DOCSLIB.ORG

Fanon by Michael Burawoy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fanon by Michael Burawoy books b return to fanon by michael burawoy during World War Two. After the war, he Written when most of Africa was still returned to Martinique, only to soon leave under colonial rule, it was a prophetic again for Lyon, where he would acquire account of divergent roads out of colonial a medical degree in psychiatry. In 1953 domination. To that end, it was a class he transferred to a post at Algeria’s Blida- analysis of racial subjugation that stood Joinville Psychiatric Hospital. Appalled by The Communist Manifesto on its head. the psychic trauma of colonial violence Marx and Engels regarded the industrial experienced by his patients—Black and working class as the revolutionary class White—he joined the FLN (National Lib- while the peasantry, in Marx’s famous eration Front) in the struggle for indepen- words, was a sack of potatoes; in Fanon’s The The Wretched of the Earth dence. He was expelled from Algeria in view, it was the reverse—the colonial by Frantz Fanon 1957 for his political activities, settling in working class was a relatively privileged Grove Atlantic, 320 pp. Tunis as FLN’s ambassador in West Africa. class interested at best in reform, while He died four years later, but not before the dispossessed peasantry, unifi ed by Articulating the dangers and the possibili- completing The Wretched of the Earth, its shared relationship to land, was the ties of decolonization, Frantz Fanon’s The bible of liberation movements not just revolutionary class. They, not the working Wretched of the Earth, loomed large over in Africa but across the world, infl uenc- class, had nothing to lose but their chains. African studies in the 1960s and 1970s. ing such notable fi gures as Ali Shariati For Marx and Engels, revolutionary With its arousing language, its gripping in Iran, Steve Biko in South Africa, Paulo impetus advanced through inclusionary descriptions, and its compelling argu- Freire in Brazil, Che Guevara in Cuba, and exploitation, while for Fanon it advanced ment, it traverses seamlessly between the Malcolm X and the Black Panther Party in through exclusionary dispossession. psychological and the structural, between the United States. Indeed, many Third World Revolutions – alienation and domination. Yet, it passes As the revolutionary optimism of China, Vietnam, Cuba—were made by lightly over the connecting tissue, the the 1960s has given way to varieties of a dispossessed peasantry. While Theda social processes that are the entry point Afro-pessimism, Fanon has become bet- Skocpol’s classic States and Social Revo- for ethnography. In this essay, I sketch ter known for his fi rst book, Black Skin, lutions reduced the French, Russian and Fanon’s theory of decolonization, how it White Masks (1952), psychoanalytical Chinese revolutions to a single “classical” shaped one of my ethnographies of post- refl ections on Black responses to racial type in which peasant revolt was essential colonial Zambia, and I end with refl ec- domination in France. Whether by speak- to each, Fanon insisted on the African tions on its signifi cance today. ing better French or through inter-racial Revolution as a distinct product of the partners—every attempt to escape racial colonial context. Frantz Fanon was born in 1925 into the domination condemns one Black immi- He discerned two routes of decolo- aspirant Black middle class of the French grant to recapitulate and consolidate nization: a national bourgeois road (NBR) Caribbean colony of Martinique; he died racial domination. Blackness is framed animated by an emerging Black bour- in 1961 of leukemia, fighting against by and against whiteness. If Black Skin, geoisie (made up of civil servants, teach- French colonialism in Algeria, on the eve Whites Masks posed the problem of tran- ers, lawyers, small traders) and a national of independence. At his lycée Fanon came scending racism, The Wretched of the liberation struggle (NLS) driven by a volca- under the spell of the Martiniquan poet, Earth offered a solution: the violent over- nic peasantry becoming organically con- politician, and philosopher of Negritude, throw of colonialism could unleash col- nected to dissident intellectuals expelled Aimé Césaire. Fleeing the Vichy occu- lective energies for social transformation. from the towns, who gave programmatic pation of Martinique, at the age of 18, However, The Wretched of the Earth direction to insurgency. If the NBR was Fanon fought in the French Free Army was far more than a revolutionary tract. concerned with the replacement of White 70 contexts.org by Black, a reformist road in which the shaped by class struggles among the they could be very effective in subverting class structure remained unaltered, only colonized. Still, there were ambiguities socialist projects and forcing former colo- changing the color of its incumbents, the here, especially the temporal sequencing nies into the NBR straight jacket. NLS led to the overthrow of the colonial of the NBR and NLS. Do they represent a Today many reject Fanon’s theses for class structure and the inauguration of