Categorization of Hunting Blocks in Wildlife Management Areas in Tanzania

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM

CATEGORIZATION OF HUNTING BLOCKS IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS IN TANZANIA

VERSION 1.0

Prepared by

TANZANIA WILDLIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (TAWIRI)

APRIL 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF FIGURES vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: GEO-REFERENCED MAPS OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS 3 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3 2.2 SOURCES OF DATA FOR CATEGORIZING WMA HUNTING BLOCK BOUNDARIES ...... 3 2.3 MAP OF WMAs AND HUNTING BLOCK BOUNDARIES ...... 3 CHAPTER 3: QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS AND CATEGORIZATION 5 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 3.2 METHODOLOGY: DEVELOPING CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF WMAs ...... 6 3.2.1 Wildlife species presence 6

3.2.2 Natural vegetation 6

3.2.3 Hydrology 6

3.2.4 Airstrips 7

3.2.5 Roads network 8

3.2.6 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas 8

3.2.7 Cultivation 8

3.2.8 Value of species based on safari packages 8

3.2.9 Diversity of huntable species based on safari day value 9

3.3 CLASSIFYING HUNTING BLOCKS IN WMAs ...... 9 3.3.1 WEIGHING IMPORTANCE OF CRITERIA USED IN CATEGORIZATION OF WMA BLOCKS 10

3.3.2 ANALYSIS OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS QUALITY (GRADE POINT AVERAGE APPROACH) 10

3.3.3 CATEGORIZATION OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS 11

CHAPTER 4: INDIVIDUAL WMA REPORTS 13 PART I: BURUNGE WMA 13 PART II: ENDUIMET WMA 22 PART III: IKONA WMA 31 PART IV: IPOLE 39 PART V: LIWALE WMA 47 PART VI: MAKAME WMA 55 PART VII: MBARANG’ANDU WMA 63 PART VIII: NGARAMBE TAPIKA WMA 72 PART IX: PAWAGA-IDODI WMA 80 PART X: TUNDURU WMA 88 PART XI: UKUTU WMA 97 PART XII: UYUMBU WMA 104 CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUDING REMARKS & RECOMMENDATION 112 6. REFERENCES 113 7. ANNEXES 115

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Map of Tanzania showing WMA……………………………………………………………………….. 2

BURUNGE WMA Figure 4.1.1: Location of Burunge WMA...... 14 Figure 4.1.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Burunge WMA...... 15 Figure 4.1.3: Vegetation types in Burunge WMA...... 16 Figure 4.1.4: Map of Burunge WMA showing Adjacency...... 18 Figure 4.1.5: Map of Burunge WMA showing extent of Agriculture...... 19 Figure 4.1.6: Map of Burunge WMA Hunting block...... 20

ENDUIMET WMA Figure 4.2.1: Location of Enduimet WMA ...... 22 Figure 4.2.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Enduimet WMA ...... 23 Figure 4.2.3: Vegetation types in Enduimet WMA ...... 24 Figure 4.2.4: Map of Enduimet showing infrastructure...... 25 Figure 4.2.5: Map of Enduimet WMA showing Adjacency ...... 27 Figure 4.2.6: Map of Enduimet showing extent of Agriculture...... 28 Figure 4.2.7: Map of Enduimet WMA Hunting block...... 29

IKONA WMA Figure 4.1.1: Location of Burunge WMA...... 14 Figure 4.1.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Burunge WMA...... 15 Figure 4.1.3: Vegetation types in Burunge WMA...... 16 Figure 4.1.4: Map of Burunge WMA showing Adjacency...... 18 Figure 4.1.5: Map of Burunge WMA showing extent of Agriculture...... 19 Figure 4.1.6: Map of Burunge WMA Hunting block...... 20

IPOLE WMA Figure 4.4.1: Location of Ipole WMA...... 39 Figure 4.4.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ipole WMA...... 40 Figure 4.4.3: Vegetation types in Ipole WMA...... 41 Figure 4.4.4: Map of Ipole WMA showing Adjacency...... 43 Figure 4.4.5: Map of Ipole showing extent of Agriculture...... 44 Figure 4.4.6: Map of Ipole WMA Hunting block...... 45

LIWALE WMA Figure 4.5.1: Location of Liwale WMA ...... 47 Figure 4.5.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Liwale WMA ...... 48 Figure 4.5.3: Vegetation types in Liwale WMA ...... 49

Figure 4.5.4: Map of Liwale WMA showing Adjacency ...... 51 Figure 4.5.5: Map of Liwale WMA showing extent of Agriculture...... 52 Figure 4.5.6: Map of Ipole WMA Hunting blocks...... 53

MAKAME WMA Figure 4.6.1: Location of Makame WMA...... 55 Figure 4.6.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Makame WMA...... 56 Figure 4.6.3: Vegetation types in Makame WMA...... 57 Figure 4.6.4: Map of Makame WMA showing Adjacency...... 59 Figure 4.6.5: Map of Makame showing extent of Agriculture...... 60 Figure 4.6.6: Map of Makame WMA Hunting blocks...... 61

MBARANG'ANDU WMA Figure 4.7.1: Location of Mbarang'andu WMA...... 64 Figure 4.7.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Mbarang'andu WMA...... 65 Figure 4.7.3: Vegetation types in Mbarang'andu WMA...... 66 Figure 4.7.4: Map of Mbarang'andu WMA showing Adjacency...... 68 Figure 4.7.5: Map of Mbarang'andu showing extent of Agriculture...... 69 Figure 4.7.6: Map of Mbarang’andu WMA Hunting blocks...... 70

NGARAMBE-TAPIKA WMA Figure 4.8.1: Location of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.8.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ngarambe-Tapika WMA. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.8.3: Vegetation types in Ngarambe-Tapika WMA...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.8.4: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA showing Adjacency...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.8.5: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika showing extent of Agriculture ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.8.6: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA Hunting blocks...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

PAWAGA-IDODI WMA Figure 4.9.1: Location of Pawaga-Idodi WMA ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.9.2: Vegetation types in Pawaga-Idodi WMA...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.9.3: Map of Pawaga-Idodi WMA showing Adjacency ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.9.4: Map of Pawaga-Idodi WMA showing extent of Agriculture ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

TUNDURU WMA Figure 4.10.1: Location of Tunduru WMA...... 89 Figure 4.10.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Tunduru WMA ...... 90 Figure 4.10.3: Vegetation types in Tunduru WMA...... 91 Figure 4.10.4: Map of Tunduru showing Adjacency...... 93 Figure 4.10.5: Map of Tunduru showing extent of Agriculture...... 94 Figure 4.10.6: Map of Tunduru WMA Hunting block...... 95

UKUTU WMA Figure 4.11.1: Location of Ukutu WMA...... 97 Figure 4.11.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ukutu WMA ...... 98 Figure 4.11.3: Vegetation types in Ukutu WMA...... 99 Figure 4.11.4: Map of Ukutu WMA showing Adjacency...... 101 Figure 4.11.5: Map of Ukutu showing extent of Agriculture ...... 102

UYUMBU WMA Figure 4.12.1: Location of Uyumbu WMA...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.12.2: Resource Use Management Zone in UWIMA...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.12.3: Vegetation types in Uyumbu WMA...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.12.4: Map of Uyumbu WMA showing Adjacency...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4.12.5: Map of Uyumbu WMA Hunting block...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Distance of WMA blocks from Arusha and Dar es Salaam Airports………………………………..7

Table 3.2: Description of criteria for the categorization of WMA blocks………………………………………..9

Table 3.3. Example for determining GPA for a hypothetical hunting block “Y”……………………………….. 10

Table 3.4: GPA cut-off points for WMA hunting blocks………………………………………………………….. 11

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ACRONYMS AWF African Wildlife Foundation CBO Community Based Organization FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FR Forest Reserve FZS Frankfurt Zoological Society GCA Game Controlled Area GIS Geographical Information System GPA Grade Point average GPS Global Positioning System GR Game Reserve GTZ German Technical Aid Agency HB Hunting Block IRA Institute of Resource Assessment Lat-Long Latitude and Longitude LCC Land Cover Classification System NP National Park OA Open Area SISTA Survey Information System for TAWIRI SRF Systematic Reconnaissance Flight TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute TC Total Count URT United Republic of Tanzania UTM Universal Transverse Mercator WCA Wildlife Conservation Act WCA Wildlife Conservation Act WD Wildlife Division WMA Wildlife Management Area WPT Wildlife Policy of Tanzania WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) was requested by the World Wildlife Fund for Nature through USAID to carry out evaluation and categorization of twelve Wildlife Management Areas (WMA’s) in the country. The categorization had the following objectives contained in the Terms of Reference (ToR): (i) to produce maps of hunting blocks in the WMA (ii) to categorize hunting blocks in the WMA into four classes based on their resources and potentiality in the hunting industry.

Implementation of this assignmen work effectively started on 20 th April 2011. Twelve WMAs located in different ecosystems were evaluated. Eight out of the twelve WMA boundaries (All WMA are shown in figure 1.1) were acurately digitized and georeferenced which enabled creation of new accurate WMA maps. Efforts were made to determine species number, distribution, and abundance and population trends. The categorization exercise was conducted by using available data on wildlife populations, water resources habitat diversity, value of species and infrastructural development which included rads and airstrips to develop decisive factors for understanding the quality of each WMA. Nine criteria were identified and used in valuation of the 12 WMAs. They included; adjasceny, availability of water for wildlife, habitat diversity, exclusivity (presence or absence of human activity), species diversity, species value, distance from airstrip, accessibility, distance from entry and exit towns.

ArcGIS’s geoprocessing tools were used to analyse attribute and spatial data collected during this assignment. The combination of spatial analysis and geodatabase operations enabled us to develop four categories of the 12 WMAs assessed in this exercise. The four categories are; Category I, II, III and IV.

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Wildlife hunting in Tanzania is based on hunting regulations as described in the Government Notice Number 272 (1974) and Tourist Hunting Regulations No. 306 (2002) enacted under the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 12 of 1974, which was reviewed in 2009 to be in line with current needs. Since the 1960s tourist hunting off-take in Tanzania were based on hunting quota that were issued annually by the Wildlife Division. However, hunting was suspended from 1973 to 1978 to pave way for the development of Wildlife Conservation Act of 1974 and its regulations in order to provide effective supervision. Hunting blocks in the country were located in Game Reserves, Forest Reserves, Game Controlled Areas and in Open Areas. However, based on Wildlife Conservation Regulations of 2005 (Government Notice No. 284) hunting blocks have recently also been located in Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). The new Wildlife Conservation Act (WCA) No. 5 of 2009 (URT 2009) repeals the WCA No. 5 of 1974 (URT 1974), 1974} and allows for provisions regarding categories, size, and quality of hunting blocks by prescribing them into the subsequent regulations.

