CHINESE 342/442 AUTUMN 2019

Midterm Exam Name: ANSWER KEY (学校 version)

I. Definitions and examples [suggested time: 15 minutes] When giving examples of Chinese words and morphemes, make sure they can be unambiguously identified: use either (a) Chinese characters or (b) pīnyīn and English meaning. 7. Define cognate. Words in two languages that descend from the same word are cognates.

Provide a cognate of Sūzhōu [poʔ⁴] ‘eight’ from any other Chinese language: Mandarin bā ‘eight’ 2. In the early 20th century Modern Standard Written Chinese replaced Classical Chinese as the formal written Chinese language. Which spoken variety of Chinese most closely matches Modern Standard Written Chinese in terms of vocabulary and syntax?

Acceptable answers include: Mandarin / Modern Mandarin / Pǔtōnghuà / Běijīnghuà

3. In linguistics, two speech varieties are considered to be dialects of the same language if they are:

mutually intelligible 4. Describe one difference between the phonology of the 1913 lǎo Guóyīn 老國音/老国音 pronunciation standard and that of today’s Pǔtōnghuà 普通話/普通话 pronunciation.

Acceptable answers include: a fifth tone / initials ng-, ny-, v- / zing vs. jing distinction

5. A morpheme is the minimal unit of spoken language that has meaning or grammatical function.

A bound morpheme is a morpheme that is not a word.

Give an example of a bound morpheme in Mandarin: mǔ 母 ‘mother’ (answers vary)

Give an example of an inflectional affix in Mandarin: -men 們 plural suffix (answers vary)

Give an example of a derivational affix in Mandarin: kě- 可 ‘-able’ (answers vary)

6. For the first two questions below, your answer should be based on distribution tests, not meaning.

We identify stative verbs as a subtype of verb because they can be negated by bù 不 (or: can function as a predicate).

Stative verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be modified by hěn 很.

Give an example of a stative verb in Mandarin: hǎo 好 ‘good’ (answers vary) 7. Name a part of speech in English that is not found in Mandarin: articles, adjectives (answers vary)

Name a part of speech in Mandarin that is not found in English: measure words (answers vary)

Write a word that is an example of the Mandarin part of speech that you just named: gè 個/个

CHINESE 342/442 Midterm p. 1 II. Mandarin Grammar [suggested time: 15 minutes]

1. Consider the sentence Zhè běn shū Xiǎo Wáng méi kàn guo 這本書小王沒看過/这本书小王没看 过 ‘As for this book, Xiǎo Wáng has not read it’. a. Label the parts of speech of the words. (You may use abbreviations like N.) Dem MW N N ADV V Ptcl

Zhè běn shū Xiǎo Wáng méi kàn guo a. How many arguments are in this sentence? 2 b. Is kàn 看 intransitive, transitive, or ditransitive? transitive c. Copy out (in pīnyīn or characters) the entire Topic noun phrase: Zhè běn shū 这本书 d. Is the Topic (i) a moved Subject; (ii) a moved Object; (iii) a possessor; (iv) a superset? (ii) e. Does the Topic have definite or indefinite reference? definite

f. What is the SEMANTIC ROLE expressed by this Topic? THEME g. Copy out (in pīnyīn or characters) the entire Subject noun phrase: Xiǎo Wáng 小王

h. What is the SEMANTIC ROLE expressed by this Subject? AGENT j. What type of aspect is negated by méi in this sentence? experiential k. Which morpheme in the sentence expresses the aspect you named in (j)? guo 过 l. Does the tone sandhi rule of Mandarin apply to any words of this sentence? no

2. Write a transcription of the Mandarin syllable jiǔ 九 ‘nine’ in IPA including tone. Then label the parts of the syllable with I, M, V, E for Initial, Medial, main Vowel, Ending. a. IPA: [ tɕ i o u ²¹⁴ ] b. Parts of syllable: I M V E c. Describe this syllable’s initial consonant in articulatory phonetics terminology: voiceless unaspirated (alveo-)palatal affricate d. Describe this syllable’s main vowel in articulatory phonetics terminology: mid-high back rounded vowel

