Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events

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National Hurricane Program Final Draft Report Prepared for:

Federal Emergency Management Agency Louisiana Governor’s Office of Homeland National Hurricane Program Security and Emergency Preparedness

Prepared by:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: National Planning Center of Expertise for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans District

And

Dewberry Stephenson Disaster Management Institute 2835 Brandwine Road, Suite 100 Louisiana State University Atlanta, Georgia 30351 Louisiana Emerging Technology Center 340 E. Parker Street, Suite 366 Baton Rouge, LA 70803

May 2017

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Executive Summary

The goal of this analysis is to understand previous evacuation behavior and potential evacuation behavior during future hurricanes for the approximate 1.8 million people who reside in southeast Louisiana. To evaluate this behavior, the Stephenson Disaster Management Institute (SDMI) at Louisiana State University (LSU) partnered with LSU’s Public Policy Research Lab to conduct a telephone survey of over 2,600 people in the 13 parishes that comprise southeast Louisiana. The study was conducted between May 2016 and January 2017, then submitted through Dewberry, the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to the Louisiana Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness. In August 2016 many of the participating parishes in the study area were severely affected by the historic 1,000 year rain event in the Greater Baton Rouge area. In consideration for those affected, calling in the most severely affected parishes was put on hold immediately after the event and resumed in October 2016. The cooperation rate for the total survey sample is 91%, meaning that of the calls answered by an eligible respondent, nine out of ten resulted in a completed interview. The margin of error for the total sample is 1.9%. Compared to the overall population of the study area, the sample tends to include more women and older persons; and respondents also tend to be better educated, wealthier, and more likely to live in one-unit structure homes than the general population. The sample is representative of the racial makeup of the 13 parish area, but contains slightly fewer respondents of Hispanic origin. The final results were weighted according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey five-year estimates (2011-2015) to improve inference estimates for the entire 13-parish study area.

The vast majority of the respondents have experience enduring a hurricane in southeast Louisiana. To assess their experience, each respondent was asked a series of questions about Hurricane Katrina, Gustav and Isaac, which all three made landfall in Louisiana in the last 12 years. A large majority of respondents also have experience with evacuations with 63% having evacuated during Hurricane Katrina, 42% evacuated during Hurricane Gustav, and 19% evacuating during Hurricane Isaac. Out of all respondents, 12% evacuated from all three storms, 26% evacuated from two storms, 33% evacuated from one of the three storms, and 29% did not evacuate from any of the three storms. For respondents who have lived in the same home during all three storms (52% of the entire sample), 13% evacuated from all three storms, 27% evacuated from two storms, 33% evacuated from only one of the storms, and 27% did not evacuate from any of the three storms. As expected based on the volume of evacuees and storm size, the travel time experienced by each respondent correlated to the number of people who evacuated for each hurricane. Total average travel time for Hurricane Katrina was 9.84 hours, while the average travel time was 7.03 hours during Hurricane Gustav, and Hurricane Isaac evacuees spent approximately 4.45 hours traveling.

As a whole, the respondents expressed having concern about the impact of a hurricane to their current homes with 82% indicating they were concerned. Interestingly, when asked about their concern regarding flood and wind damage, respondents indicated they were more concerned about wind damage (79%) than flood damage (55%). This perception corresponds to respondents stated confidence in the levee system. Overall, 52% of the total sample indicated they lived within a levee system and of those, 83%

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

indicated they were either somewhat confident or very confident that the levee system would protect their homes.

Respondents were also asked about their intentions on evacuation under two different storm scenarios: 1) a Category 1 or 2 hurricane and 2) a Category 3 or stronger hurricane. Overall, a majority of respondents indicated they would evacuate for a Category 1 or 2 storm (63% stating they are somewhat likely or very likely to evacuate). However, this number increases dramatically to 87% when asked if they would evacuate under a mandatory order from emergency management officials for a Category 1 or 2 storm. When asked their intentions for evacuating during a Category 3 or greater storm, 90% of the respondents stated they would be somewhat likely or very likely to evacuate. Again, if under a mandatory evacuation order, more people would evacuate (94%) and 85% stated they would be very likely to evacuate under a mandatory order from their emergency management officials for a Category 3 or higher storm. These intentions to evacuate were similar across all the three Evacuation Phases in the study area. When comparing intention across the four Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness Planning Regions in the study area, residents of Region 1 (Jefferson, Orleans, Plaquemines, and St. Bernard) indicated they were slightly more likely to evacuate across several different scenarios. When comparing these results by demographic information, overall, females and African Americans were more likely to state they would evacuate compared to white males. When asked why they would not evacuate, across the entire sample, storm strength was the biggest factor, such that Category 1 or 2 storms were less likely to provoke evacuation. We assessed just those persons who said they would not likely evacuate for Category 3 or higher storms, and among these respondents, the most common responses were having to stay for work or staying to protect and secure property from storm damages. If a storm was three days away from landfall, 29% of people would evacuate on day 1, 40% would evacuate on day 3, and 25% would wait until just before landfall to evacuate.

Respondents were also asked what where they would go in an evacuation. Out of the total sample, over half of respondents stated they would evacuate to a friend or family’s home (51%), while a third would go to a hotel (33%). The remaining respondents would go to a public shelter (6%), someplace else (8%) or they indicated they didn’t know where they would go (3%). These responses match actual evacuation destinations for those who evacuated during Hurricanes Katrina and Gustav. For Hurricane Isaac, a significantly smaller evacuation than Katrina and Gustav, more respondents indicated they ended up at friends and family and a smaller percentage used hotels. Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi were the most common destination states for evacuation. To get to those destinations, 97% of respondents stated they would take their own vehicle if they evacuated. Of those, 48% stated they would take only one vehicle, 36% stated they would take two vehicles, and 14% indicated they would take three vehicles. In addition, 24% of all respondents stated they would also be hauling a boat or trailer. Respondents from Jefferson and Orleans parish were asked if they were aware of their parish’s City Assisted Evacuation Plan. Approximately 55% in each parish stated they were aware of the program. Of those who were aware of the program, 52% in Orleans parish and only 33% in Jefferson parish they knew where their dedicated pick up points were located. The discrepancy between the two parishes may be in part explained by the active campaign in the City of New Orleans to brand each of their pick up points with a noticeable, unique form of art. We also asked respondents if they utilized the City Assisted Evacuation Plan during Hurricane Gustav. Approximately 5% from Jefferson and 10% from Orleans stated

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

they did. An overwhelming majority of these users (94% in Jefferson and 97% in Orleans) would use the Assisted Evacuation again.

A major objective of this study was to investigate support needed for people with access and functional needs in the 13-parish area. Respondents were asked if anyone in their household would have difficulty evacuating (5% indicated yes) and if so, how many households had family members with access or functional needs (slightly less than 3%). Of those with access and functional needs, 31% require oxygen or other medical devices, 31% require a wheelchair, 84% had difficulty walking, 40% had vision constraints and 46% had mental or emotional issues. About 10% of the population indicated that if they were to go to a shelter, at least one household member would need assistance due to access and functional needs. Of those who indicated that public shelter was their first option during evacuation (5%), half of those going to a shelter indicated that someone in their household would need assistance for access and functional needs while at the shelter. Further, the majority of those needing assistance at the shelter would lack a caregiver (60%).

The results also indicate that television is still the main source of storm information (preferred by 44% of respondents) followed by radio (16%). The Internet (15%) and via cell phones (including various weather and social apps) (11%) are gaining in prominence. A coordinated campaign including traditional media along with the newest apps would support information dissemination. Looking at websites specifically, the most common source for storm information was local TV or radio stations websites (42%) – again showing the importance of traditional media sources and their use of new communication tools. The next most common website was The Weather Channel (weather.com) (28%). Local and state official government websites were only mentioned by 3% of the sample.

Overall southeast Louisiana has a very experienced population in dealing with hurricanes and there were positive takeaways from the survey. The population as a whole is well educated about the risks of hurricanes and are respectful of the potential damages a hurricane may cause. Respondents are over 90% likely when given a mandatory evacuation order to actually heed their official’s instructions. While the overall result of the survey demonstrate that state and local officials have had success in educating their populations, there are still some areas that can be improved. With additional analysis throughout the study, emergency managers will have a better idea of what to expect from their populations, who and where citizens will be evacuating, and specific areas and peoples to target for additional messaging on the risks of hurricanes.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Table of Contents

I. Introduction ...... 9 II. Methodology ...... 11 A. Questionnaire ...... 11 B. The Sample ...... 11 1. Respondent Location ...... 13 2. Demographics ...... 14 III. Findings ...... 17 A. Prior Experience ...... 17 1. Prior Experience based on Evacuation Phase ...... 18 2. Prior Experience based on Region ...... 18 3. Prior Experience by Demographics ...... 18 4. Specific Hurricane Experience ...... 19 B. Risk Perception ...... 24 1. Levee System Risk ...... 26 2. Safety of Home and Family Disaster Plans ...... 28 C. Evacuation Intentions ...... 29 1. Overall Evacuation Intentions ...... 29 2. Decision Process on Evacuating ...... 35 3. Staying Behind in Evacuation ...... 36 4. Evacuation Timing ...... 37 5. Households with Pets ...... 40 6. Evacuation Destination ...... 40 7. Evacuation Transportation ...... 43 8. Access and Functional Needs in Evacuation ...... 47 D. Information Sources ...... 51 IV. Recommendations ...... 54 Appendix A: Principal Researchers……………………………………………………………………………………………………….A-1 Appendix B: Parish Evacuation Summaries…………………………………………………………………………………………..B-1 Appendix C: Survey Instrument…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….C-1 Appendix D: Sample Complete Demographics……………………………………………………………………………………..D-1

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Appendix E: Additional Data Tables……………………………………………………..……………………………………………….E-1

List of Tables

Table II.A: Sample respondents by Parish, Evacuation Phase, and Louisiana Region ...... 13 Table II.B: Demographic comparisons, target population (13-Parish area) versus survey sample ...... 14 Table III.A: Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current home (Q13) ...... 17 Table III.B: Risk Perception of flooding damage by Region (Q7) ...... 25 Table III.C: Risk perception of flooding damage by demographics (Q6, Q7, Q10) ...... 26 Table III.D: Demographic comparison of evacuation intentions based on category of storm and emergency manager recommendations (Q46-Q51) ...... 33 Table III.E: Evacuation intentions by Region, differences that are statistically significant (Q47, Q49, Q50) ...... 35 Table III.F: When respondents indicate they will leave once they are aware of a hurricane making landfall in 3 days (Q92) ...... 37 Table III.G: External influences that may affect the timing of evacuation (Q93, Q94) ...... 39 Table III.H: Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or stronger hurricane(Q60) ... 41 Table III.I: Most likely destinations for evacuees leaving for a Category 1 or 2 storm (Q64) ...... 42 Table III.J: How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers (Q65-Q69)...... 44 Table III.K: Households who have difficulty accessing transportation and how many people in each household would have difficulty ...... 45 Table III.L: Specific access and functional needs by Region and Evacuation Phase (Q79-Q83)...... 49 Table E.1: Additional environmental hazards experienced (Q14)………………………………………………………… E-1

Table E.2: Reasons respondents would or would not evacuate (Q52-Q53)…………………………………………. E-2

Table E.3: Number of respondents listing each reason why their home is NOT safe (Q55)………………….. E-3

Table E.4: Who would stay behind in an evacuation (Q58)………………………………………………………………….. E-4

Table E.5: Number of respondents listing each reason that a person would stay behind during evacuation (Q59)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… E-5

Table E.6: Evacuation destination cities by state (Q63)………………………………………………………………………. E-6

Table E.7: Number of respondents listing each road for evacuation travel (Q69)……………………………….. E-7

Table E.8: Websites used for storm information (Q90) ………………………………………………………………………E-12

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

List of Figures

Figure I.I.A: Evacuation Phases included in study area ...... 9 Figure I.I.B: Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness Regions included in study area ...... 10 Figure III.A: Previous flood or wind damage in the full sample and by Evacuation Phase and Region (Q13) ...... 18 Figure III.B: Survey questions related to previous evacuation experience in Katrina, Gustav, and Isaac .. 19 Figure III.C: Evacuation decision, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina (Q17, Q18, Q20), Gustav (Q27, Q28, Q30), Isaac (Q37, Q38, Q40) ...... 21 Figure III.D: Hours spent in evacuation travel during Hurricanes Katrina (Q24), Gustav (Q34), Isaac (Q44) ...... 22 Figure III.E: Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects (Q6, Q7, Q10) ...... 24 Figure III.F: Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects by Evacuation Phase (Q6, Q7)...... 25 Figure III.G: Respondents who live within a levee system (Q8) ...... 27 Figure III.H: Confidence in levee system among those respondents who indicated they live within a levee system (Q9) ...... 27 Figure III.I: Do you think your home would be safe during a hurricane? (Q54) ...... 28 Figure III.J: Demographic variation in perceptions of safety of respondents’ homes (Q54) ...... 29 Figure III.K: Overall evacuation intentions for the entire sample (Q46-Q51) ...... 31 Figure III.L: Respondents who indicate they will evacuate when given a mandatory evacuation order by their local governments for a Category 3 or higher storm (Q51) ...... 32 Figure III.M: Survey questions related to household evacuation and staying behind ...... 36 Figure III.N: When respondents will leave based on demographic data (Q92) ...... 38 Figure III.O: The likelihood of having children or elderly in your household affecting evacuation timing (Q93) ...... 39 Figure III.P: What evacuees would do with their pets once they make a decision to evacuate (Q95) ...... 40 Figure III.Q: Survey questions related to type and location of evacuation shelter ...... 40 Figure III.R: Destination type of people evacuating by Evacuation Phase (Q60) ...... 41 Figure III.S: Most likely destination for evacuees illustrated by race, Category 3 or higher hurricane (Q60) ...... 42

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Figure III.T: Most likely destination for evacuees by race and dependents in the household, Category 1 or 2 hurricane (Q64) ...... 43 Figure III.U: Survey questions related to evacuation transportation ...... 44 Figure III.V: Survey questions related to assisted evacuation plan for Orleans and Jefferson respondents ...... 46 Figure III.W: Awareness, use, and perceptions of the City Assisted Evacuation Plan (Jefferson and Orleans Parish residents only) (Q70-Q74) ...... 46 Figure III.X: Percentage of those with transportation difficulties who have household members with disabilities (Q77, Q78) ...... 47 Figure III.Y: Types of medical needs and disabilities that need transportation assistance (Q79-Q83) ...... 48 Figure III.Z: Respondents with disabilities who would go to a public shelter and need attention there (Q85) ...... 49 Figure III.BB: Percent of those going to a public shelter with disabilities that have a caregiver to evacuate with them (N = 220) (Q87) ...... 50 Figure III.AA: Number of people requiring special attention at public shelter (N = 220) (Q86) ...... 50 Figure III.CC: Variation by race and elderly household members on sheltering needs for persons with access and functional needs (Q85) ...... 51 Figure III.DD: Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Q88) ...... 52

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

I. Introduction

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through its National Hurricane Program (NHP) provides technical assistance to assist state and local governments in the development of hurricane evacuation plans. A major component of the technical assistance is a behavioral analysis of coastal residents’ evacuation planning and intentions. Funding provided by the NHP to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) was allocated to conduct this behavioral analysis for the State of Louisiana. The goal of this analysis was to understand previous evacuation behavior and potential evacuation behavior during future hurricanes for the approximately 1.8 million people who reside in southeast Louisiana. The Stephenson Disaster Management Institute (SDMI) at Louisiana State University (LSU) conducted the behavioral analyses for 13 parishes in southeast Louisiana as contracted by Dewberry. This analysis was completed under the direction of Mr. Brant Mitchell and Dr. Michelle Meyer (See Appendix A for their resumes). Throughout the project, SDMI coordinated with SocResearch Miami, headed by Dr. Betty Hearn Morrow and Dr. Hugh Gladwin two prominent social scientists with extensive experience in conducting similar behavioral analysis for Dewberry.

The following report provides results from this behavioral analysis for the entire 13-parish area. To further facilitate the usage of information by state and local emergency management planners, results are

Figure I.I.A: Evacuation Phases included in study area

compared across the three designated Evacuation Phases and four Planning Regions represented in the study area. Due to the large coastal population, the State of Louisiana in collaboration with local

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

governments has developed and implemented three geographic Evacuation Phases for coastal Louisiana (see Figure I.A). Phase 1 includes all areas south of the Intercoastal Waterway and the State’s current plan calls for areas within Phase 1 to begin evacuations 50 hours prior to tropical force winds intersecting anywhere along the Louisiana coastline. Phase 2 includes all areas north of the Intercoastal Waterway, west of the Mississippi River and south of Interstate 10. These areas are to begin evacuating 40 hours prior to tropical force winds reaching Louisiana. Finally, Phase 3 includes areas south of Interstate 12 and east of the Mississippi River, which includes the City of New Orleans. The timing for a Phase 3 evacuation is to begin 30 hours prior to tropical force winds crossing into coastal Louisiana. If a Phase 3 evacuation is issued, the state will implement contraflow in order to facilitate the evacuation of the metropolitan New Orleans area. This behavioral analysis will be used to validate these 50/40/30 evacuation phases.

Figure I.I.B: Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness Regions included in study area

The State of Louisiana also has nine Regions that coordinate emergency management activities. Following Hurricane Katrina, the Louisiana Homeland Security and Emergency Assistance & Disaster Act was modified to allow the Louisiana Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness (GOHSEP) to establish Regions for the purpose of planning and coordinating emergency response and recovery activities. Relying primarily on existing Louisiana State Police Troops and the Department of Health and Hospitals (now named Louisiana Department of Health) regions, GOHSEP established 9 Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness Regions. The Regions have been integrated into all emergency planning activities. The 13-parish study area includes four of these Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness Regions (Regions 1, 2, 3 and 9), shown in Figure I.B.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

II. Methodology

To estimate the evacuation behavior of southeast Louisiana residents, the target population for this analysis are residents living in one of the 13-parishes identified as southeast coastal Louisiana. These parishes fall within one of the four Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness Planning Regions in southeast Louisiana: Region 1 (Jefferson, Orleans, Plaquemines and St. Bernard parishes); Region 2 (Ascension and Livingston parishes), Region 3 (Lafourche, St. Charles, St. James, St John, and Terrebonne parishes) and Region 9 (Tangipahoa and St. Tammany parishes). A random telephone sample including both landlines and cell phones was used to sample from the target population. Each respondent was geo- coded, as available, to provide detailed geographic analyses as warranted.

A. Questionnaire SDMI developed the initial questionnaire based on previous surveys conducted by SocResearch as well as a behavioral analysis conducted by the Hazard and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina. Additional questions specific to southeast Louisiana were incorporated. To maximize participation FEMA and USACE partnered with the Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness (GOHSEP) to enlist the support and buy in of all 13 parishes. In doing so, a working group comprising of FEMA, USACE, GOHSEP, state agencies with direct responsibilities in evacuations and all 13 parishes formed Southeast Louisiana’s Hurricane Evacuation Study (SLAsHES) Task Force. Participants from SLAsHES reviewed and offered comments on draft versions of the survey. SDMI also consulted with LSU traffic engineers to ensure the survey met all necessary requirements to conduct an evacuation clearance time analysis. USACE submitted the survey for review and approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB approved the survey with minor edits. The final survey consists of 115 questions. Questions focus on past behaviors during Hurricane Katrina (2005), Hurricane Gustav (2008), and Hurricane Isaac (2012), risk perception, intended future evacuation behavior, impact of access and functional needs on evacuation, along with other influences on evacuation decisions such as pets, information sources, and access to assisted evacuation programs. There are 17 demographic questions and 6 screening questions at the beginning of the instrument. The complete questionnaire is available in Appendix B. Finally, the questionnaire was submitted to LSU’s Internal Review Board for approval prior to commencing the survey.

B. The Sample LSU’s Public Policy Research Lab (PPRL) conducted interviews for this survey from July 5th to December 12th, 2016. Calling was put on hold in August and resumed in October for areas affected by the historic 1,000-year rain event in the Greater Baton Rouge area. Because the share of Louisiana’s population only or mostly using landline telephones has steadily declined to about 19%, the PPRL uses dual frame sampling to reach respondents via cellphones as well as on traditional landline phones. All respondents lived in one of the 13 parishes, lived south of Interstate 12, and lived in their current home during the 2016 hurricane season from June 1st through November 30th.

The landline sample ensures representation of both listed and unlisted numbers by use of random digit dialing. The cell phone sample was randomly drawn from known, available phone number banks dedicated to wireless service in the region. Samples were drawn to ensure at least 100 respondents in each of the 13 parishes. Because areas of St. Bernard Parish are particularly difficult to reach through

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

random telephone sampling (due to a lack of specific telephone exchanges for that area), the random samples of that parish were supplemented with a listed sample of telephone numbers provided by local government.