The quantity and quality of resources found in WMA blocks and other protected areas, including wildlife, sometimes may not adequately meet demands of the hunting industry. In order to address these concerns, efforts were made to evaluate species availability, population status and species distribution. The evaluation exercise was conducted by using (i) wildlife census records and/or wildlife species reported in WMA resource use documents (ii) vegetation types, (iii) hydrology, (iv) infrastructure, (v) non-wildlife uses practised in the WMA blocks based on FAO Land Use Classification System (Modified) (vi) diversity of species, and (vii) divesity of safari days. All these were used as part of the process to develop decisive factors that are based on data to understand the quality of each WMA block for sustainable tourist.

Following analyses of available data and developed criteria, all WMA blocks were categorized into four groups. Several challenges were encountered during the evaluation exercise including difficulties of obtaining data in some of the hunting blocks. Figure 1.1 shows the twelve WMA (Including the two non categorized WMA, i.e Wami Mbiki and Makao) in Tanzania in relation to National Parks, Conservation Area and Game Reserves.

Figure 1.1: Map of Tanzania showing WMA

CHAPTER 2: GEO-REFERENCED MAPS OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS 2.1 INTRODUCTION The WMA maps obtained from individual WMA documents were scanned, geo-referenced and accurately digitized to obtain the actual boundaries. Some WMA were found to overlap with other protected areas (See figure 1.1 above). Boundaries conflicts are also described where WMA or village land overlapped with other protected areas. The existing boundary problems have been addressed by TAWIRI (Report is in the final process for submission Wildlife Division in June) to ensure that such conflicts are resolved in a wisely manner and do not occur in the future.

2.2 SOURCES OF DATA FOR CATEGORIZING WMA HUNTING BLOCK BOUNDARIES The data used in this exercise came from different sources as follows:- • Survey and Mapping Division (Ministry of Lands Housing and Human Settlement Development) that provided (i) the Tanzania’s 1:50,000 topographic maps and (ii) Survey Plans for surveyed villages in the some WMA. • Satellite images (2002) obtained from the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) Arusha and Nairobi, Kenya (AFRICOVER - Analyzed by FAO). • Boundaries for the Enduimet, Burunge and Makame obtained from AWF • Wildlife Conservation Act (R.E. 2002) and WMA Guideline. • Central Wildlife Database (SISTA) held at TAWIRI. • TAWIRI GIS and Remote Sensing Laboratory • Database held at the Selous Niassa Wildlife Protection Corridor (SNWPC), in Songea.

2.3 MAP OF WMAs AND HUNTING BLOCK BOUNDARIES The production of an accurate WMA block maps using GIS technology followed the following steps:- Digitizing boundaries of (i) Existing WMA blocks, (ii) Villages, and (II) Other national land uses from a 1:50,000 scale map using ArcGIS computer programs. Interview with WMA officials on boundaries of some WMA, especially where overlapped with other protected areas. Digitized WMA boundaries and other features were thereafter stored in a database either in UTMs or Lat- Long coordinates. These were stored as polygons, lines and points in ArcGIS. Other data were stored in Microsoft Excel readable format.

The spatial geo-referenced maps of all 12 WMA blocks including its database is stored in Geodatabase (Figure 1.1) at the Conservation Information and Monitoring Unit (CIMU) GIS and Remote Sensing Laboratory. The map layout showing all WMA and their hunting blocks is presented in figure 2.1, whereas detailed maps of each WMA are described throughout part I-VII of this report.

CHAPTER 3: QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS AND CATEGORIZATION 3.1 INTRODUCTION Quality assessment of WMA blocks Historical background of blocks categorization: Before 2007, allocation of hunting blocks was conducted without considering quality differences among them. However, since 2007 hunting blocks were grouped into two categories. Grade “A” blocks comprised of all hunting blocks allocated in Game Reserves or those adjoining National Parks. Grade “B” blocks comprised of all blocks that do not meet the conditions for grade “A” above (WCA, CAP 283, R.E.2002 and Hunting of Animals Amendment 2007). Terms of reference of the present work directed classification of WMA blocks, for which, we adapted classes I, II, III and IV used in categorization of non-WMA hunting blocks.

This work was carried out in eight steps: (i) documenting availability of huntable species, (ii) cross cheking in TAWIRI database available information so as to obtain population estimate of huntable species in each WMA, (iii) assessing natural vegetation, (iv) assessing human activities, (v) assessing available infrastructures, e.g. roads and airstrips, (vi) assessing presence of water for wildlife, (vii) assessing protection status of the WMA block and adjacency to National Parks (NP) or Game Reserves and (viii) determining distance from hunting block to Arusha and Dar es Salaam for each WMA block. Arusha and Dar es Salaam are considered, and in fact are the main entry and exit point for tourists.

3.2 METHODOLOGY: DEVELOPING CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF WMAs 3.2.1 Wildlife species presence (i) TAWIRI Central Database (SISTA) : In this exercise, available country and/or WMA data census mainly with a trend of 5 years (i.e. 2006-2010) were used. Nevertheless, in some areas with no data, we used the information on species abundance recorded based on WMA documents and/or the criteria of species presence or absence.

(ii) Interview w ith WMA Leaders and District Game Officers: Direct and phone interviews were conducted to obtain information on species presence in WMA, which were compared with the surveys data at TAWIRI.

(iii) Use of field guide books: Field guide books were used to enhance the accuracy of collected informations in order to fill-in gaps of species distribution where primary (field) data could not be obtained. The list of selected books used included; Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals” (Kingdon 2007) and “Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa” (Stuart and Stuart 2006).

3.2.2 Natural vegetation Natural vegetation is an important component for wildlife as it provides requirement for species survival such as food and cover . Different vegetation types can provide variety of habitats that support diverse wildlife species (Mligo and Lyaruu 2008). Apparently, the more diversified the natural vegetation of the WMA, the higher the diversity of wildlife species that can be supported in each WMA. Spatial analysis was carried out to determine the extent of major natural vegetation types for each WMA. The FAO Land Cover Classification (Modified) of 2002 for the whole country was used. These information was overlaid with a map of designated WMAs by different vegetation types and categorized into four classes: (i) stratum containing all four vegetation types, (ii) stratum with only a combination of three major types, (iii) stratum with a combination of only two vegetation types, and (iv) stratum dominated by only one vegetation type. WMA with varieties of vegetation types were considered more advantageous and therefore given a higher score than those with fewer vegetation types. The vegetation types categorical were classified as grassland, bushland, open woodland and closed woodland, however in some WMA there were categorized as mixed vegetation.

3.2.3 Hydrology The availability of permanent water was used; as this is the only source that attracts most of wildlife species. The presence of clean water which orginates from springs can attract most tourists investors to invest in each WMA. Through geo-processing, it was possible to identify WMA with water sources. Thereafter WMA were categorized into four classes based on availability of water: (i) WMA with multiple sources of permanent and seasonal water, (ii) WMA with perennial single source of water (iii) WMA with only seasonal water source(s), 6 and (iv) WMA that have insufficient water source. WMA with more reliable sources of water were more advantageous and therefore scored higher.

3.2.4 Airstrips Infrastructure such as airstrips is important for the tourism industry. Aspects such as the cost of air transport partly depends on (i) distance to the entry and exit two major cities (Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha), and (ii) distance to the nearest airstrip from the major cities. The available coordinates of all registered airstrips from the Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) were used for this exercise.

To determine distance from the WMA to the entry and exit cities of Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha. Distances were measured from the WMA airstrip to Arusha and Dar es Salaam then grouped into four classes (< 200 km, 201-400 km, 401-600 km and > 600 km). WMAs with short distances from the entry cities were ranked high and scored higher than WMAs with long distances from the two cities (Table 3.1). The distances to the nearest airstrip were determined through spatial analysis in ArcGIS carried out enabled categorization of WMAs above distance. WMAs with airstrips located inside scored higher than the WMA with airstrips outside and/or far away.

Table 3.3: Distance of WMA blocks from Arusha and Dar es Salaam Airports

SN WMA Distance Arusha (Km) Distance DSM (Km) 1 Burunge WMA 95 505 2 Enduimet WMA 69 512 3 Ikona WMA 272 744 4 Ipole WMA 538 731 5 Liwale WMA 689 321 6 Makame WMA 166 359 7 Mbarang'andu WMA 782 506 8 Ngarambe-Tapika WMA 586 169 9 Pawaga-Idodi WMA 456 434 10 Tunduru WMA 803 488 11 Ukutu WMA 463 152 12 Uyumbu WMA 531 778

3.2.5 Roads network Data on country roads networks were used as criteria in this exercise. Roads easily accessibility for the user (close to well maintained public roads) allow for smooth and less costs of WMA users. For easy caomparison; (i) WMA that cut-across or are adjacent to main roads (ii) WMA that are not more than 20 kilometres from the main road (iii) WMA that are between 20 and 40 kilometres from the main road, and (iv) WMA that are more than 40 kilometres from the main road. So these criteria were used to show up the closer the WMA to the main road the higher the score the WMA received and vice-versa.

3.2.6 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas The status of WMA will entirely depend on the adjacency to different categories of Protected Area and its use. Protected areas such as National Parks and Game Reserves can provide highest levels of wildlife protection that can ensure dispersal of animals into adjacent areas. WMA adjacent to protected areas scored higher than others did, because fuel the rate of species dispersal. The the following criteria were used:- (i) WMAs adjacent to NP, (ii) WMAs inside Game and Forest Reserves and/or buffered by other hunting blocks (iii) WMAs in GCA or OA that are adjacent to a GR. (iv) Stand-alone WMAs (isolated)

3.2.7 Cultivation Non-compatible land uses such as agriculture were calculated in each WMA. Cultivation and other human activities are perceived as a threat to wildlife conservation, and may disturb the hunting operations. FAO Land Cover Classification of 2002 was used to identify and assess cultivation. Maps of cultivation for each WMA were prepared. Based on this analysis, WMA were categorized into four groups: (i) WMA without/little agriculture (ii) WMA with low (1-10%) land used for agriculture, (iii) WMA with 11 to 15% of land used for agriculture, and (iv) WMA with more than 20% of land used for agriculture. Following these categories WMA blocks with little or no human activities scored higher points and vice versa.

