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Selous – Mikumi Census Report

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Selous – Mikumi Census Report Systematic Reconnaissance Flight (SRF) Census Report Aerial Census in the Selous-Mikumi Ecosystem, Dry Season 2018 Conducted by TANZANIA WILDLIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE CONSERVATION INFORMATION AND MONITORING UNIT The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Government City, Mtumba P.O. Box 1351-40472 – DODOMA and Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) P.O. Box 14935 Arusha Tanzania Contact: +255 739 985 768/9 To obtain a copy of this report please contact: The Director General, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute P.O. Box 661 Arusha, Tanzania Tel: +255 27 254 9571 Email: [email protected] Copyright © TAWIRI 2019 Citation: TAWIRI (2019) Aerial Wildlife Survey of Large Animals and Human Activities in the Selous-Mikumi Ecosystem, Dry Season 2018. TAWIRI Aerial Survey Report Cover photo: Elephants Crossing, ©Robert.J.. Ross The successful implementation of the Selous-Mikumi ecosystem aerial survey was a product of thorough planning, hard work, and good collaboration between government and non-governmental partners. The following partner institutions collaborated with TAWIRI for implementation of the survey: WILDLIFE DIVISION Wildlife Division works to develop and supervise Government City, Mtumba the implementation of conservation policy, law, P.O. Box 1351, and regulation in the wildlife sector 40472 – DODOMA email: [email protected] TANZANIA NATIONAL PARKS Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) was P.O. Box 3134, Arusha established in 1959 to manage and regulate the email: [email protected] use of areas designated as National Parks. TANZANIA WILDLIFE TAWA established by Ministerial order in 2014 MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY to sustainably conserve and utilize wildlife Dar-es-Salaam Road resources in Game Reserves, Game Controlled Kingolwira Area Areas and open areas. P.O.Box 2658, Morogoro email: [email protected] NGORONGORO Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority CONSERVATION AREA (NCAA) established in 1959 cooperates with AUTHORITY indigenous residents in conserving the natural P.O. Box 1 Ngorongoro Crater, and historical resources of this World Heritage Arusha Site. Contact: [email protected] FRANKFURT ZOOLOGICAL Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) is an SOCIETY international NGO working to conserve wildlife P.O. Box 14935 and ecosystems and has been present in Arusha, Tanzania Tanzania since 1959. Contact: [email protected] TAWIRI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents results of an aerial wildlife survey of large animals and human activities covering the Selous-Mikumi ecosystem in Southern Tanzania. The survey was conducted from the 21st October to 24th November 2018 with funding from the Government of Tanzania and German Development Bank (KFW) through the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS). The main objective of the census was to establish the population status and geographical distribution of large animals and human activities in the Selous – Mikumi ecosystem. The survey covered a total area of 104,143 km² with a total of 465 transects. Mean height above ground for all aircraft was 351±59 feet, and the average ground speed was 172 ± 14 km/h. Twenty-seven (27) wildlife species were recorded in the survey area. Among these, there were twenty-five (25) mammal species, one reptile and one avian species. The most abundant species was buffalo (66,546 ± 11,470 SE) followed by hippo (31,086 ± 4,934 SE), kongoni (23,250 ± 2,853 SE), wildebeest (22,740 ± 3,330 SE), zebra (22,690 ± 2698), impala (19,296 ± 3,124 SE), warthog (17,475 ± 1,469 SE) and elephant (15,501 ±1,819 SE). On the other hand, the least abundant species were a bushpig (1,208 ± 342 SE), and puku (1,579 ± 586 SE). Furthermore, other species counts were very low to generate statistically meaningful results. These include bushbuck, wild dog and hyena. Notably, one rhino was observed during this survey (Table 3), a fortunate sighting. Key findings: • The Selous-Mikumi elephant population is stable at about 15,500 animals based on recent censuses (2014 and 2018). No fresh carcasses (less than one-year-old) were recorded and the carcass ratio dropped from 39% in 2014 to 16% in 2018, indicating significant management intervention of curbing poaching. More effort and time is needed to reach 8%, which represent natural mortality. • Conservation of puku needs deliberate efforts before it is too late for recovery of the population in the Kilombero Valley. The population has declined by 97% from over 50,000 in 1998 to less than 3,000 in 2018. • The Nyasa wildebeest need close monitoring following a decade decline. The average population estimate from 1994 to 2006 was around 69,000 wildebeest but from 2009 to 2018 the average population estimate declined