What Hamblin's Formal Dialectic Tells About the Medieval Logical
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Peter Thomas Geach, 1916–2013
PETER GEACH Peter Thomas Geach 1916–2013 PETER GEACH was born on 29 March 1916 at 41, Royal Avenue, Chelsea. He was the son of George Hender Geach, a Cambridge graduate working in the Indian Educational Service (IES), who later taught philosophy at Lahore. George Geach was married to Eleonore Sgnonina, the daughter of a Polish civil engineer who had emigrated to England. The marriage was not a happy one: after a brief period in India Eleonore returned to England to give birth and never returned to her husband. Peter Geach’s first few years were spent in the house of his Polish grandparents in Cardiff, but at the age of four his father had him made the ward of a former nanny of his own, an elderly nonconformist lady named Miss Tarr. When Peter’s mother tried to visit him, Miss Tarr warned him that a dangerous mad woman was coming, so that he cowered away from her when she tried to embrace him. As she departed she threw a brick through a window, and from that point there was no further contact between mother and son. When he was eight years old he became a boarder at Llandaff Cathedral School. Soon afterwards his father was invalided out of the IES and took charge of his education. To the surprise of his Llandaff housemaster, Peter won a scholarship to Clifton College, Bristol. Geach père had learnt moral sciences at Trinity College Cambridge from Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore, and he inducted his son into the delights of philosophy from an early age. -
The Logic of Where and While in the 13Th and 14Th Centuries
The Logic of Where and While in the 13th and 14th Centuries Sara L. Uckelman Department of Philosophy, Durham University Abstract Medieval analyses of molecular propositions include many non-truthfunctional con- nectives in addition to the standard modern binary connectives (conjunction, dis- junction, and conditional). Two types of non-truthfunctional molecular propositions considered by a number of 13th- and 14th-century authors are temporal and local propositions, which combine atomic propositions with ‘while’ and ‘where’. Despite modern interest in the historical roots of temporal and tense logic, medieval analy- ses of ‘while’ propositions are rarely discussed in modern literature, and analyses of ‘where’ propositions are almost completely overlooked. In this paper we introduce 13th- and 14th-century views on temporal and local propositions, and connect the medieval theories with modern temporal and spatial counterparts. Keywords: Jean Buridan, Lambert of Auxerre, local propositions, Roger Bacon, temporal propositions, Walter Burley, William of Ockham 1 Introduction Modern propositional logicians are familiar with three kinds of compound propositions: Conjunctions, disjunctions, and conditionals. Thirteenth-century logicians were more liberal, admitting variously five, six, seven, or more types of compound propositions. In the middle of the 13th century, Lambert of Auxerre 1 in his Logic identified six types of ‘hypothetical’ (i.e., compound, as opposed to atomic ‘categorical’, i.e., subject-predicate, propositions) propo- sitions: the three familiar ones, plus causal, local, and temporal propositions [17, 99]. Another mid-13th century treatise, Roger Bacon’s Art and Science of Logic¶ , lists these six and adds expletive propositions (those which use the connective ‘however’), and other ones not explicitly classified such as “Socrates 1 The identity of the author of this text is not known for certain. -
Pomponazzi on Identity and Individuation Han Thomas Adriaenssen Abstract. Aristotle Defines Growing As a Process in Which An
Final version forthcoming in Journal of the History of Philosophy Pomponazzi on Identity and Individuation Han Thomas Adriaenssen Abstract. Aristotle defines growing as a process in which an individual living being persists as it accumulates new matter. This definition raises the question of what enables an individual to persist as its material composition continuously changes over time. This paper provides a systematic account of Pietro Pomponazzi’s answer to this question. In his De nutritione et augmentatione, Pomponazzi argues that individuals persist in virtue of their forms. Forms are individuated in part by their material, causal, and temporal origins, which commits Pomponazzi to the view that individuals necessarily have the material, causal, and temporal origins they do. I provide an account of why Pomponazzi was willing to this view. While his opponents remain unnamed, I argue that his arguments for this view are best read as addressing, among others, Paul of Venice and Gregory of Rimini. In On Generation and Corruption, Aristotle describes growing as a process in which “any and every part of the growing magnitude is made bigger . by the accession of something, and thirdly in such a way that the growing thing is preserved and persists” (321a18–22).1 For instance, when an animal grows as the result of the intake of food, all of its limbs grow larger as the result of the intake of new matter, in such a way that the same individual animal persists throughout the process. 1 All Aristotle translations are taken from the Jonathan Barnes edition of the Complete Works. 1 Final version forthcoming in Journal of the History of Philosophy Simple though it may perhaps appear, this definition confronted Aristotle’s later followers and commentators with a problem. -