3.2.8 Value of species based on safari packages Species Diversity (SD) differs from one WMA to another, and Game licence fee also differs from one species to another. Tourist hunting quota allocation involves 57 species (Annex I) whose diversity varies between the locations. All types of huntable species present in each individual WMA were listed according to their game licence values in USD dollars. The dollar values was divided into four classes; (i) above 1500 USD scored 4, (ii) between 400 to 1500 USD scored 3, (iii) 200 to 400 USD scored 2, and (iv) less than 200 USD scored 1. The total types of species presence in different WMAs were categorized into four classes; (i) WMA with >40 huntable species (ii) WMA with species type ranging from 38 to 40 (iii) WMA with huntable species types between 33 and 37 and (iv) WMA with huntable species type <33. Based on these criterias; the higher the types and dollar value of the huntable species in a , the higher the WMA scored. 8

3.2.9 Diversity of huntable species based on safari day value Licence fees for different species vary among the 57 huntable species. Treasured species e.g., Leopards, Lions and Elephant fetch more value than plains species and these values are based on number of hunting safari days. The tourist hunting safari days are grouped into 21, 16, 10 and less than 10 days (Annex II), and assigned score of 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively. The total number of species in each safari category in a WMA were multiplied by its corresponding weight and the results summed up to get total diversity safari values for each WMA. Four clasess were used (> 113, 100 – 113, 85 – 99 and < 85) for diversity safari value. In regards to this diversity safari value, the higher the score the WMA block receives and vice versa.

3.3 CLASSIFYING HUNTING BLOCKS IN WMAs All hunting blocks were classified into four groups based on the criteria developed specifically for this work (Table 3.1). These criteria were weighted against each WMA hunting block by using a predetermined scale ranging from 1 to 4 and with attached grades from I to IV.

Table 3.4: Description of criteria for the categorization of WMA blocks Score I II III IV Criteria 4 3 2 1 Weight Species diversity and High Medium Low None 5 Wildlife abundance Completely Adjacent to Standalone Adjacency to protected surrounded GR but not and/or Bordering national park 5 areas by hunting buffered all isolated blocks around blocks 1 main Habitat diversity 4 main types 3 main types 2 main types 4 types Distance to nearest Air Within block < 20 km 20 – 40 km > 40 km 2 strip Distance from a block to entry or exit cities; Dar Within 200 km 201-400 km 401-600 km > 600 km 2 and Arusha Access by road- distance Touching block or going Note more 21-40 km > 40 km 3 to nearest main road through WMA block than 20 km Multiple permanent and Permanent Only Water for wildlife None 4 seasonal single source seasonal Human activities <10% 10-20% 21-50% >50% 4 Diversity of huntable species weighted by >41 graded value 38-41 33-37 <33 4 licence fee in USD Diversity of huntable species weighted by > 113 100-113 85-99 <85 3 safari days values 9

3.3.1 WEIGHING IMPORTANCE OF CRITERIA USED IN CATEGORIZATION OF WMA BLOCKS All criteria listed above were used in the categorization of WMA blocks. However, some criteria are perceived to be more important in hunting industry than others. For example, a criterion on wildlife diversity is considered relatively more important than availability of airstrip. In this case, every criteria that used for the categorization was weighted with points ranging from 1 to 5 based on its relative importance (Table 3.2, last column shows a list of the criteria and the respective weighting).

3.3.2 ANALYSIS OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS QUALITY (GRADE POINT AVERAGE APPROACH) The Grade Point Average (GPA) system was used to get average mark for each WMA block by combining scores of developed criteria. GPA for each WMA block was determined by dividing the total grade points obtained for each block by the total weighting of criteria. This system is the same as the one used to assess performance of students in higher learning institutions, with subject scores replaced by criteria/feature score. Table 3.3 shows an example of how GPA for a hypothetical WMA block “Y” was determined. GPAs for all WMA blocks were calculated and assigned grades; with higher scores given class “I” as shown in table 3.3. Table 3.3: Example for determining GPA for a hypothetical hunting block “Y”.

Criteria Weight Grade Block Score Grade point

Adjacency 5 A 4 20 Vegetation types 4 A 4 16 Air strips 2 C 2 6 Roads 3 B 3 9 Water for wildlife 4 X A 1 = 4 Human activities 4 A 4 16 Wildlife abundance 4 B 2 8 Diversity -value of 4 A 4 16 Diversity-safarispecies days 3 C 2 6 Block size (Km 2) 1 A 4 4 Total 34 105

GPA (Y) = Total Grade points (Y) ÷ Total weight (Y) (= 105 ÷ 34 = 3.088) Note: Grade point = (criterion weight) X (criterion score of the block) Value of block A = 4, B= 3, C = 2 and D = 1

3.3.3 CATEGORIZATION OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS Class I of WMA blocks are expected to have a combination of the best quality features with a highest GPA score. However, none of the blocks was perfect, instead the highest GPA score was 3.4 and the lowest score was 2.6.This outcome was not a surprise especially with such expanse natural systems. Therefore, instead of using absolute GPA scores for setting classes (as used in institutions of higher learning) this assessment was based on relative results. The range between the highest and lowest GPA was determined and divided into four equal intervals (Table 3.4). NB: WMA hunting blocks classes based on equal interval between relative minimum and maximum scores.

Table 3.5: GPA cut-off points for WMA hunting blocks Class Max GPA Min GPA I 3.4 3.2 II 3.1 3.0 III 2.9 2.8 IV 2.7 2.6

Thus, the best quality combination would consist of diverse and abundant wildlife for hunting with a possibility of wildlife migrating from national parks and/or the NCA (sink areas). Such blocks would normally be legally protected against poaching (GR or FR) and therefore law enforcement done by the Government. Hence, costs for conducting law enforcement (anti-poaching) activities are relatively low. Similarly, these WMA blocks would have higher levels of exclusivity relative to blocks of lower classes.

Most hunting blocks have the potential of acquiring class “I” quality if managed properly, especially those in class “II” and “III.” Biotic factors can best maintained if sound and informed decisions are properly applied. Infrastructure improvement requires dedication and appropriate investment. However, some abiotic factors like distances (to supply cities or to natural water sources) are difficult to improve on.

POSSIBLE LIMITATION OF WMA CATEGORIZATION EXERCISE • The use of FAO LCC image was not recent, it is about 9 years old, some changes may have taken place since then-although radical changes are not expected, and due to the budget and time limitation we were not able to use the recent images. Future assessments should consider use of up-to-date images. • Distance from airstrips to WMA was calculated from the centre of the WMA to the airstrip/airport and not from the nearest boundary line, this would have affected the overall score. • The public roads network data are the major one, we believe that at WMA level there is a good roads network data which was not used in the present exercise. • Data on density, refugees and/or hotspot areas is a good indicator of species availability for hunting, and yet this could not be incorporated in the assessment due time limitation. • The scale of maps that were used for analyses were small to provide all the necessary details, for example, some incompatible land uses in WMA blocks may have been missed. • Weighting of important features require more rigorous analyses in the hunting industry-by involving important stakeholders.

CHAPTER 4: INDIVIDUAL WMA REPORTS

PART I: BURUNGE WMA 1. Introduction Burunge WMA was established in 2006, with a financial support from the African Widlife Foundation (AWF). The WMA includes ten villages, namely, Olasiti, Minjingu, Vilima Vitatu, Mwada, Sangaiwe, Ngolei, Maweni, Manyara and Magara. In May and June 2004, the initial five villages composing the Burunge Pilot WMA organized two workshops (BPWMA 2005). In the same participatory workshop, purposes were defined as the reason or reasons for which the area was set aside and exists as a proposed Wildlife Management Area. Stakeholders in a technical workshop used the information data sheet and outstanding resources and values to define the following purposes and significance of the BPWMA:

Purposes • To generate revenue from tourism, photographic and hunting activities; • To protect and preserve the wilderness character of the area; • To protect and preserve the variety of wildlife, including birdlife; • To protect and preserve the Burunge and Manyara lakes; and • To safeguard the wildlife corridor for Manyara and Tarangire National Parks.

Significances • BPWMA is one of the most important WMA in Tanzania with significant potentials to generate revenue from tourism, and is the most researched pilot WMA in Tanzania; • BPWMA is one of the pilot WMA with very unique wetlands of Burunge and Manyara lakes; and • BPWMA is the only pilot WMA that protects the wildlife corridor of two famous National Parks, Manyara and Tarangire.

2. WMA description Burunge WMA is within the Burunge Game Controlled Area (GCA) in Babati district. The area is is bordered with Tarangire National Park on the East. On the west, the WMA is bordered with Lake Manyara National Park, while on the North is bordered with Lake Manyara (Figure 4.1.1). The WMA is approximately 240 Km 2 excluding some villages (BPWMA 2005).

Figure 4.1.1: Location of Burunge WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones Burunge WMA has the following resources management zones as follows (i) Corridor Use Zone (CUZ); (ii) General Use Zone (GUZ); (iii) Hunting Use Zone (HUZ), (iv) Lake Use Zone (LUZ), (v) Horse Race Use Zone (HRUZ) (vi)Visitor Development Zone (VDZ), (vii) Total Protection Zone (TPZ) as shown in figure 4.1.2. The allowed and restricted use are detailed in WMA document under management zone scheme (BPWMA 2005)

Figure 4.1.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Burunge WMA

3.2 Available species Burunge WMA has a high diversity of wildlife resources. Being bordered with Tarangire national Park, the WMA has almost all species found in the Park. To mention a few, includes Elephant, Bufallo, Lion, Wildebeest, Giraffe, Impala, Eland, Hartebeest, Zebra and Waterbuck. These species suffice the 10 to 21 hunting safari in the WMA (BPWMA 2005; TAWIRI 2011)

3.4 Vegetation type Based on the FAO Land Cover Classification System (FAO LCCS), BWMA is dominated by shrubland vegetation (Figure 4.1.3). This vegetation type provide essential habitat for the wildlife species within the WMA and the Tarangire ecosystem at large.

Figure 4.1.3: Vegetation types in Burunge WMA 16

3.3 Water sources Burunge WMA is situated in a well water system, the Burunge Lake and the Lake Manyara National Park. The Tarangire river and other seasonal dams and rivers as shown in figure 4.1.2 also drain the WMA.

3.5 Airstrips The WMA is almost 20 km from the nearby Majimoto and Tarangire airstrips, and is about 95 Km from the Arusha Airport as shown in figure 4.1.2.

3.6 Roads The WMA is bissected by the Arusha-Babati-Singida-Dodoma highway; it has also other road network across it as shown in figure 4.1.1, 4.1.2, and 4.1.4. The WMA has also good road network built by the support from AWF.

3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas BWMA is adjacent to Tarangire National Park on the East, and Lake Manyara National Park on the far North- west. Being adjacent to Tarangire, it allows flow of wildlife species between the WMA, Tarangire National Park and Lake Manyara National Park.