2. Consider the Standard Mandarin compound word xuéxiào 學校/学校 ‘school’. a. How many morphemes are in this word? 2 b. What is the part of speech of the entire compound? N c. What is the part of speech of each of the roots? V N d. Say whether each root is bound or free. F B e. Is the compound exocentric or endocentric? endocentric

CHINESE 342/442 Midterm p. 2 III. Chinese Languages and Dialects [suggested time: 20 minutes]

1. List the seven major dialect groups of Chinese. For each group, say whether it is Northern, Central, or Southern according to Norman’s classification, and provide the name of one (only one!) city or province where it is spoken. (Tone marks are optional). The first has been done for you. Dialect Group Classification City or Province 1) Mandarin______Northern______Běijīng______2) Wú Central answers vary 3) Gàn Central 4) Xiāng Central 5) Hakka / Kèjiā Southern 6) Mǐn Southern 7) Yuè Southern

Questions 2 and 3 refer to this map of China.

2. Identify the major dialect group spoken in the three provinces that are shaded dark gray. Mǐn

3. Identify the major dialect group spoken in the area with the black-and-white tile pattern. Yuè CHINESE 342/442 Midterm p. 3 4. Name one dialect group that preserves the voicing of Middle Chinese initials. Wú / Xiāng

5. Name one dialect group that preserves the six endings -p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ŋ. Yuè / Mǐn / Hakka

6. Name one dialect group that has many different colloquial and literary forms. Mǐn

7. Name one dialect group that has more complex tone sandhi rules than Mandarin. Wú / Mǐn

8. Compare the following sentences for ‘He gave us two ducks’ in Standard Mandarin and Cantonese.

Mandarin: tʰa⁵⁵ kei²¹⁴ uɔ²¹⁴-mən liaŋ²¹⁴ tʂʅ⁵⁵ ia⁵⁵-tsɿ 3SG give 1SG-PL two MW duck-SUFFIX

Cantonese: kʰøy¹³ pei³⁵ tʃɔ³⁵ lœŋ¹³ tsɛk³³ ap³³ ŋɔ¹³-tei²² 3SG give COMP two MW duck 1SG-PL

a. Describe one syntactic difference that is illustrated by these two sentences.

(1) In Cantonese, the indirect object (GOAL ‘us’) follows the direct object (THEME ‘two ducks’). This is the reverse of the Mandarin order. (2) The Cantonese sentence has a completion particle [tʃɔ³⁵], while the Mandarin sentence lacks a completion particle le. b. Give an example of a lexical difference illustrated by these two sentences, i.e. of morphemes in Mandarin and Cantonese that are equivalent in meaning or function but are not cognates.

Acceptable answers include: tʰa⁵⁵ ≠ kʰøy¹³ (3SG); kei²¹⁴ ≠ pei³⁵ (‘give’); -mən ≠ -tei²² (plural suffix) c. Name one Mandarin word in this sentence that must have had the rù 入 (‘entering’) tone in Middle Chinese: tʂʅ⁵⁵ MW / ia⁵⁵ ‘duck’ d. For the word you named in (c), what ending sound would you expect to find in the Shànghǎi dialect pronunciation of its cognate? -ʔ (glottal stop)

9. tán 潭 ‘pond’ is pronounced [dø²⁴] in Sūzhōu dialect and is pronounced [tʰam²¹] in Cantonese. a. Is the Sūzhōu tone of this syllable level, rising, or falling? rising b. Is the Cantonese tone of this syllable level, rising, or falling? falling c. Write the Standard Mandarin pronunciation of tán 潭 in IPA, including tone. [ tʰan³⁵ ] d. What was the Middle Chinese initial consonant of 潭? [ d ] e. Explain how you know. Wú dialects such as Sūzhōu preserve Middle Chinese voicing of initial consonants. Since the initial is a voiced [d] in Sūzhōu, it must have been voiced in Middle Chinese as well. (It was devoiced to [tʰ] in Mandarin and Cantonese.) f. What was the Middle Chinese ending consonant of 潭? [ m ] g. Explain how you know. Yuè dialects such as Cantonese preserve all six Middle Chinese ending consonants. Since the ending is a bilabial [m] in Cantonese, it must have been [m] in Middle Chinese as well. (It developed to [n] in Mandarin and disappeared in Sūzhōu.)

CHINESE 342/442 Midterm p. 4