Live callers at the PPRL used computer-assisted telephone interviewing software to make up to seven attempts to complete an interview at every sampled telephone number. The calls were staggered over times of day and days of the week (including weekends and evenings) to maximize the chances of making contact with a potential respondent. An effort was made to re-contact interview breakoffs and refusals to attempt to convert them to completed interviews. All respondents were over the age of 18 and provided implied consent to continue with the interview following information about their rights as research participants. The survey received Institutional Review Board approval from LSU to ensure ethical guidelines were followed during the study.

The total sample includes 2,635 adult residents. The landline sample includes 909 respondents. The cell phone sample includes 1,647 respondents. An additional 79 completed interviews came from the St. Bernard Parish provided list.

The cooperation rate for the total sample in this study is 91%, meaning that of the telephone numbers that are known to have been answered by an eligible respondent nearly nine in ten yielded a complete interview. The cooperation rate for the landline sample was 92.4%, and the cooperation rate for the cell phone sample was 90.4%. The American Association for Public Opinion Research’s Cooperation Rate 1 is “the number of completed interviews divided by the number of interviews (complete plus partial) plus the number of non-interviews that involve the identification of and contact with an eligible respondent”.1 In other words, it is the number of completed interviews out of all individuals who were both contacted and known to be eligible to participate in the survey. It does not factor in any instances where eligibility for the survey cannot be determined, such as numbers that are never answered or instances when a respondent refused to participate before eligibility could be determined. The media campaign initiated by GOHSEP that included local TV, radio, and print news sources to inform the public about participating in the survey likely helped increase the cooperation rate. In addition, nearly all local parishes utilized outreach through social media platforms to inform their citizens of the importance of participating in the survey.

The margin of error for the total sample is 1.9%. A margin of error is a measure of sampling error, that is, the potential error that may occur when a random sample is studied rather than the entire population. If this survey were repeated across many randomly selected samples drawn from the same underlying population and are of the same size as this sample, 95% of the time the estimate from those surveys would fall within the margin of error of the true value in the population. In other words, the larger the margin of error, the more likely that a different estimate would occur if a different randomly selected sample was interviewed. A margin of error of 1.9% implies that the data is consistent with any true value within the population that falls a range of 1.9 percentage points above or below the sample estimate. The margin of error will be larger for subsets of the data that include fewer cases than the total sample.

The sample is weighted using an iterative raking procedure that matches race, education, household income, gender and age to the known population profile for the 13-parish study area as found in the U.S.

1 American Association for Public Opinion Research, 2009. Standards and Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys. 6th edition. AAPOR

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Census Bureau’s American Community Survey five-year estimates (2011-2015). Weighting cannot eliminate every source of nonresponse bias. However, random sampling combined with accepted weighting techniques has a strong record of yielding unbiased results. We assessed the weights reviewing for any extremely influential responses or extremely large weights. We determined that weights were acceptable for all respondents and we report results with weighting in the findings section.

1. Respondent Location Table II.A below shows the location of respondents based on parish, Evacuation Phase, and Region. As designed, nearly 38% of responses were from the three most populated parishes: Jefferson, Orleans, and St. Tammany. All parishes had at least 100 responses, which allows for statistical analyses of each parish. Based on respondent description of their address or nearest cross streets, we were able to geocode respondents into Evacuation Phases.2 The majority of respondents lived in Phase 3 (52%), which represents areas where the population will receive an evacuation notice 30 hours before landfall. Twenty- seven percent of respondents lived in Phase 2 (40-hour evacuation notice) and 13% live in Phase 1, the riskiest areas (50-hour evacuation notice). The majority of respondents in the entire sample are from either Region 1 or 3 (each 36%). About 16% of respondents are from Region 9 and 12% lived in Region 2. Table II.A: Sample respondents by Parish, Evacuation Phase, and Louisiana Region3

Parish Percent N Target responses Population (ACS) Ascension 6.2% 162 100 114,738 Jefferson 16.4% 432 200 435,092 Lafourche 9.2% 242 100 97,474 Livingston 5.7% 149 100 133,949 Orleans 10.9% 288 200 376,738 Plaquemines 4.0% 104 100 23,599 St. Bernard 4.9% 130 100 42,858 St. Charles 6.9% 183 100 52,639 St. James 6.2% 163 100 21,650 St. John the Baptist 6.0% 159 100 44,161 St. Tammany 11.2% 296 200 242,960 Tangipahoa 4.6% 122 100 125,486 Terrebonne 7.8% 205 100 112,742 Evacuation Phase Percent N Target responses Population (ACS) Phase 1 - 50 hrs 13.4% 354 168,257 Phase 2 - 40 hrs 26.8% 707 n/a 459,129 Phase 3 - 30 hrs 52.3% 1,377 1,196,700

2 Of all respondents, 460 (17.5%) refused to provide a specific address. If they did not provide an address, they were asked to provide their town and nearest intersection. Nine percent refused to provide either an address or intersection (n = 230), and 21 respondents did not provide a zip code. Without an address or intersection, Evacuation Phase was imputed if the parish or zip code was wholly contained within one Evacuation Phase. Many parishes and zip codes cover two or three Evacuation Phases. We cannot determine the Evacuate Phase for 197 respondents. These responses are not included in analyses by Evacuation Phase, but are included otherwise. 3 Due to rounding, numbers may not add up exactly to 100%.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Unknown 7.5% 197 Regions4 Percent N Target responses Population (ACS) 1 36.3% 956 878,287 2 11.9% 313 248,687 3 36.1% 952 n/a 328,666 9 15.7% 414 368,446 TOTAL 100% 2,635 1,823,086

2. Demographics To assess the representativeness of the sample, we used the U.S. Census’ American Community Survey (ACS) data for the 13-parish region. We used the 5-year ACS estimates from 2011-2015 to provide the best estimates of current population demographics. Table II.B compares the demographics of our sample to the population based on gender, age, race, ethnicity, income, education, housing type, housing tenure. Appendix C includes additional demographic information and comparison between the landline sample and the cell phone sample.

Compared to the overall population of the study area, our sample included slightly more women and older persons. The sample was representative of race, but contained slightly fewer respondents of Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin than the population. The respondents were wealthier, more educated, more likely to live in one-unit structure homes, and more likely to own their own residences than the general population. Table II.B: Demographic comparisons, target population (13-Parish area) versus survey sample

Demographic Total Sample Census Data N = 2,635 1,824,086 Gender Male 43.4% 48.6% Female 56.7% 51.4% Age 18-24 7.2% 12.2% 25-44 23.4% 36.0% 45-64 45.0% 35.1% 65-84 22.2% 14.9% 85 and over 2.1% 1.9% Race White 68.3% 64.3% African American 24.9% 29.4% Asian 0.4% 2.2% Other 6.3% 4.1% Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Yes 4.9% 7.0% No 95.0% 93.0%

4 (Population of parishes in study area only.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Demographic cont. Total Sample Census Data N = 2,635 1,824,086 Income5 Under $10,000 5.7% 9.4% $10,000-$14,999 5.0% 6.2% $15,000-$24,999 9.5% 11.5% $25,000-$34,999 10.3% 10.6% $35,000-$49,999 12.6% 13.1% $50,000-$74,999 17.2% 16.7% $75,000-$99,999 13.5% 11.6% $100,000-$149,999 15.3% 12.6% $150,000-$199,999 6.7% 4.5% $200,000 or more 4.4% 4.0% Demographic cont. Total Sample Census Data N = 2,635 1,824,086 Highest Level of Education Less than 9th grade 1.4% 5.7% 9th to 12th grade, but did not graduate 6.3% 10.2% High school diploma 22.2% 31.8% Some college or vocational school, but not degree 25.6% 21.9% A 2-year college degree 9.8% 5.5% A 4-year college degree 20.8% 16.3% Graduate or professional degree 13.7% 8.7% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 hours + per week) 46.9% 57.6% 6 Employed part-time (Less than 35 hours per week) 6.2% 15.3% Unemployed 5.2% 8.0% Retired 27.0% n/a Stay at home caregiver 5.2% n/a Full-time student 2.8% n/a Other 6.5% n/a Housing Type One unit structure 76.2% 70.1% Two-or-more-unit structure 11.8% 20.9% Mobile homes and other 11.9% 9.0% Housing Tenure Owner 81.0% 65.6% Renter 16.8% 34.4%

5 Eighteen percent of respondents refused to answer the question about income. Another eight percent did not know their household income. Thus, percentages are based on those 1,941 respondents who responded. 6 Census information is based only on population age 16-64.

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

III. Findings

The findings are divided into several categories that relate to the evacuation behavior of residents in the 13-parish southeastern coastal area of Louisiana. These topics include prior experience with flooding and hurricanes, risk perception, evacuation intentions, evacuation destinations, evacuation transportation, and information sources. We reference specific question numbers along with the findings so that results can be matched with the survey instrument provided in Appendix B.

Findings for each question are reported for the entire 13-parish sample area and then compared by Evacuation Phase, Region, and selected demographic factors of the respondent and household. For comparisons, if a difference is described, it is statistically significant at the 0.01 alpha level (99% confidence). This is the most conservative of all the common measures of statistically significance, and selected due to the large sample size. Thus, if a difference is noted, it is expected that a new sample of the same population would show a similar effect 99 times out of a 100. Chi2 and regression techniques were used to assess relationships between variables. Within Tables and Figures, significant results will be indicated by bold font and/or an asterisk (*). Supplemental data tables for more detailed information are provided in Appendix D.

A. Prior Experience Prior experience was assessed using five questions related to experience with different types of flooding and wind damage from hurricanes. Respondents could select all damage they had experienced. A variable to assess any type of flood experience was created by combining responses from Q13_a, Q13_b, and Q13_c.

As shown in Table III.A, about 31% of all respondents had experienced at least one type of flood damage, the most common of which was flooding from rain (20%), followed by flooding from river, lake, or canal (16%), and then flooding from storm surge or wave action (9%). Over one-third of respondents (36%) reported experiencing wind damage. Overall, 47% of respondents indicated that they had experienced neither flood nor wind damage before. As would be expected, years living in current home (Q12) increased the likelihood that the household had experienced all types of flooding and wind damage. Years living in southern Louisiana (Q11) increased the likelihood of experiencing wind damage, but did not affect the likelihood of experiencing any type of flooding.

Table III.A: Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current home (Q13)

Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Q13_a. Flooding from rain 20% Q13. During the time you’ve lived in this home, Q13_b. Flooding from river, canal, or lake 16% have any of the following Q13_c. Flooding from storm surge or wave action 9% hazards affected you, your Q13_a, b, & c. Any type of flooding 31% home or the people who Q13_d. Wind damage 36% live with you? Q13_e. No previous damage at current home 47%

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Respondents were asked if there were any other environmental hazards that have affected them, their home, or the people they live with (Q14). Responses were open-ended and 446 respondents answered this question, with some respondents giving up to three additional hazards. The hazards were coded into 21 categories. Of the 446 people who provided an additional environmental hazard, chemical plants or refineries was the most common response (15%). Air pollution (9%) and tornadoes (9%) were the second and third most common responses. Appendix D includes descriptives for all hazards mentioned.

1. Prior Experience based on Evacuation Phase Comparing across Evacuation Phases, there was not a statistically significant difference for experience with flooding from rain. But respondents in Phase 1 and 3 were more likely than respondents in Phase 2 to report experience with flooding due to overflow of a lake, river, or canal (Q13_b). As expected based on their coastal location, respondents in Phase 1 were also more likely to have experience with flooding due to storm surge and wave action (Q13_c). Also as might be expected, nearly half of Phase 1 respondents (49%) were also more likely to report previous wind damage (Q14_d) (Figure III.A).

2. Prior Experience based on Region Across Regions, differences were found to be statistically significant for all prior experience related to flooding and wind damage (Figure III.A). Specifically, Region 2 respondents were more likely to report experience with flooding from rain or overflow from rivers, lakes, or canals, and half of respondents from this region reported experience with at least one of the types of flooding listed. Region 1 respondents were more likely to report experience with flooding due to storm surge or wave action. In contrast, Region 2 had the smallest percent of respondents reporting experience with wind damage (25%).

60%

49% 50% 50% 41% 42% 40% 36% 38% 36% 37% 31% 33% 33% 31% 29% 30% 25% 19% 20% 18%

10%

0% Overall Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Full Sample Evacuation Phase Region

Any type of flood experience Wind damage experience

Figure III.A: Previous flood or wind damage in the full sample and by Evacuation Phase and Region (Q13)

3. Prior Experience by Demographics We assessed variation in prior experience with flooding and wind damage at the respondent’s current home based on respondent gender, race, age, and presence of children or elderly in the household. We

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

found no difference based on gender and a few differences based on the Q15. Now I have a few brief other demographic factors. African questions about specific hurricanes. Americans (27%) and other races First, were you living in your current home in [DATE] just before Hurricane (26%) were more likely to say they had X? experienced flooding from rain (Q13_a) than were Whites (17%). Age positively influenced whether a Q16. [If no to Q15] In household had experienced wind which parish did you live in [DATE] just damage from a hurricane, meaning before Hurricane X? older respondents were more likely to have experienced wind damage. Households with elderly persons were Q17. During Hurricane X, did you or your household evacuate before the more likely to have experienced storm hit? flooding from storm surge or wave action (12% compared to 7% of households without elderly). Q18. [If yes to Q17] Q21. [If yes to Q17] Did you Households with children were less Where did you go? Did use a personal vehicle owned you stay in your parish, likely to have experienced wind by you, a relative, or a friend go to another parish in for this evacuation, such as a damage (29%) than other households Louisiana, or go to car, truck, motorcycle, or RV? (38%). another state? 4. Specific Hurricane Experience Q22. [If did not use private We assessed prior experience specific transportation Q21] What to recent destructive hurricanes: transportation did you use Q19. [If travelled to for this evacuation? Katrina, Gustav, and Isaac. Individuals another state] Which were asked where they lived at the state? time of the hurricane, whether they Q23. [If did use private evacuated, where they went, what transportation Q21] How type of shelter they used, what many hours of driving did it transportation they used, and the time take you to get to your final destination? it took to get to their sheltering point. The following eight questions provided in Figure III.B were repeated for each Q24. [If did use private hurricane: Katrina (Q15-Q24), Gustav transportation Q21] How many (Q25-Q34), and Isaac (Q35-Q44). driving hours would you estimate it would take you to Katrina (2005) make the same trip under Forty-nine percent of respondents normal traffic conditions? were living in the same home prior to Katrina as they are currently (Q15). Of those not living in their same home, Figure III.B: Survey questions related to previous evacuation many were living in Orleans Parish experience in Katrina, Gustav, and Isaac (19%), Jefferson Parish (16%), or out of state (15%) (Q16).

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

When asked about their experience with evacuation during Katrina, 63% of all respondents said they evacuated (Q17). Important to note is that nearly one-third of those who said they did not evacuate did not live in Louisiana at the time of Katrina. Focusing just on those people who lived in their current at the time of Katrina, 68% said they evacuated. Of those that did not live in their current home, but elsewhere in Louisiana, 66% evacuated. Evacuation during Katrina varied by gender and age. Women were more likely to say they evacuated (71%) compared to men (63%) and age had a slight positive effect on evacuate probability, meaning older Louisiana residents were slightly more likely to evacuate during Katrina.

Evacuation destinations were compared by location (Q18: within same parish, another parish in Louisiana, or another state) and by sheltering type (Q20: family or friend’s home, public shelter, hotel/motel, or elsewhere). The majority of respondents overall travelled to another state to evacuate from Katrina (57%). The next most common response was travelling to another parish (35%). Only 7.5% of people remained in their same parish but evacuated their own homes during Katrina. Evacuation destination varied by race only, with minorities more likely than whites to evacuate out of state (67% for African Americans and Other races compared to 52% for Whites). In contrast, Whites were more likely to stay within Louisiana, but evacuate to a different parish than where they lived at the time (42% of Whites compared to 25% of African Americans and 28% of Other races). Among those who traveled out of state (n = 958), Texas was the most common destination (43%), followed by Mississippi (17%), Tennessee (8%), Florida (7%), and Georgia (6%)

The majority of respondents who evacuated from Katrina went to a family or friend’s home (54%) compared to staying in a hotel or motel (30%), public shelter (6%), or elsewhere (9%). Again, responses varied by race of the respondent. Whites were more likely to stay with family or friends (57%) compared to African Americans (51%) and other races (47%). African Americans were more likely to stay in a public shelter (13%) compared to Whites (3%) and other races (4%). Other races were more likely to select “someplace else” (13%) compared to Whites (9%) and African Americans (5%).

When asked how they travelled to the evacuation destination, the large majority of respondents (96%) said they travelled by private vehicle that they or a family member or friend owned. This response varied by race, with African Americans less likely to have travelled this way (93%) compared to Whites or other races (98%, each). Average travel time to their evacuation destination for those who used private vehicles was 9.84 hours (+/- 0.9 hours), but hours spent driving ranged from less than 1 to 110 hours. African Americans reported travel times that were three hours longer on average than Whites and 1.25 hours longer than other races. During normal circumstances, the average travel time was estimated as 4.82 hours (+/- 0.3 hours) and ranged from less than one to 50 hours. We created a ratio to determine how much longer evacuation travel took than a normal trip, and on average the evacuation trip during Hurricane Katrina was 2.4 times longer (+/-0.2) than the same trip during normal circumstances. There was no demographic variation in the ratio of trip time, which corresponds to the above results that African Americans took longer to get to their location because they were more likely to be traveling farther (out of state) than others.

Gustav (2008) Sixty percent of respondents were living in the same home prior to Gustav (Q25). Of those not living in their same home, many were living out of state (19%), in Orleans Parish (18%), or Jefferson Parish (13%) (Q26).

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

When asked about their experience with evacuation during Gustav, 42% of all respondents said they evacuated. Of respondents who lived in in their current home at the time of Gustav, 45% said they evacuated. Similarly, 44% of those who lived in Louisiana but not in their current home evacuated. Evacuation during Gustav also varied by gender and race. Women were more likely to say they evacuated (50%) compared to men (39%) and more than half of African Americans said they evacuated from Gustav (54%) compared to only 40% of Whites and 42% of other races.

Evacuation destinations were compared by location (Q28: within same parish, another parish in Louisiana, or another state) and by sheltering type (Q30: family or friend’s home, public shelter, hotel/motel, or elsewhere). The majority of respondents who evacuated from Gustav travelled to another state (61%). The next most common response was travelling to another parish (30%). Only 9% of people remained in their same parish but evacuated their own homes during Gustav. Unlike during Katrina, there was no difference in evacuation destination by demographic factors: gender, race, age, or presence of elderly or children in the household. Possibly due to the direction of the storm, more persons evacuated to Mississippi during Gustav compared to Katrina. Of those who travelled out of state (n = 674), 23% went to Mississippi, 19% to Texas, 14% to Tennessee, 13% to Georgia, and 12% to Alabama.

80% 69% 70% 63% 61% 60% 57% 54%53% 50% 42% 37% 38% 40% 35% 34% 30% 31% 30% 25% 23% 19% 20%

8%9% 9%7% 10% 6%5%5% 4%

0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Figure III.C: Evacuation decision, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina (Q17, Q18, Q20), Gustav (Q27, Q28, Q30), Isaac (Q37, Q38, Q40)

The majority of respondents who evacuated from Gustav went to a family or friend’s home (53%) compared to staying in a hotel or motel (34%), public shelter (5%), or elsewhere (7%). Again, responses varied by race of the respondent. African Americans were more likely to stay in a public shelter (12%) compared to Whites (1%) and other races (4%), and less likely to stay with family or friends (49% of African Americans compared to 55% of Whites or other races).

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

When asked how they travelled to their 12 9.84 evacuation destination, the large majority of 10 respondents (94%) said they travelled by private 8 7.03 vehicle that they or a family member or friend 6 4.49 owned. This response varied by race, with 4 African Americans less likely to have travelled evacuation 2 this way (90%) compared to Whites (96%) or Hours driving during during driving Hours other races (100%). Average travel time to their 0 Katrina Gustav Isaac evacuation destination for those who used private vehicles was 7.03 hours (+/- 0.45 hours), Figure III.D: Hours spent in evacuation travel during but hours spent driving ranged from less than Hurricanes Katrina (Q24), Gustav (Q34), Isaac (Q44) one to 53 hours. During normal circumstances, the average travel time was estimated as 4.8 hours (+/- 0.75 hours) and ranged from less than one to 83 hours. We created a ratio to determine how much longer evacuation travel took than a normal trip, and on average the evacuation trip during Hurricane Gustav was 1.6 times longer (+/-0.8) than the same trip during normal circumstances. There was no demographic variation in evacuation travel time.