Figure 4.1.4: Map of Burunge WMA showing Adjacency

3.8 Cultivation According to the FAO LCCS, 23% of Burunge WMA, including some composing village is cultivated. Mainly the cultivation carried out along the corridor. Cultivation and other unsustainable human activities can lead to degrade the ecosystem and displace animal to other areas, and or migratory routes. The extent of agriculture is shown in figure 4.1.5.

Figure 4.1.5: Map of Burunge WMA showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category BPWMA is one among the areas with high biodiversity values in northern Tanzania. Among other factors, such as water resources, available species, being adjacent to NP, the WMA is graded in category I. The WMA hunting block is shown in figure 4.1.6. TAWIRI recommends the WMA to stand alone as a block, which can sustain hunting based on the allocated quota.

Figure 4.1.6: Map of Burunge WMA Hunting block

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Burunge WMA has been facing human related problems such as bushfires, charcoal burning, poaching, and increasing cultivation (LAMP 2009). The WMA has conflicts with local communities due to crop raiding. Other forms also conflicts also exists, for example, according to Wilfred (2011), local communities around the WMA are in conflicts with district government. The government does not want to respect local communities as major stakeholders in conservation. The Burunge WMA provides a migration route for animals that connects Tarangire National Park and Lake Manyara National Park. This is a great opportunity for the WMA, not only that, but the WMA is also in the process of building the infrastructure services, under the USAID support. Therefore, the WMA has a greater potential taking in consideration the location, resources and infrastructure available.

PART II: ENDUIMET WMA 1. Introduction Enduimet WMA is in the Longido district, Arusha region. The WMA was established in 2003 and gazetted in 2007 with support from the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF). The WMA includes nine villages, these are Ngereiyani, Tingatinga, Sinya, Elerai, Olmolog, Lerang’wa, Kitendeni, Irkaswa, and Kamwanga.

2. WMA description The WMA is approximately 1282 Km2. It is bordered with Kilimanjaro National Park on the South-East, while on the North it borders the Tanzania-Kenya political boundary. On west side, the WMA borders with Ngasurai Open Area.

Figure 4.2.1: Location of Enduimet WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones The WMA has main four resource management zones, which are Embarnati zone, Elatia zone, Olkunonoi- Kitendeni Wildlife Corridor and Roonjo zone (WMA core area for hunting). For this purpose, these zones are translated in figure 4.2.2 below collectively into eight different zones.

Figure 4.2.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Enduimet WMA

3.2 Available species Enduimet is reported to have the following species Elephant, Bufallo, Giraffe, Leopard, Oryx, Lesser Kudu, Eland, Gerenuk, Klipspringer, Hartebeest, Bushbuck, Wildebeest, Bushuck, Hyaena, Thomson Gazelle and Grants Gazelle. Other species are Reedbuck, Bushpig, Warthog, Impala, Dik dik and other small animals (TAWIRI 2011).

3.4 Vegetation type The WMA is dominated by open woodlands (Acacias) and a mixture of bushland. In the Northern part of the WMA is dominated by grasslands (Figure 4.2.3).

Figure 4.2.3: Vegetation types in Enduimet WMA

3.3 Water sources There is not enough water sources in the WMA during the dry season (TAWIRI 2011), however, around the WMA there are well-distributed man made water sources where livestock and wildlife species uses these water source. Figure 4.2.4 shows some of the rivers in the WMA.

Figure 4.2.4: Map of Enduimet showing infrastructure

3.5 Airstrips Enduimet is close to West JRO, it is about 20 Km from the WMA centre. Ndarakwai WMA is also a close airstrip from the WMA (Figure 4.2.4).

3.6 Roads There are major roads crossing/passing through the WMA as shown in figure 4.2.1. Not only that, but the WMA can be reached through the following roads. A gravel road from Boma ng’ombe through Sanya juu and Engare Nairobi to Rongai. This road serves Elerai, Olmolog, Lerang’wa, Kitendeni, Irkaswa and Kamwanga villages. There is another seasonal road from Namanga through Sinya village and branching to Tingatinga, Ngereiyani and Elerai which join the Boma ng’ombe–Rongai road. Also can be reached by using a rough road from Arusha–Namanga road junction at Longido village to Sinya, Ngereiyani and Tingatinga. Another rough road from Engikaret village at the junction of Arusha–Namanga road to Ngereiyani up to Tingatinga and Sinya can lead you to reach the WMA. There is also road from Arusha National Park gate in Ngarenanyuki ya juu (Orkong’wado) village to Ngabobo and Ngereiyani village (Figure 4.2.1 and 4.2.4).

3.7 Adjascency to wildlife protected areas Enduimet is adjacency to Kilimanjaro National Park and Ngaserai O.A. hunting block. On the other side of the border, it joins the Amboseli National Park, acting as a connectivity between the Mkomazi NP, Arusha NP, Kilimanjaro NP and Tsavo ecosystem. Figure 4.2.5 shows the adjacency of the WMA to protected areas.

Figure 4.2.5: Map of Enduimet WMA showing Adjacency

3.8 Cultivation According to FAO LCC, cultivation is estimated to cover 9% of the villages composing the WMA. The main food crops are cultivated, though there are commercial farms in the surrounding villages. Figure 4.2.6 shows the extent of cultivation in the WMA.

Figure 4.2.6: Map of Enduimet showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Enduimet WMA is categorized as grade I. The WMA is potential as it has high species diversity and biodiversity values. The area acts as a corridor, linking to other three protected areas and Ngaserai O.A. It is a well known area for Elephant research in the North-eastern of Tanzania. The area acts as a potential dispersal area of Zebra, Wildebeest, and Thomson Gazelle (Minwary 2009), especially during the wet season. Figure 4.2.6 shows the WMA hunting block.

Figure 4.2.7: Map of Enduimet WMA Hunting block

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Enduimet is facing some challenges, including illegal harvesting of natural resources, bush fires, overgrazing due to high number of livestock especially during the dry season, conflicts over water and land. Besides this, the WMA stands as a potential migratory corridor between Arusha National Park, Kilimanjaro National Park and Amboseli in Kenya.

PART III: IKONA WMA 1. Introduction Ikona WMA formally known as Fort Ikoma Open Area is in Serengeti district. The WMA got its Authorized Association (AA) certificate in 2007. Ikona WMA is one among the 16 pilot areas in the country. The WMA was established and managed by the communities of Robanda, Natta-Mbiso, Makundusi, Park Nyigoti and Nyichoka. The WMA was established by a generous support of the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS), Regional Office.

2. WMA description The WMA is located in Serengeti district. It borders Serengeti National Park in Robanda village in South and South-east. On the South and South-west, the WMA borders the Grumeti Game Reserve (Mligo and Lyaruu 2008; Mfunda and Røskaft 2010). On the East and North-east, it borders with the Ikorongo Game Reserve, and on the West, it borders with the Sasakwa consession area (Figure 4.3.1). The WMA is approximately 243.3 km², and receives an average of 700 mm of rains per year. The short rains starts in November to March, and the dry season is from July to September.

Figure 4.3.1: Location of Ikona WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones There are seven different land use zone across the WMA, including the villages non-WMA areas (Figure 4.3.2). However, in the WMA area, only two zones exists, WMA namely tourist hunting zone and photographic zone. These zones allow human, livestock, and wildlife use in a sustainable manner. For the wildlife zone, consumptive and non-consumptive utilization are carried out based on what is agreed and what is not, under given time of the year (IKONA 2005)

Figure 4.3.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ikona WMA

3.2 Available species The most common large mammals found in the area includes Elephants, Lions, Buffaloes, Giraffe, Hartebeest, Waterbuck, Wildebeest, Warthog, Leopard, Topi, Roan antelope, Lesser and Greater Kudu, Klipspringer, Zebra, Hippopotamus, White and Black Colobus Monkey and Crocodiles (IKONA 2005; TAWIRI 2011).

3.4 Vegetation type The WMA is composed of woody, sparsely vegetation consisting of shrubs, grasses, and herbs. The main tree species include Acacia mellifera, Acacia tortilis, Acacia senegal, Acacia travigela, Acacia hockii and Balanites aegyptiaca. The main grasses are Aristida spp and Eragrosits spp (IKONA 2005; Mligo and Lyaruu 2008) . According to FAO LCCS, shrubland and open woodlands dominates the area (Figure 4.3.3).

Figure 4.3.3: Vegetation types in Ikona WMA

3.3 Water sources The Ikona WMA is drained by some permanent rivers. These include Grumeti, Rubana, and Maruru rivers. In these rivers, evergreen thickets, and riverine forests are found. The rivers distribution is shown in figure 4.3.2.

3.5 Airstrips Fort Ikoma airstrip (about 8 Km) and Mugumu (20 Km) are closest airstrips from the WMA (Figure 4.3.2). Futhermore, the WMA is about 270 Km from Arusha airport, which is the main entry and exit point of tourists.

3.6 Roads The WMA is also bissected by the Seronera to Mugumu road, which passes through Robanda village (Figure 4.3.2). Within the WMA, there is a good road network across which are used for photographic safari and tourism, and the WMA authority is opening up roads within the designated area and will carry on developing infrastructure services as deemed important (IKONA 2005).

3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas Protected area at National Park level (Serengeti) and the two game reserves (Ikorongo and Grumeti) surround almost the entire WMA. These protected areas are abundant in wildlife species and wild animals moves freely within this part of the ecosystem. According to personal observations, the WMA is rich in species and all species found in the adjacent protected area are mostly found in the WMA. Figure 4.3.4 shows the adjacency map of the Ikona WMA.

Figure 4.3.4: Map of Ikona WMA showing Adjacency

3.8 Cultivation Subsistence cultivation is carried out in the WMA surrounding villages. Based on FAO LCCS, 18% of the WMA village area is used for agriculture as shown in figure 4.3.5 below. Fortunately, the WMA core area is not affected by cultivation.

Figure 4.3.5: Map of Ikona showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Ikona WMA is graded as category I. The WMA scored this category, among others due to its adjacency to three protected areas, presence of abundant wildlife species available in the area, the vegetation type, infrastructure services, and water availability. Figure 4.4.6 shows the WMA hunting block.

Figure 4.3.6: Map of Ikona WMA Hunting block

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion The WMA among others is facing high pressure of illegal hunting (bush meat poaching) from the surrounding villages. Other challenges facing is occurrence of wildfires, especially during the dry season and crop raiding due to Elephant to local communities. The WMA stand as a potential investment because it acts as a migratory corridor for Wildebeest to Kenya Maasai Mara Reserve. The presence of the WMA in the corridor increases its potentiality for sustaining the tourists hunting safari. It is urged that, formation of the WMA, coupled with alternative sources of income and benefit sharing mechanisms will decrease the incidences and make the area more and more economical viable.

