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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by FADA - Birzeit University i Frantz Fanon: Dualism and Colonialism South Africa as a Case Study ﻓﺮاﻧﺘﺲ ﻓﺎﻧﻮن: اﻻزدواﺟﯿﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر ﺟﻨﻮب اﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ ﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ دراﺳﯿﺔ Ghada Samman Student number: 1005092 Supervisor: Dr. Roger Heacock Readers: Dr. Samir Awad Dr. George Giacaman This thesis was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters degree in International Studies from The Faculty of Graduate Studies at Birzeit University- Palestine. ii Presented by: Ghada Samman Frantz Fanon: Dualism and Colonialism South Africa as a Case Study Date: 24-05-2006 Dr. Roger Heacock --------------------------------- Dr. Samir Awad Dr. George Giacaman ------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- iii “ Oh my body, make of me a man who always questions.” Frantz Fanon iv To The Wretched of the Earth To those who struggle for change and Freedom To the Palestinian People v Contents Preface …………………………………………….. viii Introduction ………………………………………… 1 Part 1: Fanon’s Ideas and Concepts Chapter 1 Biographical sketch ………………………….. 6 Chapter 2 The Wretched of the Earth ………………………… 13 Chapter 3 Black Skin, White Masks ..……………………….. 48 Part2: Fanon and Dualism Abstract 72 Chapter 4 Dualism and Alienation …………………………… 79 Chapter 5 Dualism and Value System ……………………. 85 Chapter 6 Dualism and Classes ……………………. 91 Chapter 7 Dualism and Revolution ……………………………. 126 Part3: South Africa Chapter 8 History of South Africa …………………………… 144 Chapter 9 Apartheid System ………………………………….. 174 Chapter 10 The African National Congress (ANC) …………. 197 Conclusion …………………………………… 235 Annexes……………………………………………….. South Africa Apartheid System Freedom Charter Violence in South Africa References …………………………………………. 237 Selected References ………………………………………. 244 vi Abstract This thesis tries to bring to the surface the importance of the philosopher, socialist and psychiatrist Frantz Fanon. Fanon, through his brilliance, study, and experience, provides humanity with powerful ideas which analyze colonialism and its effect on the Third World, as he describes the society and how it functions internally, and also as he describes the behavior of the Third World nations. Colonialism is an expression that describes the relationship between Europe and the Third World. Europe, despite its marvels, established a colonial pattern. Colonialism expresses the contradiction in the world, the division and the alienation of this world. This study deals with the divisions inherent to the third world in its vulnerability and proposes a new concept, dualism. Fanon, as he gives an international vision about the relation between Europe and the Third World, describes the mechanism of the classes’ and groups’ behavior inside the nation, and also the liberation movements that were formed to end colonialism, as well as the various groups that play a role in structuring the society. In addition, he explains the role of violence and revolution and their importance in making a change. So Fanon aimed to call for a radical change so as to help “The Wretched of the Earth” as he called his book. To assist our in-depth understanding to Fanon, South Africa is shown as a case study. It played and is still playing a crucial role in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, the people of South Africa are still living on the same land with the colonizer. I have concentrated on the behavior of the political party and also the way it behaved with international ideas and concepts. The aim of this case study is to provide in- depth study and criticism of Fanon’ vision. In addition, I wish to show the applicability of Fanon’s ideas. vii اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ: ﺗﮭﺪف ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﺑﺮاز أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﻠﺴﻮف واﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ و اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﺮاﻧﺘﺲ ﻓﺎﻧﻮن. ﻓﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻌﺒﻘﺮﯾﺘﮫ ودراﺳﺘﮫ وﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﮫ أﻋﻄﻰ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ وراﺋﻊ ﻟﻼﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ. أﻓﻜﺎر وآراء ﻓﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺤﻠﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر وﻣﺪى ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻠﮫ وﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل رؤﯾﺘﮫ ﻟﻜﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﻖ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ، ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺤﺎول أن ﯾﺼﻒ ﺳﻠﻮك دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ. اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر، ھﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﯾﻌﺒﺮﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ أوروﺑﺎ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ، أوروﺑﺎ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ ، وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري. اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ، ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻧﻘﺴﺎم وﻏﺮﺑﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ. ھﺬه اﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ھﺬا اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺬر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ وﺗﻄﺮح ﻣﻔﮭﻮم ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ وھﻮ اﻻزدواﺟﯿﺔ. ﻓﺎﻧﻮن ﯾﻌﻄﻲ رؤﯾﺎ وﺑﻌﺪ دوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ أوروﺑﺎ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺼﻒ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ وﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت، اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت وﺣﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﺮر اﻟﺘﻲ أوﺟﺪت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻻﻧﮭﺎء اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر، ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دور ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ. أﯾﻀﺎ ، ﯾﺼﻒ ﻓﺎﻧﻮن دور اﻟﻌﻨﻒ واﻟﺜﻮرة, واھﻤﯿﺘﮭﻢ وﺿﺮورﺗﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﺣﺪاث ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﮭﺪف اﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﯿﻖ وﺟﺬري ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺬﺑﻮا اﻷرض، وھﻮ اﺳﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﮫ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ. ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻖ ﻓﮭﻤﻨﺎ ورؤﯾﺘﺎ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﻮن ، ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ دوﻟﺔ ﺟﻨﻮب اﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ ﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ دراﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دور ﺟﻮھﺮي وﻓﻌﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ ﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء ، ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ أن أھﻞ ﺟﻨﻮب اﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﻣﺎ زاﻟﻮا ﯾﻌﯿﺸﻮن ھﻢ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أرض واﺣﺪة. ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺤﺰب اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﯿﻄﺮ، وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻃﺎر ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻔﺎھﯿﻢ واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ. اﻟﮭﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﯿﺔ ھﻮ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻖ وﻧﻘﺪ رؤﯾﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﻮن، وأﯾﻀﺎ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﻣﺪى ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ أﻓﻜﺎره وﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻤﮫ. Preface: Frantz Fanon is a name associated with freedom, justice and humanity. Shortly before his death he wrote The Wretched of the Earth, calling for more humane world. Writing with all his passion and love for the weak and the oppressed, Fanon seeks a new pattern of man – a man who is not penetrated by inhuman systems, who can build natural relations between himself and his family, society, and world. He wants nothing less than to create a new humanity. viii Frantz Fanon is a bold theorist, a visionary and an idealist whose powerful and compelling concepts are intended to protect and emancipate the weak. He is revolutionary--revolutionary in its pure meaning--and the sheer honesty of his work provides its power. Fanon opened the door to many studies related to colonized societies: topics such as myth making, society, classes, and philosophy of struggle. He touched the core of the Third World and provided a comprehensive perspective on the individual and the world, which gave strength to his proposals. Although there is some confusion regarding the meaning of the terminologies in his books, and also criticism of his ideas, further studies may adjust or develop his proposal, and I hope the present work will be one, which achieves that. As a socio-political study, this thesis intends to reveal particular aspects of Fanon’s ideas, and to go in-depth by analyzing South Africa’s experience as a case study. Ghada Samman ix Frantz Fanon (1925-1961) 0 Part 1 Frantz Fanon Part 2 Dualism and Alienation Part 3 South Africa Annex 1. South Africa 2. Apartheid system (map) 3. Picture (Sowyto and Johannesburg) 4. The Freedom Charter 5. Violence in South Africa Introduction 1 Introduction: “ Not so very long ago, the earth numbered two thousand million inhabitants: five hundred million men, and one thousand five hundred million natives. The former had the word: the others had the use of it. Between the two there were hired kinglets, overlords and a bourgeoisie, sham from beginning to end, which served as go- betweens. In the colonies the truth stood naked, but the citizens of the mother-country preferred it with clothes on: the native had to love them, something in the way mothers are loved.” (Fanon 1963, p7) This first paragraph of Fanon’s book the Wretched of The Earth is from the introduction by Jean Paul Sartre. The first paragraph attracted me as it explains the extreme contradictions and inequalities in the world, and as Sartre describes the truth of the colonies in which the majority had the word and the others had the use of it. I continued to read the introduction, and I decided to get in depth that specific book, because actually colonialism did not end and it developed into a new phase, the neo- colonialism phase, which was more severe as the technology facilitated the control of the Third World through the economic and cultural penetration, in which there was no need for military solutions. Frantz Fanon said before his death that man should be a slave of cause, the cause of people, justice and liberty, otherwise man is nothing on earth. And actually Fanon was a slave for the cause of justice as he tried to call for help and justice for the weak and poor people in the Third World. His experience, work, and writings prove his humanity, sympathy and justice toward the weak and on the other hand his anger, violence and hate toward those who exploit and humiliate them. Because of that there are different views of Fanon: some called him “the apostle of violence,” and others called him the “Marx of the Third World,” for as Marx’s called philosophy for the justice of labor, Fanon called for the justice of the Third World. But I think Marx is Marx and Fanon is Fanon. Fanon was born in a French colony exposed to racism, between the black and white. Then he volunteered to serve in the Second World War. After that he studied psychiatry. After finishing his studies he worked in Algeria as a doctor. He was much Introduction 2 affected by the situation of Algeria and the injustice of the colonial system that existed in it. He adopted it as his homeland and worked For the Algerian cause. His mentality’s structure was crystallized according to his upbringing, knowledge, study, and experience: he was from a bourgeois family that assimilated the French culture, and his good relation to his mother was also a crucial factor in building Fanon’s mentality. His psychological studies and his reading of many thinkers like Marx, Hegel, Sartre affected him deeply, as did his experience of living in a racist system, his experience in the army, his experience in the university as a black student, and his experience in Algeria.
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    books b return to fanon by michael burawoy during World War Two. After the war, he Written when most of Africa was still returned to Martinique, only to soon leave under colonial rule, it was a prophetic again for Lyon, where he would acquire account of divergent roads out of colonial a medical degree in psychiatry. In 1953 domination. To that end, it was a class he transferred to a post at Algeria’s Blida- analysis of racial subjugation that stood Joinville Psychiatric Hospital. Appalled by The Communist Manifesto on its head. the psychic trauma of colonial violence Marx and Engels regarded the industrial experienced by his patients—Black and working class as the revolutionary class White—he joined the FLN (National Lib- while the peasantry, in Marx’s famous eration Front) in the struggle for indepen- words, was a sack of potatoes; in Fanon’s The The Wretched of the Earth dence. He was expelled from Algeria in view, it was the reverse—the colonial by Frantz Fanon 1957 for his political activities, settling in working class was a relatively privileged Grove Atlantic, 320 pp. Tunis as FLN’s ambassador in West Africa. class interested at best in reform, while He died four years later, but not before the dispossessed peasantry, unifi ed by Articulating the dangers and the possibili- completing The Wretched of the Earth, its shared relationship to land, was the ties of decolonization, Frantz Fanon’s The bible of liberation movements not just revolutionary class. They, not the working Wretched of the Earth, loomed large over in Africa but across the world, infl uenc- class, had nothing to lose but their chains.
  • April-June 2010 1082-6491*April-June 2*ISSN Number 23 Volume

