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Home , Gallienus, Romulus Augustulus

Transformation of - DISMEMBERMENT OF THE EMPIRE

- CAUSES FOR THE FALL Plague ▪The plague lasted from 165 to 180 AD. ▪The plague, also known as the Antonine plague, is suspected to either be small pox or measles but the true cause is still unknown. ▪There were many types of sicknesses and diseases in , but the bubonic plague specifically shows evidence of Yersinia Petis. ▪Roman troops who were fighting in the East caught the plague and brought it back home when returning from war. ▪The plague was very hard on Rome, it weakened society and with a weak society it's easy to fall without the right order and structure. ▪With such a weak empire like that it makes Rome vulnerable and easy for other empires to attack. Third-century crisis: Series of Invasions 201-300 AD

▪Every civilization deals with crisis's and issues and majority of the time they overcome the issues, but in third century Rome, a large amount of issues occurred at the same time. ▪Some of these issues include invasions from other civilizations. ▪Relations with northern tribesmen wasn’t always stable, but as the need for farmland and protection grew in the beginning of the third century, the northern tribesmen began to raid the north west of the Roman empire. This led to the abandonment of that area. ▪As the raids became more severe it made the Romans start to feel nervous. ▪Next the Eastern frontiers (the Parthian Empire) wanted to push its boarders westward into Roman territory, they did this is order to "revive" the ancient Persian empire's glory. ▪By the middle of the third century, the Persians defeated the Roman Armies of three different emperors. Third century crisis continued ▪Due to pressures of the two frontiers that invaded the Roman Empire, civiliains lost hope in armies and in commanders, even the emporers. Due to this, they proclaimed new emperors. ▪This went on for a while, with new emperors almost every year and somei=times every few months. ▪In 260 AD (emperor from 253-260 AD ) was captured by Shapur (ruler of the Bavand empire) ▪This left Eastern provancis unarmed, but an army was gathered by a palmyrene noblemen named odensathus. (Valerians son) let him proceed because no one else was there to lead. ▪Gallienus led other armies, and all he needed was time to reunite the empire after fighting off threats, but he was assinated in 260 AD. Division into Eastern and Western empires ▪Due to how vast Rome had grown and all that went on in the two different sides of the Roman empire, (Emperor) decided to divide the empiore into two halves in 285 AD. ▪This created the eastern and western empires. Diocletian assigned a leader to each empire. (Maximain to the western empire and himself to the Eastern empire) ▪Diocletian split up Rome because he thought it wasn't feasable to govern all the territories from the capital seat of Rome. ▪This idea of splitting up the empire into two worked well for around 100 years. It started to end in 379-395 AD, but didn’t offically end until the late 400's AD ▪This was happening because of losses from the empires's armies. Map of the western and eastern rome.

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Fall of the Roman Empire https://youtu.be/UZ3oEn5Q7U4 Settlement of Germans within the Empire as "Federates" •The early origins of the Germanic, also called the Teutonic People, people are obscure, but are believed to have inhabited southern Sweden during the late Bronze Age. •By the time of Julius Ceasar the Germanic people were established by the River •Their first major clash with the Romans happened when they invaded northern and southern , and were annihilated by Gaius Marius, a Roman general and politician. •Unlike the Romans they did not worship the Gods of Olympus, instead they believed they were descended from the three sons of Mannus, son of the god Tuisto, son of the Earth. •The Ostrogoths were the branch of Germanic people established in Italy. 410 •The western side of the Roman empire tried to make an alliance with the Germanic Visigoths, but other Germanic tribes had already invaded parts of the western empire •A group of rebel slaves, a suborned (bribed) official, or other unknown party opened the gates of Rome to the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe. They began a three-day spree of plunder and destruction of the "Eternal City" •A man named Alaric was leader and chief of the Visigoths that sacked Rome in August 410 C.E. •Alaric was a commander of Gothic troops in the Roman army, but the left the Roman army when emperor died in 395 C.E. and was elected chief of the Visigoths 476 Abdication of Last Western Emperor