Eric W. Hagedorn Curriculum Vitae
Eric W. Hagedorn Curriculum Vitae Areas of Specialization: Medieval Philosophy Areas of Competence: Metaphysics; Early Modern Philosophy; Philosophy of Religion; Philosophy of Mind; Logic Employment St. Norbert College Associate Professor Philosophy (August 2018-Present) Assistant Professor of Philosophy (January 2014 – August 2018) Teaching Fellow of Philosophy (August 2012 – December 2013) Education University of Notre Dame Ph.D. in Philosophy (January 2013) M.A. in Philosophy (January 2008) Iowa State University B.S. with Honors in Computer Science and Philosophy (May 2004) Journal Articles and Book Chapters “Thomas Aquinas through the 1350s,” in The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Ethics, ed. Thomas Williams (forthcoming). “Ockham’s Scientia Argument for Mental Language,” Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy 3 (2015): 145-168. "Is Anyone Else Thinking My Thoughts?: Aquinas's Response to the Too-Many Thinkers Problem," Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 84 (2010): 275-86. Book Reviews Review of John Duns Scotus, On Being and Cognition: Ordinatio I.3, John van den Bercken (tr.) in International Journal for the Philosophy of Religion (forthcoming). Review of Claude Panaccio, Mental Language: From Plato to William of Ockham in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews (August 2017). Review of Jari Kaukua and Tomas Ekenberg (eds.), Subjectivity and Selfhood in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews (September 2016). Review of Sander W. de Boer, The Science of the Soul: The Commentary -
Walter Burley on the Kinds of Simple Supposition1
Walter Burley on The Kinds of Simple Supposition 1 PAUL VINCENT SPADE 1. Background By the early-fourteenth century at the latest, the mediaeval theory of supposition could be divided in most authors into two main branches, which in recent literature have come to be called the theory of “suppo- sition proper” and the theory of “modes of personal supposition,” respec- tively.2 While the relation between these two branches remains obscure, we can say to a rst approximation that the theory of supposition proper was atheory of “reference,” designed to answer the question what entity or enti- ties a term refers to or “supposits” for in a given occurrence in a given proposition, whereas the theory of modes of personal supposition, whatever its ultimate purpose, was the part of the theory that included the much- discussed accounts of “descent to singulars” and “ascent from singulars.”3 Walter Burley and his somewhat younger contemporary, William of Ockham, for the most part agreed about the modes of personal supposition, 4 1 I am grateful to Rega Wood and Elizabeth Karger for their comments and sugges- tions on an earlier draft of this paper. 2 See Paul Vincent Spade, The Semantics of Terms , in: Norman Kretzmann et al. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy , New York 1982, Ch. 9 (188-96). This ter- minology was rst used by T.K. Scott in the “Introduction” to his translation of John Buridan’s Sophismata, and is not mediaeval. See T.K. Scott (trans.), John Buridan: Sophisms on Meaning and Truth , New York 1966, 29-42. -
William of Sherwood, Singular Propositions and the Hexagon of Opposition
William of Sherwood, Singular Propositions and the Hexagon of Opposition Yurii Khomskii∗ Institute of Logic, Language and Computation [email protected] February 15, 2011 Abstract In Aristotelian logic, the predominant view has always been that there are only two kinds of quantities: universal and particular. For this reason, philosophers have struggled with singular propositions (e.g., \Socrates is running"). One modern approach to this problem, as first proposed in 1955 by Tadeusz Cze_zowski, is to extend the traditional Square of Opposition to a Hexagon of Opposition. We note that the medieval author William of Sherwood developed a similar theory of singular propositions, much earlier than Cze_zowski, and that it is not impossible that the Hexagon itself could have been present in Sherwood's writings. 1 Introduction In traditional Aristotelian logic, the predominant view has always been that there are only two kinds of quantities: universal and particular. In accordance, the four proposition types which figure in the classical theory of syllogisms are the universal affirmative (\Every man is running"), universal negative (\No man is running"), particular affirmative (\Some man is running") and particular negative (\Some man is not running"). We will abbreviate these by UA; UN; PA and PN, respectively. When two propositions share both the subject term and the predicate, they are related to one another in one of the following ways: con- tradictory, contrary, subcontrary or subalternate. This doctrine has frequently been represented by the Square of Opposition, as in Figure 1 below. ∗The author is supported by a Mosaic grant (no: 017.004.066) by the Netherlands Organ- isation for Scientific Research (NWO). -
