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Indrumar De Afaceri Thailanda 2009

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Indrumar De Afaceri Thailanda 2009 INDRUMAR DE AFACERI THAILANDA 2009 1 C U P R I N S pag. Capitolul I PREZENTARE GENERALA 3 Capitolul II EVOLUTIA PRINCIPALILOR INDICATORI 12 MACROECONOMICI Capitolul III COMERTUL EXTERIOR AL THAILANDEI 13 Capitolul IV SCHIMBURILE COMERCIALE BILATERALE 19 ROMANIA - THAILANDA IN PERIOADA 2000-2008 (aug.) Capitolul V REGIMUL COMERCIAL (bariere tarifare si netarifare) 30 Capitolul VI REGIMUL INVESTIŢIILOR STRĂINE 45 Capitolul VII SISTEMUL DE IMPOZITARE 69 Capitolul VIII INSTITUŢII PUBLICE DIN THAILANDA 76 SURSE DE INFORMARE ECONOMICĂ ŞI COMERCIALĂ 2 Capitolul I PREZENTARE GENERALA Denumirea oficiala a tarii Actuala denumire oficiala a tarii: Regatul Thailandei, sau Thailanda, a fost adoptata in mai 1939, prin renuntarea la vechea denumire "Siam". Numele de “Siam” a fost reluat intre 1945 si 1949. La 11 mai 1949, printr-o proclamare oficiala, s-a revenit la numele de “Thailanda”, In traducere “Thai” inseamna liber, deci: “Tara celor Liberi” (Land of the Free). Pozitia geografica Regatul Thailandei este situat in Asia de Sud-Est, putin deasupra ecuatorului, intre paralelele de 5º30’ si 21º, latitudine nordica, si intre meridianele de 97º30’ si 105º30’, longitudine estica. Thailanda are ca vecini: - la vest: Myanmar (fosta Birmania), si Marea Andaman (Oceanul Indian); - la nord: Myanmar si RPD Laos; - la est: PRD Laos, Cambogia si Golful Thailandei; - la sud: Malaezia Dimensiunile Thailandei sunt de aproximativ 2.500 km de la nord la sud si de 1.250 km de la est la vest. Lungimea liniei de coasta este de circa 1840 km, la Golful Thailandei si 865 km, de-a lungul Oceanului Indian. Ora locala: GMT + 7 (octombrie-martie), GMT + 6 (martie + octombrie) Suprafata Suprafata totala a tarii este de 513.115 km², echivalenta cu suprafata Frantei. Thailanda este impartita in 4 regiuni: - partea de nord; - campia centrala sau bazinul raului Chao Phraya; - zona de nord-est sau platoul Korat; - regiunea din sud sau peninsula sudica. Partea de nord este alcatuita din 17 provincii, acoperind o suprafata de 169.600 km², din care 80% zone muntoase. Aceste zone constituie sursele vitale de apa ale tarii. Provincia Chiang Mai este centrul zonei superioare, iar provincia Phitsanuloke este centrul zonei inferioare, din regiunea de nord. Orasul cel mai important din aceasta parte a tarii este Chiang Mai, al doilea oras ca marime dupa capitala tarii. Campia centrala a Thailandei se compune din 26 de provincii, acoperind o suprafata de 103.946 km². Este cea mai bogata regiune a tarii, fiind strabatuta de raul Chao Phraya, abundent si fertil. Aici se cultiva cea mai mare parte din productia de orez, fiind numita “Rice Bowl of Asia”. Ea este fizic si socio-economic impartita in 4 sub-regiuni, incluzand: zona capitalei tarii - Bangkok, sub-regiunea de est, cea de vest si campia centrala superioara. 3 Partea de nord-est este alcatuita din 19 provincii, acoperind 168.854 km², o treime din suprafata totala a tarii. Provinciile Nong Khai, Mukdaharn si Nakorn Phanom sunt porti de intrare catre tara vecina RPD Laos, peste raul Meckong. Nord- estul Thailandei este zona cea mai saraca a tarii, compusa din dealuri si coline aride, supuse secetei prelungite sau inundatiilor devastatoare. Regiunea de sud consta din doua fisii longitudinale de uscat marginite de mare, alcatuite din 14 provincii, cu o suprafata totala de 70.715 km². Spre Marea Andaman se afla renumitele provincii turistice: Phuket, Phang Na si Krabi, iar spre Golful Thailandei cele mai importante sunt: Suraj Thani si Songkla. Formele de relief ale regiunii alterneaza de la campie si dealuri la zone muntoase, cu paduri virgine si depozite de zacaminte minerale. Sudul este, de asemenea, renumit pentru productia de cauciuc natural si recoltele de fructe tropicale. Clima Thailanda este o tara cu clima tropical-musonica, avand drept caracteristici caldura si umiditatea ridicate. Temperatura medie este de circa 28ºC, iar umiditatea variaza intre 66% - 83%, in functie de zona. In Bangkok, temperatura variaza intre 35ºC, in aprilie, si 18ºC in decembrie (in cursul noptii). In general, se disting 3 sezoane: „racoros” (din noiembrie pana in februarie), calduros si uscat (martie-aprilie) si ploios (din mai pana in octombrie). Populatia La jumatatea anului 2008 (conform comunicatului emis de Ministerul de Interne), populatia totala a Thailandei a fost de circa 65,50 milioane locuitori, din care intre 0-14 ani: 21,2%, intre 15-64 ani: 70,3% si peste 65 ani: 8,5%. Din totalul populatiei, 32,17 milioane sunt barbati si 32,90 milioane sunt femei. Capitala tarii, Bangkok, are o populatie de circa 9,67 milioane de locuitori. Durata medie de viata a thailandezilor, conform statisticilor publicate de Ministerul Sanatatii Publice, in iulie 2008, este de 