Isaac (2012) Seventy-one percent of respondents were living in the same home prior to Isaac (Q35). Of those not living in their same home, many were living in Orleans Parish (19%), out of state (14%), or Jefferson Parish (13%) (Q36).

Overall, evacuation was much lower in Isaac compared to Katrina and Gustav. When asked about evacuation during Isaac, only 19% of the entire sample said they evacuated. Focusing just on those people who lived in in their current home at the time of Isaac, 18% said they evacuated. Again evacuation responses varied by gender and race. Women were more likely to say they evacuated (22%) compared to men (16%). African Americans were more likely to have evacuated (25%) compared to Whites (16%) and other races (19%). For Isaac, the presence of children in the household also affected evacuation with household with children being more likely to evacuate (24%) compared to those without children under 12 in the household (17%).

We assessed the effects of Evacuation Phase and Region for respondents who are in the same house as they were during Hurricane Isaac. There were statistically significant differences between Evacuation Phases and Regions for who evacuated for Hurricane Isaac. One-third of respondents from Phase 1 (33%) evacuated compared to only 19% of respondents from Phase 2 and 17% of respondents from Phase 3. People from Region 1 were also more likely to evacuate from Isaac (24%) than those from Region 2 (13%), Region 3 (17%), or Region 9 (13%). Evacuation destinations were compared by location (Q38: within same parish, another parish in Louisiana, or another state) and by sheltering type (Q40: family or friend’s home, public shelter, hotel/motel, or elsewhere). During Isaac respondents were less likely to travel out of state than they were during Gustav or Katrina. Of those who evacuated, 38% travelled to another state, 37% travelled to another parish, and only 2% of people remained in their same parish but evacuated their own homes during Isaac. Of

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

those who evacuated out of state (n = 178), Texas was the most common out-of-state destination (28%), followed by Mississippi (25%), Alabama (14%), and Georgia (13%), There was no difference in evacuation destination by demographic factors: gender, race, age, or presence of elderly or children in the household. Region affected evacuation destination, but Evacuation Phase did not. The majority of people from Region 2 stayed in their own parish (53%) whereas the majority of people from Region 1 evacuated out of state (50%) and the majority of people from Region 3 evacuated to another parish (52%). Respondents from Region 9 were almost equally divided between staying in the parish, going to another parish, or going out of state.

The majority of all respondents evacuated to a family or friend’s home (67%) compared to staying in a hotel or motel (23%), public shelter (5%), or elsewhere (4%). Again, responses varied by race of the respondent. African Americans were more likely to stay in a public shelter (9%) compared to Whites (1%) and other races (5%). Minorities were less likely to stay with family or friends (63% of African Americans and 40% of other races compared to 73% of Whites). The majority of persons from a race other than African American or White were likely to stay in a hotel or motel if they evacuated from Isaac (51%), but this is a small number of respondents overall and should be considered within that context. There were no differences in type of shelter based on Evacuation Phase or Region.

When asked how they travelled to their evacuation destination, the large majority of respondents (98%) said they travelled by private vehicle that they or a family member or friend owned. This response varied by race, with African Americans less likely to have travelled this way (93%) compared to Whites or other races (98%, each). Average travel time to their evacuation destination for those who used private vehicles was 4.5 hours (+/- 0.6 hours), but hours spent driving ranged from less than 1 to 45 hours. During normal circumstances, the average travel time was estimated as 3.4 hours (+/- 0.5 hours) and ranged from less than 1 to 83 hours. We created a ratio to determine how much longer evacuation travel took than a normal trip, and on average the evacuation trip during Hurricane Gustav was 1.4 times longer (+/-0.1) than the same trip during normal circumstances. There was no demographic variation in evacuation travel time based on gender, race, age, or presence of elderly or children in the home. There was no difference in travel times based on Evacuation Phase, but those from Region 1 reported much longer travel times during the evacuation (5.46 hours on average) compared to Region 2 (2.05 hours), Region 3 (4.41 hours), and Region 9 (3.09 hours).

If we compare the three hurricanes, we notice that many more people evacuated for Katrina compared to Gustav and Isaac. Of those that evacuated, they were more likely to stay in the same parish and also more likely to stay with family or friends during Isaac compared to Katrina or Gustav. This would be expected since Isaac was a weaker storm, people would evacuate shorter distances and potentially stay with local friends and family rather than traveling long distances and staying in a hotel. Evacuation travel time was also much shorter in Isaac, likely due to the smaller overall number of people evacuating.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

B. Risk Perception To assess risk perception, respondents were 100% asked three questions about their concern for 90% 19% hurricanes and possible damage to their 29% 80% 33% homes from flooding and wind damage. 70% 36% Q6. To what extent are you concerned about 60% 50% the threat of a hurricane? Very concerned, 49% somewhat concerned, or not at all concerned 40% 49% (Threat of Hurricane) 30% 20% 44% Q7. How likely do you think it is that your home 10% 18% 21% would ever be flooded as a result of a 0% hurricane? Very likely, somewhat likely, not Threat of Flooding of Home Damage from very likely (Flooding of Home) Hurricane (Q7) Winds (Q6) (Q10) Q10. How likely is it that your home would ever be seriously damaged or destroyed by the Not at all Concerned Somewhat Concerned winds of a hurricane or damaged by trees Very Concerned blown down by hurricane winds? Very likely, somewhat likely, not very likely (Damage from Figure III.E: Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects Winds) (Q6, Q7, Q10)

The overall results reflect that most respondents have a great deal of concern for the threat of hurricanes—81% are very or somewhat concerned (Figure III.E). Many respondents perceived that it was not at all likely that their homes would flood (44%). Respondents were more concerned that their homes were either somewhat or very likely to be seriously damaged or destroyed by the winds of a hurricane or fallen trees (78%).

Risk Perception by Evacuation Phases We compared risk assessment by Evacuation Phases. Respondents varied in their concern or expected likelihood of damage to their homes (Figure III.F). Specifically, respondents from Evacuation Phase 1 were more likely to say they were very concerned about the threat of hurricanes (45%). Thirty percent of respondents from Phase 1 also think that is it very likely that their house will flood, compared to only 17% of respondents from Phase 2 and 18% from Phase 3. While there was small variation between Phases in perception of wind damage risk, this difference was not statistically significant.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

100% 90% 17% 18% 29% 30% 80% 45% 39% 70% 37% 60% 37% 50% 39% 51% 40% 45% 40% 30% 20% 46% 45% 31% 10% 15% 16% 20% 0% Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Threat of Hurricane (Q6)* Flooding of Home (Q7)*

Not at all concerned Somewhat concerned Very concerned

Figure III.F: Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects by Evacuation Phase (Q6, Q7).

Risk Perception by Region Comparing responses based on Region, the only statistically significant difference was Q7, the likelihood of respondents’ homes flooding. Twenty-three percent of Region 1 respondents indicated that it was very likely their homes would flood compared to less than 16% for the other regions. The majority of respondents in Regions 2, 3, and 9 indicated that it was “not very likely” that their homes would flood. Table III.B: Risk Perception of flooding damage by Region (Q7)7

Concern by Type Region Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not at all Likely Region 1 23% 41% 35% Home Damage Region 2 16% 33% 51% from Flooding (Q7)* Region 3 16% 35% 50% Region 9 15% 28% 57%

Risk Perception by Demographics We compared risk perception based on gender, race, and presence of either children or elderly in the household. Gender and race affected responses on all three risk perception questions (concern about hurricanes, likelihood of flooding or wind damage to home). Specifically, women and African Americans had higher risk perceptions than men or Whites and other races. These variations were expected based on disaster research that indicates a “white male” effect in risk perceptions. White men, in particular, tend to view hazards as less risky than do women and persons of color.

Age affected responses to concern about hurricanes (Q6) but there was no age difference in responses to either likelihood of flooding or wind damage. Older persons were more likely to be concerned about hurricanes than younger persons. There was no statistically significant difference of risk assessment based on presence of children or elderly in the household.

7 Bold and * indicate statistically significant at 0.01

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Table III.C: Risk perception of flooding damage by demographics (Q6, Q7, Q10)

Very Somewhat Not at all Concern by Type Demographic Concerned Concerned Concerned Gender Male 16% 32% 52% Female 21% 47% 16% Home Damage from Flooding Race (Q7)* White 13% 33% 54% African American 32% 43% 25% Other 28% 29% 43% Gender Male 28% 50% 22% Female 37% 47% 16% Threat of Hurricane (Q6)* Race White 25% 55% 20% African American 49% 36% 14% Other 27% 42% 31% Gender Male 25% 50% 24% Female 33% 48% 18% Damage from Winds (Q10)* Race White 25% 52% 21% African American 35% 43% 21% Other 30% 46% 21%

1. Levee System Risk Respondents were also asked their location related to levees (Q8) and their confidence in those levees (Q9): Q8. Is your home located within the levee system, that is, is it located in an area protected by a levee?;

Q9. If so: How confident are you that the current levee system in your parish will prevent your home from being flooded in future hurricanes?

As shown in the Figure III.G, around half of respondents (52%) reported living in an area protected by levees. Responses were statistically different based on Evacuation Phase and Region. Respondents located in Phase 1 were much more likely to state that they lived within a levee protection system (83% compared to 56% of Phase 2 respondents and 54% of Phase 3 respondents). Respondents from Regions 1 (76%) and 3 (61%) were also more likely to state that they lived within a levee protection system. In contrast, the majority of respondents from Regions 2 (63%) and 9 (78%) stated that No, they did not live in a levee protected area.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

90% 83% 80% 76% 78%

70% 63% 61% 60% 56% 52% 54% 50% 39% 40% 37% 35% 31% 30% 24%

20% 17% 13% 13% 11% 11… 9% 9% 9% 8% 10% 7% 4% 0% Overall Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 9 Yes No Don't know

Figure III.G: Respondents who live within a levee system (Q8)

Demographics had little effect on whether respondents thought they lived within a levee system (Q8). Gender, race, age, and elderly in household had no effect on whether respondents thought they lived within a levee system, but kids present in the house did. Households with children were less likely to say they lived within a levee system (55%) compared to households without children (45%).

Those respondents who stated that they Don't know, 2% lived within a levee protection system were asked how confident they were Not about the ability of that system to protect confident at their home from flooding. Most of those all, 15% Very residents who said they lived within a confident, levee system (83%) expressed that they 33% were either somewhat or very confident the levee system would protect their homes from flooding (Q9 Figure III.H). Somewhat Confidence in the levee protection system confident, did not vary by Evacuation Phase or 50% Region. Looking only at those respondents who said yes, they lived within a levee protection system, there were also no Figure III.H: Confidence in levee system among those demographic differences on their respondents who indicated they live within a levee system confidence in that system to protect their (Q9) home from flooding.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

2. Safety of Home and Family Disaster Plans Respondents were also asked their perceptions of the safety their homes provide and whether they had developed disaster plans with their family members.

Q54. Do you think your home would be safe during a hurricane?

Q55. [If No:] Why do you think your home might not be safe in a hurricane?

Q45. Has your family ever talked or made a plan about what you would do if there was an emergency and you had to leave your home?

The majority of all respondents felt their homes would be safe in a hurricane (67%) (Figure III.I). There was no Yes difference in responses based on Evacuation Phase or 12% No Region.

Of the 466 people who said that their house wasn’t safe Don't know (on Q54), 449 gave a reason for why they did not feel safe 21% in their home (Q55). There were 14 different categories of reasons: flooding, wind, looting, location of home, storm surge, trees, type of home, category of storm, previous experience, age of home, structure of home, 67% perception of levee, tornadoes, and other/unspecified. Type of home, which included mention of mobile homes or trailer, was the most common reason for perceiving one’s home as unsafe (22% of these 448 respondents). Figure III.I: Do you think your home would Flooding (18%), structure of home including how well- be safe during a hurricane? (Q54) built or features lacking (12%), location of home including near lakes or canals (11%), and wind (11%) were the next most common reasons. Additional information is provided in Appendix D.

Again demographics affected these risk perceptions. Women, African Americans, and those with children in their household were less likely to perceive their homes as safe compared to men, Whites or other races, and households without children (Figure III.J). While they were less likely to perceive their houses as safe, still a majority of all demographics responded “Yes” to Q54, indicating overall perceptions of safety. Age and having elderly persons in the household did not affect perceptions of safety of respondents’ homes. Most respondents (71%) had talked or made a plan about evacuation. There was no difference in responses based on evacuation phase or region. There was no variation based on demographics, including gender, race, age, presence of kids or elderly in the household.

Of all respondents, 71% had discussed an evacuation plan with household members (Q45). There were no statistically significant differences in family evacuation planning by Evacuation Phase or Region. There were no demographic differences in family evacuation planning.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

100% 90% 80% 71% 74% 71% 64% 70% 63% 59% 60% 53% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Men Women White African Other No kids in Kids in Yes No Don't know American household household Figure III.J: Demographic variation in perceptions of safety of respondents’ homes (Q54)

C. Evacuation Intentions Evacuation intentions were assessed based on the strength of the storm and effect of emergency management (EM) recommendations or orders. We compared these across Evacuation Phases and Regions as well as selected demographics. This section also includes discussion of who would evacuate, who would stay behind and why, and when evacuation would occur. 1. Overall Evacuation Intentions Six questions were used to assess evacuation intentions: three for Category 1 or 2 and then the same three questions for Category 3 or higher, each with a 3-point response scale of “very likely,” somewhat likely”, and “not very likely”.

Category 1 or 2 Q46. Now I would like you to consider several different future storm possibilities and ask Hurricane if your household would LIKELY EVACUATE for each. What if a hurricane with Category 1 or 2 winds and potentially up to 3 feet of water above ground threatens your neighborhood? How likely is it that you would leave your home? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely that you would leave?

Q47. What if for the same storm, parish officials recommended, but did not order, those in your area to evacuate. How likely is it that you would leave? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely?

Q48. What if parish officials ORDERED those living in your area to evacuate for this hurricane? How likely is it that your household would leave? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely?

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Category 3 or Q49. Now, what if a major hurricane, that is, a storm with Category 3 or higher winds, Higher Hurricane and the possibility of more than 3 feet of water above ground threatens your neighborhood? How likely is it that you would leave your home? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely that you would leave?

Q50. Suppose for the same storm parish officials RECOMMENDED, but did not ORDER that those in your area evacuate. How likely is it that you would leave? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely?

Q51. What if officials ORDERED an evacuation for your area for this storm? How likely is it that your household would leave? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely?

Figure III.K shows overall evacuation intentions based on hurricane strength and EM instructions. As expected, hurricane strength has a strong influence on evacuation intentions. About 40% of respondents indicate that they would be very likely to evacuate from a Category 1 or 2, and about an equal number (36%) said they would not likely evacuate from the same strength of storm. In comparison, 76% of respondents would evacuate from a Category 3 or stronger storm, with only 10% saying they would not likely evacuate. EM recommendations (not orders) have little effect on evacuation intentions for either type of storm. As shown in the Figure, an EM recommendation does not greatly change the percent of people who would be very likely to evacuate compared to no instructions. The recommendation does slightly increase the number of respondents who indicate they would be “somewhat likely” to evacuate compare to “not very likely.”

An evacuation order issued by the EM, on the other hand, has a strong influence on evacuation intentions for all hurricane strengths, but has the biggest impact on increasing evacuation from weaker storms. Under an evacuation order, 75% of respondents would be very likely to evacuate from a Category 1 or 2 hurricane and 85% of respondents would do the same during a Category 3 or higher hurricane. Still, emergency management would need to be aware that 12% of respondents would not evacuate even when ordered to do so from a Category 1 or 2 hurricane and 6% would not evacuate even with an evacuation order from a Category 3 or stronger. Twelve percent equals approximately 218,890 people in the 13-parish area and 6% is about 109,445 people across the study area.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

100% 6% 12% 10% 12% 90% 9% 30% 36% 12% 14% 80% 19% 70% 60% 28% 50% 23% 40% 85% 75% 76% 68% 30% 20% 40% 41% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

Figure III.K: Overall evacuation intentions for the entire sample (Q46-Q51)

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Figure III.L: Respondents who indicate they will evacuate when given a mandatory evacuation order by their local governments for a Category 3 or higher storm (Q51)

Demographic Variation in Evacuation Intentions Next, we compared these responses based on demographics, include race and gender. As a reminder, these intentions to do not take into account ability to evacuate, such as transportation or money. Evacuation intentions varied by race and gender for all six questions, and all differences were statistically significant.

Results indicate that African Americans are more likely than Whites or other races to indicate they intend to evacuate from all strengths of hurricanes. For example, only 20% of African Americans were “not very likely” to evacuate from a Category 1 or 2 compared to 36% of Whites. For Category 3 or higher, only 5% of African Americans would remain in place compared to 8% of Whites. Respondents who indicated a race other than White or African American report the least likelihood to evacuate, but there were only 172 respondents who are of other race. Thus, their responses should be interpreted within the context of a small sample size.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Table III.D: Demographic comparison of evacuation intentions based on category of storm and emergency manager recommendations8 (Q46-Q51)

Very Somewhat Not Very Evacuation Criteria Likely Likely Likely White Category 1 or 2: Evacuate (Q46) 30% 26% 36% Category 1 or 2: Evacuate Recommended from EM (Q47) 33% 29% 38% Category 1 or 2: Evacuation Order from EM (Q48) 70% 15% 15% Category 3: Evacuate (Q49) 70% 18% 12% Category 3: Evacuation Recommended from EM (Q50) 64% 21% 14% Category 3: Evacuation Order from EM (Q51) 82% 10% 8% African Americans Category 1 or 2: Evacuate (Q46) 60% 19% 20% Category 1 or 2: Evacuate Recommended from EM (Q47) 58% 26% 17% Category 1 or 2: Evacuation Order from EM (Q48) 86% 8% 6% Category 3: Evacuate (Q49) 88% 7% 5% Category 3: Evacuation Recommended from EM (Q50) 79% 14% 8% Category 3: Evacuation Order from EM (Q51) 92% 6% 2% Other Category 1 or 2: Evacuate (Q46) 36% 21% 43% Category 1 or 2: Evacuate Recommended (Q47) 38% 22% 40% Category 1 or 2: Evacuation Order (Q48) 70% 7% 23% Category 3: Evacuate (Q49) 75% 10% 15% Category 3: Evacuation Recommended from EM (Q50) 69% 19% 13% Category 3: Evacuation Order from EM(Q51) 80% 7% 12% Women Category 1 or 2: Evacuate (Q46) 44% 25% 32% Category 1 or 2: Evacuate Recommended from EM (Q47) 46% 30% 24% Category 1 or 2: Evacuation Order from EM (Q48) 82% 10% 8% Category 3: Evacuate (Q49) 80% 14% 6% Category 3: Evacuation Recommended from EM (Q50) 74% 17% 8% Category 3: Evacuation Order from EM (Q51) 90% 7% 3% Men Category 1 or 2: Evacuate (Q46) 36% 23% 41% Category 1 or 2: Evacuate Recommended from EM (Q47) 36% 26% 38% Category 1 or 2: Evacuation Order from EM (Q48) 68% 15% 17% Category 3: Evacuate (Q49) 72% 16% 13% Category 3: Evacuation Recommended from EM (Q50) 62% 21% 17% Category 3: Evacuation Order from EM (Q51) 80% 11% 9%

8 Bold indicates statistically significant.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Gender similarly met expectations, with women being more likely to intend to evacuate from all strengths of storms and under both EM recommendations and orders. Men were less likely to indicate that they would follow EM instructions, including less likely to evacuate when ordered to do so. In a Category 3 or higher storm, 9% of men would not evacuate, even when under an evacuation order compared to only 3% of women (Q51). In a weaker hurricane, men indicated they would be less compliant with evacuation orders. Seventeen percent of men, compared to only 8% of women, indicated that they would not evacuate when ordered to do so during a Category 1 or 2 hurricane (Q48).