    April-June 2010 1082-6491*April-June 2*ISSN Number 23 Volume

    AGAINST NAZI TERROR, INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY: No Nazis in L.A. April 17 Liberation and Human Rights for Communities in Struggle by Michael Novick, Anti-Racist Action-Los Angeles/People Against Racist Terror (ARA-LA/PART) The “National Socialist Movement” (NSM), a neo-nazi formation with a base in Open Nazis are not the main enemy in a struggle against colonialism, capitalism Riverside CA and units around the US, has issued a call for a national gathering of and imperialism, but they are a significant element, particularly in a period of their organization in Los Angeles. It features a rally on Saturday, April 17 at noon ongoing economic crisis and political instability within the belly of the beast. The on the lawn of L.A. City Hall, for which they have already applied for and received National Socialist Movement and similar open fascist forces are seeking greater a permit. They will be bringing a substantial number of uniformed nazi thugs and political legitimacy. They want greater influence within larger white nationalist and reactionary social and political forces, such as the anti-immigrant movement, the boneheads from around the US as part of their so-called “Reclaim the Southwest “tea-baggers,” and the re-emerging militia movement. An associate of the NSM in Campaign.” The NSM boasts of being the oldest and largest nazi outfit in the U.S., Phoenix is a Republican Party Committeeman, and a pal of anti-migrant Sheriff Joe but their public modus operandi is always hiding behind the skirts of the police. Arpaio. Another associate was recently busted in Louisville KY for posting a threat They pose a clear and serious threat of racist and sexist violence, which always to the life of the president on an NSM chat-site, “NewSaxon.” NSM members and follows open nazi organizing.
  • Patrimoine Et Territoire : Une Parenté Conceptuelle En Question Les Cahiers Du CFPCI

    Patrimoine Et Territoire : Une Parenté Conceptuelle En Question Les Cahiers Du CFPCI