a fork in the decolonization road, or does their utopian/dystopian quality. However, socialist order. Fanon waxes lyrical about the NLS follow the NBR? Fanon left this in the early years after independence, the possibilities of democratic socialism question to future theorists and strate- the 1960s, when optimism for a new through the inclusive and enthusiastic gists of the African Revolution. order was high, Fanon’s ideas inspired participation of all. Fanon’s vision of the “necessity” of such prominent Africanist scholars as Although I have found no evidence the NLS followed from his pessimistic diag- Immanuel Wallerstein, Giovanni Arrighi, that Fanon knew of the great Italian nosis of the NBR—that it would follow a Issa Shivji, John Saul, Walter Rodney, and Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, nonetheless, reactionary trajectory, from initial adoption Samir Amin. The Wretched of the Earth The Wretched of the Earth can be read of liberal democracy, to the development became foundational to the common as combining the elements of Gramsci’s of a one-party state, to a dictatorship. sense of Marxist social science, especially theory of revolution. If the overthrow of Under the NBR, the postcolonial economy on the African continent. Like The Com- colonialism required a violent, cathartic, would be unable to extricate itself from munist Manifesto, its political power lay unifying “war of movement”—only such a peripheral place in global capitalism. It in its generality: its indictment of the inex- a violent assault against the barricades of would not be able to deliver the economic tricable connection of colonialism and colonialism could overcome external as concessions necessary for the survival of capitalism along with an imperative and well as internalized oppression—the con- liberal democracy. He saw the national a prescription for constructing socialism. struction of a postcolonial order called for bourgeoisie as an appendage of the met- With the scarcity of socialism, however, a “war of position,” a struggle for hege- ropolitan bourgeoisie and the descent Marxist theory has often turned to the mony between the NBR and the NLS. toward dictatorship inevitable. dissection of the different species of capi- The outcome depended on the Fanon’s warning about the dangers talism, so, in the same way, Fanonian constellation of class forces among the of the NBR, made the NLS that much theory must dissect the different species colonized. Fanon was convinced that the working class would throw its weight The colonial persists despite appearances to behind the emergent Black bourgeoisie forming an urban bloc that would follow the contrary, it continues to unravel inside the the NBR. But where would the vacillating classes stand? The so-called “lumpen- postcolonial. proletariat” (dispossessed of land, find- ing themselves unemployed or working more urgent but not necessarily more of the NBR. episodically in the informal sector, living in feasible. Fanon understood the threat of Just as England stood in for the peri-urban shanty towns) was an uprooted international capitalism but considered its historical narrative of The Communist group, easily bribed into supporting one dependence on African raw materials and Manifesto, Algeria stood in for colonial side or the other. The tribal chiefs, respon- consumer markets as giving postcolonial context of The Wretched of the Earth. sible for administering colonial indirect countries the leverage for autonomous Algeria, however, was a “settler” colony rule, were reformist by position if not by development and even reparations. Still, based on agricultural exports, very dif- nature. However, how could they main- in the final analysis, he argued, the Afri- ferent from the “administered” colony tain their legitimacy with their insurgent can Revolution would depend upon the of Northern Rhodesia, named Zambia followers? The struggle for hegemony Western working class deciding to “wake after independence, where I did my and thus the direction of the postcolony up, put on their thinking caps, and stop research. Zambia was and continued to would be resolved through the political playing the irresponsible game of Sleep- be an “enclave” economy in which cop- articulation of class forces with limits set ing Beauty.” Without support from the per provided 95 percent of its export rev- by objective economic conditions. Western working class, Fanon’s optimism enue, giving enormous power to Anglo Unlike Gramsci who saw the War about the NLS would, therefore, never be American and Roan Selection Trust, the of Movement succeeding or preceding seriously put to the test—where it was two multinationals who owned the the War of Position, Fanon saw them as tried, as in Algeria, the revolutionary road mines. Zambia’s class structure was very coinciding: even as the colonial order was involved violence that did not cease but different from Algeria’s—the settler ele- being overthrown through violence, the intensified with independence.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Isaac Julien's Frantz Fanon