PART IV: IPOLE 1. Introduction The villagers of Ipole, Msuva, Udekamiso and Utimule decided to form a wildlife management area called JUMUIA YA UHIFADHI WANYAMAPORI IPOLE (JUHIWAI). The process of setting aside the Ipole pilot WMA was preceded by the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise, which was done between May 2001 and October 2003. The PRA exercise was facilitated by an American NGO called Africare-Tanzania through the Ugalla Community Conservation Project (UCCP). The PRA results indicated that these villages derive significant resources and income from activities done in Ipole forest such as beekeeping, pit sawing, wildlife hunting and fishing in Kalulu River.

2. WMA description The Ipole WMA falls in Ugunda Game Controlled Area (GCA) in Ipole ward, Sikonge District, in Tabora Region. Ipole pWMA covers an area of 2540 km². ‘Ugunda’ is a vernacular name for Nyamwezi people, meaning ‘farm inspection’. The area is rich in wildlife, fish, and fertile valleys, which attracted many people to settle in the area. Administratively, Ipole is a ward, in Sikonge division, Sikonge district, Tabora region. Figure 4.4.1 shows the location of the WMA.

Figure 4.4.1: Location of Ipole WMA 39

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones There are about five different land use zones in the WMA (Figure 4.4.2), however, the main WMA zones are two, being timber and beekeeping zone and photographic safari zone. These zones (not shown in the present land use zone) were demarcated based on their potentiality. For example, the wildlife utilization zone was set aside for tourism and local/residence hunting zone and for photographic tourism. The timber/beekeeping zone was mainly set aside for conducting beekeeping activities and for logging. There is also fishing activities conducted around the Kalulu river, from Koga fishing camp to Ulunga fishing camp.

Figure 4.4.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ipole WMA

3.2 Available species The area harbours a diverse of wildlife species such as Sable antelope, Roan antelope, Kudu, Hartebeest, Lion, Giraffe, Impala, Elephant, Leopard, Warthogs, Monkey, Aardvark, Baboon, Hyena, Buffalo, Waterbuck, Hydrax, Porcupine, Snakes, and birds (JUHIWAI 2004).

3.4 Vegetation type Tree species in the WMA include timber, fruit and medicinal species such as Pterocarpus angolensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Terminalia sericea,, Julbernadia globiflora, Strychnos cocculoides, Sclerocarya birea and vitex . However, according to FAO LCC, the WMA is dominated by open woodland (Figure 4.4.3)

Figure 4.4.3: Vegetation types in Ipole WMA

3.3 Water sources There are seasonal and permanent water sources in the WMA. The main water source is the Kalulu river and Koga river (Figure 4.4.2).

3.5 Airstrips The closest airstrip to Ipole pilot WMA is the Koga airstrip (35 Km), and the Kalulu airstrip (60 Km), there is also an airstrip at Ipole village. During the wet season, air transport seems a reliable means of transport.

3.6 Roads The Ipole pilot WMA is accessible throughout the year by the following road network: • By road from Tabora Municipality via Sikonge township to Ipole • By road from Mbeya via Kitunda to Ipole • Road from Sumbawanga through Mpanda district via Inyonga to Ipole Not only that, but the WMA has other small roads within the WMA as shown in figure 4.4.1 and 4.4.2

3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas Ipole WMA is bordered with the Ugalla GR in the North-west (Figure 4.4.4). The Ugalla GR has three blocks on itself, which allows flow of wild animals from the game the reserve to the WMA and vice-versa, in most cases animal moves from the GR in the dry season, to the WMA, where they can get access to more water.

Figure 4.4.4: Map of Ipole WMA showing Adjacency

3.8 Cultivation According to FAO LCC, Ipole WMA has about 14% of the area covered by cultivation. Cultivation is only in the village land, and a very small strip of cultivation is observed in the South-west of the WMA (Figure 4.4.5).

Figure 4.4.5: Map of Ipole showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Ipole WMA is graded as a category III block, besides being adjacent to the Ugalla GR, other factors such as water sources; species available were not much abundant . TAWIRI recommends this WMA to remain as a stand-alone.

Figure 4.4.6: Map of Ipole WMA Hunting block

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Ipole WMA has been facing a problem of poaching, especially for Hippopotamus, mainly by refugees from camps in Mpanda district. However, to overcome this, the WMA has been taking scheduled patrols with the Antipoaching Unit in Tabora. Deforestation is also facing the WMA, particularly for valuable timber species. The roads network within the WMA has to be improved. Besides these, the WMA is a viable area, and has a good number of wildlife species based on previous TAWIRI surveys in the Ugalla ecosystem.

PART V: LIWALE WMA 1. Introduction Liwale WMA is in Liwale district, was established with a financial support from the Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF), an American conservation NGO. The WMA is composed of eight villages, namely Mirui, Naujombo, Kimambi, Barikiwa, Chimbuko, Milembwe, Ndapati, Mpigamiti, and was registered as MAGINGO. The villages composing the WMA have a population of about 22,000 people.

2. WMA description The WMA is in Liwale district, Lindi region. The WMA is found between latitude 37 0 E and 38.30 0 E, longitude 90 S and 10 0 S. The WMA has about 3440 Km 2 and is bordered with Selous GR in the West and North-west, while on the East there is Mitombati village (Figure 4.5.1).

Figure 4.5.1: Location of Liwale WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones Liwale WMA has five management zones, namely (i) Nachengo tourist hunting zone, (ii) Hokororo tourist hunting zone, (iii) Naimba Plain tourist hunting zone, (iv) Kurumila photographic safari zone, and (v) Namawe resident hunting zone (MAGINGO 2010). The zoning (Figure 4.5.2) was developed purposely for resolving the existing problems facing the WMA; it was believed that, this zoning would best minimize the conflicts.

Figure 4.5.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Liwale WMA

3.2 Available species Birds, reptiles, mammals significant wildlife include Elephant, Lion, Leopard, Zebra, Buffaloes, Eland, Hartebeest, Wildebeest, Pangolin, Wild dogs and Greater kudu. According to MAGINGO (2010), the last three are rare and threatened species.

3.4 Vegetation type Liwale WMA is composed of open woodland, the vegetation type (Figure 4.5.3). There are forest like Mbweo, Kitako, Kihani, Kingoli, Mtondo, Namawe, Liboya, Likulilo, Kiperere, Ngungutu, Mpopo, Mtatali, Lioto, Likuba and Namuhu which provide outstanding attractions and unique habitat for wildlife in the area.

Figure 4.5.3: Vegetation types in Liwale WMA

3.3 Water sources Liwale WMA has got a well supply of water, being seasonal and permanent, these includes, Liwale River, Matandu river, Mlembwe river, Tandamanga river, Ndapata river, Mirui river, Nakiu river, Mange river, Umira river, Matepwende river, Hokororo dam, Kiurumira, Chindo, Panda la nyama, Ligondalima, Nachengo, Likale, Tanda la Mngoni, Nakaumbi and Namatanda river. Some of the rivers are shown in figure 4.5.2.

3.5 Airstrips The WMA is served by three nearest airstrips, namely Liwale, Milembwe, and Kibaoni. The location of airstrips in or close to the WMA is shown in figure 4.5.2

3.6 Roads The WMA is linked by a road from Liwale town, Nangurukuru township and village bordering it, there is another road that link WMA with nearby towns, however, these roads are not in good conditions. In general, there is a need to develop the road network within the WMA. Figure 4.5.2 shows the roads network in the WMA.

3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas The WMA is bordered by several hunting blocks, which are in the Selous GR (North and Western part) and in Open area (Kilwa O.A.) as shown in figure 4.5.4.

Figure 4.5.4: Map of Liwale WMA showing Adjacency

3.8 Cultivation Human activities like cultivation affect the WMA. Based on FAO LCC, about 7% of the WMA area there is cultivation (Figure 4.5.5)

Figure 4.5.5: Map of Liwale WMA showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Liwale WMA is graded as a category II block; the block is adjacent to many hunting blocks in the Selous GR and other Liwale O.A. Based on the WMA size, availability of water resources and other factors, TAWIRI recommends portioning the WMA into more than one block. Figure 4.5.6 shows different WMA blocks based on the resource zone plans, which we recommends to be combined to form two to three blocks.

Figure 4.5.6: Map of Ipole WMA Hunting blocks

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Liwale WMA is facing some problems such as tree falling, charcoal burning, poaching and bushfires. It also faces some challenges such as shifting cultivation, inadequate funding, limited infrastructures. The WMA has a boundary dispute with the Kilwa district. The WMA stands as a biggest WMA in the country, with high diversity and density of wildlife species and act as a wildlife refugee area adjacent to the Selous GR and Kilwa O.A.

PART VI: MAKAME WMA 1. Introduction Makame WMA is in Kiteto district, in Manyara region. The WMA was gazetted in 2006 with financial support from the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF). The WMA is composed of four villages, namely Ndedo, Makame, Katikati and Irkushbor.

2. WMA description The WMA is estimated to cover 3719 Km 2, and is bordered and/or completely surrounded by hunting blocks. These blocks are Masai O.A (West), Irkushbor and Masai O.A (E) on the North, Mkungunero O.A and Masai O.A (South) in West and Talamai O.A in the South east (Figure 4.5.1 and 4.5.4).

Figure 4.6.1: Location of Makame WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones The WMA has main four resource management zones, which are Embarnati zone, Elatia zone, Olkunonoi- Kitendeni Wildlife Corridor and Roonjo zone. However, for this purpose, the zones are collectively described into main three zones as shown in figure 4.6.2.

Figure 4.6.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Makame WMA

3.2 Available species Makame is reported to have the following species Elephant, Lion, Bufallo, Giraffe, Leopard, Oryx, Lesser Kudu, Eland, Gerenuk, Klipspringer, Hartebeest, Bushbuck, Zebra, Waterbuck, Wildebeest, Reedbuck, Hyaena, Thomson Gazelle and Grants Gazelle and Warthog, Impala, Dik dik and Wild pig (TAWIRI 2011).

3.4 Vegetation type The dominant vegetation type in the WMA is open woodlands and a mixture of shrubland. This vegetation type is scattered within the entire WMA. as shown in figure 4.6.3.

