 Magellanic 5 Dark absorbing regions 82 Flaming Star nebula 85, 137 Herschel 133 Small Magellanic 52 Dark adaption 2-3 Flamsteed number 4 6,28,30,32-4,36,47,55,61, Clusters Dec 80 Flight paths 4 86, 95,97-9, 107-8 galactic 82 Delphi 93 Fly 101 Herdsman 85 galactic star 63 6,26,30,47,61,94 Flying fish 114 96, 105 globular 51,82 Demeter 113 Flying horse 104 Herschel's open 82 19,27, 29, 94 58, 63, 68, 70, 106 (NGC) 133 star 79,82 Deneb Algedi 88 6,67,76,79,96 Hesperides 95 Coalsack 82, 94, 138 Deneb Kaitos 91 Fornax Chemica 96 Hevelius 87,98-100,109-10,114 Cocoon 94, 137 99 Fox 114 Historia Coelestis 4 Crelum 86 Designations, Bayer 14 Furnace 96 Homam 105 Crelum Australe Stelliferum 88,91, Diana 103,112 Furud 87 Horologicum 58 96-7,101- 2,106-7,109, Ill, 113 Dimensions 80 Horologium 6, 76, 97 of 1763 83,86 93 Hours 81 6,64, 73, 76, 92 Diphda 91 49,94 Hubble's variable 102,137 Columba Noachii 92 Dipper 13 Galactic star clusters 63, 83 Hunting dogs 87 Berenices 6,17,36,39,47,92 Dolphins, 94-95 5, 79, 82-83 Hyades 29,42-43,63,65, Ill, 133, Comets 133 5-6,58,62,64,76,95 Andromeda 83 137 Hyakutake 21 Double stars 82 elliptical 83 Hyakutake 21 Comet hunters 133 Double- 10 I Great Galaxy in Andromeda 16 6,39,46- 7, 51,64,71-6,86,98, Constellations 5-7,83-116 Dove 92 irregular 83 105 circumpolar 10, liS, 117 6, 17,22,30,43, 47,95 large spiral 83 6,55,58,64,76,98 finding 9-78 Dragon 95 MilkyWay 82 individual 79-114 Dschubba 109 Ganymede 84 major 1,9-78,117 Dubhe 4, 12, 112 Garnet star 90 Index Catalogue 79 minor 47,76-78 Dumbbell 114, 134 Gaseous nebulae 82 Indian 98 orientation of 11,48 5-6,9,29-30,38,43-7,62, Individual constellations 79-114 's 88,107,113 76-8, 96, 116-7 6, 55, 58, 76, 98 sizes of I Eagle 84, 110, 134 visibility diagram for 124 Ino 84 starter 9,12,16,19,30,50,64,77 's orbit 4 Gemini/Orion 5 Integrated magnitude 136, 139 zodiacal 5 Eclipsing binaries 81 Geometer's compasses 91 International Astronomical Union 12 87 path 4 Ghost ofJupiter 98,138 Intrinsic variables 81 Cor Hydrae 98 Edasich 95 Giausar 95 Irregular galaxies 82-3 Cor Leonis 99 EI Nath III Giedi 88 Ixion 90 6,55,61,76,92 Eight-Burst nebula 113,138 Gienah 93-94 Izar 86 6,17,33,36,47,93 III Giraffe 86 Coronis 93 Elliptical galaxies 82-3 Globular clusters 51 , 82 6,51,73,76,93 Eltamin 95 Goat 88 Jason 84,108 Coryphenes 95 Engraving tools 86 Golden apples 95 Jason's ship 107,113 Crab 86,98, Ill, 134 Enif 105 Golden fleece 88, 107, 113 Jewel Box cluster 94, 138 82 81 Gorgon 104 Johannes Sobieski III 109 Index