Aristotle's Theory of the Assertoric Syllogism
Aristotle’s Theory of the Assertoric Syllogism Stephen Read June 19, 2017 Abstract Although the theory of the assertoric syllogism was Aristotle’s great invention, one which dominated logical theory for the succeeding two millenia, accounts of the syllogism evolved and changed over that time. Indeed, in the twentieth century, doctrines were attributed to Aristotle which lost sight of what Aristotle intended. One of these mistaken doctrines was the very form of the syllogism: that a syllogism consists of three propositions containing three terms arranged in four figures. Yet another was that a syllogism is a conditional proposition deduced from a set of axioms. There is even unclarity about what the basis of syllogistic validity consists in. Returning to Aristotle’s text, and reading it in the light of commentary from late antiquity and the middle ages, we find a coherent and precise theory which shows all these claims to be based on a misunderstanding and misreading. 1 What is a Syllogism? Aristotle’s theory of the assertoric, or categorical, syllogism dominated much of logical theory for the succeeding two millenia. But as logical theory de- veloped, its connection with Aristotle because more tenuous, and doctrines and intentions were attributed to him which are not true to what he actually wrote. Looking at the text of the Analytics, we find a much more coherent theory than some more recent accounts would suggest.1 Robin Smith (2017, §3.2) rightly observes that the prevailing view of the syllogism in modern logic is of three subject-predicate propositions, two premises and a conclusion, whether or not the conclusion follows from the premises. -
A Companion to Walter Burley Brill’S Companions to the Christian Tradition
A Companion to Walter Burley Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition A series of handbooks and reference works on the intellectual and religious life of Europe, 500–1800 Editor-in-Chief Christopher M. Bellitto (Kean University) VOLUME 41 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bcct A Companion to Walter Burley Late Medieval Logician and Metaphysician Edited by Alessandro D. Conti LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: detail from the sculptured funerary monument of Giovanni da Legnano (1320–83), Doctor utriusque iuris of the University of Bologna. Courtesy of the Museo Civico Medievale of Bologna. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Walter Burley : late medieval logician and metaphysician / Edited by Alessandro D. Conti. p. cm. — (Brill’s companions to the Christian tradition ; Volume 41) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24461-0 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-24460-3 (e-book) 1. Burlaeus, Gualterus, 1275–1345? 2. Philosophy, Medieval. I. Conti, Alessandro D. B765.B8484C66 2013 189’.4—dc23 2013002068 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1871-6377 ISBN 978-90-04-24461-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24460-3 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. -
Walter Burley, the Longer Treatise on the Purity of the Art of Logic Tract 1
1 Walter Burley, The Longer Treatise On the Purity of the Art of Logic 5 Tract 1: “On the Properties of Terms” Translated by Paul Vincent Spade Indiana University 10 (1) Assuming the significates of non-complex terms, in this treatise I intend to investigate certain properties of terms, [properties] that are applica- ble to them only insofar as they are parts of propositions. (2) Now I divide this tract into three parts. The first is about the sup- position of terms, the second about appellation, and the third about copula- 15 tion. Supposition belongs to the subject, appellation to the predicate. Copula- tion belongs to the verb that couples the predicate with the subject. For these three are the integral parts of the categorical proposition, to which we turn before [treating] hypotheticals.1 Hence in this tract I want to talk about the suppositions of terms in categoricals. 20 [Part One: On Supposition] (3) The first part will contain six chapters. The first chapter is about the division of supposition in general. The second chapter is about material supposition. The third chapter is about simple supposition. The fourth chapter is about the division of personal supposition in general. The fifth chapter is 25 about various difficulties that arise concerning personal supposition. The sixth chapter is about improper supposition. 1 Hypothetical propositions are propositions composed of two or more categoricals. A categorical proposition is, in modern logical terminology, either an atomic proposition or else the negation of an atomic proposition. Hence the notion of a hypothetical proposition is not exactly the same as the modern notion of a “molecular” proposition, since the negations of atomic propositions are molecular but not hypothetical. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/09/2021 12:18:49PM Via Free Access 442 BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY In the following Bibliography and Index, ancient and medieval authors are listed by their first names (e.g., John Philoponus; Roger Bacon; etc.). Post medieval authors are listed by their last names (e.g., Zabarella; Descartes; etc.). The medieval names are given in their English forms, as Thomas Aquinas (rather than Tommaso d'Aquino; Thomas von Aquin, etc.) I. Manuscripts ANONYMUS, Quaestiones super De generatione et corruptione. Cambridge, Peter house College, 192, fols. 119vb-132vb. -, Quaestiones super Metaphysicam, 1-1v. Assisi, Biblioteca Comunale, 290, fols. 65ra-85rb. - , Quaestiones super Physicam. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, 344, fols. io5rb_17ovb. - , Quaestiones super Physicam. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, 367, fols. 120r"-125vb, i36ra-151vb. -, Quaestiones super Physicam, I, 1v-v1. Cambridge, Peterhouse College, 192, IV, fols. 53ra-96vb. -, Quaestiones super Physicam, I-III. London, Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 333, fols. 8'"-68vb. -, Quaestiones super Physicam, I-IV, v, (Fragm.). Oxford, Merton College, 272, fols. i36ra-174Brb. -, Quaestiones super Physicam, 1, m-1v. Oxford, Merton College, 272, fols. 1 19ra-135crb. - , Quaestiones super Physicam, I-V. Oxford, Oriel College, 33, fols. 8'"-7gvh. -, Quaestiones super Physicam, 1-vm. Siena, Biblioteca Comunale degli Intronati, L.II1.21, fols. 1ra-92ra. - , Sententia libri Physicorum "extracta de verbo ad verbum," 1-v. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Lat. Misc. c. 69, fols. i ra-41 rb. ANONYMUS (=GILES OF ORLEANS (?)), Quaestiones super Physicam, I-VIII. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale de France, lat. 14698, fols. 83ra-129Ar. BARILE, E. (ED.), Rotuli Artistarum (r430-r8r5). Unpublished MS, Antico Archivio dell'Universita, Padova. BARTHOLOMEW OF BRUGES, Quaestiones super Physicam, 1-V, VII, VIII. -
Archbishop Fitz Ralph of Armagh. a Precursor of the Reformation
414 ART. II.-ARCHBISHOP FITZ RALPH OF ARMAGH. A PRECURSOR OF THE REFORMATION. UST as the drops come before the shower, so we find that J there were many isolated attempts at Reformation long before the great movement of the sixteenth century. Even before Wickliffe, both in England and Ireland, there were some protestants against the errors and enormities £a voured by the Roman See in the name of religion. Amongst these, one of the most remarkable, yet least known at the present day, is Richard Fitz Ralph, Archbishop of Armagh. By his piety and reforming zeal the name Armachanus was as well known in his time, throughout the whole Christian world, as it was two •centuries later by the learning of Archbishop U ssher. Of the six great primates of Armagh-Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, Malachy, the friend of Bernard, Fitz Ralph, U ssher, Boulter, Beresford-he is by no means the least worthy of notice. With Malachy he may well be compared: both were reformers, but in different directions. He will be seen to have well earned the character given of him by John Foxe:-" He was a man worthy, for his Christian zeal, of immortal commendation." Fitz Ralph lived in the reign of King Edward III. This reign, extending over exactly half a century (1327-1377), was one of the most brilliant epochs of our national history. The importance of the political affairs of the time has no doubt obscured the view of ecclesiastical events and leaders, and to a :great extent caused the suppression of many important details. -
Walter Burley
Walter Burley From the Beginning of His Treatise on the Kinds of Supposition (De suppositionibus) 5 Translated from Stephen F. Brown, “Walter Burleigh’s Treatise De suppo- sitionibus and Its Influence on William of Ockham,” Franciscan Studies 32 (1972), 1 10 pp. 15–64 Translated by Paul Vincent Spade, Department of Philosophy, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405 <On the Kinds of Supposition according to Walter Bu rley>2 15 [Introduction] (1) (p. 31) (1.1) “Some things that are said are said with complexity, and others are said without complexity.”3 Those that are said without com- plexity are, for example, ‘man’, ‘animal’. Those that are said with complex- ity are, for example, ‘A man runs’, ‘An animal runs’.4 20 (2) It is plain from this that the incomplex is part of the complex. And because a knowledge of the part is very helpful for knowing the whole, therefore in this treatise we must talk about incomplex [expressions] and the properties of incomplex [expressions] — that is, about supposition and ap- pellation. For the knowledge of these is very helpful for knowing the 25 proposition, and consequently for knowing the syllogism. 1I have here translated the first part of Burley’s text (pp. 31–43), on the supposition of “absolute” terms, but not the remainder (pp. 43–64), on the supposition of “respective” or “relative” terms and other material. (See paragraph (18) below.) Page breaks have been inserted in parentheses. Parenthetical numerals with decimal points are Brown’s paragraph numbers. My own paragraph numbering is in boldface. 2Here and throughout this translation, pointed brackets enclose Brown’s editorial additions.