Figure 4.6.3: Vegetation types in Makame WMA

3.3 Water sources There is not much water sources within the WMA as shown in figure 4.6.2. In the wet season, there are scaterred water points which provide water sources to livestock and wildlife. The following water sources are mentioned in the MAKAME (2005) WMA document Orkirangirai, Lorngiwarra, Lelukunya, Olotudung’o/Laisanga, Lorkidong’oi, Iloihoro-Kurumi and Olengirumu, others are Lesoit, Oloyangalani, Lanjani Orgira and Olturoto Uwas

3.5 Airstrips Makame is close to Irkushbor, Mbogo, and Talamai as shown in figure 4.6.2.

3.6 Roads There is a good roads network within the WMA as shown in figure 4.6.1.

3.7 Adjascency to wildlife protected areas Makame is completely surrounded by hunting blocks, which are administered by the Wildlife division. These are Masai O.A (W), Masai O.A (E), Masai O.A (E), Talamai O.A, Irkushbor and Mkungunero GR. Figure 4.6.5 shows the adjacent PA to the WMA.

Figure 4.6.4: Map of Makame WMA showing Adjacency

3.8 Cultivation Cultivation in Makame is estimated to cover about 3% of the villages area. This is according to FAO LCC. Figure 4.6.6 shows the extent of cultivation in the WMA.

Figure 4.6.5: Map of Makame showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Makame WMA is categorized as grade II. The WMA as well as the ecosystem is known to possess high species diversity and high biodiversity value. Figure .4.6.7 shown the hunting block for the WMA.

Figure 4.6.6: Map of Makame WMA Hunting blocks

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Makame WMA is facing the some problems, such as water shortage, property damage by wildlife, small scale agriculture in the WMA. Besides this, the WMA is potential for generating income for tourism related activities and has high concentration of wildlife species.

PART VII: MBARANG’ANDU WMA 1. Introduction Following the aims of the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania (1998) and revised in 2007, the seven villages of Namtumbo district, Ruvuma region took a joint responsibility of conserving and managing wildlife and other natural resources inside their village land. According to the Village Land Act (1995), Kitanda, Nambecha, Likuyu-Sekamaganga, Mtelawamwahi, Songambele, Mchomoro and Kilimasera villages set aside portion of land each one to form the MBARANG’ANDU WMA. These villages, aimed also at resolving conflicts between local communities and wildlife authorities, sharing information and improving livelihoods of these local communities through wildlife management programs. In view of this, the World Wildlife for Nature (WWF), Tanzania Country Office and the Millennium Challenge Account-Tanzania supported the process (MBARANG'ANDU 2009).

2. WMA description The Mbarang’andu Wildlife Management Area (MWMA) has an estimated size of size of 2318 km 2. The WMA is bordered with Selous Game Reserve in the North and in the South with Mozambique. Ludewa and Mbinga districts border the WMA in Eastern side (Figure 4.7.1). The area receives single rainy season (November- May), with an average of 1200 mm, and temperature of 25 0C.

Figure 4.7.1: Location of Mbarang'andu WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones Seven land use plans exist for Mbarang’andu WMA. These includes Agriculture, Human settlement, Hunting, Lumbering and two management zone which is Mbarang’andu and Ruhila tourist hunting zones and Beekeeping zone (Figure 4.7.2).

Figure 4.7.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Mbarang'andu WMA

3.2 Available species Mbaran’gandu WMA is rich in species such as Elephant, Buffaloes, Hippopotamus, Leopards, , Lion, Sable Antelope, Roan Antelope, Hyena, Zebra, Hartebeest, Wildebeest, Reedbuck, Eland, Waterbuck, Bush pig, Warthog, Wild dog, Aardvark, and Silver backed jackal, to mention a few (MBARANG'ANDU 2009; TAWIRI 2011).

3.4 Vegetation type According to FAO LCC, the most dominant vegetation is the open Miombo woodland (Figure 4.7.3) with Brachystegia spp, Julbernadia globiflora, Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia spinosa and combretum spp (MBARANG'ANDU 2009). Others vegetation type includes dense thickets, riverine and ground water forest.

Figure 4.7.3: Vegetation types in Mbarang'andu WMA

3.4 Water sources Mbarang’andu WMA has a good supply of permanent and seasonal rivers, such as Mbarang’andu Mkundi, Naluwale, Likuyu, Luwila, Ndeleko, Lwegu, Ligombe, Lukimwa, Mtimbira, Msawati, Mwili, Liteterimo, Luloche- Lukoro, Litetelimo, Pitu and Liwoyowoyo. Others includes, Ndilima water falls, Hiyogo spring and Nnahenyumu waterfalls. Figure 4.7.2 shows some of the rivers in the WMA.

3.5 Airstrips Airstrips are important for tour operation in wildlife sector. In view of this, Mikuyu is the closest airstrip to Mbarang’andu WMA as shown in figure 4.7.2

3.6 Roads Mbarang’andu WMA is linked with main roads from different parts of the Southern highlands; figure 4.7.2 shows existing roads, which links the WMA to other parts of the Ruvuma region.

3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas The WMA is adjacent to the Selous GR (Selous LU8 and MB1 hunting blocks), Litumbandosi O.A (hunting block), Mtungwe O.A (hunting block), and Gezamasua F.R in the North (Figure 4.7.4).

Figure 4.7.4: Map of Mbarang'andu WMA showing Adjacency

3.8 Cultivation The main crops cultivated in villages around the WMA include cashew nut, maize, cassava, simsim, beans, rice and pigeon peas. According to the FAO LCC, cultivation covers 17% the WMA and/or adjacent village land (Figure 4.7.5).

Figure 4.7.5: Map of Mbarang'andu showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Mbarang’andu WMA has high and rich fauna biodiversity among the WMA. The animals found in the WMA are almost all found in the adjacent Selous GR. Not only that, but the WMA has a good number of permanent water sources. Among other factors, the WMA has scored grade II. TAWIRI recommends that, this WMA can stand as two separate hunting blocks, based on the resources available and its size. Figure 4.7.6 shows the WMA hunting block.

Figure 4.7.6: Map of Mbarang’andu WMA Hunting blocks

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion The WMA has some problem and challenges, such as uncontrolled bush fires, poaching, encroachment, and deforestation. However, the WMA stands a better chance of managing its high biodiversity value as it act as a refugee area, and provide a connection with the Selous-Niassa Wildlife Corridor.

PART VIII: NGARAMBE TAPIKA WMA 1. Introduction Ngarambe and Tapika villages jointly formed a wildlife management area (Ngarambe-Tapika WMA), with the aim of conserving the wildlife and other natural resources within their approved village lands following the Village land Act (1999). With an average of 2500 and 850 human population in Ngarambe and Tapika villages respectively, the villagers jointly registered their WMA as MUNGATA. The World Wildlife for Nature (WWF), Tanzania Country supported the establishment of the WMA.

2. WMA description Approximately, the WMA covers 720 km 2, and it is located in Kilwa. The WMA is adjacent to the Selous GR on its western side (Figure 4.8.1).

Figure 4.8.1: Location of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA 72

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones Ngarambe-Tapika has two main management zones, one being the human settlement and related activities. In this zone, firewood collection, cultivation, fisheries, beekeeping, harvesting of timber and other forest activities are practised. The second zone is the core WMA area, this is divided into four areas (units not shown in the present map), this includes catchment area, safari hunting block, resident hunting area and logging /timber harvesting zone (Figure 4.8.2).

Figure 4.8.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ngarambe-Tapika WMA

3.2 Available species Flora and Fauna includes Elephant, Lion, Zebra, Giraffe, Warthog, Bush pig, Sable antelope, Greater Kudu, Bufallo, Eland, Waterbuck, Hippopotamus, Bushbuck, Hartebeest, Hyaena, Impala, and other small animals (NGARAMBE-TAPIKA 2010; TAWIRI 2011).

3.4 Vegetation type The WMA is dominated by open woodland vegetation type. The dominant species in the area includes Brachystegia spp, Julbernadia, and other miombo type vegetations. The vegetation map of the WMA is shown below in figure 4.8.3.

Figure 4.8.3: Vegetation types in Ngarambe-Tapika WMA

3.5 Water sources The WMA has some rivers, mostly around the WMA. Figure 4.8.2 shows some of the rivers network system in the WMA.

3.6 Airstrips Ngarambe-Tapika WMA is close to Kingupira airstrip. The airstrip is about 23 Km from the WMA centre. Figure 4.8.2 shows the location of the airstrip.

3.7 Roads The road system in the WMA is shown in figure 4.8.2. The WMA has also some road network around it as shown before.

3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas The WMA is adjacent to the Selous GR (Selous LR3, Selous LL2, and Selous LL1). Being adjacent to these blocks the area has a large diverse of wildlife. .

Figure 4.8.4: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA showing Adjacency

3.8 Cultivation Cultivation covers about 3% of the WMA area. This is according to the FAO LCC. Figure 4.8....5 shows the extent of cultivation.

Figure 4.8.5: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Ngarambe-Tapika WMA is graded category II. Among others, the WMA has a good flow of wildlife due to its adjacency to the three blocks in the Selous GR. Figure 4.8.6 shows the Ngarambe-Tapika WMA hunting block.

Figure 4.8.6: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA Hunting blocks

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion The WMA has some problems and challenges facing it, among others, this includes, poaching, tree cutting and bush fires. The WMA also needs a good roads network. The WMA stand a better chance of flow with Selous GR due to its adjacency.

PART IX: PAWAGA-IDODI WMA 1. Introduction Pawaga-Idodi WMA is in Idodi and Pawaga Division in Iringa District, Iringa region. The villages composing the WMA in Idodi Division are Mahuninga, Makifu, Tungamalenga, Mapogoro, Idodi, Malinzanga, and Mafuluto and from Pawaga Division the villages are Isele, Kisanga, Kinyika, Luganga and Ilolompya. The WMA is managed by MBOMIPA Association, and was initially facilitated by DFID between 1997 and 2002. Later on, in 2004 WWF and WCS took over the facilitation role to support the MBOMIPA CBO, after DFID ended its facilitation (IRA 2007). The WMA was established purposely for (i) ensuring effective and sustainable wildlife management system under community authority and responsibility in the Pawaga-Idodi Wildlife Management Area, and (ii) to promote sustainable management of all natural and cultural resources as a means of enhancing local economic development and contributing to the reduction of poverty in the 19 member villages (MBOMIPA 2006).

2. WMA description Pawaga-Idodi WMA is located in Idodi and Pawaga Division in Iringa district, Iringa region. The WMA has an approximately 776 Km 2. Generally, the northern part of the WMA is drier than the south and gets an average rainfall of 500 mm per annum while the southern part receive an average of 750mm-1000 mm of rain per annum. The WMA is adjacent to the Ruaha National Park on the Western side and in the North lies Lunda Mkwabi WMA (Figure 4.9.1).