72,83 ani (70,51 ani pentru barbati si 75,27 ani pentru femei). Rata de crestere a populatiei a fost estimata, in 2008, la 0,64%. Populatia activa este de 36,13 milioane persoane, peste jumatate fiind sub 30 ani. Ea este ocupata in proportie de 49% in agricultura, 14% in industrie si 37% in sfera serviciilor (statistici din 2000). Rata somajului este de circa 1,4% (2007). Salariul minim/zi se cifreaza la circa 200 Baht, in zona Bangkok-ului si mai putin in provincie (circa 6 USD). Populatia aflata sub pragul saraciei reprezinta circa 10,4% din intreaga populatie a tarii. Majoritatea populatiei este de nationalitate thailandeza (75%), chinezi (14%) si alte grupuri etnice (11%). Populatia Thai include: 36% central Thai, 32% Thai- Lao, 8% Thai nord si 8% Thai sud. Limba oficiala este thailandeza, o limba cu mai multe tonalitati, fara inflexiuni, folosind predominant cuvinte monosilabice. Cuvintele polisilabice au fost imprumutate din alte limbi: khmera, pali si sanskrita. Diferite dialecte sunt vorbite in zonele rurale. Limba engleza este materie obligatorie de studiu in scoli, dar este vorbita si inteleasa in principal in orasele mari si in cercurile de afaceri. Alte limbi vorbite sunt: mandarina, vietnameza si malaya. 4 Invatamantul de 12 clase este obligatoriu, 94,9% dintre barbati si 90,5% dintre femei stiu sa scrie si sa citeasca. Religia Populatia Thailandei se bucura de o deplina libertate religioasa. Budismul este religia nationala si este practicat de circa 94,6% din numarul populatiei. Restul populatiei sunt 4,6% musulmani, crestini 0,75%, hindusi 0,1%, brahmani si alte religii. Resurse naturale - Cositor, cauciuc (latex), gaze naturale, tungsten, cherestea esente exotice, plumb, peste, gips, lignit, fluorita, teren arabil, ananas, orhidee. Agricultura (8,8% din PIB) - teren arabil: 27.54% - culturi permanente: 6.93% - altele: 65.53% (2005) - suprafata totala irigata: 49.860 km² - culturi: orez, tapioca, cauciuc (latex), porumb, trestie de zahar, nuci de cocos, soia. Industria - ramuri industriale mai importante: turismul, textila si confectii, prelucrare produse alimentare, bauturi, tutun, ciment, circuite integrate, bijuterii, electronice si electrocasnice, calculatoare si componente pentru calculatoare, mobila, mase plastice, automobile si piese de schimb, al doilea producator mondial de tungsten si al treilea de cositor. Organizare politico-administrativa Din anul 1932, monarhia absoluta a fost inlocuita cu o monarhie constitutionala, in care puterea regelui thailandez este similara cu cea a monarhilor europeni. Parlament sau Adunarea Nationala (Rathasada) este bicameral, alcatuit din: - Senat (Wuthisapha) cu 150 de membri, din care 76 alesi prin vot popular si 74 numiti de judecatori si organisme guvernamentale independente, pentru un mandat de 6 ani; - Camera Reprezentantilor (Sapha Phutaen Ratsadon) cu 480 de membri, alesi prin vot popular pentru un mandat de 4 ani. Primul ministru este ales din randul membrilor Camerei Deputatilor. Parlamentul are puteri legislative, iar guvernul puteri administrative. Organele constitutionale de conducere ale statului: - Seful statului este regele, care desi are puteri limitate, reprezinta simbolul unitatii si identitatii nationale. Regele actual Bhumibhol Adulyadej (in transcriere fonetica – Pumipon Aduliadet), aflat pe tron din 9 iunie 1946, se bucura de un enorm respect popular si 5 de o mare autoritate morala, demonstrata cu prilejul ocaziilor in care a rezolvat diverse crize politice care amenintau stabilitatea nationala. Monarhia este ereditară. Regele s-a casatorit la 28 aprilie 1950 cu regina Sirikit. Cuplul regal are patru copii: printesa Ubol Ratana, printul Maha Vajiralongkorn, printesa Maha Chakri Sirindhorn si printesa Chulabhorn Valayalaksana. Urmare organizarii de alegeri democratice in luna decembrie 2007, fostul guvern militar instaurat la 19 septembrie 2006, prin lovitura de stat, a pierdut puterea si, in cursul lunii februarie 2008, un nou cabinet, format printr-o coalitie a sase partide, condus de domnul Samak Sundaravej, si-a preluat atributiile Tulburarile din viata politica thailandeza, in principal datorate manifestarilor anti-guvernamentale ale Aliantei Populare pentru Democratie (PAD), nu au incetat nici dupa alegerea in mod democratic a noului guvern, acuzat de PAD ca este marioneta fostului prim ministru Thaksin Shinawatra, debarcat in septembrie 2006 prin lovitura de stat. Manifestatiile de strada, initiate de PAD, s-au finalizat prin ocuparea, in luna august a.c., a sediului guvernului, stare de fapt care se mentine si in prezent. Decizia Curtii Constitutionale, din 9 septembrie 2008, de a-l declara incompatibil, cu functia pe care o ocupa, pe seful guvernului, Samak Sundaravej, urmare unui conflict de interese intre functia de Prim Ministru si obtinerea unor avantaje materiale de la un post
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