We also compared results based on household size, whether children under 12 were present in the household, whether elderly persons were present in the household, and whether the respondent lived in a mobile home. We found no variation in response based on household size, children present, or elderly present for any of the size evacuation intention questions. Years living in southern Louisiana had a small effect on likelihood to evacuate from a category 1 or 2 (without specifics on EM instructions). Individuals who were very likely to evacuate had lived in southern Louisiana on average 3 years longer than those who were less likely to evacuate. Housing type significantly affected responses on Q46 and Q47 about evacuating from a Category 1 or 2 storm with no EM instructions or with an EM recommendation. Specifically, 10-15% fewer persons in single-family detached homes said they would be “very likely” evacuate in those scenarios. Mobile home respondents had responses similar to those living in multi- family housing. For Category 3 or higher or any category of storm with an EM order, there was no variation in evacuation intentions by housing type. Evacuation Intentions by Evacuation Phase We compared evacuation intentions by Evacuation Phase. There are small differences between the Phases for questions 46 and 49, which do not include EM instructions. But no differences for any of questions about evacuation intention by Evacuation Phase were statistically significant, meaning we cannot infer that these small differences from the sample are true within the larger population. The lack of difference between Evacuation Phases and intentions is concerning since individuals in Phase 1 face more risk than those living in other Phases. Evacuation Intentions by Region In contrast, several differences in evacuation intentions were statistically significant by Region. Specifically, Region 1 respondents were more likely to intend to evacuate across all questions in our sample population, and the differences were statistically significant for Q47, Q49, and Q50. These results mean that persons in Region 1 are more likely to evacuate in a Category 1 or 2 when the EM recommends to do so, in Category 3 or higher without any EM instructions, and in Category 3 or higher when the EM recommends to do so than other regions. The regional differences are not statistically significant for when there is an EM order to evacuate, indicating that compliance for evacuation orders will be similar across regions.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Table III.E: Evacuation intentions by Region, differences that are statistically significant (Q47, Q49, Q50)9

Somewhat Not Very Evacuation Intentions Region Very Likely Likely Likely Region 1 47% 26% 28% Category 1 or 2: Evacuate Region 2 40% 33% 27% Recommended by EM (Q47)* Region 3 37% 27% 36% Region 9 34% 31% 35% Region 1 82% 12% 7% Region 2 64% 22% 14% Category 3: Evacuate (Q49)* Region 3 77% 13% 10% Region 9 73% 15% 12% Region 1 76% 15% 10% Category 3: Evacuate Region 2 59% 26% 14% Recommended by EM (Q50)* Region 3 66% 20% 14% Region 9 62% 20% 17%

2. Decision Process on Evacuating In an effort to understand the decision making process for evacuation, all of the respondents were asked to put in context why they would or would not evacuate.

Q52. Now, we’d like to know a little more about the specific reasons you think your household would or would not evacuate for a hurricane. Let’s first imagine that your household decides NOT TO EVACUATE. What do you think would be the MAIN REASONS for the decision for your household to stay in your home?

Q53. Now, let’s imagine your household decides TO EVACUATE. What do you think would be the MAIN REASONS behind the decision TO LEAVE?

Of all respondents 2,476 gave at least one reason for not evacuating (Q52). Many respondents gave several reasons. These were categorized into 53 different reasons. Of the 2,476 respondents, the most common reason for not evacuating was storm strength (15%), which was described as a Category 1 or 2, the storm only being a tropical storm, or small storm. The next most common response was that the storm seemed to be “low risk” but the respondent didn’t provide a reason as to why they would make this conclusion (8%). Financial reasons were also mentioned by 8% of these respondents. Seven percent perceived their homes as safe, sturdy, or otherwise able to withstand the impacts. To protect property or secure property (with no mention of looting) (6%), lack of predicted flooding (5%), storm direction heading away from the respondent (5%), lack of fear of the storm (no specific reason the storm was viewed this way) (5%), personal safety and being able to stay out of danger by staying home (4%), and feeling prepared to ride out a storm (4%) each received over 100 respondents mentioning that reason. Of note, 202 respondents (8%) indicated that they would always evacuate. Appendix D contains the complete table of all reasons.

9 Bold and *Indicates statistically significant at 0.01

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

We also looked specifically at those persons who said that they would not likely evacuate from a Category 3 or higher hurricane even if an evacuation order was given (Q51, 9% of all respondents). For these 161 persons, the most common reasons for not evacuating were work (12%), perceive their house as safe/sturdy (11%), to protect property (8%), previous experience (8%), or financial (6%). A total of 2,576 respondents provided a reason for evacuating from storms. Again, respondents often gave more than one reason. Specifically, 3 people provided five reasons, 26 people gave four reasons, 151 people gave three reasons, and 648 people listed two reasons. All responses were coded into 52 categories that were often the opposite version of those categories for Q52. For example, individuals selected storm strength as the most common reason to evacuate, similar to Q52, but for this question it meant that the storm was strong, large, had strong winds, or was often a Category 3 or above. Nine categories had at least 100 people mentioned them. The most common reasons for evacuating was storm strength (26%), followed by personal safety from injury or death (25%) and flooding (20%). Eight percent of respondents mentioned having access to electricity or if the electricity went out at home. Existence of an evacuation order and to be with family were each mentioned by 7% of respondents. Predicted damages, such as downed trees, and storm direction, indicating it would be a likely direct hit on the household, were each mentioned by 5% of respondents. How high risk the storm seemed (without specific rationale for that risk perception) was each mentioned by 4% of respondents. Appendix D contains a table with all reasons mentioned.

3. Staying Behind in Evacuation Q56. If your household Respondents were asked about how many should decide to evacuate, how many people would people from their household would evacuate, leave? whether anyone would stay behind and who, and to explain their rationale.

Q57. If your household On average, respondents indicated that 3.14 should decide to evacuate, is people from their household would evacuate anyone from your household (Q56).10 To understand this in context, we likely to remain behind? created a ratio of number of persons who would evacuate versus household size. The average percent of households that would evacuate was Q58. Who is the 98%. Specifically, 94% of respondents indicated person or persons who that all persons in their household would would stay behind? evacuate. There is no variation in number of people that would leave nor the proportion of the household that would evacuate based on Q59. What is the location in a certain Evacuation Phase or Region. MOST IMPORTANT reason you or they are likely to stay behind? When asked directly whether anyone in the Figure III.M: Survey questions related to household household would likely stay behind, 15.9% of evacuation and staying behind respondents stated that yes someone would stay

10 Responses were edited to match household size as reported in Q103 if respondents indicated that more people than the number in their household would evacuate. Likely response error resulted in participants including family members outside their household that would evacuate together. 261 responses were recoded.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

behind (Q57). There is no variation based on Evacuation Phase or Region as to the percentage of respondents who indicate someone from the household would stay home. Across the 13-parish area, men were more likely to indicate that someone would stay behind (18%) compared to women (13%). African Americans were less likely to indicate that someone from the household would stay behind (9%) compared to Whites (19%) and other races (21%).

Respondents who said yes on Q57 that someone in their household would stay behind in an evacuation were asked on Q58 who would stay behind. There were 29 categories of responses that were decipherable as a particular household or family role (some persons gave formal names, which were unable to be categorized). Because of gender differences in evacuation intent, we kept these responses gender separate if that was able to be determined (e.g., niece versus nephew). Of the 400 respondents who said someone would stay behind, 397 named a particular person, and 26 of those listed two people who would stay behind. The three most common responses for who would stay behind, by far, were the respondent themselves (44%) and husband (27%). The next two most common were also male gender specific: father (8%) and son (6%). Overall, 185 persons named a male, 34 gave someone whose gender cannot be determined, and only 15 respondents named a female.

Of the 400 people who said someone would stay behind, 388 provided a reason for why that person would stay behind (the remaining said they didn’t know why). Those 388 valid responses included 14 different reasons. The most commonly mentioned reason to stay behind during evacuation was work-related, such as being a first responder or working in an organization that must report or be on call (39%). The second most common was to protect home or property (28%). The response that the person never evacuates or doesn’t like leaving was mentioned by 13% of respondents. To prevent looting was mentioned by 7% and pets were mentioned by 5%. All responses can be seen in Appendix D.

4. Evacuation Timing Respondents were asked when they would evacuate given 3 days until a hurricane landfall. Across the entire sample, 29% indicated they would evacuate today, 41% would evacuate tomorrow, and 25% would evacuate in two days. Two percent indicated they would not leave and almost 3% indicated that they did not know when they would evacuate. There is no difference based on Evacuation Phase or Region. The lack of variation based on Evacuation Phase is concerning since these phases are designed based on timing of evacuation. We would expect persons in Phase 1, which would get an evacuation order sooner, to evacuate sooner. That was not the case. Table III.F: When respondents indicate they will leave once they are aware of a hurricane making landfall in 3 days (Q92)

Question Percent Evacuating Q92. If a hurricane is predicted to impact your area Today 29.4% three days from now and you decided to evacuate, Tomorrow 41.2% are you most likely to leave today, tomorrow or Two days 24.9% two days from now? Today, Tomorrow, Two days Would not leave 1.9% from now, or Would not leave Don't know 2.7%

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Demographic variation in evacuation timing existed based on gender, race, and whether there were elderly persons in the household (Figure III.N). Women, African Americans, and households without elderly persons would evacuate sooner than men, White or other races, and households with elderly persons. In fact, nearly 4% of households with elderly persons indicated they would not evacuate compared to only 1% of other households, and almost 5% of households with elderly persons did not know when they would evacuate compared to only 1% of other households. This relationship did not hold for elderly respondents themselves, as there was no statistical difference in evacuation timing based on age of the respondent. Having kids in the house under 12 years old had no effect on evacuation timing.

100% 3.4% 0.6% 1.4% 1.2% 2.2% 4.5% 3.5% 90% 24.0% 23.8% 23.2% 25.6% 80% 27.1% 24.8% 26.5% 70%

60% 34.0% 50% 43.1% 34.2% 44.3% 39.2% 44.3% 38.4% 40%

30%

20% 38.8% 33.2% 28.2% 29.9% 29.7% 26.9% 10% 25.0% 0% 0 0 Men Women White African Other No elderly Elderly in American in house house

Today Tomorrow Two days Would not leave Don't know

Figure III.N: When respondents will leave based on demographic data (Q92)

Respondents were asked if specific issues would affect their evacuation timing:

Q93. If you HAD to evacuate, would the work or school requirements of any member of your household delay when you could leave?

Q94. If you HAD to evacuate, would obtaining agreement from family members outside your household be likely to affect how quickly you would be able to leave?

Looking at reasons that might affect evacuation timing, one-third of respondents indicated that work or school would affect their timing and 24% indicated that getting agreement from family outside of the household would affect their evacuation timing. Perceptions about how school or work would affect evacuation timing did not vary across Evacuation Phases or Regions. Whether respondents would be affected by getting agreement from family did vary by Evacuation Phase, with about 30% of persons in Phase 1 and 2 being more likely to say that gathering agreement from family outside the household would affect their evacuation timing compared to only 22% of persons in Phase 3 (Table III.G). Differences across Regions were not statistically significant.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Table III.G: External influences that may affect the timing of evacuation11 (Q93, Q94)

External Influences on Evacuation Timing School or Work Impact Timing (Q93) - Agreement from other Family Members Category yes Impact Time (Q94) - yes Overall 32.3% 23.8% Evacuation Phase Phase 1 36.7% 30.4% Phase 2 34.5% 29.2% Phase 3 31.8% 22.2%

Gender and race had no effect on evacuation timing constraints. Those more likely to be affected by school and work were households with children in the house (40%) compared to no children in the house (29%) and or household without elderly persons (39%) compared to those with elderly household members (22%). These responses may be expected as schooling would affect only those with children in school and non-elderly households would be more likely to be constrained by work. Neither of these affected responses to Q94 about the effect of planning with family outside the household on evacuation timing (Figure III.O).

3.0% 1.5% 2.8% 100% 2.5% 90% 80% 70% 58.1% 57.1% 60% 76.8% 68.8% 50% 40% 30% 20% 38.9% 40.2% 28.7% 10% 21.7% 0% No elderly in house Elderly in house No kids in household Kids in household

Yes No Don't know

Figure III.O: The likelihood of having children or elderly in your household affecting evacuation timing (Q93)

11 Bold indicates statistically significant

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

5. Households with Pets Having pets in a household is a factor known to 3% 2% 1% 3% influence decision about whether to evacuate or not. To assess how having a pet in the household influenced a household’s decision to evacuate the following question was asked to each of the respondents:

Q95. If you have a family pet or pets, what would you do with them if you had to evacuate? Open-ended Pets evacuate with them 91% The majority of respondents (79%) reported having a Leave their pets at home pet they would have to plan for in case of an Take to a shelter evacuation. The overwhelming majority of Other respondents with pets (91%) would bring their pets Don't Know with them if they were forced to evacuate (Figure III.P). Very few reported they would leave their pets at Figure III.P: What evacuees would do with their home (3.5%), take their pets to an animal shelter (2%), pets once they make a decision to evacuate or reported that they did not have any idea of what (Q95) they would do with their pets (2.5%). Q60. Now let’s imagine that you HAD to evacuate 6. Evacuation Destination for a MAJOR storm, such as a storm with Category 3 or above winds. What type of place would you likely Similar to the questions about prior experience in go? Would it be to the home of a relative or friend, specific hurricanes, respondents were asked where to a public shelter, to a hotel or motel, or someplace they thought they would shelter during future storms else? that are either Category 3 or higher (Q60-Q63) or Category 1 or 2 (Q64). Q61. If you evacuated for a major storm, in what state would you About half of all respondents (51%) indicated that likely take refuge? they would stay with family or friends during an evacuation from a strong storm, Category 3 or higher (Q60). A third of respondents indicated that they Q62. Is there a particular town, would stay in a hotel or motel. About 5% of city or area in that state you respondents indicated they would stay in a public would expect to go to? shelter. These results are similar to where respondents stayed during evacuation from Hurricanes Katrina or Gustav, which were both strong storms (described above under prior experience), but Q63. What is the name of the town, city, or area that you would different than previous experience in Isaac (a weaker go? storm) in which more persons reported staying with family or friends. Responses varied based on Region but not Evacuation Phase. Particularly, respondents Q64. Now, let’s imagine you decided to evacuate for from Region 2 were more likely to stay with family and a less serious Category 1 or 2 storm, what type of friends and less likely to stay in a hotel or motel place would you go? Would it be to the home of a relative or friend, to a public shelter north of New compared to the other regions. Also, very few (2%) of Orleans area, to a hotel or motel, or someplace else? respondents from Region 9 said they would stay in a Figure III.Q: Survey questions related to type and public shelter. location of evacuation shelter 40

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Table III.H: Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or stronger hurricane12(Q60)

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Storm (Q60) Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall 51% 5% 33% 8% 3% Responses by Regions* Region 1 49% 6% 34% 6% 4% Region 2 57% 8% 24% 9% 1% Region 3 49% 4% 33% 11% 3% Region 9 51% 2% 35% 9% 3%

Figure III.R: Destination type of people evacuating by Evacuation Phase (Q60)

Looking at demographic comparisons, only race had a statistically significant effect on intended sheltering option. African Americans were more likely to select public shelter (10%) during a Category 3 or higher storm than others. Whites were most likely to stay with family or friends (53%).

12 Bold and asterisk indicate statistically significant.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

60%

50%

40% Family/Friend Public shelter 30% Hotel/motel 20% Someplace else 10% Don't know 10% 4% 2% 0% White African American Other

Figure III.S: Most likely destination for evacuees illustrated by race, Category 3 or higher hurricane (Q60)

Question 64 asked where respondents would shelter during a weaker storm, category 1 or 2. Responses were similar overall to where persons would stay during a stronger storm. Again, 51% of respondents indicate they would stay with family or friends during an evacuation from a weaker storm, followed by 33% staying in a hotel or motel. Four percent said they would stay in a public shelter, and 8% said somewhere else. Again about 4% of respondents did not know where they would stay.

Responses did not vary based on Evacuation Phase, but again did vary based on Region. Again, respondents from Region 2 were more likely to say they would stay with family or friends, and fewer said they would stay in a hotel or motel compared to other Regions. Also, very few people (1%) from Region 9 would stay in a public shelter. Table III.I: Most likely destinations for evacuees leaving for a Category 1 or 2 storm (Q64)

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 1 or 2 Storm (Q64) Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/motel else know Overall 51% 4% 33% 8% 4% Responses by Regions* Region 1 48% 6% 36% 6% 4% Region 2 61% 6% 25% 5% 2% Region 3 50% 3% 32% 12% 4% Region 9 52% 1% 31% 11% 5%

Race, age, and presence of elderly or children in the household affected respondents’ intended sheltering type. Whites were more likely to say they would stay with family or friends (55%) compared to others. African Americans had the highest percent of respondents who would stay in a shelter (8%) or in a hotel or motel (41%) during a Category 1 or 2. Elderly respondents were less likely to select family and friends as a sheltering option (45%) compared to non-elderly respondents (53%). Households with children under 12 were more likely to stay with family or friends (56%) and less likely to stay in a public shelter (2%) than

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

other households. In contrast, households with elderly members were less likely to stay with family or friends (47%) and more likely to stay in a public shelter (7%).

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 3% 2% 2% 5% 50% 8% 5% 7% 40%

30% 55% 56% 54% 49% 20% 44% 46% 47% 10% 0% White African Other No elderly Elderly in No kids in Kids in American in house house household household

Family/Friend Public shelter Hotel/motel Someplace else Don't know

Figure III.T: Most likely destination for evacuees by race and dependents in the household, Category 1 or 2 hurricane (Q64)

Respondents were asked what state they would evacuate to (Q62), and the most common destination states were Texas (20%), Louisiana (19%), and Mississippi (12%). But one in five people (19%) said they did not know what state they would go to. About three-quarters of respondents (77%) said they had a specific city where they would go during evacuation for a strong storm (Q63) (See Appendix D).

7. Evacuation Transportation Respondents were asked numerous questions about what transportation they expected to use during a future evacuation.

Almost all respondents indicated that they would use their own personal vehicle or ride with family or friends to evacuate in a future storm (96% Q65). This response corresponds to transportation used during evacuations following Katrina, Gustav, and Isaac discussed above. Those who would not use a private vehicle were asked what other transportation they would use (Q66). Of those 49 respondents, 11 indicated they would take a bus and 6 indicated public transportation without specific reference to a bus. Other responses included rental vehicle (n = 4), boat (n = 2), plane (n = 2), work vehicle (n = 2), government or nonprofit organization vehicle (n = 2), or car, ambulance, train, walking (each with 1 response). Eight people said they didn’t know. Another 9 people responded with something about whatever was available or whoever would come, or simply stated they would not or could not evacuate.

If respondents said they would travel in a private vehicle, they were asked about how many vehicles their household would take and if they would evacuate with a trailer or boat as well. Overall, the largest percent of respondents indicated they would take one vehicle (48%). About 36% would take two vehicles, and 14% would take three or more vehicles. Of the entire sample, 24% would also take a boat or trailer (Q68).

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

There were no differences in transportation type or number of Q65. If you had to evacuate, would your household use a vehicles by Evacuation Phase, but personal vehicle owned by you, a relative, or a friend for this there were differences by Region. evacuation, such as a car, truck, motorcycle, or RV? Region 1 had a smaller percentage of respondents who would travel in If No: a private vehicle (95%) compared If Yes: Q66. What type of to the other regions. In number of Q67. How many vehicles transportation would your would your household take vehicles per household, there was a household use if you HAD in an evacuation? higher percentage of respondents to evacuate? from Region 2 that would take three or more cars during evacuation (21%). Both Evacuation Q68. Would a car in Phases and Regions varied in your household likely response to evacuating with a tow anything such as a trailer or boat? trailer or boat. Respondents from Phase 1 were much more likely to say they would evacuate with a Q69. What main highway or highways trailer or boat (40%) than would you likely use respondents from Phase 2 or 3 to evacuate for a (23% and 19%, respectively). major storm? Respondents from Region 2 were also more likely to take a trailer or Figure III.U: Survey questions related to evacuation transportation boat during evacuation (35%), especially in comparison to persons from Region 1 where only 15% of respondents indicated they would take a trailer or boat. We also looked specifically at Orleans and Jefferson Parishes for lack of transportation. Orleans Parish had fewer people indicating that they would take a private vehicle during evacuation (90%) compared to the whole sample (Q65). Jefferson Parish did not vary from the overall sample. Table III.J: How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers (Q65-Q69)

If Yes, If Yes – Yes, will take Would If Yes – Will If Yes – Will Will take 3 private ride with take 1 take 2 or more If Yes, will take Category vehicle (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 97% 3% 48% 36% 14% 24% Responses by Regions* Region 1 95% 3% 50% 35% 12% 15% Region 2 98% 2% 41% 35% 21% 35% Region 3 99% 2% 49% 36% 14% 30% Region 9 98% 3% 48% 38% 12% 28% Responses for Orleans and Jefferson Orleans 90% 3% 52% 31% 13% 16% Jefferson 97% 3% 48% 36% 11% 12%

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Race affected responses to use of private vehicles (Q65), with fewer African Americans indicating they would use a private vehicle for evacuation (94%) compared to Whites (98%) or other races (99%). Race also affected the number of vehicles a household reported taking during evacuation with persons from a race other than White or African American being more likely to take two cars (43%) and less likely to take just one car (42%) or ride with someone else (0%). Age did not affect whether a respondent would use a private vehicle to evacuate, but did affect how many cars the household would take. Older persons, on average, said they would evacuate in fewer cars than younger persons who more commonly said they would take two or more cars. Gender nor presence of elderly or children in the household affected the number of private vehicles respondents indicated they would take during evacuation.

