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Remapping Milton: Space, Place and Influence 1700-1800

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Remapping Milton: Space, Place and Influence 1700-1800 Remapping Milton: Space, Place and Influence 1700-1800 Thomas Tyrrell School of English, Communication and Philosophy Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Cardiff University 2017 A thesis is an act and trial of love: An act of great devotion, faith and power; A fearful trial all other trials above, For if that love should wither and grow sour, The pleasant fields of knowledge, green and fair, Turn to a desert bitterer than Hell; The fountain sparkling in the summer air Becomes a brackish, deep and cheerless well. Yet still the pilgrims come, and each in turn Will swear their chosen subject never palls. They love to read, to write, to teach, to learn, They love the libraries and lecture halls, And see a thesis as a means to prove Their ardent, faithful and enduring love. 2 Table of Contents Thesis Summary ................................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 5 List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures and Illustrations .......................................................................................... 7 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: A Cartography of Influence? ........................................................................... 38 Chapter 2: Mapping The Seasons. .................................................................................... 99 Chapter 3: Placing Adaptations: Sabrina, Comus and Imogen. ....................................... 140 Chapter 4: Devotional Sublime and Domestic Burlesque ............................................... 182 Chapter 5: Female prospects in the poems of Ann Yearsley and Charlotte Smith ........... 228 Coda: The Road to Wordsworth ..................................................................................... 266 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 278 3 Thesis Summary In my examination of the influence of John Milton’s poetry on eighteenth century literature, I argue that eighteenth-century writers engage with ideas of space and place as they seek to transform Miltonic verse into a suitable medium for describing the Newtonian astronomy and imperial geography of their day. My first chapter examines John Philips’s Cyder and John Dyer’s The Fleece alongside county maps and commercial atlases, as part of a study of how their verse appropriates Milton’s politics and revises his geography. In my second chapter, I use digital mapping technology to explore the different viewing perspectives James Thomson uses in The Seasons, how they derive from Milton, and how they support his project to describe a harmonious, providential global geography. My third chapter investigates adaptations of Milton’s A Mask Performed at Ludlow Castle (1634). Across the eighteenth century, A Mask generated an opera, a play and a novel, and I examine how the meaning of each adaptation changes due to the altered place and context of performance. In my last two chapters, I argue that the female tradition of astronomical poetry seeks to reconcile Miltonic verse with Newtonian science whilst also critiquing it from a devotional perspective. Finally, I claim that Ann Yearsley and Charlotte Smith used Milton’s influence as a means to usurp the exclusively male territory of the eighteenth-century prospect poem, through poetry written from Clifton Hill in Bristol and Beachy Head on the South Downs. In my coda on William Wordsworth I conclude that to view him as the culmination of eighteenth-century engagement with Milton is to bias our understanding of both authors. Reconsidering Milton’s eighteenth-century influence is a vital part not only of understanding the worldview of the age, but also of distinguishing Milton himself from what the eighteenth century made of him. 4 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my primary supervisor, Dr Melanie Bigold, for her clear advice, enthusiasm, depth of knowledge, and the attention she has lavished on multiple drafts of my thesis. I have also benefited from the kindness, sensitivity and trust shown by my pastoral supervisor, Professor Katie Gramich. Professor Ceri Sullivan and Dr Jamie Castell read and commented on early drafts of my chapters, and I would like to thank them for their advice and insight. This would be a long document if I were to thank all the ENCAP postgraduates whose friendship and support have lifted my mood and lightened my day, but I would like to single out for special appreciation the coffee, tea and intellectual nourishment offered by Dr Sheri Smith and Lucy Whitehead. I was exceptionally fortunate to be offered two visiting fellowships in the course of my doctoral studies. I would like to thank Gillian Dow, Darren Bevin, and the staff and volunteers at Chawton House Library, Hampshire, for allowing me to spend October 2015 at the library, an experience that was not only highly beneficial to my thesis but also perfectly marvellous in its own right. Equally wonderful were the first two months of 2016, which I spent at the Huntington Library, Los Angeles, courtesy of the Arts and Humanities Research Council International Placement Scheme. I would like to thank Steve Hindle at the Huntington, Nathaniel Tuffin at the AHRC, and the staff at both institutions, for their hard work in making this scheme happen and making sure my application and research ran smoothly. The friendships I made there with Rebecca Wright, Elizabeth Biggs and Ruen-Chuan Ma, among others, continue to bring me happiness and to shape my perception of what a scholar and researcher should be. Thanks are due to my parents, Kathy and Colin, for their years of financial and emotional support; my sister Jessamy, for housing me in Oxford during several conferences and Bodleian library trips; and to my partner Valerie, for sharing my highs and lows in the build-up to submission. Finally, I would like to thank Michael Tyrrell and Lois Hawkins for their continued interest and support in my very long writing project, and to dedicate this thesis to the late Pat Smith, who showed unwavering interest in and support for my developing writing career, who died shortly after I received funding for my thesis, and whose generous legacy has made an enormous contribution to my enjoyment of my years in Cardiff and my time abroad. 5 List of Abbreviations CPW The Complete Prose Works of John Milton, ed. by Don M. Wolfe et al., 8 vols (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953-81) Com Dalton, John, Comus (London, 1790) Cy Philips, John, Cyder. A Poem in Two Books, ed. by John Goodridge and J. C. Pellicer (Cheltenham: Cyder Press, 2001) ELH English Literary History Fl Dyer, John, The Fleece: A Poem in Four Books, ed. by John Goodridge and J. C. Pellicer (Cheltenham: Cyder Press, 2007) Mask Milton, John, A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle in The Complete Works of Milton Volume III: The Shorter Poems, ed. by Thomas N Corns and Gordon Campbell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) PL Milton, John, Paradise Lost, ed. by Alastair Fowler, (London: Longman, 1976) PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Society of America PR Milton, John, The Complete Works of John Milton, Volume II: The 1671 Poems: Paradise Regain’d and Samson Agonistes, ed. by Laura Lunger Knoppers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 6 List of Figures and Illustrations 0.1 David Masson’s ‘Diagram of the Universal Infinitude’ .............................................. 11 0.2 Medieval T-O map ............................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Title caption from Christopher Saxton’s Atlas of England and Wales (1577). ................. 52 1.2 Title caption from Philip Lea’s All the Shires of England and Wales (1689) ................... 52 1.3 Inset map of Hereford from Philip Lea’s All the Shires of England and Wales (1689) .... 54 2.1 Total number of place names ........................................................................................... 110 2.2 Types of British feature in The Seasons .......................................................................... 111 2.3 Landscape features in Britain ........................................................................................... 112 2.4 Landscape features in Britain ........................................................................................... 116 2.5 Number of place names mentioned per book of The Seasons (1746)…………………..121 2.6 Types of feature outside Great Britain in The Seasons .................................................... 124 2.7 Classical and Modern Places in The Seasons (1730)……………...……………………126 2.8 Classical and Modern Places in The Seasons (1746)…………………………………...126 2.9 The Seasons across the globe…………………………………………………………...137 7 Introduction Since its original coinage, Alfred Korzbyski’s aphorism that ‘the map is not the territory’ has acquired the force of a philosophical truism, widely applied in fields as diverse as computing and neuroscience.1 It is also true of Milton Studies, where for the last three hundred and fifty years since the publication of Paradise Lost various critical
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