    Agozino, B 2017 The View Beyond Looking: Isaac Julien’s Frantz Fanon: Black Skin, White Mask. Karib – Nordic Journal for Caribbean Studies, 3(1): 2, pp. 1–7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/karib.36 RESEARCH ARTICLE The View Beyond Looking: Isaac Julien’s Frantz Fanon: Black Skin, White Mask Biko Agozino Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US [email protected] This paper is a simulation of a court hearing in which Frantz Fanon is accused of different things by different authors while I attempt to present a case for the defence of Fanon, indicating that a careful reading of his work will show that he has no case to answer. The paper arose from a plenary talk that I presented at a conference on immigrants in Europe which included the premier of the film on Fanon directed by Isaac Julien. The paper has been updated to reflect some current debates since the original presentation. Keywords: Fanon; Julien; Olsson; Violence; Black; Skin; White; Mask Introduction Frantz Fanon died in 1961 at the age of thirty-six. Thirty-six years after his death, I was thirty-six years old in 1997 when I had the honour and privilege of being invited to introduce the Italian premier of Frantz Fanon: Black Skin White Mask (Julien, 1996; Gordon, 1996).1 This is a fuller text of my presentation before an audience that was made up of mainly participants in an international conference. Who Is Fanon? Fanon was born in Martinique in 1925 where he received a typical French colonial education. As a young man, he enlisted in the Free French Army to fight against fascism and won a decoration for bravery.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Life Is Seized Adam Shatz
    This site uses cookies. By continuing to browse this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies.× (More Information) Back to article page Where Life Is Seized Adam Shatz Écrits sur l’aliénation et la liberté by Frantz Fanon, edited by Robert Young and Jean Khalfa La Découverte, 688 pp, £22.00, October 2015, ISBN 978 2 7071 8638 6 Author of the anti-racist jeremiad Black Skin, White Masks; spokesman for the Algerian Revolution and author of The Wretched of the Earth, the ‘bible’ of decolonisation; inspiration to Third World revolutionaries from the refugee camps of Palestine to the back streets of Tehran and Beirut, Harlem and Oakland; founder, avant la lettre, of post-colonialism; hero to the alienated banlieusards of France, who feel as if the Battle of Algiers never ended, but simply moved to the cités: Frantz Fanon has been remembered in a lot of ways, but almost all of them have foregrounded his advocacy of resistance, especially violent resistance. Fanon speaking in Accra in 1958 Fanon was not a pacifist, but the emphasis on his belief in violence – or ‘terrorism’, as his adversaries would say – has obscured the radical humanism that lies at the heart of his work. In her 1970 study, On Violence, addressed in part to Fanon’s student admirers, Hannah Arendt pointed out that both his followers and his detractors seemed to have read only the first chapter – also entitled ‘On Violence’ – of The Wretched of the Earth. There Fanon described how violence could serve as a ‘cleansing force’ for the colonised, liberating them not only from their colonial masters, but from their inferiority complex.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Spontaneity and Senegalese New Social Movements, Y'en a Marre and M23: a Re-Reading of Frantz Fanon 'The Wretched of the Earth"
    POLITICAL SPONTANEITY AND SENEGALESE NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, Y'EN A MARRE AND M23: A RE-READING OF FRANTZ FANON 'THE WRETCHED OF THE EARTH" Babacar Faye A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2012 Committee: Radhika Gajjala, Advisor Dalton Anthony Jones © 2012 Babacar Faye All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Radhika Gajjala, Advisor This project analyzes the social uprisings in Senegal following President Abdoulaye Wade's bid for a third term on power. From a perspectivist reading of Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth and the revolutionary strategies of the Algerian war of independence, the project engages in re-reading Fanon's text in close relation to Senegalese new social movements, Y'en A Marre and M23. The overall analysis addresses many questions related to Fanonian political thought. The first attempt of the project is to read Frantz Fanon's The Wretched from within The Cultural Studies. Theoretically, Fanon's "new humanism," as this project contends, can be located between transcendence and immanence, and somewhat intersects with the political potentialities of the 'multitude.' Second. I foreground the sociogeny of Senegalese social movements in neoliberal era of which President Wade's regime was but a local phase. Recalling Frantz Fanon's critique of the bourgeoisie and traditional intellectuals in newly postindependent African countries, I draw a historical continuity with the power structures in the postcolonial condition. Therefore, the main argument of this project deals with the critique of African political leaders, their relationship with hegemonic global forces in infringing upon the basic rights of the downtrodden.