to around 19,000 individuals; approximately a 72% decline between the two decades, which needs attention. • Most of the estimated livestock was recorded in the Kilombero valley (cattle 436,360 ± 60,426 SE and shoats 96,477± 21,695 SE), which is more than 60% of the total estimate in the ecosystem (678,303 ± 73,205 SE cattle and 171,893 ± 27,304 SE shoats). TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ________________________________________________________________ i TABLE OF CONTENTS _______________________________________________________________ ii 1 INTRODUCTION _________________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 Survey Area __________________________________________________________________ 4 2. METHODS ______________________________________________________________________ 5 2.1 Transect design and flight plan __________________________________________________ 5 2.2 Data collection ________________________________________________________________ 6 2.3 Census parameters and track-log ________________________________________________ 7 2.4 Data Analysis ________________________________________________________________ 10 3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION ________________________________________________________ 11 3.1 Wildlife Estimates for Selous-Mikumi Ecosystem __________________________________ 11 3.2 Wildlife population trend _______________________________________________________ 12 3.2.1 Species with a declining trend _______________________________________________________ 13 3.2.2 Species with increasing trend _______________________________________________________ 13 3.2.3 Species with stable population trends _________________________________________________ 13 3.3 Distribution and Density of Wildlife _______________________________________________________________________________________ 14 3.3.1 Buffalo estimates, distribution and density _____________________________________________ 14 3.3.2 Impala distribution and density ______________________________________________________ 20 3.3.3 Hippo distribution and density _______________________________________________________ 22 3.3.4 Elephant distribution and density _____________________________________________________ 23 3.3.5 Elephant carcass distribution and density ______________________________________________ 25 3.3.6 Kongoni (hartebeest) distribution and density ___________________________________________ 27 3.3.7 Wildebeest distribution and density ___________________________________________________ 29 3.3.8 Zebra distribution and density _______________________________________________________ 31 3.3.9 Sable antelope distribution and density ________________________________________________ 33 3.3.10 Eland distribution and density _____________________________________________________ 35 3.3.11 Waterbuck distribution and density _________________________________________________ 37 3.3.12 Giraffe distribution and density ____________________________________________________ 39 3.3.13 Warthog distribution and density __________________________________________________ 41 3.3.14 Duiker distribution and density ____________________________________________________ 43 3.3.15 Puku distribution and density _____________________________________________________ 44 3.3.16 Kudu distribution and density _____________________________________________________ 47 3.3.17 Large avian species distribution and density _________________________________________ 49 3.4 Human Activities in the Selous-Mikumi Ecosystem ____________________________________ 50 3.4.1 Human Activity estimates, Distribution and trends _______________________________________ 50 4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ___________________________________________________________ 60 5. APPENDICES __________________________________________________________________ 60 5.1 Annex 1. List of flight crew for the 2018 dry season aerial census _____________________ 60 5.2 Annex 2. List of ground crew for the 2018 dry season aerial census ___________________ 60 5.3 Annex 3. List wildlife species counted in the aerial census dry season, 2018 ___________ 61 5.4 Glossary of Important Census Terminology _______________________________________ 62 6 REFERENCES __________________________________________________________________ 64 ii TAWIRI LIST OF TABLES Table 1. SRF surveys of wildlife in the Selous Ecosystem, 1976–2018 .......................................................................... 3 Table 2. Basic SRF census parameters, Selous-Mikumi ecosystem SRF 2018 ............................................................... 8 Table 3. Wildlife and elephant carcass estimates in the Selous-Mikumi ecosystem .................................................. 12 Table 4. Wildlife population trend .............................................................................................................................. 14 Table 5. Wildlife
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