• Augustulus or in full Flavius Momyllus was the emperor of the , but people saw him as a usurper and people did not recognize him as the legitimate emperor. •His father Orestes forced the former Western Julius Nepos from the throne, and elevated his son to the throne. •A German warrior executed Orestes, but Romulus was spared because of his youth. Odoacer gave him a pension and sent him to live with his relatives in . His fate is unknown, but some believe he lived until the rule of Theoderic (493-526 C.E.) •The crowning of the military leader Odoacer marked the end of the original Roman empire, which centered in Italy. No Fixed System of Imperial Succession

❑After the death of (180 A.D.) known as one of the last good emperors of Rome there is a lot of political instability ❑His son becomes emperor and uses Rome's money for unnecessary things such as entertainment, and his pleasures. ❑After death of Commodus Rome goes through a lot of different emperors in small periods of times. ❑From 192 AD to 284 AD Rome goes through 28 different emperors. ❑Different emperors and different government systems cause a lot of instability, emperors become worse and have a hard time ruling Rome, which leads decline in government. ❑Occurrence of many civil wars and political instability leads to economic decline. Military o Rome's economic and political instability leads to the occurrence of civil wars oWhen Rome is busy with the civil wars it weakens the borders oWeak borders lead to the frequency of invasions from German Barbarian tribes oMore soldiers are needed to help defend the borders and secure them, so the government decides to increase military pay, so more people can join the military oIn order to do that, the government had to make more money, so they can pay soldiers, this lead to inflation oInflation- when value of money decreases but prices of goods and food increases. Germans ▪ Germans in the north caused a lot of invasions on Roman Empire ▪ Intentions of invading Rome was for many reasons want to have some of Rome's wealth looking for a better climate to live in, and trying to escape from the Huns. ▪ Germans attacked the Romans in invasions and battles such as the ▪ Series of attacks were because of the weak borders the Roman Empire had ▪ As invasions became more common the Germans began to control some pieces of lands in Rome and claim it as theirs "But when the barbarians, rushing on with their enormous host, beat down our horses and men, and left no spot to which our ranks could fall back to deploy, while they were so closely packed that it was impossible to escape by forcing a way through them, our men at last began to despise death, and again took to their swords and slew all they encountered, while with mutual blows of battle-axes, helmets and breastplates were dashed in pieces. Then you might see the barbarian towering in his fierceness, hissing or shouting, fall with his legs pierced through, or his right hand cut off, sword and all, or his side transfixed, and still, in the last gasp of life, casting round him defiant glances. The plain was covered with carcasses, strewing the mutual ruin of the combatants; while the Primary Source groans of the dying, or of men fearfully wounded, were intense, and caused great Battle of dismay all around. Amidst all this great tumult and confusion our infantry were exhausted by toil and Adrianople danger, until at last they had neither strength left to fight, nor spirits to plan anything; their spears were broken by the frequent collisions, so that they were forced to content By: Ammianus themselves with their drawn swords, which they thrust into the dense battalions of the enemy, disregarding their own safety, and seeing that every possibility of escape was cut off from them. The ground, covered with streams of blood, made their feet slip, so that all they endeavored to do was to sell their lives as dearly as possible; and with such 378 A.D. vehemence did they resist their enemies who pressed on them, that some were even killed by their own weapons. At last one black pool of blood disfigured everything, and wherever the eye turned, it could see nothing but piled up heaps of dead, and lifeless corpses trampled on without mercy."

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/378adrianople.asp

s Battle of Andriople https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqEWRXAhXIA Sources

“Ancient History Sourcebook: : History of the Chap. 20: The Devastation of the Goths in the Reign of Gallienus, 260-268 CE.” Internet History Sourcebooks, sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/jordanes-goths20.asp. shsHonWorldHist. “6-5 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” YouTube, YouTube, 17 Sept. 2014, Southern, Pat. “History - Ancient History in Depth: Third Century Crisis of the Roman Empire.” BBC, BBC, 17 Feb. 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/thirdcenturycrisis_article_01.shtml. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Germanic Peoples.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 18 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-peoples. Kerrigan, Michael. “Sack of Rome.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 17 Aug. 2018, www.britannica.com/event/Sack-of-Rome-410. “Western Roman Empire Falls.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/western- roman-empire-falls. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Romulus Augustulus.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 19 Dec. 2007, www.britannica.com/biography/Romulus-Augustulus. Mark, Joshua J. “Western Roman Empire.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 26 Sept. 2018, www.ancient.eu/Western_Roman_Empire/.com