Jupiter 3,31-33,52,54-5,60-1,94,96, Maps, stars 81 Neptune 3,94 Phact 92 103-4,110,112 Marchab 105 Net 107 Phad 12 Ghost of 98, 138 Marfak 105 New General Catalogue (NGC) 79 Phaethon 94, 96 Marfik 103 NGC (New General Catalogue) 79 Phecda 112 Mariner's compass 107 Night, time of 115 Pherkad 113 Kaus Australis 108 Markab 105, 113 Night vision 3 7,52,56,58,70,77, 106 Kaus Borealis 108 Mars 3, 74-76 Nihal 100 Phrixus 84 Kaus Media 108 Matar 105 Nile 96 7,64, 77, 106 Keel 58, 88, 107, 113 Mebsuta 97 Noah's ark 92 Pinwheel 112, 136 Keid 96 Medusa 89, 104-05 5,7,51,55,77,102 5,7,23,26,47,67-70,81, 106 King Charles' Wain 10 Megara 97 North America 94,137 Pisces Austrinus 47,58,61,63,68,70, Kitalpha 96 Megrez 12, 112 North Pole 16 76-77,116-117 Kochab 113 Meissa 104 celestial 113 visibility diagram for 128 Kornephoros 97 Mekbuda 97 Northern Cross 94 Pisces 114 Kurhah 90 Menkab 91 Northern Crown 93 7, 106 Kursa 96 Menkalinan 85 Northern hemisphere observers 9-47 Plancius 92,94,101 Menkar 91 Novae 3,81 star globe of 1613 86 Menkent 90 N ubecula Major 5 Planetariums 1 Lacaille 83,86,88,91,96-7,101-2, Menkib 106 Nubecula Minor 5,52 Planetary nebulae 82 106-7,109, Ill, 113 Mensa 5, 7, 58, 62, 64, 77, 10 1 Numbers, Flamsteed 4 3-4 Lacerta 6,22,30,47,98 Merak 12, 112 Nunki 108 Pleiades 4,23,29,42-3,46,63,65,82, Lacerta/Cepheus 5 Mercury 3, 96, 105 Nusakan 93 111,134 Ladon 95 Meridian, prime 115-17 4, III Lagoon 108, 134 103, 111 Plough 10, 112 Large dog 87 Mesartim 85 Observers 3, 103 Latitude 80, 115 Messier, Charles 79-80, 133 equatorial 77-78 Po River 96 Leda 94,96 Messier objects 133-139 Northern hemisphere 9-47 Pointers 2,13,15,29,58 Leo 5-6,9,17,29-30,36-9,47,64,74, Miaplacidus 88 Southern hemisphere 47-77 2,4,13,15,58,81,113 76-7,99,116-7 7,55,58,61,77,101 7,51,55,58,77,102 Pole Star 2, 13,15 visibility diagram for 125 5, 82 Octans Hadleianus 102 29,38-39,43-6,96-97 6,17,39,47,76,99 Milky Way galaxy 82 Oenopion 103 Polydectes 105 6, 46-7,64,67,76,99 Minerva 105 Olympus 104, 106 Polydeuces 96 Lernaean swamps 98 Minor constellations 47,76-78 w Centauri 51,82,90,138 Poop 88,107,113 Lesath 109 Mintaka 80, 104 108,134 Porrima 114 5-6,33,36,47,51,76,100 Minutes 81 Open clusters 82 Poseidon 94, 104 Lights, zodiacal 5 63, 66-68, 70, 91 5,7,27-28,31-3,36,47, Positions 79-81 Lines 1-2 Mira stars 81 55,60-1,77,103,108,110 Praesepe 87, 134 Lion 99 Mirach 83 Orbits, Earth's 4 Precession 81 Little bear 113 Mirfak 105 Orientations, of constellations 11 , 48 Prime meridian 115-7 Little 105, 135 Mirzam 87 Orion 7,9,30,43-7,58,62-3,65-7, 29,38-9,46,73,88 Little horse 96 Mizar 12,16,86,112 76-7,80,87-8,99,103-4,107-8, Prometheus 107-8 Little lion 99 5,7,39,46-7,64,73,77, 116-7,134 Prop us 97 Little snake 98 101 belt of 30 90 Lizard 98 Mons Mensae 101 as the Hunter 45 Ptolemy's 83-101,103-108, LMC 5,64 3-4 visibility diagram for 126 110-113 Long-period variable stars 63,81 Moore, Dr Patrick 133 82 Ptolemy'S constellations 88, 107, 113 Longitude 80-1 Muphrid 86 Orion/Gemini 5 Pulcherrima 86 6,47,51-2,55,76-7,100,116-7 Musca 7,51,64,77,101 Orion's belt 58 Pump 83 visibility diagram for 125 Musca Australis 10 1 