    [Show full text]
  • Panther Theory: Reading Black Power
    Panther Theory: Reading Black Power …if one is truly a revolutionary, one must understand that one must take time out to study. – Stokely Carmichael Professor John Drabinski Office: Johnson Chapel 301B [email protected] or x5641 Office hours: M/W - 10-11:30 Required texts (please purchase from Amherst Books in downtown Amherst): Stokely Carmichael, Stokely Speaks (Chicago Review); Huey Newton, Revolutionary Suicide (Penguin), To Die for the People (City Lights), and In Search of Common Ground (Norton); Elaine Brown, A Taste of Power (Anchor); Angela Davis, The Angela Davis Reader (Blackwell); Mao Tse-Tung, On Guerilla Warfare; Joshua Bloom and Waldo Martin, Black Against Empire (California); W.E.B. Du Bois, Souls (Dover) What is the memory and legacy of the Black Panther Party? The Party is probably best known for its militant politics and iconic imagery: guns, leather jackets, confrontations with the police, and often audacious forms of public protest. We remember those politics and that imagery for good reason: the Party’s organization and struggle galvanized communities beleaguered by poverty, police violence, and mass incarceration. But it is important to also recall that the Black Panthers were an intellectual movement that theorized mobilization, forms of strategy, ideas of solidarity and collaboration, and armed self-defense out of close study of a wide range of both conventional and revolutionary thinkers. This course focuses on that element of the Party’s life, exploring the Black Panthers as an intellectual movement. We will read key figures Huey P. Newton, Eldridge Cleaver, Elaine Brown, and Angela Davis with close attention to how they engage and transform canonical figures of Western philosophy like Socrates, Descartes, and G.W.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Skin, White Masks (Get Political)
    Black Skin, White Masks Fanon 00 pre i 4/7/08 14:16:58 <:IEA>I>86A www.plutobooks.com Revolution, Black Skin, Democracy, White Masks Socialism Frantz Fanon Selected Writings Forewords by V.I. Lenin Homi K. Edited by Bhabha and Paul Le Blanc Ziauddin Sardar 9780745328485 9780745327600 Jewish History, The Jewish Religion Communist The Weight Manifesto of Three Karl Marx and Thousand Years Friedrich Engels Israel Shahak Introduction by Forewords by David Harvey Pappe / Mezvinsky/ 9780745328461 Said / Vidal 9780745328409 Theatre of Catching the Oppressed History on Augusto Boal the Wing 9780745328386 Race, Culture and Globalisation A. Sivanandan Foreword by Colin Prescod 9780745328348 Fanon 00 pre ii 4/7/08 14:16:59 black skin whiteit masks FRANTZ FANON Translated by Charles Lam Markmann Forewords by Ziauddin Sardar and Homi K. Bhabha PLUTO PRESS www.plutobooks.com Fanon 00 pre iii 4/7/08 14:17:00 Originally published by Editions de Seuil, France, 1952 as Peau Noire, Masques Blanc First published in the United Kingdom in 1986 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA This new edition published 2008 www.plutobooks.com Copyright © Editions de Seuil 1952 English translation copyright © Grove Press Inc 1967 The right of Homi K. Bhabha and Ziauddin Sardar to be identifi ed as the authors of the forewords to this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7453 2849 2 Hardback ISBN 978 0 7453 2848 5 Paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Revisiting Frantz Fanon in the Era Of
    ABSTRACT REVISITING FRANTZ FANON IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION by Beatrice O. Omwomo This work seeks to investigate the significance and relevance of Frantz Fanon’s colonial and postcolonial ideas about Africa in the era of contemporary globalization, based on Les damnés de la terre and Peau noire, masques blancs. It provides a brief overview of colonialism and globalization in an attempt to show the connection between the power structures of the two. It further discusses the present manifestations of Fanon’s thoughts on nationalism and the issue of representation. The main argument of this work is that there are similarities between Fanon’s theory of colonial Manichaeism that sustained oppression of the Other, and contemporary discriminatory practices in globalization processes. By way of conclusion this work suggests that Fanon’s thoughts about humanity as well as his call for a new way of thinking offers an opportunity for discussing ways of addressing today’s global inequalities. REVISITING FRANTZ FANON IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of French and Italian by Beatrice O. Omwomo Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2011 Advisor: ________________________ Anna Klosowska Reader: _________________________ Claire Goldstein Reader: _________________________ Mark Mckinney TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1: From Colonialism to Globalization 7 Chapter 2: Fanon: Ideas and thoughts 22 Chapter 3: Manichean World 34 Conclusion 45 Works Cited 47 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly honored to thank the many people who made this thesis possible. I am extremely grateful to my advisor Anna Klosowska for her time, guidance, understanding and above all her patience.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Oppressed People All Over the World Are One’: the British Black Panthers’ Grassroots Internationalism, 1969­1973