Figure 4.9.1: Location of Pawaga-Idodi WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones According to MBOMIPA (2006), the WMA has four main management zones as described below: -

Zone 1: Photographic zone (Lunda Zone) This includes villages of Pawaga Division and Malinzaga and Mafuluto of Idodi Division. In this zone, tourist facilities will be established and improved.

Zone 2: Intensive tourism zone (Tungamalenga Zone) This zone is lies on either side of the Tungamalenga-Ruaha National Park road, consisting of land in the Lunda Mkwabi WMA within Mapogoro, Tungamalenga, and Makifu villages.

Zone 3: Mkupule-Kinyangesi zone Lies on the western side of zone 2 and extends westwards to the western end of LM proposed WMA at the Mbeya/Iringa regional boundary. Miombo and transitional miombo woodlands dominate mostly this zone.

Zone 4: Ruaha-Kinyangesi Photographic Zone This zone was demarcated purposely for photographic tourism, in this manner; it excludes hunting activities.

Available species The WMA is rich in wildlife species. About 64 species has been reported to be found in the area. This includes, Elephant, Hippopotamus, Giraffe, Eland, Buffalo, Zebra, Hartebeest, Roan and Sable antelopes, Greater and Lesser Kudu, Bushbuck, Reedbuck, Impala, Duiker, Lion, Wildebeest, Leopard, Cheetah, Wild dog (MBOMIPA 2006; TAWIRI 2011).

3.3 Vegetation type According to FAO LCC, the WMA is composed by a mixture of shrubland and open woodlands, mainly Acacia spp, Brachystegia woodland, Commiphora-Combretum bushland, Acacia tortilis thorn scrub, and Acacia induced woodland (Figure 4.9.2).

Figure 4.9.2: Vegetation types in Pawaga-Idodi WMA

3.4 Water sources The WMA is fed by the Great Ruaha river which flows from the South-West to the North-East, other rivers includes; Idodi, Kitanewa, Tungamalenga, Mahuninga, and Ilusi rivers. Figure 4.9.2 shows some of the rivers network in the WMA.

3.5 Airstrips The Ruaha and Lunda airstrip are the closest airstrip to the WMA (Shown in figure 4.9.3)

3.6 Roads Pawaga-Idodi WMA can be reached from Dar es Salaam to Iringa, then to Tungamalenga, Idodi, Malinzaga and Isele villages. The Isele village can also be accessed from Dodoma through Izazi, Makuka, Mboliboli and Mbuyuni villages (Shown in figure 4.9.1).

3.4 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas Ruaha National Park lies on the Western side of the WMA, Lunda Mkwabi WMA lies on the North of Pawaga- Idodi (Figure 4.9.3)

Figure 4.9.3: Map of Pawaga-Idodi WMA showing Adjacency

3.5 Cultivation According to the FAO LCC, cultivation is estimated to cover about 22% of the WMA. Cultivation is mostly found in the Southern part of the WMA as shown in figure 4.9.3 below.

Figure 4.9.4: Map of Pawaga-Idodi WMA showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Pawaga-Idodi WMA is rich in fauna biodiversity (about 64 wildlife species) as described above. Among other valuation factors, the WMA has scored grade II. Due to its size, TAWIRI recommends the block to remain as a stand alone hunting block (NB: We were not able to get the complete data of the resources zone plan, however, all the three zones can be used as hunting block in combination, except the Mkupule-Kinyangesi zone.

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Cultivation seems to dominate the southern part of the WMA; there is a need for controlling this. Roads network also needs to be improved in the WMA. Overall, the WMA is a good venture and a lesson to other WMA.

PART X: TUNDURU WMA 1. Introduction Tunduru Wildlife Management Area is in Tunduru District, Ruvuma Region. The WMA was established with of “integrated, well manage and self-financing protected area in which nationally-important biodiversity can protected, essential ecological processes are sustained, and stakeholders fully support and tangibly benefit from wildlife conservation efforts in the area. The WMA is registered as NALIKA Authorized Association; the initiation process was financial supported by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Tanzania Programme Office. Tunduru WMA comprise ten villages, these are Rahaleo, Mbugulaji, Kajima, Twendembele, Kindamba, Huria, Darajambili, Namwinyu, Namakungwa, and Nandanyende.

2. WMA description Tunduru WMA is located in Tunduru District, Ruvuma Region. The WMA is a part of Selous Niassa Wildlife Corridor and comprises an area of about 1372 Km 2. The WMA borders the Selous Game Reserve and Muhuwesi Forest Reserve to the north and Sasawala Forest Reserve to the south (Not shown in the present map). The area has single rain season, November to May with annual average of 1200 mm. Figure 4.10.1 shows the location of the WMA.

Figure 4.10.1: Location of Tunduru WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones Three management zones exist in the WMA, these are: - • Sasawala Nature Management Zone (SNMZ) • Misisima Local Hunting Zone(MLHZ) • Mbarangandu Tourist Hunting Zone(MTHZ)

Figure 4.10.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Tunduru WMA

3.2 Available species Common wildlife species found in the area includes Elephant, Hippopotamus, Leopard, Buffalo, Lion, Hyena, Zebra, Bush pig, Warthog, Hartebeest, Eland, Wildebeest, Roan Antelope, Sable Antelope, Reedbuck, Wild dog, Aardvark, Greater Kudu, and other small animals (TUNDURU 2009; TAWIRI 2011).

3.3 Vegetation type The vegetation of the area is mainly open/deciduous Miombo woodland with Brachystegia spp, Julbernadia globiflora, Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia spinosa and Combretum spp. Figure 4.10.3 shows the vegetation type of the WMA.

Figure 4.10.3: Vegetation types in Tunduru WMA

3.4 Water sources The WMA has many permanent and seasonal flowing rivers. These include, Mbaran’ganda river, Lipembe, Mkundi, Utumwa, Muhuwesi, Msizima, Lipembe, Kisi, Limbwembele, Maluwale, Likuyu, Luwila, Ndeleko, Miwawa, Namaguruwe, Katumbe, Liteterimo. There are also water dams such as Kanduru, Mnemwajani, Mkwate, Mnungwa, Lilasi, Naluwale, Mpwasi, Chandembo, Katuli, Kawe, Malaika, Maemila, Mkwajuni, Kwakundungu, Machonda, Makereketa and Chechangu (Figure 4.10.2)

3.5 Airstrips There is no a closest airstrip to the WMA, however, the Mikuyu airstrip is about 70 Km from the WMA centre point.

3.6 Roads Figure 4.10.2 shows the existing roads in the WMA. According to our country roads database, it shows that the WMA has few roads, mainly shown the main road passing through the WMA or nearby.

3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas Tunduru WMA is adjacent to Selous Game Reserve (Hunting block: Selous MB1 and Selous N 1). The WMA is South of the Selous GR (Figure 4.10.4).

Figure 4.10.4: Map of Tunduru showing Adjacency

3.5 Cultivation According to FAO LCC, Tunduru WMA has about 13% of its area with cultivation, especially in the Sasawala zone (Figure 4.10.5). The main crops are cashew nut, maize, cassava, simsim, beans, rice, and pigeon peas.

Figure 4.10.5: Map of Tunduru showing extent of Agriculture

4. WMA Block Category Tunduru WMA is graded as a category II. Based on its size and resources available, TAWIRI recommends the WMA to remain with the two hunting zones (Figure 4.10.6) as they can sustain hunting activitie as independent blocks.

Figure 4.10.6: Map of Tunduru WMA Hunting block

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Crop raiding/damage, human attacks by wildlife, shifting agriculture, deforestation, wild fire and poaching are the main problems facing the WMA (TUNDURU 2009). The WMA acts as a refugee for animals from Selous GR through the adjoining hunting blocks.

PART XI: UKUTU WMA 1. Introduction UKUTU was the pioneer among the first 16 pilot WMA in the Country. The Community Based Organization (CBO) for UKUTU WMA is registered as JUKUMU (UKUTU WMA). It was initially funded by GTZ until mid 2000 when the donor stopped funding it and in 2005 when the WWF-TPO supported JUKUMU to complete the process of establishing the WMA.

The WMA is composed of 21 villages, which are Kidunda located in Mkulazi ward, Ngerengere Division; Kiganila, Kiburumo, Bwila Chini, Bwila Juu and Magogoni in Selembala ward, Mvuha Division; Dalla, Mvuha, Lukulunge, Kongwa and Tulo in Mvuha ward, Mvuha Divission; Mbwade, Bonye, Bwakila Chini and Dakawa in Bwakila Chini, Bwakila Division; Mngazi, Vigolegole Sesenga and Milengwelengwe in Mngazi Bwakila Division and Nyarutanga, and Gomero in Kisaki ward Bwakila Division.

2. WMA description UKUTU is about 640 Km 2, the WMA extends from Mkulazi Forest Reserve in the East to Mikumi National Park in the West. In the North is bounded with Ruvu river and on the South by Selous Game Reserve (Figure 4.11.1).

Figure 4.11.1: Location of Ukutu WMA

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones UKUTU WMA has main three management zones in the core WMA area (Gonabis Tourist Hunting Zones, Photographic Safaris Zones and Resident Hunting Zones). Besides these zones, the non WMA area has about nine different land use zones with different use level (Figure 4.11.2).

Figure 4.11.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ukutu WMA

3.2 Available species The large part of UKUTU is open woodland which supports a high density of ungulates such as Wildebeest, Elephant, Buffalo, Zebra, Giraffe, Impala, Common Waterbuck, Bohor Reedbuck, Red Duiker and Sable Antelope, Hyena, Lion, Leopard, Wild dog, and Cheetah, Hippopotamus, Hartebeest, Bushbuck, Dikdik, Bush pig, and Warthog (UKUTU 2010; TAWIRI 2011).

3.3 Vegetation type Most part of the WMA is dominated by open woodland, with smaller areas of scrub, dense woodland and riparian forest, the vegetation cover is homogenous in both the lower and upper section. The WMA has also riparian forest and dense woodland and shrubland.

Figure 4.11.3: Vegetation types in Ukutu WMA

3.4 Water sources Permanent rivers in the WMA include Mvuna, Mgata/Dutumi, Mgeta, Mgeta Kafa, Ruvu, Mngazi, Malaka, and Msalu. Seasonal rivers are Selembala, Mwanakazi, Kisegese, Nyambungo, Mikula, Mombwe and Ludete. There are also some dams such as Kihunungu dam, Nyambunda, Nyasule, Mngetakata, Tini, and Tanzangala dam to mention a few (Figure 4.11.2).

3.5 Airstrips Kinyanguru and Matambwe are the closest airstrips to the WMA. Kinyanguru is just close to the WMA (Figure 4.11.2).

