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Treatment of a Wife's Body in the Fiction of Indian Sub-Continental Muslim Women Writers

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Treatment of a Wife's Body in the Fiction of Indian Sub-Continental Muslim Women Writers The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Summer 8-2008 Treatment of a Wife's Body in the Fiction of Indian Sub-continental Muslim Women Writers Hafiza Nilofar Khan University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Islamic Studies Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, Rhetoric and Composition Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Khan, Hafiza Nilofar, "Treatment of a Wife's Body in the Fiction of Indian Sub-continental Muslim Women Writers" (2008). Dissertations. 1145. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1145 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi TREATMENT OF A WIFE'S BODY IN THE FICTION OF INDIAN SUB-CONTINENTAL MUSLIM WOMEN WRITERS by Hafiza Nilofar Khan A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Studies Office of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: August 2008 COPYRIGHT BY HAFIZA NILOFAR KHAN 2008 The University of Southern Mississippi TREATMENT OF A WIFE'S BODY IN THE FICTION OF INDIAN SUB­ CONTINENTAL MUSLIM WOMEN WRITERS by Hafiza Nilofar Khan Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Studies Office of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2008 ABSTRACT TREATMENT OF A WIFE'S BODY IN THE FICTION OF INDIAN SUB­ CONTINENTAL MUSLIM WOMEN WRITERS by Hafiza Nilofar Khan August 2008 Ismat Chughtai of India, Tehmina Durrani of Pakistan, and Selina Hossain of Bangladesh depict some of the sociological, religious and legal aspects of wife abuse that is a chronic, yet little discussed anathema in a Sub-Continental Muslim wife's life. "Treatment of the Wife's Body in the Fiction of Indian Sub-Continental Muslim Women Writers," examines the fiction and autobiographical works of these women writers who problematize the deeply ingrained traditional modes of domestic violence as perpetuated upon the minds and bodies of Sub-Continental Muslim wives. Chughtai, Hossain and Durrani identify culture specific practices such as child marriage, dowry, polygamy, honor crimes, marital rape as primary sources of masculinist power that convert a wife's body into a site of oppression. It has been the aim of this dissertation to prove that in the absence of sufficiently adequate and specific Muslim Personal Laws pertaining to marriage, a gnawing gap exists between what the core discourses of Islamic heritage and attitude towards gender hold, and the actual situation of repression of Muslim wives that becomes apparent from the fiction of Chugatai, Hossain and Durrani. These writers contend that marriage does not entirely deprive a wife of her agency to subvert the status quo although socialization of her body under the auspice of the institution often proves devastating for her irrespective of her class, age and location. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to give thanks to my dissertation director, Dr. Linda Pierce, and committee members, Dr. Martina Sciolino, Dr. Ken Watson, Dr. Louis Iglasius, and Dr. Ann Marie Kinnell for their advice and support throughout the duration of this project. I would specially like to thank Dr. Linda Pierce for her meticulous revisions and enormous patience during times when I felt that this project was impossible to finish. I would also like to thank Juliana Nafah Abbenyi under whose guidance this project originally began. My special thanks go to writer Selina Hossain for her endless time and tea that she offered me during my stay in Dhaka from 2000 to 2005. I am indebted to Dr. Maleka Begum of Dhaka University and Dr. Dina Forkan of North South University for lending me copies of their unpublished dissertations. I would also like to express my gratitude towards Tahira Naqvi, Shukrita Paul Kumar and Dr. M. Asaduddin of Jamia Milia University in Delhi for their assistance with material and discussion on Ismat Chughtai. Generous appreciation should also be expressed towards my husband, Carl N. Bloom for our endless literary discussions and his constructive academic advice despite many instances of my ill temper and neglect of wifely duties. My heartfelt thanks goes to my father and mother without whose progressive influence and active support towards my educational endeavors I would not have developed interest in women and Islam. Finally I would like to thank my children for their patience and kindness towards me despite the fact that I have often given my academic work more preference over my responsibilities as a mother. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. CHILD BRIDE'S BODY 38 III. DOWRY ABUSE AND HONOR CRIMES 97 IV. MUSLIM PERSONAL / FAMILY LAWS (SHARIAT): POLYGAMY AND MARITAL RAPE 147 V. A WIFE'S AGENCY 216 VI. CONCLUSION 280 WORKS CITED 322 iv 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION And it is my body, after all that is the site of your utmost confusion. --Minal Hajratwala In the name of those married women Whose decked up bodies Atrophied on loveless, Deceitful beds —Faiz Ahmed Faiz A wife's body in the Muslim societies of the Sub-Continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) is often the site of moral exhortation and patriarchal control. The primordial story of human creation where Hawa(Eve)is created out of Adam's crooked rib in order to provide him a help-mate, and is eventually punished with painful childbirth for her transgression, has considerable impact on the enculturation of the wife's body as a subordinate, contaminated, evil and sinful entity. The concept of marriage in the Islamic subconscious as a contract of ownership/authority of a man over a woman further reinforces the idea of a wife's body as a commodity for domination and sexual enjoyment by the husband. Indeed, in Islam a wife is not obliged to contribute to the expenses of the family; however, whatever benefits she receives from her husband, are often considered to be in return for the 'gift' she makes of her body. This kind of marital treaty coerces a wife's body to conform to the rigid compartmentalization of ideal wife and self-abnegating mother. The visualization of a Sub-Continental Muslim wife as the embodied form of love, sacrifice, devotion and purity, can also be an outcome of the influence of feminine archetypes of Sita, Savitri and Yashoda in Hindu mythology. Most Sub-Continental Muslim wives themselves attach utmost value and dignity to their social and biological roles as a wife and a mother. Traditional marital 2 norms form such a huge part of their inherited consciousness that these wives do not see their bodies as disenfranchised in any way. Instead, in keeping with the cultural meaning ascribed to them, the wives force their bodies to accept and accommodate the idea of male anxiety over them. At times they go to the extent of repudiating then- own bodies, or de-sexing and locking them in a space of non-enunciation. This dissertation is an exploration of attitudes towards a wife's body in Sub- Continental literary thought. It particularly aims at deciphering the ways in which Sub-Continental Muslim women writers view, evaluate and represent a wife's body in their fiction. On one hand, their writings often project a wife's body as a site of surveillance and oppression. It is literally marked in the name of marital rites, and forced to go through humiliation for its inadequacy to reproduce. It is also mangled and annihilated in the name of family prestige. Many repressive socio-religious mechanisms operate against the concept of a wife's bodily freedom and self- fulfillment. On the other hand, in the modern feminist thought of Sub-Continental women writers, a wife's body is also the site of abundant energy, desire, pleasure and innovation, allowing the woman to follow the trajectory of resistance and empowerment. In my dissertation, I examine the fictional and autobiographical writings of three Sub-Continental Muslim women writers, including Ismat Chughtai from India, Selina Hossain from Bangladesh and Tehmina Durrani from Pakistan, in order to produce a comparative analysis of their treatment of a wife's body. These authors use a wife's body as a conceptual tool to examine certain discursively constructed social determinants that deprive a wife of rights over her own body. One such social determinant is marriage. By way of commenting on the need to authenticate a woman's body through marriage, Ismat Chughtai's narrator in her short story, "A 3 Morsel," holds: "An unmarried woman is considered to be a burden for all creation, the ensuing sorrow leaving its mark on each individual, making everyone accountable" (129). The narrator further adds, "What helplessness! If you weren't married you were like an open wound; people tormented you with talk about possible cures..." (130). Besides projecting the censured and negative image of an unmarried Muslim woman as it appears in the collective imagination of South Asian Sub- Continental Muslim societies, the narrator's observations also reveal the pressure of wifehood on a woman's body. The fiction of Hossain and Durrani similarly reveal that women in the Sub-Continent are made to feel incomplete, imperfect, deficient and even diseased if they are not legally tied to men through marriage soon after they reach puberty. Despite the fact that the Quran highlights the importance of marriage for eligible men as well as women (Surah 24, verse 32), in the fiction of Chughtai, Hossain and Durrani underage girls are married off by their parents in the name of religious duty.
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