    Les Cahiers du CFPCI7 Patrimoine et territoire : une parenté conceptuelle en question Les Cahiers du CFPCI Une collection du Centre français du patrimoine culturel immatériel- Maison des Cultures du Monde dirigée par Séverine Cachat Cette édition en ligne est le prolongement du séminaire international intitulé « Les terri- toires du patrimoine culturel immatériel », organisé à Vitré les 5 et 6 octobre 2017 par le Centre français du patrimoine culturel immatériel, dans le cadre du 21e festival de l’Imaginaire, avec le soutien et la participation de la direction générale des Patrimoines, département du Pilotage de la recherche et de la Politique scientifique (ministère de la Culture), de la Ville de Vitré, et la collaboration du Centre Georges Chevrier de l’université de Bourgogne (devenu en mars 2020 le LIR3S – Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche « Sociétés, Sensibilités, Soin »). Illustration de couverture : Couverture brodée par les insurgents de l’EZLN représentant l’hydre capitaliste, festival CompARTE por la Humanidad (« pARTage »), 2016. © Élie Kongs. Numéro coordonné par Jean-Louis Tornatore, Isabelle Chave et Séverine Cachat Relecture, traduction et mise en page Marie Guérinel Copyright 2020 Maison des Cultures du Monde-Centre français du patrimoine culturel immatériel Les Cahiers du CFPCI 7 Table des matières Introduction Patrimoine et territoire, limites et impasses d’une « parenté conceptuelle » ......................................................................................... 9 Jean-Louis Tornatore Partie 1 :
  • Black Skin, White Masks (Get Political)

    Black Skin, White Masks (Get Political)

    Black Skin, White Masks Fanon 00 pre i 4/7/08 14:16:58 <:IEA>I>86A www.plutobooks.com Revolution, Black Skin, Democracy, White Masks Socialism Frantz Fanon Selected Writings Forewords by V.I. Lenin Homi K. Edited by Bhabha and Paul Le Blanc Ziauddin Sardar 9780745328485 9780745327600 Jewish History, The Jewish Religion Communist The Weight Manifesto of Three Karl Marx and Thousand Years Friedrich Engels Israel Shahak Introduction by Forewords by David Harvey Pappe / Mezvinsky/ 9780745328461 Said / Vidal 9780745328409 Theatre of Catching the Oppressed History on Augusto Boal the Wing 9780745328386 Race, Culture and Globalisation A. Sivanandan Foreword by Colin Prescod 9780745328348 Fanon 00 pre ii 4/7/08 14:16:59 black skin whiteit masks FRANTZ FANON Translated by Charles Lam Markmann Forewords by Ziauddin Sardar and Homi K. Bhabha PLUTO PRESS www.plutobooks.com Fanon 00 pre iii 4/7/08 14:17:00 Originally published by Editions de Seuil, France, 1952 as Peau Noire, Masques Blanc First published in the United Kingdom in 1986 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA This new edition published 2008 www.plutobooks.com Copyright © Editions de Seuil 1952 English translation copyright © Grove Press Inc 1967 The right of Homi K. Bhabha and Ziauddin Sardar to be identifi ed as the authors of the forewords to this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7453 2849 2 Hardback ISBN 978 0 7453 2848 5 Paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
  • The Biogeography of the Plastisphere: Implications for Policy

    The Biogeography of the Plastisphere: Implications for Policy

    RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS The biogeography of the Plastisphere: 541 implications for policy Linda A Amaral-Zettler1,2*, Erik R Zettler3, Beth Slikas1, Gregory D Boyd3, Donald W Melvin3, Clare E Morrall4, Giora Proskurowski5, and Tracy J Mincer6† Microplastics (particles less than 5 mm) numerically dominate marine debris and occur from coastal waters to mid-ocean gyres, where surface circulation concentrates them. Given the prevalence of plastic marine debris (PMD) and the rise in plastic production, the impacts of plastic on marine ecosystems will likely increase. Microscopic life (the “Plastisphere”) thrives on these tiny floating “islands” of debris and can be transported long distances. Using next-generation DNA sequencing, we characterized bacterial communities from water and plastic samples from the North Pacific and North Atlantic subtropical gyres to determine whether the composition of different Plastisphere communities reflects their biogeographic origins. We found that these communities differed between ocean basins – and to a lesser extent between polymer types – and displayed lat- itudinal gradients in species richness. Our research reveals some of the impacts of microplastics on marine bio- diversity, demonstrates that the effects and fate of PMD may vary considerably in different parts of the global ocean, and suggests that PMD mitigation will require regional management efforts. Front Ecol Environ 2015; 13(10): 541–546, doi:10.1890/150017 ublic awareness of plastic marine debris (PMD) and its Oberbeckmann et al. 2014). As annual plastic produc- Penvironmental impacts has intensified due in part to tion continues to increase (299 million metric tons in greater numbers of publications (both scholarly and popu- 2015 [PlasticsEurope 2015]), citizens, government agen- lar) and large-scale policy recommendations on the sub- cies, and the plastics industry are attempting to manage ject.