3.6 Roads The WMA has major road going through it, based on our roads data, however, we believe that there are detailed roads in the WMA which are not shown in the map though in general the WMA has poor road network system (Figure 4.11.1. and 4.11.2).

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3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas The WMA is bordered with the Northern part of the Selous GR (South East with Selous MK 1 hunting block) and on the far West with Mikumi National Park (Figure 4.11.4).

Figure 4.11.4: Map of Ukutu WMA showing Adjacency

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3.8 Cultivation According to FAO LCC, cultivation in Ukutu WMA is about 22%, cultivation was only detected from the WMA (Figure 4.11.5). The residents of surrounding villages cultivate crops such as paddy, simsim, cassava, millet and maize to mention a few (UKUTU 2010).

Figure 4.11.5: Map of Ukutu showing extent of Agriculture

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4. WMA Block Category The WMA is graded in category III block, the WMA has a good supply of water, however, species diversity is not high, and this can be attributed to disturbance in the WMA due to human related activities.

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Threats such as unsustainable and illegal use of natural resources, poaching for ivory, bushmeat and uncontrolled fires and encroachments are facing the WMA. These should be attended, otherwise the block will loose its role of being an ecological buffer zone for Selous Reserve and Mikumi National Park. There is also boundary dispute with Kisarawe District. We call for controlling these threats for better ecological sustainability of the WMA.

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PART XII: UYUMBU WMA 1. Introduction Uyumbu pilot Wildlife Management Area (UWIMA) is in Usokke Division, Urambo district, Tabora region. The WMA is composed of four villages namely Izimbili, Izengabatogilwe, Nsongolo, Isongwa and Ussoke Mlimani. AFRICARE Tanzania through Ugalla Community Project (UCCP) provided the facilitation process in 2004. The WMA was formed in realization of the Government decision of devolving the management of natural resources to the local community living close to such resources.

The process of establishing the WMA was preceded by a resource management zone exercise, whose objectives were to identify the level of human resource use within the area, giving the extent and potential threats of each form of human disturbance recorded in the proposed WMA. The se information served as a basis for villages to opt for sustainable management and conservation of the area for the benefit of present and future generations in the village and the country as whole.

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2. WMA description UWIMA is located in Urambo district. The WMA has a total area of 830 km 2. UWIMA border with the Ugalla North Forest Reserve on West, Ugalla Game Reserve borders the WMA on its Southern-West boundary, while on North is bordered with Izimbili, Nsogolo, Izengabatogilwe villages, and on South it borders Walla river (Figure 4.12.1).

Figure 4.12.1: Location of Uyumbu WMA

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WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA 3.1 Resources Management Zones According to UWIMA (2004) the WMA has six resource management zones. These zones are: • Beekeeping zone • Tourist hunting zone • Resident hunting zone • Photographic tourism zone • Fishing zone, • Logging/Timber harvesting zone The above zones were delineated based on resource potential in each unit. The use of each entity are described in the UWIMA document (UWIMA 2004). Figure 4.12.2 shows the location of UWIMA.

Figure 4.12.2: Resource Use Management Zone in UWIMA

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3.2 Available species According to TAWIRI database (TAWIRI 2011), UWIMA has the following species, Elephants, Lion, Bufallo, Zebra, Warthog, Eland, Giraffe, Hartebeest, Waterbuck, Hippopotamus, Leopard, Duicker (Common), Kudu, Reedbuck, Sable antelope, Roan antelope, Hyena, Bushbuck, Impala and other species.

3.3 Vegetation type The area is dominated by open woodlands (Figure 4.12.3), with tree species include timber, fruit and medicinal species. To mention a few, e.g. Pterocapus angolensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Terminalia sericea, Julbernadia globiflora, Albizia antunesiana, Brachestigia boehemii (UWIMA 2004).

Figure 4.12.3: Vegetation types in Uyumbu WMA

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3.4 Water sources There is water deficient in the WMA (Pers. observations). However, the main water source is the Walla river in the South of UWIMA (Figure 4.12.2)

3.5 Airstrips The nearest airstrip to the WMA is the Ugalla WMA. The airstrip is about 50 Km for the WMA centre. If you use this airstrip then you have to travel by road to Izengabatogilwe village.

3.6 Roads UWIMA has also a limited roads network across it (Figure 4.12.2). However, from outside it can be accessed through:- • By road from Tabora through Urambo road via Ussoke village, then Ussoke to Izimbili. • By road from Tabora Municipal through Sikonge road to Izimbili via Tutuo and Molle in Sikonge district. • By train from Tabora through Kigoma line to Ussoke railway station and from Ussoke station by road to Izimbili village.

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3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas UWIMA is bordered with Ugalla Game Reserve on South-west (Figure 4.12.4). This provide protected to the WMA as the protection level in GR is expected higher compared to the former. Being bordered by Ugalla GR, it allows free movement of wildlife.

Figure 4.12.4: Map of Uyumbu WMA showing Adjacency

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3.8 Cultivation According to FAO LCC, agriculture was not either detected in village land (non WMA land) as well as in WMA. We could not establish the reason behind for this, may be a recent imageries with human related activities be obtained for the same analysis.

4. WMA Block Category Uyumbu has scored category III, though has a good species diversity, the WMA has few water sources and poor roads network. However, the block (Figure 4.12.5) stands a better chance of good performance when the infrastructure systems are developed in the WMA

Figure 4.12.5: Map of Uyumbu WMA Hunting block

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4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion Human related activities as lumbering, pit sawing, poaching, cattle grazing and settlement are threatening both habitat and wildlife species. Increased protection, proper and careful management of the area, aimed at reducing these threats will increase viability and flow of animals from the adjacent Ugalla Game Reserve (UWIMA 2004). The WMA holds a great potentiality for beekeeping, fishing, tourist, and local hunting. Conservation efforts should not be limited within the core area only, but beyond the boundaries. Therefore, for better managing the UWIMA, a strong collaboration is needed at village levels as well as the three bordering districts of Uyui, Urambo and Sikonge.

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CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUDING REMARKS & RECOMMENDATION The Wildlife Policy of 1998 (revised in 2007) recognises tourist hunting blocks (In GR, GCA, WMA, O.A and FR) as an economically viable and sustainable use of wildlife that is consistent with the guiding principles of high quality yet low-density tourism that can contribute significantly to the national economy . All tourist hunting businesses are guided by the new Wildlife Conservation Act no. 5 of 2009 (sections 38-49) and its regulations. The Governments role in the management of the hunting industry involves–among others, (i) creating and maintaining hunting blocks (In Game reserves and in WMA), (ii) leasing such blocks to responsible outfitters (concessioners), (iii) setting sustainable hunting quotas, (iv) supervising the implementation of ethical hunting practices, (v) management of trophies, and (vi) management of accrued finances. These conditions are important in hunting bussiness e.g. in WMA.

RECOMMENDATIONS • TAWIRI reccommends to divide some of WMA blocks as suggested in the individual WMA reports. If the recommendation of subdividing the two WMA blocks is implemented; hunting quota given to these particular blocks should be divided into half. • Future works by WWF regarding these WMA should include detailed data on rivers, roads, and airstrips, possibly with names of the well known/major rivers and roads. These are important aspect in the WMA. • The use of FAO LCC image used in the present exercise was old, about 9 years old, some changes may have taken place since then. Future assessments should consider use of more up-to-date images.

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Wilfred, P. (2011). "Towards sustainable wildlife management areas in Tanzania." Tropical Conservation Science 3(1): 103-116.

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7. ANNEXES Annex I: List of huntable species aranged on safari days Number of safari Game fees per annual S/N Species days (USD) African elephant – 32kg+ 21 20,000 1 African elephant – 27kg+ 21 12,000 African elephant – 15kg/1.5m 21 7,500 2 Lion 21 4,900 3 Leopard 21 3,500 4 Oryx 21 2,800 5 Lesser kudu 21 2,600 6 Roan Antelope 21 2,550 7 Sable Antelope 21 2,550 8 Gerenuk 21 2,500 9 Greater kudu 21 2,200 10 Sitatunga 21 2,000 11 Eland 21 1,700 12 Hippopotamus 21 1,500 13 Klipspringer 21 1,200 14 Ostrich 21 1,200 15 Genet 21 250 16 Porcupine 21 150 17 Python 16 220 18 Crocodile 16 1,700 19 Zebra 16 1,200 20 Waterbuck 16 800 21 Hyena 16 550 22 Reedbuck (Mountain/Bohor/Southern) 16 450 23 Bushbuck 16 420 24 Honey badger (Ratel) 16 300 25 Serval Cat 16 300 26 Dikdik (common) 16 250 27 Duiker (common) 16 250 28 Jackal 16 250 29 Oribi 16 250 30 Steinbuck 16 250

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Number of safari Game fees per annual S/N Species days (USD) 31 Wild cat 16 250 32 Civet 16 200 33 Suni 16 200 34 Zorilla 16 150 35 Mongoose 10 60 36 Buffalo 10 1,900 37 Puku 10 800 38 Topi 10 800 39 Hartebeest 10 650 40 Wildebeest 10 650 41 Bush pig 10 600 42 Thomson Gazelle 10 500 43 Grant’s Gazelle 10 450 44 Warthog 10 450 45 Impala 10 390 46 Grysbok 10 350 47 Fox 10 250 48 Caracal 10 150 49 Vervet Monkey 10 120 50 Baboon 10 110 51 Doves <10 30 52 Ducks <10 30 53 Francolin <10 30 54 Geese <10 30 55 Guinea fowl <10 30 56 Pigeon <10 30 57 Spurfowl <10 10

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Annex II: List of huntable species in TAWIRI database (SISTA)

SN COMMON NAME 1 Baboon 2 Buffalo 3 Bushbuck 4 Bushpig 5 Bustard 6 Crocodile 7 Duiker Common 8 Eland 9 Elephant 10 Gazelle Grant's 11 Gazelle Thomson's 12 Gerenuk 13 Hartebeest 14 Hippo 15 Hyaena 16 Impala 17 Klipspringer 18 Kudu Greater 19 Kudu Lesser 20 Oribi 21 Oryx 22 Ostrich 23 Puku 24 Reedbuck 25 Reedbuck Bohor 26 Roan Antelope 27 Sable Antelope 28 Sitatunga 29 Steinbuck 30 Stork 31 Topi 32 Vervet Monkey 33 Warthog 34 Waterbuck 35 Wildebeest 36 Zebra

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BPWMA (2005). "Resource Management Zone Plan 2005-2010 for Burunge Pilot Wildlife Management Area, Babati District, Tanzania."