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A Theoretical Case Study Jan-Marcus Hellström EARTH SCIENCES CENTRE GÖTEBORG UNIVERSITY B432 2004 FUTURE POSSIBILITIES OF ANGOLAN AGRICULTURE - a theoretical case study Jan-Marcus Hellström Department of Physical Geography GÖTEBORG 2004 GÖTEBORGS UNIVERSITET Institutionen för geovetenskaper Naturgeografi Geovetarcentrum FUTURE POSSIBILITIES OF ANGOLAN AGRICULTURE - a theoretical case study Jan-Marcus Hellström ISSN 1400-3821 B432 Projektarbete Göteborg 2004 Postadress Besöksadress Telefo Telfax Earth Sciences Centre Geovetarcentrum Geovetarcentrum 031-773 19 51 031-773 19 86 Göteborg University S-405 30 Göteborg Guldhedsgatan 5A S-405 30 Göteborg SWEDEN ABSTRACT This essay deals with the future of Angolan agriculture. It is an entirely theoretical essay based on assumptions and hopes. Angola today is a country of civil war and all the strife that goes with a civil war. This essay assumes that there was no war or mines in Angola and with that as a starting point, a possible agricultural scenario is being made. With the help of soil maps, topographic maps and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), the possible yield for maize is being calculated. The results indicate that Angola can produce enough maize to sustain itself ad maybe even areas outside Angola. If one day… i ii Thank you! This essay would never have been possible without a number of people. First of all I’d like to thank Dr. Margit Werner for great advice and for having the wonderful talent of being able to give constructive criticism. I’d like to thank Björn Holmer for being patient and helping me out with advice, layout details and printing. I’d also like to thank a few persons, that don’t desire to be mentioned, who helped me obtain maps and other information for this essay. Thank you all! Masse, Göteborg, 2001 iii Table of Content INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..… 1 Soil Productivity………………………………………………………………..…. 1 OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………….. 3 GEOGRAPHY OF ANGOLA……………………………………….……. 4 Climate………………………………………………………………………………… 5 Drainage…………………………………………………………………….. 7 Population…………………………………………………………………… 8 Economy…………………………………………………………………….. 9 Agriculture……………………………………………………………………….…… 10 A Brief Description of Soils…………………………………………….…… 11 HISTORY OF ANGOLA………………………………………………..… 12 Colonisation…………………………………………………………….…… 12 Fight for independence……………………………………………………… 12 Angola after independence……………………………………………..…… 13 METHODS AND MATERIAL…………………………………………… 15 Assumptions…………………………………………………………………… 15 Key Factors…………………………………………………………………… 15 Maps………………………………………………………………………...… 15 USLE………………………………………………………………………….. 16 Land Capability Classes……………………………………………………..…… 18 RESULTS………………………………………………………………….. 19 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………… 27 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………… 30 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………..… 31 iv INTRODUCTION This essay is built on rumours. This essay is built on ifs and a perfect world, almost. Angola is mostly known for its brutal and long civil war. Its rich oil resources and its vast fields of diamonds and other precious minerals. It was once known for its huge plantations of coffee, fruits and cotton. Angola was also known for its beauty but not many remember that past (Länder i Fickformat, 2000, p2). Two to four hundred people die of starvation or diseases related to starvation every week, people flee from war and leave their homes in the countryside for a poor and unemployed life in the city (Dr. P-E Hellström). Only three percent of Angola’s total area is used for cultivation. Food shortages occur often. Angola has to import some 325 tons of basic food products. 180 tons of these 325 is give an aid to Angola (www.fao.org, 2000). There is a rumour in Angola, according to this rumour the soils are so fertile that you just need to drop a seed and in a short while a plant will grow, it is said Angola could probably support most of Southern Africa with basic agricultural products. Soil Productivity Soil productivity is a term that will be used frequently in this essay. Tengberg & Stocking (1997) defines soil productivity as “a measure of the rate of accumulation of energy, or, in the context of soil (or land or agricultural) productivity, it is the productive potential of the soil system that allows the accumulation of energy in the dorm of vegetation” (Tengberg & Stocking, 1997, p4). To simplify this, one can say that soil productivity is a function of many factors, including soil variables, climate, slope and management. Tengberg & Stocking also define soil production as “the total accumulation of energy, without reference to how quickly or over what area or what assistance it accumulates” (Tengberg & Stocking, 1997, p4). Crop yield is a measure of soil production or an indicator of soil productivity. Production includes artificial enchantments such as fertilizers etc. Production is therefore not only used to describe soil properties but also technologies that are implied to the soil whereas productivity refers to the soil properties and only the soil properties. Ovuka (2000, p5) has used the same definitions as above. One of the biggest problems with agriculture is the erosion of the soils. Ovuka (2000, p1) states that “it is confirmed that soil erosion has a negative effect on soil productivity”. Soil nutrients and yields decrease significantly with better land management (Ovuka, 2000, p1). 