There was much demographic variation in terms of who would take a trailer or boat during evacuation. Men (29%) were more likely than women (20%) to say their household would evacuate with a trailer or boat. Younger persons and households without elderly members were more likely to take a trailer or boat during evacuation. African Americans were less likely (17%) to take a trailer or boat than Whites (27%) or other races (25%). Having children in the household did not affect the likelihood of taking a trailer or boat during evacuation.

Question 69 addressed the highways that would be used during an evacuation. There were 95 different roads provided by respondents. Also, 6% of respondents did not know what highway they would take and another 5% responded with something similar to “whatever they tell us to take” or their responses were indecipherable (e.g., “the highway,” “back roads,” “it depends on storm path, or “the one north”). Of the 2,275 respondents who listed a valid road, the most common was I-10 (52%), followed by I-55 (19%), I- 12 (13%), I-90 (13%), I-59 (7%), I-61 (6%), I-49 (5%), Hwy-1 (4%), and Hwy-16 (4%). All other roads were mentioned by fewer than 4% of respondents. See Appendix D for data on all roads mentioned.

All respondents were asked if there were people in their household that would have difficulty finding transportation to evacuate, and how many people (Q75-Q76). Only 6.7% of the sample said that someone in their household would have difficulty finding transportation. Of those households, 56% indicated only one person would have difficulty, 23% said two persons, and 21% said three or more persons would have difficulty finding transportation to evacuate. There were no statistically significant differences in responses based on Evacuation Phases or Regions. There was also no demographic variation in responses. Table III.K: Households who have difficulty accessing transportation and how many people in each household would have difficulty

Q76. [If Yes to Q75] How many people in your household would have difficulty finding transportation in order to evacuate? 1 2 3 or more Yes None person people people Q75. Are there people in your household who would have 7% 3% 60% 19% 17% difficulty finding transportation in (N = 124) order to evacuate?

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

The 720 respondents from Jefferson and Orleans Parishes were asked if they were aware of the City Assisted Q70. Are you aware of your city’s assisted Evacuation Plan (Q70-Q74). About evacuation plan? half of each parish had heard of the plan (55% in Jefferson; 56% in If Yes: If Yes: Orleans). Those who had heard of Q71. Do you know Q72. Did you use your the plan were asked if they knew where the nearest pick city’s assisted evacuation where the nearest pick up point was up point is located from system during Hurricane to their home and if they used the your residence? Gustav? system during Hurricane Gustav. The parishes differed significantly in the number of persons who knew where If Yes: their nearest pick up point was and Q73. Would you use it again? those who used the system during Gustav. Over half of respondents in Orleans (56%) who knew about the If No: system also said they knew where Q74. Why wouldn’t you use their nearest pick up location was your city’s assisted compared to only 33% of evacuation system again? respondents from Jefferson Parish. Similarly, more respondents from Orleans Parish reported using the Figure III.V: Survey questions related to assisted evacuation plan for system during Gustav (19% of those Orleans and Jefferson respondents who had heard of the plan) than respondents in Jefferson (9%). Yet, 100% 94%97% overall few respondents used the 90% system during Gustav (46 80% respondents). Of those respondents 70% 55%56% who did use the system during 60% 52% Gustav, almost all would use it again 50% (94% of those from Jefferson and 40% 33% 30% 97% of those from Orleans). There 19% 20% were only four responses to Q74 9% 10% about why the respondent would not 0% use the system again. These were Yes, aware of If yes: Pick up If yes: Used Would use it “because of traffic,” “routing was City Assisted point known* during Gustav* again terrible,” “too confusing,” and “try to Evacuation Plan get out before it is activated.” Jefferson Orleans

Figure III.W: Awareness, use, and perceptions of the City Assisted Evacuation Plan (Jefferson and Orleans Parish residents only) (Q70-Q74)1

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

8. Access and Functional Needs in Evacuation Access and Functional Needs Transportation Concerns The survey assessed specifics about transportation needs for persons with access and functional needs. The following questions (Q77-84) are for only those respondents who said “yes” someone in their household would have difficulty finding transportation in order to evacuate (Q75). As a reminder, this is only 124 respondents or about 7% of respondents.

Q75. Are there people Q77. [If Yes to Q75] Would any of those who would have difficulty finding in your household who transportation in order to evacuate have medical needs or disabilities that would would have difficulty require special attention during an evacuation? finding transportation in order to evacuate? Q78. [If Yes to Q75] How many people in your household who would have difficulty finding transportation have medical needs or disabilities that would require special attention? Q79. [If 1 or more on Q78] Thinking about the person or persons who have medical needs or disabilities that would require special attention, do they require oxygen or another electrically dependent medical device?

Q80. [If 1 or more on Q78] Do they have a physical disability that requires a wheelchair all the time? Q81. [If 1 or more on Q78] Do they have a physical disability that makes walking difficult?

Q82. [If 1 or more on Q78] Do they have a hearing or vision problem?

Q83. [If 1 or more on Q78] Do they have a mental or emotional problem?

Q84. [If 1 or more on Q78] Are there any other reasons they would need special help in order to evacuate?

Of those who indicated someone in their household would have difficulty finding 2% transportation to evacuate, 59% of those 2% 1% No difficulty finding (72 respondents) said that these individuals transportation have medical needs or disabilities (Q78). No medical needs or These persons were asked how many people disabilities (Q77) have medical needs or disabilities in their One (Q78) household that would require assistance Two or more (Q78) with evacuation. The large majority said only one (79%), while 18% said two and 3% said 3 or more. In context, these together represent about 3% of the entire population. Due to the small number of people who 95% indicated that yes someone would have difficulty finding transportation, differences Figure III.X: Percentage of those with transportation difficulties who have household members with disabilities (Q77, Q78)

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

based on Evacuation Phase and Region were not statistically significant.13

Respondents with persons in their household with a disability or medical needs (i.e., selected “yes” on Q77) were asked about the specific disability (Q79-Q83). The most common access and functional need was difficulty walking (83%), followed by mental health issues (46%), hearing or vision problems (40%), requiring a wheelchair (30%), and requiring a medical device that is dependent on electricity (30%). Taking into account the full population, it is estimated that 3.1% of all households would have at least one person who would have trouble finding transportation because they have difficulty walking and about 1.2% would have difficulty finding transportation because they require an electrically dependent medical device. Again with the small number of respondents to these questions in mind, a larger percent of respondents from Phase 1 said they would require a wheelchair (76%) compared to the respondents in other phases. No other difference based on Evacuation Phase was statistically significant. Comparing across regions, much fewer respondents from Region 9 indicated that a person in their household who would have difficulty finding transportation had difficulty walking (44%) compared to other regions.

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 83.6% 30% 20% 40.3% 45.8% 30.6% 30.6% 10% 0% Require Require a Difficulty Hearing or Mental Health electrically Wheelchair Walking (Q81) Vision Problem Complications dependent (Q80) (Q82) (Q83) medical device (Q79)

Figure III.Y: Types of medical needs and disabilities that need transportation assistance (Q79-Q83)

Question 84 asked if there were any other reasons the person would need special assistance, and 15 respondents provided additional information that was different from questions 79 through 83. The majority who provided additional reasons indicated some medical condition that was terminal, required special medications, or required the person to remain in bed. These included cancer, heart conditions, high blood pressure, and recent surgeries. Three persons said old age limited the capacity to evacuate without assistance, two persons said financial constraints, and one person indicated that the person was unable to drive themselves.

13 Because individuals who would have difficulty finding transportation is a small percent of the overall population of the 13-parish area, random telephone sampling yielded a small number of these respondents (124). Because the questions about medical needs and disability were based on the need for transportation, they were only assessed based on 124 respondents. It is difficult to determine from small sample sizes whether an effect noted in the sample is due to random chance or actually true within the broader population.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Table III.L: Specific access and functional needs by Region and Evacuation Phase (Q79-Q83)14

Require Oxygen Have Mental or Sample or Other Medical Require a Difficulty Have Vision Emotional Size Category Devices Wheelchair Walking Constraints Issues n=72 Overall 31% 31% 84% 40% 46% By Evacuation Phase n=14 Phase 1 58% 76% 85% 23% 35% n=12 Phase 2 15% 17% 80% 50% 65% n=38 Phase 3 26% 27% 90% 39% 34% By Region n=34 Region 1 23% 31% 90% 36% 34% n=9 Region 2 52% 22% 98% 72% 72% n=19 Region 3 61% 43% 87% 32% 38% n=9 Region 4 11% 27% 44% 33% 72%

Access and Functional Needs Sheltering Concerns All respondents were asked if there was someone in their household that would likely go to a public shelter and need special attention due to medical needs or disabilities (Q85), and if they selected yes, there were asked more specifics about those individuals.

Q85. Are there people in Q86. If so, how many people in your household who would likely go to a public your household who would shelter have medical needs or disabilities that would require special help at the likely go to a public shelter shelter? and who have disabilities or medical needs that would Q87. If so, would a caregiver accompany anyone with special medical or physical require special attention in a needs? shelter?

Ten percent of respondents reported having at least one Don't Know person in their household with either a disability or 1% medical need who would likely go to a public shelter and Yes would require some form of special attention. This is a 10% high number, and could be due to misunderstanding the question. Some respondents seem to have interpreted the question as if they HAD to go to a shelter, versus who would likely would go to a shelter. Thus, we assessed only No those persons who said they would likely evacuate to a 89% public shelter on Q60, which is estimated at 5.4% of the population. About half (52%) of those who said they Figure III.Z: Respondents with disabilities would likely evacuate to a public shelter indicate that who would go to a public shelter and need someone in their household would need assistance at the attention there (Q85)

14 Bold indicates statistically significant difference.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

shelter due to access and functional needs. Out of the entire population of the study area, using these two questions, it can be estimated that about 2.8% of households have at least one person who would both go to a shelter and need assistance while there. While 2.8% is much smaller than the 10% who said yes to the question, we used the 10% for the remaining analyses. It could be interpreted that without other sheltering options (e.g., unable to get through traffic to family or friends homes), those who said Yes on Q85 would potentially arrive at a shelter and have household members who need assistance. This would be worst case scenario in terms of a large storm provoking evacuation and the inability of households to get to their preferred sheltering choice.

Those who responded yes to Q85 were asked how many household members. This results did not vary by Evacuation Phase or Region. The majority of respondents who indicated this need had households with only one such person. However, 37% reported having two, three, or more persons in their household that would require special help from their public shelter. The majority of those persons would likely be coming to their public shelter without a caregiver to attend to their individual needs (59%).

Don't Don't Three or Know Know More 2% 3% 10%

Yes 38%

Two 25%

One No 63% 59%

Figure III.AA: Number of people requiring special Figure III.BB: Percent of those going to a public attention at public shelter (N = 220) (Q86) shelter with disabilities that have a caregiver to evacuate with them (N = 220) (Q87)

Comparing demographics, age and race affected responses to Q85, the need for special attention at a public shelter. A larger percent of respondents with elderly household members said yes, there was at a least one household member who would go to a public shelter and need special attention (15%) compared to respondents with no elderly household members (8%). Elderly respondents themselves were more likely to indicate this need as well. These responses were expected based on the correlation between increasing age and medical needs and disability. For race, African Americans were more likely to report having household members who would go to a public shelter and need special medical attention (18%) compared to Whites (7%) or other races (8%). Based on results above about where respondents did go during previous hurricanes and where they would go, the difference between the racial categories likely relates to the fact that a greater percent of African Americans used or plan to use

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

public shelters. We tested this prediction by controlling for only those who said they would use a public shelter on Q60. In that case, there is no statistically significant difference between racial groups. In other words, among those going to a shelter, about equal proportions of each race will have household members who need assistance. There were no demographic differences on medical sheltering needs based on gender of the respondent or presence of children in the household.

20% 18% 15% 15%

10% 7% 8% 8%

0% White African Other No elderly in Elderly in house American house

Figure III.CC: Variation by race and elderly household members on sheltering needs for persons with access and functional needs (Q85)

D. Information Sources Respondents were asked a series of questions to determine how they get information when a hurricane threatens their area. Q88. If a hurricane threatens your area, where would you get MOST of your information as you make your evacuation decision?

Q89. Does your household have access to the web or Internet?

Q90. If yes to Q89: What Internet sites would you likely use for hurricane information?15

Forty-four percent of respondents reported getting their information from their television, which was the most common source of information. The next most common source of information was radio (16%), followed by the Internet (15%) and the respondent’s cellphone (11%), which included alerts from phone apps or social apps. Other mentioned sources included word-of-mouth from friends and relatives, communication from local first response organizations such as local law enforcement or fire agencies, and communication from local government sources.

A large majority of respondents reported having access to the Internet (90%). There was no variation in reported access to Internet based on Evacuation Phase or Region. There were several demographic differences in access to Internet including race, age, and presence of children or elderly in the household.

15 Question 91 was not analyzed due to confusion by respondents. Some respondents addressed the issue of losing electricity while others addressed traveling. Q91. If you lose electricity or are on the road evacuating, what is likely to be your MAIN way to get information?

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Age was the strongest factor in access to Internet. Respondents under 65 years old were much more likely to have access to the internet, specifically the non-elderly were over 5 times as likely to have access to the internet than elderly respondents. Further, households with elderly members were less likely to have access to the Internet (86%) compared to households without elderly members (96%). For race, African Americans reported the least access to the Internet (86%), followed by Whites (91%). Persons of a race other than White or African American reported the highest access to the Internet (98%). Households with children were more likely to have access to the Internet (95%) than households without children present (86%). Gender had no effect on access to the Internet.

5% 2% 15% 3% 1% The Internet 3% Radio Television 11% Cellphone 16% Friends or Relatives Local First Responders Local Government Phone Other

44%

Figure III.DD: Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Q88)

Respondents listed websites that they would use during a hurricane (Q90). The most common websites mentioned were local television or radio news websites, which were mentioned by 38% of respondents. The next most commonly mentioned site was weather.com (The Weather Channel) (28%). Search engines such as Google or Yahoo were mentioned by 8% of respondents. Local, parish, or state websites were mentioned by fewer than 3% of the respondents. See Appendix D for full list of websites.

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IV. Recommendations

This study provides insight into the perceptions and anticipated behavior of residents of southeast Louisiana when threatened by a hurricane. The survey sample was large enough to extrapolate the results across all 13 parishes included in the study area. By focusing a significant portion of the survey towards cell phones, the sample is more reflective of the overall population. The spatial results are also insightful as they provide emergency managers and planners with more detailed information that can be leveraged for targeted information campaigns and other planning considerations.

It is clear from the study that the vast majority of people in southeast Louisiana have tremendous respect for the destructive power of hurricanes. An overwhelming majority of the population, regardless of which Evacuation Phase or Region in which they reside, intend to evacuate when directly threated by a hurricane. More importantly, if given a mandatory evacuation order over 85% of the total population indicated they will heed the warning and evacuate regardless of the strength of the hurricane, with over 92% indicating they will evacuate if it is a Category 3 hurricane or greater. This number is even more impressive when you consider many of the 8% who indicated they would not evacuate also indicated they were first responders or had other work-related duties and were required to remain behind during a hurricane.

Since Hurricane Katrina there has been a whole community approach to educating the citizens of southeast Louisiana on protective measures that families can take to minimize their risk to a hurricane. Through outreach conducted by the National Weather Service, FEMA, USACE, GOHSEP and local governments the citizens of southeast Louisiana have overall demonstrated a high state of preparedness. A great example of the whole community approach is the City of New Orleans partnering with a non-profit group, Evacuteer, to assist in the planning, training, and execution of a volunteer force to provide assistance to help people who do not have the means to evacuate has aided in this overall preparedness. Their creative integration of artwork to permanently designate pick up areas, EvacuSpots, for the city ensures that many people already know where they need to go to receive this assistance.

The biggest takeaway of the study is the necessity for the emergency management community to continue working collectively to stress the importance for their citizens to remain prepared and to follow the recommendations issued by their governments when threatened by a hurricane. As time passes since Hurricane Katrina, the more likely complacency will develop. This is even more magnified for Region 1 which is nearing the total completion of the USACE’s Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System. Already 85% of the sample in Region 1 indicate they have varying levels of confidence in the risk reducing levee system. This too can ultimately lower the risk perception of those that are within the levee system as potential flooding is a common reason individuals use in determining whether or not to evacuate. Monitoring the integrity of these systems will be important in the future to compel evacuation as necessary among those inside a levee system.

While the overall results are indicative of a well-coordinated campaign, there are several mitigating actions that can be taken to improve and influence the overall risk perception and behavior of the population.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

• The way citizens receive their information during times of crisis is changing. Emergency managers should continue to explore the use of social media to provide evacuation messages to the population, while continuing the traditional outreach to television and radio media and ensure that local news stations social media platforms are sharing the official messages from emergency managers rather than developing their own. Coordinating social media campaigns with the major TV and radio news outlets will support the dissemination of a clear message; • With the increased reliance of cellular technology for information, consider integrating text notification of evacuation orders to the population. More population are using a variety of emergency alert apps, so maintaining awareness and coordination with those apps will become more important in the future; • When issuing evacuation orders, especially for those citizens protected by levee systems, it’s important to stress the potential for wind damage, with emphasis on how strong the winds will be, and extended loss of electricity in the affected areas as a means to encourage people to evacuate; • Based on the perceived/actual threat of a hurricane, understand the difference in perception of the population of a recommended evacuation order compared to a mandatory evacuation order, when determining what type of evacuation order to issue. A mandatory evacuation order, especially for a Category 1 or 2 hurricane, will significantly influence the participation of the population, whereas a recommendation will have little effect, or potentially the opposite effect of signaling perceived safety since an order was not given; • When preparing messages about evacuation, storm strength, potential risk or safety concerns, and amount of flooding predicted for various areas should be included as these are the most common reasons that compel evacuation. • Based on the demonstrated awareness of the City Assisted Evacuation Plan in New Orleans, consider expanding the use of EvacuSpots to other jurisdictions that have pickup points for citizens who do not have their own transportation to evacuate to increase awareness of this service; • Understanding target audiences can help in the development of information campaigns, as many responses in the survey varied by gender, race, and age of household members. Whites and men have lower risk perceptions and were more likely to stay behind in an evacuation. Further, understanding demographic variation can support planning for sheltering needs and timing of shelter needs. African Americans and elderly persons were more likely to report they would stay in a public shelter. African Americans would evacuate sooner than others, whereas households with elderly persons will evacuate later than other households. Thus planning the location of shelters to coordinate geographically with those persons most likely to need them is important.

Through a multi-faceted approach to provide information to the public and the maintaining of a successful outreach campaign the citizens of southeast Louisiana will continue to have an appropriate risk perception and evacuation behavior for future hurricane threats.

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Appendix A: Principal Researchers

Brant D. Mitchell, MPA, is the Director of the Stephenson Disaster Management Institute at LSU. He serves as the principal investigator on all major research projects and manages SDMI’s Disaster Lab and development of decision support tools that provide critical information to decision makers during disasters. Brant has his Masters in Public Administration from LSU and is currently pursuing his PhD in Geography. His research for his dissertation is being partially funded by DHS through the University of North Carolina’s Coastal Resilience Center, a DHS Science and Technology Center of Excellence. His research interests include the development of decision support tools that integrate social vulnerability, hazard mapping and operational models to include the Advanced Circulation and Storm Surge Model (ADCIRC) and the Advanced Surge Guidance System (ASGS). Mitchell is currently serving as the PI for SDMIs engagement in the Stevens Institute of Technology Maritime Security Center, which has been designated as a DHS Center of Excellence. Past performance includes research for the National Emergency Management Association and the United States Agency for International Development – Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance. Current projects include several Geographic Information System based projects and the updating of 55 parish hazard mitigation plans as part of local requirements to secure funding from FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation program. Prior to working for SDMI, Brant served as the Deputy Director for Interoperability at the Louisiana Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness where he also served as the Chairman of the Statewide Interoperable Executive Committee. In this capacity, he was responsible for building the nation’s largest statewide 700 MHz radio system which currently serves over 90,000 first responders in Louisiana. Brant is currently a Lieutenant Colonel in the Army Reserves where he is assigned to the Department of Homeland Security’s National Cyber and Communications Integration Center. Michelle A. Meyer, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at LSU. Before joining LSU in 2014, she was a post-doc researcher with the Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center at Texas A&M University. She completed a Ph.D. in Sociology at Colorado State University in 2013, and received a BA in Sociology from Murray State University. She is a Next Generation of Hazard and Disasters Researchers Fellow and also an Early-Career Research Fellow with the National Academies of Science Gulf Research Program 2016. Her research interests include environmental sociology and community sustainability, disaster resilience and mitigation, climate change displacement, environmental justice, and the interplay between environmental conditions and social vulnerability. She has worked on various projects, including analyzing governmental and nonprofit networks in long-term recovery; assessing variation in use of social media by population groups during disasters; assessing earthquake protective action messaging in Haiti; comparing disaster recovery following technological and natural disasters; assessing the inclusion of disability in emergency management planning; studying energy efficient building practices; analyzing social capital and collective efficacy for individual and community resilience; developing participatory GIS activities to assess environmental and climate justice in marginalized communities; among others. Her research has been funded by NSF, EPA, NAS, PERISHIP Dissertation Fellowship, Midwest Sociological Society, and Rural Sociological Society. She collaborates on research with organizations including GeoHazards International, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, and t.e.j.a.s. for environmental justice. She teaches research methods, environmental sociology, and sociology of disasters, and was selected by the undergraduate Sociological Society as Professor of the Year during her first year on the faculty. Recently, her dissertation

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received the Samuel H. Prince Award for Outstanding Dissertation in Hazards and Disasters by the ISA's International Research Committee on Disasters for dissertations completed between 2010 and 2014.