Orpheus, Lyre of 101 Pupil, of the eye Lynx 6,39,43,47, 100 Musca/Centaurus/Crux Outer boundaries of constellations 15 4-5,7,47,58,62-64,73,76-77, 7,9,19,28-31,33,47,82,101, Muscida 113 Owl 112,135 88,107,113,116-117 116-7 visibility diagram for 129 visibility diagram for 126 4, 7,64, 73, 77, 107 Lyre of Orpheus 101 Names 14 Painter 106 Pyxis Nautica 107 of stars 4 Pan 88 Naos 107 Paris 133 M31 22 Nashira 88 Patterns 2 Queen Berenice 92 M42 80 Nebulae 7,47,52-55,58,76-7,104,116-7 Magellan, Ferdinand Crab 82 visibility diagram for 127 5 gaseous 82 Peacock 104 R CrA 93,138 small 52 Orion 82 7,9,19,24-30,47,61,70,77, R CrB stars 81 Magnes 90 planetary 82 104-105,116-117 RA 80 Magnitudes 79-80 Ring 82 square of 19, 24 Ram 84 integrated 136, 139 Nebulous objects 133 visibility diagram for 127 Ras alague 103 111 Nekkar 86 5, 7, 9, 22-3, 29, 42-3, 47, 89, Ras alhague 103 Major constellations 1,9-78,117 Nemean lion 99 91,104-105,116-117 Rasalas 99 107 Nephele 90 visibility diagram for 128 Rasalgethi 97 Index

Rastaban 95 Setting line 117 Stygian nymphs 105 Variables Red filter 3 Setting Times 115 Sualocin 95 extrinsic 81 Reflectors, Gregorian 133 7,39,47,76-77, 110 Suhail Hadar 107 intrinsic 81 Regions Sextans Uranire 110 Sulafat 101 long-period 81 dark absorbing 82 Sextant 110 Summer time 116 27,29,101 H II 82 Shaula 109 27,29 Veil (E) 94,137 Regulus 29,37,39,74,76,99 Sheliak 101 Sunflower galaxy 87, 135 Veil (W) 94,137 Reticle 107 Sheratan 85 Sunrise 115 4-5,7,47,51,58,62-64, 71-73, 7,58,64,77, 107 Shield of arms 109 Sunset 115 76-77,88, 107, 113, 116-117 Reticulum rhomboidalis 107 Ship 107,113 Supernova remnants (SNRs) 82 visibility diagram for 132 Retina 2 Signs of the 4 Supernovae 3, 81 Venus 3,106 45-6,62,64-67,80, 104 Silver Coin galaxy 109, 138 Swan 94 Vindemiatrix 114 79-81 3-4, 30, 45-46, 58,62-63, 72, 80, Swordfish 95 Virgin 113 Right declination 79-80 87 Syrma 114 Virgo 5,7,17,28-29,33-36,47,51, Rigil Kentaurus 80, 90 Sirrah 83 System, Bayer 12, 49 76-77,113 82, 101, 135 Skat 84 Virgo A 114, 135 Rising line 117 Sky, throughout the year 115-132 Visibility diagrams Rising Times 115 Small dog 88 T Tau stars 81 for Andromeda 117 River Po 96 52 Table 101 for Aquila 118 102,137 Small telescopes 79 Table Mountain 101 for Ara 118 Rotanev 95 SMC 5,52,55 Talitha 112 for Auriga 116, 119 Royal Greenwich Observatory 80, 87 SNRs (supernova remnants) 82 Tania Australis 112 for Bootes 119 RR Lyrae stars 81 82 Tania Borealis 112 for Canis Major 120 Ruchbah 89 Sombrero 114,136 Tarantula 95, 139 for Canis Minor 120 Rukbat 108 South Pole 55, 58, 102 Tarazed 84 for Carina 121 Rule 102 Southern Cross 49 5,7,9,29,42-43,46-47,62-63, for Cassiopeia 121 Southern Crown 92 65-67,77-78,110,116-117 for Centaurus 122 Southern fish 106 visibility diagram for 130 for Cetus 122 S Norma 102, 138 Southern hemisphere