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Epidemiology and Physiological Impact of Aerial Phytophthora Pluvialis in New Zealand and Oregon Forest Systems

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Epidemiology and Physiological Impact of Aerial Phytophthora Pluvialis in New Zealand and Oregon Forest Systems Epidemiology and Physiological Impact of Aerial Phytophthora pluvialis in New Zealand and Oregon Forest Systems Mireia Gómez Gallego Primary Supervisor: Dr. Martin Bader Secondary Supervisor: Dr. Nari Williams A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) December, 2018 Table of contents List of figures .............................................................................................................................. 5 List of tables ................................................................................................................................ 8 Attestation of authorship ........................................................................................................... 9 Co-authored papers .................................................................................................................. 11 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 13 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 17 Rationale and thesis aims ....................................................................................................... 17 Thesis structure ...................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2. Understanding P. pluvialis infection dynamics: from needles to plants.......... 21 Prelude .................................................................................................................................... 22 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 23 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 24 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................... 25 Inoculum preparation ........................................................................................................... 25 Detached-needle assay ....................................................................................................... 26 On-plant inoculation ............................................................................................................. 27 Model development .............................................................................................................. 29 Applying the epidemiological model .................................................................................... 33 Results .................................................................................................................................... 35 Detached-needle assay: comparing susceptible and resistant genotypes.......................... 36 On-plant inoculation ............................................................................................................. 38 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 42 Comparing susceptible and resistant genotypes ................................................................. 42 Scaling up to whole-plant infection dynamics ...................................................................... 42 Comparing P. pluvialis assessment procedures .................................................................. 44 Supplementary material .......................................................................................................... 46 Analytical solution for the detached-needle assay model fit ................................................ 46 Detached-needle assay model fit details ............................................................................. 47 Simulations to verify stability of on-plant inoculation model fit............................................. 47 1 On-plant inoculation model fit details ................................................................................... 52 Chapter 3. The challenge of multiple pathogenic infections ................................................ 55 Prelude .................................................................................................................................... 56 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 57 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 58 Material and methods ............................................................................................................. 59 Phytophthora pluvialis detached needle assay ................................................................... 59 Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii suppression assays ..................................................... 60 Data analysis ....................................................................................................................... 61 Results .................................................................................................................................... 62 Phytophthora pluvialis detached needle assay ................................................................... 62 Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii suppression assays ..................................................... 63 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 4. Interaction between P. pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii infection on Douglas-fir ............................................................................................................ 66 Prelude .................................................................................................................................... 67 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 68 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 69 Material and methods ............................................................................................................. 70 Study sites and field sampling ............................................................................................. 71 Climate data ......................................................................................................................... 72 Isolation and identification of Phytophthora pluvialis ........................................................... 73 DNA extractions and real time qPCR .................................................................................. 74 Data analysis ....................................................................................................................... 75 Results .................................................................................................................................... 77 Fortnightly sampling ............................................................................................................. 77 Regional sampling ............................................................................................................... 81 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 84 Phytophthora pluvialis epidemics and seasonality .............................................................. 85 Differences in the interaction between P. pluvialis and N. gaeumannii in the US Pacific Northwest and New Zealand ............................................................................................... 86 Supplementary material .......................................................................................................... 89 2 Chapter 5. Physiological impact of aerial Phytophthora pluvialis on Pinus radiata.......... 92 Prelude .................................................................................................................................... 93 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 94 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 95 Material and methods ............................................................................................................. 97 Plant material and defoliation treatments ............................................................................ 97 Biomass sampling and growth measurements .................................................................... 97 Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements .............................................. 98 Non-structural carbohydrates .............................................................................................. 99 Data analysis ....................................................................................................................
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