Michael Henderson, Ph.D is an assistant professor of political communication at Louisiana State University’s Manship School for Mass Communication and Director of the school’s Public Policy Research Lab. He has extensive experience in designing, conducting and analyzing surveys for both academic research and applied policy analysis. He has worked on surveys with the Associated Press, Harvard University’s Program on Education Policy and Governance, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Louisiana Department of Health, the Louisiana Department of Education, the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, and others. His scholarly research has appeared in Public Opinion Quarterly; Quarterly Journal of Political Science; Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory; Political Research Quarterly; Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law; Journal of Elections, Public Opinion, and Parties; and Political Behavior. In addition to his scholarly publications, his work has appeared in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, and the Atlantic. He received his Ph.D. in Government and Social Policy from Harvard University in 2011.

Stephen Barnes, Ph.D is Director of the LSU Economics & Policy Research Group and an associate professor in the Department of Economics at LSU. His research focuses on topics in applied economics including the economics of environmental hazards, labor markets, and health. Dr. Barnes has been principal investigator, or co-principal investigator on over $7 million in externally funded research including grants from the U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and numerous state agencies in Louisiana. Dr. Barnes completed his Ph.D. in Economics from The University of Texas at Austin in 2008.

Betty Hearn Morrow, Ph.D is Professor Emeritus at Florida International University and former Director of the Laboratory for Social and Behavioral Research at the International Hurricane Research Center. Her research focus on the effects of human and social factors on the ability of individuals, families, and communities to respond to hazards is reflected in her contribution to Human Links to Coastal Disasters, published by the Heinz Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment. She is co-editor of The Gendered Terrain of Disaster and, more recently, co-editor of Women and Disasters. She was part of a team of social scientists who analyzed the effects of Hurricane Andrew on South Florida funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and resulting in the co-authored book, Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disaster. She was the 2003 recipient of the Mary Fran Myers Award from the Gender and Disaster Network. Retired from academia, Morrow continues an active research agenda as a consulting sociologist, primarily focusing on issues related to warning messages, evacuation, social vulnerability and community resilience. Recent projects include Examining the Hurricane Warning System (NSF-funded through National Center for Atmospheric Research), Providing Access to Resilience- Enhancing Technologies (Oak Ridge Associated Universities), Risk Behavior and Resilience Communication (NOAA Coastal Services Center), Alabama Hurricane Evacuation Project (Dewberry & Davis), Post Storm Assessment Hurricanes Gustav and Ike for Alabama and Mississippi (Dewberry & Davis), and Building Resilience in Diverse Communities (RTI International for Department of Homeland Security Center for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives).

Hugh Gladwin, Ph.D is the past director of the Institute for Public Opinion Research (School of Environment and Society) and Associate Professor in the Department of Global & Sociocultural Studies A-2

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(joint anthropology/geography/sociology) at Florida International University. His major area of research is the application of survey research and GIS tools to understand large urban settings of high cultural and demographic diversity. Within that framework, a particular interest is to better model the interactions between the human population and natural systems such as the South Florida ecosystem and natural events like hurricanes and climate change. For this latter area, integrating human decision models with GIS is a major focus. He is a co-editor (with Walter Gillis Peacock and Betty Hearn Morrow) and contributor to the book Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender, and the Sociology of Disaster and author of numerous publications and presentations on disaster mitigation, public health, and public opinion. He has been the PI or Co-PI of nine NSF-funded projects in disaster research. He is a research scientist in Florida Coastal Everglades Long-term Ecological Research project (FCE-LTER) and the Mexico/US LTER Hurricane Research network. In Miami-Dade County Gladwin serves as a member of the Steering Committee of the Local Mitigation Strategy and was appointed by the County Commission to be on the county Climate Change Advisory Task Force.He is also a member of the Socio-economic Working Group of the NOAA Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project (HFIP)

Graduate Research Assistants

J. Carlee Smith, MA, is a graduate student and research assistant at LSU in the Department of Sociology. She graduated from Baylor University in 2014 with a BA in Psychology and a minor in Sociology. While studying at Baylor, she worked as a research assistant for the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Center for Community Research and Development. Her research interests include vulnerable populations in disasters, response and recovery networks in emergency management, emergency management policy, and social vulnerability in exposure to environmental hazards. As a third-year graduate student, she has worked as an RA on research projects on public health in communities of the Gulf of Mexico after the BP oil spill of 2010, disaster risk perception, long term recovery after a disaster, and social media in disaster resilience. She recently completed her Master’s Thesis on emergency management planning involving inmate labor in disasters.

Kyle Breen is a graduate student and research assistant at LSU in the Department of Sociology. He is originally from the northwest suburbs of Chicago, moved to central Illinois for elementary through high school and completed an undergraduate degree at Eastern Illinois University in Sociology. After taking a year to work in the community, he enrolled at LSU in the Sociology Ph.D. program. His research focuses on education, environment, and disasters.

Robert Iles has been a GIS Analyst at LSU-SDMI since May, 2014 after having served in a similar role as graduate assistant at LSU-SDMI from August, 2013. At LSU-SDMI, Mr. Iles has assisted in a variety of projects in addition to managing two GIS projects: the 9-1-1 Database development project for rural Louisiana parishes and the St. Bernard School Safety Planning Project. Altogether, he has over 5 years combined GIS experience using ESRI ArcGIS with additional experience in AutoCAD integration with ArcGIS. Mr. Iles will receive a Master of Science in Oceanography from the LSU College of the Coast & Environment in May, 2017. His master’s thesis research involves the study of the ecological impact of the Bonnet Carré Spillway on the Lake Pontchartrain Basin with specific emphasis on development of refined satellite remote sensing algorithms for coastal and estuarine Louisiana waters. The project employs both GIS and remote sensing techniques using NASA’s SeaDAS software in addition to ArcGIS.

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Behavioral Analysis Summary for Ascension Parish During Hurricane Events

Appendix B: Parish Evacuation Summaries Ascension Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 11,692 103,046 Ascension N/A 114,738 10% 90% Total population by Evacuation Phase in Ascension Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 25% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 19% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 4% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 33% the people who live with Wind damage 33% you? No previous damage at current home 44% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

120%

100% 100% 82% 80% 71% 70%

60% 43% 40% 32% 40% 33% 32% 26% 29% 24% 21% 20% 16% 14% 9% 7% 9% 7% 1% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

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Behavioral Analysis Summary for Ascension Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 33% 46% 21% Flooding of Home 11% 33% 56% Damage from Winds 33% 42% 25%

100% 11% 90% 16% 14% 27% 23% 80% 70% 41% 44% 60% 43% 50% 50% 52% 40% 30% 20% 41% 45% 44% 10% 22% 27% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions

100% 2% 8% 13% 12% 90% 10% 25% 13% 80% 35% 23% 27% 70%

60% 34% 50% 26% 88% 40% 79% 30% 64% 61% 20% 39% 42% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

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Behavioral Analysis Summary for Ascension Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for Ascension Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 62% 7% 23% 9% 4% Overall by People 69,253 8,191 25,318 9,681 4,468 (Assumes 98% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 65% 5% 16% 10% 3% African American 44% 13% 33% 4% 4% Other 56% 0% 33% 11% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 99% 3% 44% 32% 21% 13% By Households* 38,807 1,028 17,470 12,589 8,221 5,007 By # of Vehicles* N/A N/A 17,470 25,178 24,664 N/A Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating 67,311 72,319 Ascension Parish Ascension Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Texas 28% Houston 12% I-10 54% Louisiana 25% Dallas 3% HWY 61 17% Arkansas 8% Shreveport 3% LA 1 14% Mississippi 6% Memphis 3% I-55 12% Tennessee 5% Atlanta 2% I-12 9% Other 12% Don’t Know 15%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from Ascension Parish

B-3

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Ascension Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

120% 100%

80% 60% 98% 40% 72% 72%

20% 52% 22% 0% Require Require a Difficulty Hearing or Mental Health electrically Wheelchair Walking (Q81) Vision Problem Complications dependent (Q80) (Q82) (Q83) medical device (Q79) Types of medical needs and disabilities identified through the survey for Region 2 (Sample = 9).

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 17% Radio 22% If a hurricane threatens your Television 61% area, where would you get Cellphone 13% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 2% decision? Local First Responders 2% Local Government 4% Other 1% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-4

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Ascension Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (Ascension) Sample (Ascension) N = 162 114,738 N = 162 114,738 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 39% 50% Less than 9th grade 1% 4% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 61% 50% 6% 8% not graduate Age High school diploma 25% 35% Some college or vocational 18-24 9% 11% 30% 21% school, but not degree 25-44 22% 40% A 2-year college degree 8% 7% 45-64 41% 35% A 4-year college degree 21% 19% Graduate or professional 65-84 26% 13% 10% 7% degree 85 and over 1% 1% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 42% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 65% 74% 6% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 30% 22% Unemployed 6% 6% Asian 1% 1% Retired 34% n/a Other 6% 3% Stay at home caregiver 5% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 1% n/a Yes 1% 5% Other 6% n/a No 99% 95% Housing Type Income One unit structure 72% 74% Under $10,000 5% 5% Two-or-more-unit structure 5% 6% $10,000-$14,999 3% 5% Mobile homes and other 23% 20% $15,000-$24,999 10% 7% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 11% 7% Owner 89% 81% $35,000-$49,999 12% 11% Renter 11% 19% $50,000-$74,999 14% 18% $75,000-$99,999 19% 15% $100,000-$149,999 15% 20% $150,000-$199,999 9% 8% $200,000 or more 2% 4% Full-time student 2% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-5

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Ascension Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-6

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Jefferson Parish during Hurricane Events

Jefferson Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 5,298 185,161 244,633 Jefferson 435,092 2% 43% 56% Total population by Evacuation Phase in Jefferson Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 17% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 13% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 8% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 26% the people who live with Wind damage 40% you? No previous damage at current home 47% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

90% 80% 80% 68% 70% 64% 60% 56% 60% 45% 50% 48% 50% 46% 38% 38% 40% 28% 31% 28% 30% 22% 20% 14% 9% 10% 7%5% 2%4% 4%2%3% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-7

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Jefferson Parish during Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 34% 49% 17% Flooding of Home 14% 39% 47% Damage from Winds 24% 55% 21%

100% 13% 90% 23% 16% 17% 31% 80% 70% 33% 60% 48% 56% 50% 49% 33% 40% 30% 51% 20% 39% 36% 10% 28% 28% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data. Evacuation Intentions 100% 5% 12% 7% 9% 90% 6% 11% 31% 80% 38% 11% 16% 70% 60% 26% 50% 22% 88% 40% 82% 77% 75% 30% 20% 39% 43% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

Overall evacuation intentions for Jefferson Parish

B-8

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Jefferson Parish during Hurricane Events

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 49% 2% 37% 7% 4% Overall by People (Assumes 214,013 10,095 161,519 29,275 18,171 95% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 51% 1% 37% 8% 4% African American 49% 5% 41% 4% 4% Other 43% 3% 38% 5% 5% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 98% 2% 52% 35% 10% 12% By Households* 157,087 4,243 82,935 55,547 16,973 18,902 By # of Vehicles* 82,935 111,095 50,918 Total Private Vehicles Evacuating Total Private and Trailers Evacuating 244,949 263,850 Jefferson Parish Jefferson Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Texas 23% Houston 7% I-10 65% Louisiana 17% Dallas 5% I-55 14% Mississippi 13% Baton Rouge 3% HWY 90 13% Tennessee 6% Jackson 2% I-59 7% Florida 5% Atlanta 2% HWY 61 3% Other 17% Don’t Know 20%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from Jefferson Parish

B-9

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Jefferson Parish during Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 90.0% 40% 30% 20% 31.0% 36.0% 34.0% 10% 23.0% 0% Require Require a Difficulty Hearing or Mental Health electrically Wheelchair Walking (Q81) Vision Problem Complications dependent (Q80) (Q82) (Q83) medical device (Q79)

Types of medical needs and disabilities identified through the survey for Region 1 (Sample = 34).

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 15% Radio 38% If a hurricane threatens your Television 65% area, where would you get Cellphone 11% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 0% decision? Local First Responders 1% Local Government 1% Other 1% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-10

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Jefferson Parish during Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (Jefferson) Sample (Jefferson) N = 432 435,092 N = 432 435,092 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 45% 49% Less than 9th grade 1% 7% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 55% 51% 5% 9% not graduate Age High school diploma 17% 31% Some college or vocational 18-24 6% 11% 23% 23% school, but not degree 25-44 20% 35% A 2-year college degree 11% 6% 45-64 45% 36% A 4-year college degree 25% 17% Graduate or professional 65-84 27% 16% 17% 8% degree 85 and over 2% 3% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 49% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 69% 34% 6% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 22% 60% Unemployed 5% 7% Asian 1% 3% Retired 27% n/a Other 8% 3% Stay at home caregiver 5% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 2% n/a Yes 3% 5% Other 6% n/a No 97% 95% Housing Type Income One unit structure 79% 71% Under $10,000 5% 8% Two-or-more-unit structure 18% 27% $10,000-$14,999 7% 6% Mobile homes and other 1% 2% $15,000-$24,999 7% 11% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 11% 12% Owner 77% 64% $35,000-$49,999 13% 15% Renter 23% 36% $50,000-$74,999 20% 17% $75,000-$99,999 12% 11% $100,000-$149,999 15% 12% $150,000-$199,999 5% 4% $200,000 or more 7% 4% Full-time student 2% n/a Other 6% n/a

B-11

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Jefferson Parish during Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-12

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Lafourche Parish During Hurricane Events

Lafourche Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 23,394 74,080 Lafourche N/A 97,474 24.0% 76.0% Total population by Evacuation Phase in Lafourche Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 10% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 3% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 3% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 12% the people who live with Wind damage 40% you? No previous damage at current home 54% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

80% 68% 70% 60% 60% 54% 48% 49% 48% 50% 48% 45% 41% 40% 40% 36% 32% 30% 27% 27% 27%

20% 14% 12% 13% 10% 8% 10% 6% 5% 2% 0% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-13

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Lafourche Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 30% 51% 19% Flooding of Home 13% 34% 53% Damage from Winds 24% 54% 22%

100% 3% 90% 20% 19% 21% 80% 36% 41% 70% 60% 50% 52% 50% 53% 36% 40% 30% 55% 20% 29% 29% 10% 26% 27% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions 100% 12% 8% 90% 17% 14% 12% 80% 44% 39% 17% 16% 22% 70% 60%

50% 26% 26% 40% 80% 67% 72% 30% 64% 20% 30% 35% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

B-14

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Lafourche Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for Lafourche Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 47% 4% 34% 11% 4% Overall by People 45,488 4,061 33,304 10,966 3,655 (Assumes 92% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 47% 2% 35% 12% 4% African American 45% 17% 31% 7% 0% Other 55% 9% 18% 9% 9% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 96% 2% 56% 30% 13% 25% By Households* 31,516 712 18,223 9,681 4,129 8,050 By # of Vehicles* N/A N/A 18,223 19,362 12,386 N/A Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating 49,971 58,021 Lafourche Parish Lafourche Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Louisiana 22% Houston 5% I-10 38% Texas 18% Dallas 4% HWY 90 34% Mississippi 12% Baton Rouge 3% LA 1 25% Arkansas 8% Shreveport 2% I-49 10% Tennessee 7% Memphis 2% I-59 and I-55 5% Other 10% Don’t Know 23%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from Lafourche Parish

B-15

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Lafourche Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 87.0% 30% 61.0% 20% 43.0% 32.0% 38.0% 10%

0% Require Require a Difficulty Hearing or Mental Health electrically Wheelchair Walking (Q81) Vision Problem Complications dependent (Q80) (Q82) (Q83) medical device (Q79) Types of medical needs and disabilities identified through the survey for Region 3 (Sample = 19).

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 18% Radio 25% If a hurricane threatens your Television 74% area, where would you get Cellphone 5% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 4% decision? Local First Responders 2% Local Government 5% Other 1% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-16

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Lafourche Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (Lafourche) Sample (Study Area) N = 240 97,474 N = 240 97,474 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 48% 49% Less than 9th grade 3% 11% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 52% 51% 6% 14% not graduate Age High school diploma 28% 39% Some college or vocational 18-24 7% 13% 23% 15% school, but not degree 25-44 29% 34% A 2-year college degree 11% 5% 45-64 45% 35% A 4-year college degree 19% 10% Graduate or professional 65-84 17% 16% 10% 5% degree 85 and over 1% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 52% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 83% 80% 6% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 12% 13% Unemployed 6% 7% Asian 0% 1% Retired 19.9% n/a Other 5% 6% Stay at home caregiver 7% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 4% n/a Yes 5% 4% Other 6% n/a No 95% 95% Housing Type Income One unit structure 82% Under $10,000 6% 7% Two-or-more-unit structure 6% $10,000-$14,999 2% 7% Mobile homes and other 11% $15,000-$24,999 9% 11% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 15% 12% Owner 86% $35,000-$49,999 15% 12% Renter 14% $50,000-$74,999 16% 18% $75,000-$99,999 1% 13% $100,000-$149,999 19% 13% $150,000-$199,999 5% 4% $200,000 or more 2% 3% Full-time student 4% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-17

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Lafourche Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-18

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Livingston Parish During Hurricane Events

Livingston Parish

Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 48,373 Livingston N/A N/A 133,949 36% Total population by Evacuation Phase in Livingston Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 40% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 32% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 5% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 56% the people who live with Wind damage 24% you? No previous damage at current home 34% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

90% 82%

80% 73% 68% 70%

60% 50% 46% 50% 47% 41% 40% 32% 33%

30% 26% 21% 18% 18% 18% 20% 15% 14% 12% 12% 12% 9% 10% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home

Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-19

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Livingston Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 23% 61% 16% Flooding of Home 13% 29% 58% Damage from Winds 22% 55% 23%

100% 0% 0% 90% 13% 19% 17% 25% 80%

70%

60% 50% 68% 55% 63% 100%

40% 75% 30% 20% 10% 20% 26% 20% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions

100%

12% 11% 90% 20% 21% 5%

80% 39% 13% 48%

70% 23% 26%

60%

50% 27% 20% 85% 40% 75%

30% 57% 52% 20% 32% 33% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

B-20

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Livingston Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for Livingston Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 57% 7% 27% 8% n/a Overall by People 24,601 3,075 11,788 3,588 0 (Assumes 89% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 58% 7% 26% 9% 0% African American 25% 0% 75% 0% 0% Other 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 99% 1% 40% 47% 12% 33% By Households* 6,065 184 6,065 7,167 1,838 5,085 By # of Vehicles* n/a n/a 6,065 14,335 5,513 5,085 Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating 25,913 30,997 Livingston Parish Livingston Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers * Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Louisiana 30% Baton Rouge 6% I-12 49% Mississippi 19% Dallas 5% I-10 26% Texas 18% Denham Springs 4% LA 1 21% Arkansas 5% Jackson 4% I-55 21% Florida 2% Houston 2% HWY 90 6% Other 11% Don’t Know 15%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from Livingston Parish

B-21

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Livingston Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

120%

100%

80%

60%

98% 40% 72% 72% 20% 52% 22% 0% Require Require a Difficulty Hearing or Mental Health electrically Wheelchair Walking (Q81) Vision Problem Complications dependent (Q80) (Q82) (Q83) medical device (Q79)

Types of medical needs and disabilities identified through the survey for Region 2 (Sample = 9).