1 Some soils can only be used only for a short, limited amount of time if no steps are taken to prevent erosion. In this essay the author assumes that there is a universal correlation between soil loss and productivity, the more soil less the less productivity (Tenberg & Stocking, 1997). The soils themselves are a major part of this essay. A brief description of the soils in Angola is given on page 11 and a more detailed description is given on page 21. There are, however, two soil types that play a major role in this essay, the Luvisols and the Orthic Ferrasols. The Luvisols, if treated right and given enough water and drainage, are soils that can give a yield of about one-thousand tons of maize per hectare. This soil is quite productive and can remain so for a long period of time (Figure 1). The Orthic Ferrasols, on the other hand, are not as productive as the Luvisols and without erosion protective measurements these soils have a high erosion rate. The chief limitation of this soil is the low content of fertilizing elements (FAO, 1986). These soils will have to be fertilized and worked with in order to get a good annual yield. The example given in figure 2 on a location where the erosion rate is was high and no fertilisers or other enchantments were used. According to Tengberg (2000) fertilisers need to be used in order to get a decent production. Figure 1. Maize yield decline with erosion for Luvisols 2 Figure 2. Maize yield decline with erosion for ferrasols OBJECTIVE The objective of this essay is to see if these rumours of the fertile soils in Angola are true. How much maize could Angola produce, providing that modern methods are used if there was peace in the country? Several other questions will be asked, the first one if this is realistic at all. Is there enough water, an element that most African countries lack? Is the topography flat enough for farming without a major risk for severe erosion? These and other questions will be discussed in this essay. 3 GEOGRAPHY OF ANGOLA Angola is situated in Western Africa just under the equator. The 1,246,700 sq km country shares boundaries with Congo-Kinshasa (2285 km), Zambia (1086 km) and Namibia (1376 km). Angola’s coastline is 1500 km long. Angola also has an enclave in the north called Cabinda. Angola is divided into eighteen provinces. Roughly two-thirds is situated on a plateau between 1050-1335 meters above sea level. The highest mountain in Angola is Mt.Moto of 2630 meters. The watershed of Angola’s rivers run in the central part of the inland plateau. Angola has a number of rivers flowing through the country in an east-west direction. Only one of these rivers, the River Quanza, is navigable (Figure 5 on page 7). The other rivers are important for irrigation and electricity dams (Africa South of Sahara 2001, 2000). The Namib Desert occupies the costal plains in the South. The northwestern part of the country is covered mainly in dense forest. Angola has three principal natural regions: the coastal lowlands that is characterized by low plains and terraces; hills and mountains that rise inland from he coast into a great escarpment; and an area of high plains called the high plateau (planalto), which extends eastwards from the escarpment (Encyclopedia of the Third World, 1999). The coastal lowland rises from the sea in a series of low terraces. This region varies in width from about 25 kilometres near Benguela to more than 150 kilometres in the Cuanza River Valley just south of Luanda, the capital, and is markedly different from Angola’s highland mass. The Atlantic Ocean’s cold, northward flowing Benguela Current substantially reduces precipitation along the coast, making the region relatively arid or nearly so south of Benguela (Where it forms an extension with the Namib Desert), and quite dry even in its northern reaches. Even where the average annual rainfall may be as much as 500 mm, as around Luanda, it is not uncommon for the rains to fail. Given this pattern of precipitation, the far south is marked by sand dunes, which give way to dry scrub along the middle parts of the coast. Portions of the northern coastal plains are covered by thick brush (Encyclopedia of the Third World, 1999). The belt of hills and mountains parallels the coast at distances ranging from 20 kilometres to 100 kilometres inland. The Cuanza River divides the zone into two parts. The northern part rises gradually from the coastal zone to an average of 500 meters, their crests as high as 1000 meters to 1800 meters. South of the Cuanza river, the hills rise sharply from the coastal lowlands and form a high escarpment, extending from a point east of Luanda and running south through Namibia.
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