observers 47-77 Taygeta 111 for Crux 123 Sabik 103 Southern Pleiades 89, 139 Tegmeni 86 for Cygnus 123 Sadachbia 84 Southern triangle III Telescopes 111 for Gemini 124 Sadalbari 105 Spacecraft 3 modern 133 for Grus 124 Sadalmelik 84 Speculum metal 133 small 79 for Leo 125 Sadalsuud 84 28,34-35,76,114 7,55,77, III for Lupus 125 Sadr 94 Spindle galaxy 110,138 95 for Lyra 126 5,7,30-31,33,47,61,107 Spiral galaxies 82 Time of night 115 for Orion 126 Sagittarius 5,7,33,47,52-53,55, Square of Pegasus 19, 24 Time of year 115 for Pavo 127 59-61,76-78,107-108,116-117 Star catalogues 81,83 Titans 84 for Pegasus 127 visibility diagram for 129 Bonner Durchmusterung 4 Toucan 112 for Perseus 128 Sails 88, 107, 113 Bright Star 4 Trapezium 104 for Pisces Austrinus 128 104 Henry Draper 4 Triangle 111 for Puppis 129 Saturn 3,26,65-70, 84, 138 Uranometria 4 Triangulum 7,23,26,43,47, Ill, 134 for Sagittarius 129 Saucepan 10, 13 Star clusters 79, 82 Triangulum Australe 7,47,51-53,55, for Scorpius 130 Scales 9, 100 Star formations 82 76-77, 111, 116-117 for Taurus 130 Scheat 105 Star globe of 1613 86 visibility diagram for 131 for Triangulum Australe 131 Schedar 89 Star hopping 2,9,15-16,47,51,53,56, Trifid 108, 134 for 131 Scorpio 103, 107 62-63, 65, 76, 79-80 5,7,52,55-58,77,112 for 132 Scorpion 103,107-108 Star maps 81 47 Tucanae 52,58, 112, 139 for Vela 132 Scorpius 5,7,33,36,47,51-53,55, Star parties 133 Twins 96 Volans 7,58,64,77, 114 60-61,76-77,108,116-117,133 Stars Typhon 106 Vulcan 85 visibility diagram for 130 Barnard's 4 5,7,30-31,33,47,114 ScorpiuslAra 5 binary 82 V ulpecula et Anser 114 7,58,67,70,77,109 double 82 Unicorn 101 Vulture 107-08 Sculptoris 86 Herbig Ae and Be 81 Unukalhai 110 Sculptor's chisel 86 long-period variable 63 Uranometria star catalogue 4 Scutum 5,7,33,47,61,77,109 Mira 81 Uranus 3 Scutum Sobieskii 109 names of 4 Ursa Major 2,7,9-18,22,30,37-40, W Ursae Majoris type 81 Sea monster 91 RCrB 81 43,47-50,64,77,85,88,112-113, stars 81 Sea serpent 98 RR Lyrae 81 116-117 Wasat 97 Seconds 81 T Tau 81 changing appearance of 13 Water Carrier 84 Seginus 86 variable 81 visibility diagram for 131 Water snake 98 7, 110 W Virginis 81 Ursa Minor 7,9,12-18,21-22,47,87, Wazn 92 Serpens caput 33,36,47, 110 Starter constellations 9,12,16,19,30, 112-113,116-117 Wezen 87 Serpens cauda 33,36,47,61,77,110 50,64,77 visibility diagram for 132 Whale 91 Serpent 110 Starting points 29,47 Whirlpool 87,135 Serpent carrier 103 Stern 88,107,113 87 Setting circles 80 Stheno 105 Variable stars 81 Wild Duck 110,134 Index

Wolf 100 Zaniah 114 Zodiacal light Wolf-Rayet star 62 Zaurak 96 Zodiacal signs Zavijava 114 Zosma 99 Zeus 84, 94, 96, 103-104, 11 0, Zuben el genubi 100 Year, time of 115 112 Zuben eschamali 100 Yed Prior 103 Zodiac 3-5 Yes Posterior 103 signs of 4 Yildun 113 Zodiacal constellations