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 14%

Radio 37% If a hurricane threatens your Television 50% area, where would you get Cellphone 15% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 1% decision? Local First Responders 1% Local Government 1% Other 1% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-22

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Livingston Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (Livingston) Sample (Livingston) N = 162 114,738 N = 162 114,738 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 49% 49% Less than 9th grade 1% 5% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 51% 51% 14% 11% not graduate Age High school diploma 20% 40% Some college or vocational 18-24 16% 12% 27% 20% school, but not degree 25-44 31% 39% A 2-year college degree 8% 5% 45-64 38% 34% A 4-year college degree 17% 14% Graduate or professional 65-84 14% 14% 12% 4% degree 85 and over 1% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 46% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 92% 91% 4% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 5% 6% Unemployed 4% Asian 0% 0% Retired 23% n/a Other 4% 3% Stay at home caregiver 10% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 7% n/a Yes 4% 3% Other 7% n/a No 96% 97% Housing Type Income One unit structure 68% 70% Under $10,000 0% 8% Two-or-more-unit structure 1% 6% $10,000-$14,999 7% 5% Mobile homes and other 30% 24% $15,000-$24,999 9% 10% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 7% 9% Owner 89% 80% $35,000-$49,999 16% 13% Renter 11% 20% $50,000-$74,999 23% 19% $75,000-$99,999 19% 14% $100,000-$149,999 12% 17% $150,000-$199,999 6% 5% $200,000 or more 1% 3% Full-time student 7% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-23

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Livingston Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-24 Behavioral Analysis Summary for the City of New Orleans during Hurricane Events

Orleans Parish / City of New Orleans Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 7,912 368,826 Orleans N/A 376,738 2% 98% Total population by Evacuation Phase in the City of New Orleans Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 24% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 19% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 13% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 38% the people who live with Wind damage 41% you? No previous damage at current home 42% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

80% 75% 75% 70% 70%

59% 58% 60% 55% 55%

50%

40% 36% 32% 29% 30% 25% 27% 23% 24% 20% 20%

9% 8% 10% 5% 5%5% 5% 3% 4% 1% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-25

Behavioral Analysis Summary for the City of New Orleans during Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 36% 47% 17% Flooding of Home 23% 38% 38% Damage from Winds 26% 49% 24%

100% 90% 16% 18% 16% 15% 80% 43% 70% 60% 43% 50% 45% 55% 50% 40% 36% 30% 20% 36% 42% 34% 28% 10% 21% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data. Evacuation Intentions

100% 4% 11% 6% 7% 90% 6% 26% 9% 13% 13% 80% 34% 70% 60% 23% 22% 50% 91% 40% 80% 81% 80% 30% 51% 20% 45% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

Overall evacuation intentions for the City of New Orleans

B-26

Behavioral Analysis Summary for the City of New Orleans during Hurricane Events

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 56% 6% 31% 5% 3% Overall by People 203,358 21,880 110,689 16,732 9,010 (Assumes 96% Evacuate) * Responses by Demographics White 63% 1% 23% 8% 5% African American 52% 10% 35% 2% 1% Other 57% 0% 36% 7% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 93% 3% 52% 31% 13% 11% By Households* 136,805 3,573 72,486 45,432 14,804 14,804 By # of Vehicles* n/a n/a 72,486 90,863 44,411 n/a Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating the City 207,760 223,584 City of New Orleans of New Orleans How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Texas 25.7% Houston 10.1% I-10 80.0% Louisiana 15.6% Atlanta 5.9% I-55 15.4% Georgia 10.1% Baton Rouge 4.2% HWY 90 8.8% Mississippi 8.3% Dallas 4.2% I-59 7.1% Tennessee 6.7% Memphis 2.4% I-12 5.4% Other 12.5% Don’t Know 16.0%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from the City of New Orleans

B-27

Behavioral Analysis Summary for the City of New Orleans during Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

medical device (Q79) Types of medical needs and disabilities identified through the survey for Region 1 (Sample = 34).

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 15% Radio 29% If a hurricane threatens your Television 63% area, where would you get Cellphone 10% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 4% decision? Local First Responders 0% Local Government 2% Other 1% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-28

Behavioral Analysis Summary for the City of New Orleans during Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (Study Area) Sample (Study Area) N = 288 376,738 N = 288 376,738 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 43% 48% Less than 9th grade 1% 5% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 57% 52% 7% 10% not graduate Age High school diploma 14% 23% Some college or vocational 18-24 8% 14% 20% 22% school, but not degree 25-44 25% 39% A 2-year college degree 7% 4% 45-64 44% 33% A 4-year college degree 27% 20% Graduate or professional 65-84 22% 13% 26% 15% degree 85 and over 1% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 48% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 38% 34% 8% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 57% 60% Unemployed 6% 10% Asian <1% 3% Retired 25% n/a Other 5% 3% Stay at home caregiver 1% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 3% n/a Yes 4% 6% Other 9% n/a No 95% 95% Housing Type Income One unit structure 62% 70% Under $10,000 8% 16% Two-or-more-unit structure 35% 21% $10,000-$14,999 7% 8% Mobile homes and other 2% 9% $15,000-$24,999 11% 14% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 12% 11% Owner 69% 66% $35,000-$49,999 11% 12% Renter 31% 34% $50,000-$74,999 17% 13% $75,000-$99,999 8% 9% $100,000-$149,999 12% 9% $150,000-$199,999 7% 4% $200,000 or more 8% 5% Full-time student 3% n/a Other 9% n/a

B-29

Behavioral Analysis Summary for the City of New Orleans during Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-30

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Plaquemines Parish during Hurricane Events

Plaquemines Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 23,599 Plaquemines N/A N/A 23,559 100% Total population by Evacuation Phase in Plaquemines Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 17% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 18% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 23% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 35% the people who live with Wind damage 43% you? No previous damage at current home 45% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

100%

90% 86%

80% 76% 67% 70% 64% 61% 56% 60% 53% 48% 50% 45% 43% 41% 40% 28% 30% 21% 20% 16% 16% 15% 11% 11% 11% 9% 8% 10% 3% 3% 3% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-31

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Plaquemines Parish during Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 52% 36% 14% Flooding of Home 41% 33% 26% Damage from Winds 48% 40% 13%

100% 7% 11% 6% 90% 19% 22% 80% 33% 70% 38% 33% 33% 60% 50% 56% 40% 30% 56% 61% 49% 55% 20% 10% 22% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data. Evacuation Intentions 100% 5% 6% 12% 10% 90% 7% 5% 26% 26% 7% 8% 80% 70% 15% 20% 60% 50% 88% 89% 40% 81% 82% 30% 59% 54% 20% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

Overall evacuation intentions for Plaquemines Parish

B-32

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Plaquemines Parish during Hurricane Events

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 55% 3% 29% 10% 3% Overall by People (Assumes 12,179 652 6,524 2,175 652 94% Evacuate) * Responses by Demographics White 61% 0% 26% 8% 4% African American 37% 11% 32% 21% 0% Other 44% 11% 44% 0% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 98% 2% 35% 50% 14% 31% By Households* 21,743 160 2,809 4,049 1,157 2,479 By # of Vehicles* n/a n/a 2,809 8,097 3,470 n/a Total Private Vehicles Evacuating Total Private and Trailers Evacuating 14,377 16,855 Plaquemines Parish Plaquemines Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Louisiana 28% Baton Rouge 9% I-10 55% Texas 21% Dallas 5% LA 23 35% Mississippi 14% Monroe 4% HWY 90 14% Alabama 9% Picayune 3% I-55 13% Tennessee 4% Houston 2% I-59 7% Other 15% Don’t Know 10%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from Plaquemines Parish

B-33

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Plaquemines Parish during Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 90.0% 30% 20% 31.0% 36.0% 34.0% 10% 23.0%

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 12% Radio 20% If a hurricane threatens your Television 75% area, where would you get Cellphone 8% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 2% decision? Local First Responders 2% Local Government 12% Other 3% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-34

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Plaquemines Parish during Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (Plaquemines) Sample (Plaquemines) N = 104 23,599 N = 104 23,599 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 43% 49% Less than 9th grade 3% 9% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 57% 51% 11% 11% not graduate Age High school diploma 26% 39% Some college or vocational 18-24 7% 12% 22% 22% school, but not degree 25-44 15% 35% A 2-year college degree 6% 5% 45-64 48% 37% A 4-year college degree 21% 10% Graduate or professional 65-84 25% 15% 12% 4% degree 85 and over 5% 1% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 45% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 72% 69% 8% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 19% 21% Unemployed 6% 5% Asian 4% 3% Retired 31% n/a Other 5% 7% Stay at home caregiver 1% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 1% n/a Yes 13% 6% Other 8% n/a No 97% 94% Housing Type Income One unit structure 53% 59% Under $10,000 6% 10% Two-or-more-unit structure 9% 12% $10,000-$14,999 6% 6% Mobile homes and other 34% 29% $15,000-$24,999 11% 10% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 13% 11% Owner 78% 75% $35,000-$49,999 12% 13% Renter 22% 25% $50,000-$74,999 18% 19% $75,000-$99,999 12% 11% $100,000-$149,999 11% 12% $150,000-$199,999 6% 5% $200,000 or more 5% 3% Full-time student 1% n/a Other 8% n/a

B-35

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Plaquemines Parish during Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-36

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Bernard Parish during Hurricane Events

St. Bernard Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 42,858 St. Bernard N/A N/A 42,858 100% Total population by Evacuation Phase in St. Bernard Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 19% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 19% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 27% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 44% the people who live with Wind damage 44% you? No previous damage at current home 36% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

100%

90% 87% 81% 80%

70% 61% 62% 61% 60% 56% 53% 51% 50% 43% 35% 39% 40% 32% 29% 29% 30%

20% 14% 12%10% 10% 4%4%6% 5% 5% 0%0% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-37

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Bernard Parish during Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 35% 53% 12% Flooding of Home 28% 54% 17% Damage from Winds 19% 54% 27%

100% 9% 6% 10% 90% 16% 14% 80% 70% 44% 51% 60% 60% 56% 53% 50% 40% 30% 50% 20% 40% 33% 30% 10% 28% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data. Evacuation Intentions

100% 4% 4% 9% 9% 4% 90% 9% 25% 9% 32% 15% 80% 70% 60% 29% 24% 50% 92% 83% 88% 40% 77% 30% 47% 20% 44% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

Overall evacuation intentions for St. Bernard Parish

B-38

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Bernard Parish during Hurricane Events

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 55% 3% 32% 8% 2% Overall by People (Assumes 22,645 1,276 13,077 3,189 957 96% Evacuate) * Responses by Demographics White 54% 3% 34% 7% 2% African American 67% 0% 22% 6% 6% Other 50% 10% 20% 20% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 99% 1% 35% 50% 14% 31% By Households* 13,855 217 4,844 6,982 1,995 4,274 By # of Vehicles* n/a n/a 4,844 13,963 5,984 n/a Total Private Vehicles Evacuating St. Total Private and Trailers Evacuating St. 24,792 29,066 Bernard Parish Bernard Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Louisiana 27% Houston 6% I-10 72% Mississippi 17% Baton Rouge 5% I-12 10% Texas 14% Dallas 4% I-59 9% Georgia 5% Jackson 2% HWY 90 6% Alabama 5% Birmingham 2% I-55 6% Other 14% Don’t Know 18%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from St. Bernard Parish

B-39

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Bernard Parish during Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 90.0% 30% 20% 31.0% 36.0% 34.0% 10% 23.0% 0% Require Require a Difficulty Hearing or Mental Health electrically Wheelchair Walking (Q81) Vision Problem Complications dependent (Q80) (Q82) (Q83) medical device (Q79) Types of medical needs and disabilities identified through the survey for Region 1 (Sample = 34).

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 15% Radio 18% If a hurricane threatens your Television 68% area, where would you get Cellphone 11% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 2% decision? Local First Responders 2% Local Government 5% Other 2% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-40

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Bernard Parish during Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (St. Bernard) Sample (St. Bernard) N = 130 42,858 N = 130 42,858 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 39% 50% Less than 9th grade 1% 6% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 61% 50% 3% 12% not graduate Age High school diploma 24% 41% Some college or vocational 18-24 1% 13% 34% 23% school, but not degree 25-44 27% 40% A 2-year college degree 6% 5% 45-64 51% 34% A 4-year college degree 19% 10% Graduate or professional 65-84 21% 12% 14% 3% degree 85 and over 1% 1% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 58% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 78% 72% 5% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 14% 22% Unemployed 3% 12% Asian 0% 2% Retired 23% n/a Other 8% 4% Stay at home caregiver 5% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 1% n/a Yes 10% 10% Other 6% n/a No 90% 90% Housing Type Income One unit structure 89% 79% Under $10,000 1% 9% Two-or-more-unit structure 5% 16% $10,000-$14,999 5% 7% Mobile homes and other 6% 5% $15,000-$24,999 15% 14% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 4% 12% Owner 87% 69% $35,000-$49,999 14% 15% Renter 13% 31% $50,000-$74,999 20% 17% $75,000-$99,999 19% 12% $100,000-$149,999 14% 10% $150,000-$199,999 6% 3% $200,000 or more 1% 1% Full-time student 1% n/a Other 6% n/a

B-41

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Bernard Parish during Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-42

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Charles Parish During Hurricane Events

St. Charles Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population St. 26,583 26,056 N/A 52,639 Charles 50.5% 49.59% Total population by Evacuation Phase in the St. Charles Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 15% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 4% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 3% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 18% the people who live with Wind damage 39% you? No previous damage at current home 52% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

90% 79% 80%

70% 61% 59% 60% 57% 51%52% 49% 46% 49% 50% 39% 38% 40% 40% 33% 33% 28% 30%

20%

10% 6%5%6% 7% 6% 4%2%4% 4% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-43

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Charles Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 25% 49% 26% Flooding of Home 14% 36% 50% Damage from Winds 27% 55% 18%

100% 15% 90% 21% 24% 80% 34% 32% 70% 60% 19% 50% 50% 56% 69% 40% 45% 30% 49% 20% 28% 10% 21% 20% 15% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions 100% 9% 8% 16% 13% 90% 8% 34% 12% 80% 16% 43% 16% 70% 60% 30% 50% 17% 84% 40% 78% 68% 71% 30%

20% 40% 36% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

B-44

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Charles Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for St. Charles Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 54% 4% 35% 4% 2% Overall by People (Assumes 26,343 2,129 16,763 2,129 1,064 92% Evacuate) * Responses by Demographics White 57% 2% 33% 5% 3% African American 32% 14% 38% 3% 0% Other 46% 8% 46% 0% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 96% 2% 51% 32% 14% 17% By Households* 16,261 382 8,695 5,446 2,389 3,159 By # of Vehicles* N/A N/A 8,695 10,893 7,166 N/A Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating St. 26,754 29,913 St. Charles Parish Charles Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Louisiana 27% Houston 10% I-10 51% Texas 21% Atlanta 5% LA 1 25% Mississippi 10% Baton Rouge 4% HWY 90 24% Georgia 5% Lafayette 4% I-55 17% Arkansas 6% Shreveport 3% HWY 61 8% Other 14% Don’t Know 14%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from St. Charles Parish

B-45

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Charles Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 87.0% 30% 61.0% 20% 43.0% 32.0% 38.0% 10%

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 9% Radio 22% If a hurricane threatens your Television 52% area, where would you get Cellphone 5% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 3% decision? Local First Responders 0% Local Government 7% Other 0% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-46

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Charles Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (St. Charles) Sample (Study Area) N = 183 52,639 N = 183 52,639 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 40% 49% Less than 9th grade 1% 4% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 60% 51% 3% 9% not graduate Age High school diploma 22% 37% Some college or vocational 18-24 11% 12% 35% 23% school, but not degree 25-44 22% 35% A 2-year college degree 12% 8% 45-64 46% 39% A 4-year college degree 19% 15% Graduate or professional 65-84 19% 13% 8% 6% degree 85 and over 1% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 41% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 72% 71% 6% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 21% 26% Unemployed 5% 8% Asian 0% 1% Retired 28% n/a Other 7% 2% Stay at home caregiver 6% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 6% n/a Yes 7% 6% Other 9% n/a No 93% 94% Housing Type Income One unit structure 82% 80% Under $10,000 6% 6% Two-or-more-unit structure 8% 11% $10,000-$14,999 4% 4% Mobile homes and other 10% 9% $15,000-$24,999 5% 9% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 14% 11% Owner 88% 80% $35,000-$49,999 14% 11% Renter 13% 20% $50,000-$74,999 14% 19% $75,000-$99,999 13% 13% $100,000-$149,999 21% 17% $150,000-$199,999 5% 7% $200,000 or more 4% 3% Full-time student 6% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-47

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Charles Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-48

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. James Parish During Hurricane Events

St. James Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 8,569 13,081 St. James N/A 21,650 40% 60% Total population by Evacuation Phase in St. James Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 12% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 7% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 3% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 16% the people who live with Wind damage 58% you? No previous damage at current home 36% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

70% 64% 60% 60% 53% 52%

50% 46% 45% 41% 41% 40% 36% 33% 36% 36% 32% 30% 23% 21% 19% 20% 14% 13% 10% 7%7% 7% 5%4% 0% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-49

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. James Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 42% 47% 10% Flooding of Home 13% 38% 49% Damage from Winds 30% 57% 14%

100% 0% 10% 7% 90% 15% 14% 80% 21% 33% 50% 70% 38% 60% 58% 50% 40% 69% 30% 59% 50% 20% 47% 10% 28% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions 100% 7% 15% 10% 12% 90% 9% 30% 80% 38% 17% 12% 23% 70% 60% 26% 50% 22% 40% 84% 74% 73% 30% 65% 20% 40% 44% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

B-50

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. James Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for St. James Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 49% 2% 43% 4% 1% Overall by People 9,882 494 8,647 865 247 (Assumes 93% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 47% 1% 44% 7% 1% African American 52% 4% 41% 1% 1% Other 75% 0% 25% 0% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 99% 3% 51% 32% 15% 27% By Households* 3,750 234 3,750 2,344 1,078 1,954 By # of Vehicles* N/A N/A 19,808 21,046 13,463 N/A Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating St. 11,672 13,626 St. James Parish James Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Texas 31% Houston 7% I-10 82% Louisiana 14% Dallas 6% I-55 19% Arkansas 9% Atlanta 6% HWY 61 14% Tennessee 6% Memphis 3% LA 1 13% Mississippi 4% Baton Rouge 2% I-12 9% Other 10% Don’t Know 26%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from St. James Parish

B-51

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. James Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 87.0% 30% 61.0% 20% 43.0% 32.0% 38.0% 10%

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 13% Radio 24% If a hurricane threatens your Television 63% area, where would you get Cellphone 12% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 3% decision? Local First Responders 1% Local Government 7% Other 2% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-52

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. James Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (St. James) Sample (St. James) N = 163 44,161 N = 163 44,161 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 38% 48% Less than 9th grade 0% 4% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 62% 52% 6% 12% not graduate Age High school diploma 27% 45% Some college or vocational 18-24 8% 12% 26% 18% school, but not degree 25-44 25% 31% A 2-year college degree 15% 7% 45-64 47% 38% A 4-year college degree 16% 10% Graduate or professional 65-84 18% 18% 10% 4% degree 85 and over 3% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 46% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 54% 49% 5% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 43% 50% Unemployed 4% 11% Asian 0% 0% Retired 32% n/a Other 2.5% 1% Stay at home caregiver 4% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 3% n/a Yes 8% 2% Other 6% n/a No 92% 98% Housing Type Income One unit structure 74% 77% Under $10,000 7% 8% Two-or-more-unit structure 7% 6% $10,000-$14,999 4% 6% Mobile homes and other 15% 17% $15,000-$24,999 8% 12% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 11% 11% Owner 89% 84% $35,000-$49,999 19% 12% Renter 11% 16% $50,000-$74,999 15% 19% $75,000-$99,999 14% 11% $100,000-$149,999 14% 13% $150,000-$199,999 8% 5% $200,000 or more 2% 2% Full-time student 3% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-53

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. James Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-54

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. John Parish During Hurricane Events

St. John Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 3,269 40,893 St. John N/A 44,161 7% 93% Total population by Evacuation Phase in St. John Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 20% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 20% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 13% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 32% the people who live with Wind damage 45% you? No previous damage at current home 43% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

70% 64% 60% 60% 56%56% 51% 51% 50% 47% 46% 42% 38% 39% 40% 37% 33% 30% 25% 26% 21% 20% 11% 10% 8% 4% 5% 4% 1% 2% 2% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-55

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. John Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 42% 40% 18% Flooding of Home 24% 43% 33% Damage from Winds 32% 47% 20%

100% 12% 13% 90% 26% 19% 80% 40% 70% 38% 32% 60% 51% 50% 45% 20% 40% 30% 50% 55% 20% 40% 29% 30% 10% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions 100% 6% 12% 9% 13% 90% 11% 26% 30% 9% 12% 80% 17% 70% 14% 60% 19% 50% 82% 82% 40% 76% 69% 30% 60% 50% 20% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

B-56

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. John Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for St. John Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 48% 4% 38% 9% 2% Overall by People 19,842 1,566 15,665 3,655 783 (Assumes 94% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 52% 1% 32% 11% 4% African American 45% 7% 42% 6% 0% Other 40% 0% 50% 10% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 99% 1% 2% 62% 35% 17% By Households* 14,230 207 311 8,917 4,977 2,447 By # of Vehicles* N/A N/A 311 17,834 14,931 N/A Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating St. John 33,075 35,523 St. John Parish Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Texas 19% Houston 7% I-10 47% Louisiana 16% Dallas 6% I-55 34% Mississippi 10% Baton Rouge 6% HWY 61 27% Tennessee 8% Atlanta 3% LA 1 11% Alabama 5% Memphis 2% I-12 4% Other 13% Don’t Know 25%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from St. John Parish