    `Black oppressed people all over the world are one': the British Black Panthers' grassroots internationalism, 1969-1973 Article (Accepted Version) Angelo, Anne-Marie (2018) ‘Black oppressed people all over the world are one’: the British Black Panthers’ grassroots internationalism, 1969-1973. Journal of Civil and Human Rights, 4 (1). pp. 64-97. ISSN 2378-4245 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65918/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk ‘Black Oppressed People All Over the World Are One’: The British Black Panthers’ Grassroots Internationalism, 1969-1973 Anne-Marie Angelo University of Sussex Under review with The Journal of Civil and Human Rights August 2016 On March 21, 1971, over 4,500 people opposing a proposed UK government Immigration Bill marched from Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park, London to Whitehall.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Panther Party: 1966-1982
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (ASC) Annenberg School for Communication 1-1-2000 Black Panther Party: 1966-1982 Michael X. Delli Carpini University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers Part of the Social Influence and oliticalP Communication Commons Recommended Citation (OVERRIDE) Delli Carpini, M. X. (2000). Black panther party: 1966-1982. In I. Ness & J. Ciment (Eds.), The encyclopedia of third parties in America (pp. 190-197). Armonke, NY: Sharpe Reference. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/1 NOTE: At the time of publication, the author Michael X. Delli Carpini was affiliated with Columbia University. Currently January 2008, he is a faculty member of the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/1 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Black Panther Party: 1966-1982 Abstract The Black Panther party was founded in Oakland, California, in 1966. From its beginnings as a local, community organization with a handful of members, it expanded into a national and international party. By 1980, however, the Black Panther party was once again mainly an Oakland-based organization, with no more than fifty active members. In 1982, the party came to an official end. Despite itselativ r ely short history, its modest membership, and its general eschewing of electoral politics, the Black Panther party was arguably the best known and most controversial of the black militant political organizations of the 1960s, with a legacy that continues to this day.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Off the Pigs?': the Black Panther Party and Masculinity by Chandani
    ‘OFF THE PIGS?’: The Black Panther Party and Masculinity Chandani Desai1 Male members of the Black Panther Party have a reputation for being unjustly and unrestrainedly violent out of rampant hate for white people. However, the racialized, hyper-masculine reputation of the Panthers was largely constructed by the white media of the 60s and 70s, who feared the image of black men with guns. Instead, this article argues that the masculinity of the Black Panther Party was based in the empowerment of the black community, especially among the lower classes. To demonstrate this, this article analyzes the role of violence, grassroots organization, and women within the Party’s ideology and history. Ultimately, the legacies of the Party’s activities can be seen in the present day among groups such as #BlackLivesMatter. Dominant perceptions of the Black Panther Party (BPP) are largely defined by how its masculinity was presented in white media of the 1960s and 70s. Scholar Jane Rhodes describes this representation colorfully: they fulfilled stereotypes of blackness “along a continuum ranging from menace on one end to immorality on the other, with irresponsibility somewhere in the middle.” Overall, the Party was framed as a racialized ‘other’ such that it “tapped into white Americans’ primal fears of black male sexuality, black American violence, and the potential of an all-out race war.”2 While this perception has dulled somewhat in the modern age, it persists nevertheless through stereotypes of the Panthers as unjustly violent. To be sure, this reputation is not one which was completely unearned. The Panthers did, to an extent, utilize white fears in attracting publicity.3 However, the racially biased view of the BPP’s masculinity, such as that described by Rhodes, obscures the foundational masculine model that Panther men sought to embody.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review Essay on John Edgar Wideman's Fanon
    Meditations on Fanon: A Review Essay on John Edgar Wideman’s Fanon: A Novel John Edgar Wideman, Fanon: A Novel . Boston: Mariner Books, 2008 by Rick Hill Mississippi Valley State University Itta Bena, Mississippi, USA [email protected] If one came of political and social age during the Black Liberation Movement and the African Liberation Movement in America, on the continent of Africa, and in the African Diaspora during the 1960s and 1970s, then the Martiniquen born, French colonized, and Algerian psychiatrist and philosopher of revolution Frantz Fanon likely informed one’s political and social imagination about the possibilities of African people finding their human authenticity and agency to organize their collective beings against colonial domination, racial domination, and psychological wretchedness. Fanon’s corpus of work on how colonized African people had to find their humanity in order to overthrow European settler colonialism provided the template for understanding the psychological dimension of what slavery and colonialism had done to wrench the humanity and the source of inherent ontological being from African people. Concomitantly, Fanon provided a theory of revolution that evolved from the experiences of the Algerian national liberation struggle. While Fanon did not propagate that Africans on the continent and in the diaspora had identical experiences with domination, he did provide meta-analytical conceptual tools in order to grasp the commonalities of the similar experiences. Fanon’s books Black Skins, White Masks (1952), A Dying Colonialism (1959), The Wretched of the Earth (1961), and Toward the African Revolution (1964) were required reading for young Black Marxists and Black revolutionary nationalists in the mid-20 th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Rights and the 1960S: a Decade of Unparalleled Progress Leland Ware
    Maryland Law Review Volume 72 | Issue 4 Article 4 Civil Rights and the 1960s: A Decade of Unparalleled Progress Leland Ware Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr Part of the Biography Commons Recommended Citation Leland Ware, Civil Rights and the 1960s: A Decade of Unparalleled Progress, 72 Md. L. Rev. 1087 (2013) Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol72/iss4/4 This Conference is brought to you for free and open access by the Academic Journals at DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maryland Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CIVIL RIGHTS AND THE 1960S: A DECADE OF UNPARALLELED PROGRESS ∗ LELAND WARE I. INTRODUCTION The 1960s were a decade unlike any other in the twentieth cen- tury. It was an intense time consumed by rapidly unfolding develop- ments. The decade began with institutionalized segregation still in- tact and massive resistance to school integration in the South. After ten years and hundreds of boycotts, demonstrations, and protests, federal laws were enacted that prohibited discrimination. This Trib- ute provides an overview of the events that propelled African Ameri- cans from segregation to full citizenship. Maryland’s Chief Judge Robert Mack Bell’s education during this decade of change under- scores how race relations were transformed during this critical period in our history. To go from a sit-in participant in the 1960s1 to the top jurist in a formerly segregated state speaks to the decade’s unparal- leled progress.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rhetorical History of Black Studies: Black Power & Epistemology
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research 4-2021 A Rhetorical History of Black Studies: Black Power & Epistemology Kayla Corbin University of Richmond Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Part of the Africana Studies Commons, and the Rhetoric Commons Recommended Citation Corbin, Kayla, "A Rhetorical History of Black Studies: Black Power & Epistemology" (2021). Honors Theses. 1585. https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/1585 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Rhetorical History of Black Studies: Black Power & Epistemology by Kayla Corbin Honors Thesis Submitted to: Rhetoric and Communications Department University of Richmond Richmond, VA April 2021 Advisor: Dr. Armond Towns 1 My introduction into Black studies was by way of what was labeled as a political science course, entitled the Black Radical Tradition. The course mapped out a genealogy of Black radical thinking and introduced us to the experiences, epistemologies and ethics of Black radicalism. On the first day, Dr. Corey D.B Walker made it abundantly clear that it was a Black studies course housed in the political science department because the University of Richmond did not have any form of a Black studies department. The syllabus included titles such as “The Vocation of the Black Scholar” by Vincent Harding, Black Marxism by Cedric Robinson, Freedom Dreams by Robin D.G. Kelley and If They Come in the Morning by Angela Davis.
    [Show full text]