B-57

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. John Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 87.0% 30% 61.0% 20% 43.0% 32.0% 38.0% 10%

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 7% Radio 34% If a hurricane threatens your Television 82% area, where would you get Cellphone 18% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 2% decision? Local First Responders 4% Local Government 5% Other 2% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-58

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. John Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (St. John) Sample (St. John) N = 159 44,161 N = 159 44,161 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 42% 49% Less than 9th grade 2% 5% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 58% 51% 9% 12% not graduate Age High school diploma 19% 38% Some college or vocational 18-24 7% 13% 30% 22% school, but not degree 25-44 26% 34% A 2-year college degree 15% 6% 45-64 38% 37% A 4-year college degree 19% 12% Graduate or professional 65-84 25% 14% 6% 5% degree 85 and over 3% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 40% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 50% 42% 5% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 44% 54% Unemployed 5% 9% Asian 0% <1% Retired 28% n/a Other 6% 3% Stay at home caregiver 10% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 3% n/a Yes 8% 5% Other 10% n/a No 92% 95% Housing Type Income One unit structure 84% 81% Under $10,000 7% 7% Two-or-more-unit structure 4% 10% $10,000-$14,999 6% 6% Mobile homes and other 9% 9% $15,000-$24,999 13% 12% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 16% 9% Owner 85% 79% $35,000-$49,999 10% 15% Renter 15% 21% $50,000-$74,999 20% 20% $75,000-$99,999 12% 12% $100,000-$149,999 10% 13% $150,000-$199,999 3% 4% $200,000 or more 3% 2% Full-time student 3% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-59

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. John Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-60

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Tammany Parish During Hurricane Events

St. Tammany Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population St. 147,471 N/A N/A 242,960 Tammany 61% Total population by Evacuation Phase in St. Tammany Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 15% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 12% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 12% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 27% the people who live with Wind damage 41% you? No previous damage at current home 46% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

80% 75% 68% 70% 65% 60% 60% 56%54% 56%

50% 39% 40% 34% 29% 28% 30% 23% 28% 22% 22% 20% 13% 10% 9% 9% 8% 10% 6% 6% 3%4% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-61

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Tammany Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 26% 58% 16% Flooding of Home 11% 37% 52% Damage from Winds 34% 51% 15%

100% 90% 15% 17% 15% 18% 80% 46% 70% 60% 58% 61% 50% 50% 58% 40% 31% 30% 20% 32% 10% 27% 24% 25% 23% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions

100% 4% 8% 13% 90% 14% 9% 32% 16% 80% 43% 10% 17% 70% 60% 29% 50% 23% 87% 40% 76% 76% 70% 30% 20% 34% 39% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

B-62

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Tammany Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for St. Tammany Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 55% 0% 32% 9% 3% Overall by People 78,455 614 47,314 12,904 4,916 (Assumes 96% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 56% 0% 32% 9% 3% African American 68% 4% 25% 4% 0% Other 31% 0% 31% 23% 15% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 98% 2% 45% 39% 14% 24% By Households* 51,053 891 23,619 20,499 7,130 12,383 By # of Vehicles* N/A N/A 23,619 40,999 21,391 N/A Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating St. 86,008 98,391 St. Tammany Parish Tammany Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Louisiana 24% Houston 6% I-10 40% Texas 21% Baton Rouge 3% HWY 90 39% Mississippi 11% Dallas 3% I-55 15% Arkansas 8% Alexandria 2% I-49 14% Tennessee 6% Atlanta 2% LA 1 14% Other 16% Don’t Know 15%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from St. Tammany Parish

B-63

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Tammany Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 72.0% 30% 44.0% 20% 27.0% 33.0% 10% 11.0% 0% Require Require a Difficulty Hearing or Mental Health electrically Wheelchair Walking (Q81) Vision Problem Complications dependent (Q80) (Q82) (Q83) medical device (Q79) Types of medical needs and disabilities identified through the survey for Region 9 (Sample = 9).

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 11% Radio 30% If a hurricane threatens your Television 71% area, where would you get Cellphone 9% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 3% decision? Local First Responders 1% Local Government 3% Other 2% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-64

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Tammany Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (St. Sample (St. Tammany) Tammany) N = 296 242,960 N = 296 242,960 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 45% 49% Less than 9th grade 2% 10% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 55% 51% 9% 13% not graduate Age High school diploma 40% 40% Some college or vocational 18-24 6% 13% 21% 19% school, but not degree 25-44 22% 36% A 2-year college degree 8% 5% 45-64 49% 35% A 4-year college degree 16% 10% Graduate or professional 65-84 21% 15% 5% 4% degree 85 and over 3% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 45% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 75% 71% 7% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 13% 19% Unemployed 9% 6% Asian 0% 1% Retired 24% n/a Other 12% 9% Stay at home caregiver 6% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 3% n/a Yes 7% 5% Other 7% n/a No 93% 95% Housing Type Income One unit structure 77% 70% Under $10,000 8% 9% Two-or-more-unit structure 8% 13% $10,000-$14,999 3% 5% Mobile homes and other 15% 17% $15,000-$24,999 13% 13% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 7% 10% Owner 89% 72% $35,000-$49,999 5% 15% Renter 11% 28% $50,000-$74,999 23% 17% $75,000-$99,999 12% 12% $100,000-$149,999 17% 13% $150,000-$199,999 7% 4% $200,000 or more 6% 3% Full-time student 3% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-65

Behavioral Analysis Summary for St. Tammany Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-66

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Tangipahoa Parish During Hurricane Events

Tangipahoa Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 34,414 Tangipahoa N/A N/A 125,486 27.4 Total population by Evacuation Phase in Tangipahoa Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 19% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 23% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 4% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 34% the people who live with Wind damage 37% you? No previous damage at current home 43% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

100% 94%

90%

80%

70% 59% 57% 60% 52% 49% 50% 45% 41% 35% 40% 35% 34% 26% 30% 22% 24% 26% 19% 20% 20% 14% 12% 6% 10% 5% 4% 2% 0% 0% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-67

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Tangipahoa Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 33% 46% 21% Flooding of Home 15% 31% 55% Damage from Winds 34% 47% 18%

100% 0% 90% 19% 21% 24% 29% 80% 70% 67% 60% 47% 48% 29% 50% 45% 40% 30% 20% 43% 32% 33% 32% 33% 10% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions 100% 12% 90% 17% 21% 22% 9% 80% 46% 49% 16% 11% 70% 22% 60% 50% 17% 40% 26% 79% 67% 68% 30% 55% 20% 34% 28% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

B-68

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Tangipahoa Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for Tangipahoa Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 49% 3% 34% 12% 3% Overall by People 14,730 796 10,351 3,583 796 (Assumes 88% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 44% 3% 38% 11% 3% African American 71% 0% 29% 0% 0% Other 67% 0% 0% 33% 0% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 100% 0% 51% 37% 12% 26% By Households* 34,414 0 5,628 4,040 1,299 2,886 By # of Vehicles* N/A N/A 5,628 8,081 3,896 N/A Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating 17,605 20,491 Tangipahoa Parish Tangipahoa Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most Common Roads Most Likely Destination Most Likely Destination Identified as Evacuation States Cities Routes Texas 18% Houston 5% I-55 45% Louisiana 17% Dallas 4% I-12 37% Mississippi 17% Nashville 4% LA 1 12% Tennessee 9% Hammond 3% I-10 8% Arkansas 7% Jackson 3% I-59 4% Other 32% Don’t Know 0%

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from Tangipahoa Parish

B-69

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Tangipahoa Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

80% 70%

60% 50% 40% 72.0% 30% 20% 44.0% 33.0% 10% 27.0% 11.0% 0% Require Require a Difficulty Hearing or Mental Health electrically Wheelchair Walking (Q81) Vision Problem Complications dependent (Q80) (Q82) (Q83) medical device (Q79) Types of medical needs and disabilities identified through the survey for Region 9 (Sample = 9).

Information Sources Survey Question Identified Information Sources The Internet 16% Radio 34% If a hurricane threatens your Television 66% area, where would you get Cellphone 8% MOST of your information as you make your evacuation Friends or Relatives 2% decision? Local First Responders 0% Local Government 0% Other 5% Where respondents receive their information during hurricane events (Sources include multiple responses by many participants).

B-70

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Tangipahoa Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (Tangipahoa) Sample (Tangipahoa) N = 122 125,486 N = 122 125,486 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 51% 49% Less than 9th grade 4% 5% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 49% 51% 5% 14% not graduate Age High school diploma 28% 36% Some college or vocational 18-24 7% 15% 27% 22% school, but not degree 25-44 27% 35% A 2-year college degree 7% 5% 45-64 42% 33% A 4-year college degree 15% 13% Graduate or professional 65-84 23% 15% 15% 6% degree 85 and over 1% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 49% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 86% 67% 5% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 10% 30% Unemployed 5% 11% Asian 0% 1% Retired 22% n/a Other 4% 2% Stay at home caregiver 7% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 4% n/a Yes 3% 4% Other 8% n/a No 97% 96% Housing Type Income One unit structure 82% 64% Under $10,000 5% 11% Two-or-more-unit structure 4% 14% $10,000-$14,999 3% 7% Mobile homes and other 12% 22% $15,000-$24,999 12% 15% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 7% 11% Owner 87% 70% $35,000-$49,999 12% 14% Renter 13% 30% $50,000-$74,999 22% 16% $75,000-$99,999 12% 11% $100,000-$149,999 17% 10% $150,000-$199,999 3% 4% $200,000 or more 7% 2% Full-time student 4% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-71

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Tangipahoa Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-72

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Terrebonne Parish During Hurricane Events

Terrebonne Parish Total Population by Evacuation Phase

Parish Phase 1 Evacuation Phase 2 Evacuation Phase 3 Evacuation Total Population 44,643 68,099 Terrebonne N/A 112,742 40% 60% Total population by Evacuation Phase in Terrebonne Parish Previous Evacuation Behavior Survey Question Previous Disaster Experience in Current Home Flooding from rain 13% During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any Flooding from river, canal, or lake 9% of the following hazards Flooding from storm surge or wave action 9% affected you, your home or Any type of flooding 22% the people who live with Wind damage 47% you? No previous damage at current home 48% Previous experience with flooding and wind damage in current homes.

80% 76%

70% 65% 60% 61% 58% 60% 54% 51% 50% 41% 42% 30% 40% 33% 33% 30% 30% 27% 21% 20% 17% 11% 9% 9% 10% 10% 8% 4% 3% 0% 0% Yes Evacuated Stayed in Another Out of state Family/Friend Public Shelter Hotel/motel Elsewhere Parish Parish home Evacuation Evacuation destination Evacuation shelter type decision

Katrina Gustav Isaac

Evacuation decisions, destination, and shelter type during Hurricanes Katrina, Gustav and Isaac.

B-73

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Terrebonne Parish During Hurricane Events

Risk perception of hurricanes and their effects. Very Somewhat Not at all Threat Concerned Concerned Concerned Threat of Hurricane 41% 48% 11% Flooding of Home 14% 39% 47% Damage from Winds 30% 52% 18%

100% 7% 11% 8% 90% 16% 17% 80% 12% 70% 38% 48% 48% 60% 50% 63% 40% 72% 30% 54% 20% 44% 41% 10% 21% 0% 0% Men Women White African American Other

very concerned somewhat concerned not at all concerned

The variation in perceived threat of a hurricane impacting people varies among demographic data.

Evacuation Intentions 100% 8% 13% 8% 90% 16% 11% 7% 80% 39% 35% 13% 19% 70% 60% 50% 21% 28% 40% 81% 86% 71% 68% 30%

20% 40% 38% 10% 0% Category 1-2 Category 1-2 with Category 1-2 with Category 3 or Category 3 or Category 3 and (Q46) EM EM order (Q48) above (Q49) above with EM above with EM recommendation recommendation order (Q51) (Q47) (Q50)

Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Very Likely

B-74

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Terrebonne Parish During Hurricane Events

Overall evacuation intentions for Terrebonne Parish

Most likely destination for if Evacuation for a Category 3 or Greater Public Someplace Don't Category Family/Friend shelter Hotel/Motel else know Overall by Percentage 51% 4% 27% 14% 5% Overall by People 52,899 4,149 28,005 14,003 4,668 (Assumes 92% Evacuate)* Responses by Demographics White 52% 3% 27% 15% 3% African American 42% 12% 35% 4% 15% Other 54% 0% 13% 17% 8% Most likely destinations during evacuation from a Category 3 or Greater Storm

If Yes, If Yes – Will Yes, will take Would ride If Yes – Will If Yes – Will take 3 or private vehicle with take 1 take 2 more If Yes, will take Category (Q65) someone vehicle vehicles vehicles boat or trailer Overall 98% 2% 47% 40% 10% 30% By Households* 36,326 1,324 17,210 14,752 3,596 10,879 By # of Vehicles* N/A N/A 17,210 29,503 10,780 N/A Total Private Vehicles Evacuating the Total Private and Trailers Evacuating 57,494 68,373 Terrebonne Parish Terrebonne Parish How people will evacuate and with how many vehicles, boats, or trailers

* Percentage of people/households who said they are “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to evacuate with a Mandatory Evacuation Order for a Category 3 or stronger hurricane.

Most likely destinations and route to be used by evacuees from Terrebonne Parish

B-75

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Terrebonne Parish During Hurricane Events

Access and Functional Needs

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 87.0% 30% 61.0% 20% 43.0% 32.0% 38.0% 10%

B-76

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Terrebonne Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents Demographics

Demographic Total Census Data Demographic Total Census Data Sample (Terrebonne) Sample (Terrebonne) N = 205 112,742 N = 205 112,742 Gender Highest Level of Education Male 45% 49% Less than 9th grade 2% 10% 9th to 12th grade, but did Female 55% 51% 9% 13% not graduate Age High school diploma 40% 40% Some college or vocational 18-24 6% 13% 21% 19% school, but not degree 25-44 22% 36% A 2-year college degree 8% 5% 45-64 49% 35% A 4-year college degree 16% 10% Graduate or professional 65-84 21% 15% 5% 4% degree 85 and over 3% 2% Employment Status Employed full-time (35 Race 45% n/a hours + per week) Employed part-time (Less White 75% 71% 7% n/a than 35 hours per week) African American 13% 19% Unemployed 9% 6% Asian 0% 1% Retired 24% n/a Other 12% 9% Stay at home caregiver 6% n/a Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Full-time student 3% n/a Yes 7% 5% Other 7% n/a No 93% 95% Housing Type Income One unit structure 77% 70% Under $10,000 8% 9% Two-or-more-unit structure 8% 13% $10,000-$14,999 3% 5% Mobile homes and other 15% 17% $15,000-$24,999 13% 13% Housing Tenure $25,000-$34,999 7% 10% Owner 89% 72% $35,000-$49,999 5% 15% Renter 11% 28% $50,000-$74,999 23% 17% $75,000-$99,999 12% 12% $100,000-$149,999 17% 13% $150,000-$199,999 7% 4% $200,000 or more 6% 3% Full-time student 3% n/a Other n/a n/a

B-77

Behavioral Analysis Summary for Terrebonne Parish During Hurricane Events

Survey Respondents by Location

Survey Respondents by Zip Codes

Survey Respondents by Evacuation Phase

B-78

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Appendix C: Survey Instrument

CODEBOOK

Q1. Hello, I’m calling from Louisiana State University. We’re doing a survey for the emergency management agencies in Louisiana to find out what government can do to plan for your safety during hurricanes. For this survey, you may refuse to answer any question or end the survey at any time. Any information you give me will be confidential. Are you willing to participate?

[AS NEEDED: This is not a sales call, we are only interested in your opinion. If you have any questions about this survey you may contact Brant Mitchell who is leading this effort, at 225-578- 5939. Or if you have questions about your right as a participant you may contact Dr. Dennis Landin at 225-578-8672.] 1. Yes 2. No [END SURVEY]

[IF Q1=2] Q2. We would very much appreciate your help. Your answers will help your local community better prepare for hurricanes. Can we continue? 1. Yes 2. No [END SURVEY]

LANDORC. Have I reached you on a landline or cell phone? 1. Landline 2. Cell phone

[IF LANDORC=2] SAFE. Are you in a safe place to talk? 1. Yes 2. No [SCHEDULE CALLBACK]

Q3. Are you 18 years of age or older? 1. Yes 2. No [END SURVEY]

Q4. What parish is your current home located in? [OPTIONS NOT READ; CALLER SELECTS APPROPRIATE RESPONSE FROM LIST OF ALL LOUISIANA PARISHES]

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

1. Acadia 17. East Baton Rouge 33. Madison 49. St. Landry 2. Allen 18. East Carroll 34. Morehouse 50. St. Martin 3. Ascension 19. East Feliciana 35. Natchitoches 51. St. Mary 4. Assumption 20. Evangeline 36. Orleans 52. St. Tammany 5. Avoyelles 21. Franklin 37. Ouachita 53. Tangipahoa 6. Beauregard 22. Grant 38. Plaquemines 54. Tensas 7. Bienville 23. Iberia 39. Pointe Coupee 55. Terrebonne 8. Bossier 24. Iberville 40. Rapides 56. Union 9. Caddo 25. Jackson 41. Red River 57. Vermillion 10. Calcasieu 26. Jefferson 42. Richland 58. Vernon 11. Caldwell 27. Jefferson Davis 43. Sabine 59. Washington 12. Cameron 28. La Salle 44. St. Bernard 60. Webster 13. Catahoula 29. Lafayette 45. St. Charles 61. W. Baton Rouge 14. Claiborne 30. Lafourche 46. St. Helena 62. W. Carroll 15. Concordia 31. Lincoln 47. St. James 63. W. Feliciana 16. De Soto 32. Livingston 48. St. John Baptist 64. Winn

[FOR ALL OTHER RESPONSES END SURVEY]

S1. And what is your zip code? [NUMERIC RESPONSE] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q4 = 32, 52 OR 53 S2. Do you live south of Interstate-12? 1. Yes 2. No [END SURVEY] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ; END SURVEY] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ; END SURVEY]

Q5. Do you live in your current home during the hurricane season from June 1st to November 30th? 1. Yes 2. No [END SURVEY] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ; END SURVEY] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ; END SURVEY]

Q6. To what extent are you concerned about the threat of a hurricane? Are you very concerned, somewhat concerned, or not at all concerned? 1. Very concerned 2. Somewhat concerned 3. Not at all concerned 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q7. How likely do you think it is that your home would ever be flooded as a result of a hurricane? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely? 1. Very likely 2. Somewhat likely 3. Not very likely 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ]

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q8. Is your home located within the levee system, that is, is it located in an area protected by a levee? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q8 = 1] Q9. How confident are you that the current levee system in your parish will prevent your home from being flooded in future hurricanes? Are you very confident, somewhat confident, or not confident at all? 1. Very confident 2. Somewhat confident 3. Not confident at all 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q10. How likely is it that your home would ever be seriously damaged or destroyed by the winds of a hurricane or damaged by trees blown down by hurricane winds? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely? 1. Very likely 2. Somewhat likely 3. Not very likely 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q11. How many years have you or your family lived in southern Louisiana? [NUMERIC RESPONSE] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q12. How many years have you or your family lived in your current home? [NUMERIC RESPONSE] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]\

Q13. During the time you’ve lived in this home, have any of the following hazards affected you, your home or the people who live with you? [MULTIPLE RESPONSE: CALLER READS LIST AND INDICATES ALL RESPONSES. VARIABLES ARE BINARY INDICATORS FOR SELECTION OF RESPONSE.] Q13_a. Flooding from rain Q13_b. Flooding from overflow of a river, lake, or canal Q13_c. Flooding from s storm urge or wave action from ocean Q13_d. Wind from hurricane Q13_e. None of the above Q13_f. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] Q13_g. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q14. Are there any other environmental hazards that have affected you, your home, or the people you live with? If so, what are they? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ]

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q15. Now I have a few brief questions about specific hurricanes. First, were you living in your current home in August 2005 just before Hurricane Katrina? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q15 IS NOT ‘Yes’] Q16. In which parish did you live in August 2005 just before Hurricane Katrina? [OPTIONS NOT READ; CALLER SELECTS APPROPRIATE RESPONSE FROM LIST OF ALL LOUISIANA PARISHES]

777. Out of Louisiana 888. Don't know 999. Refused

Q17. During Hurricane Katrina, did you or your household evacuate before the storm hit? 1. Yes 2. No [SKIP TO Q25] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ; SKIP TO Q25] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ; SKIP TO Q25]

[IF Q17 = 1] Q18. Where did you go? Did you stay in your parish, go to another parish in Louisiana, or go to another state? 1. Stayed in parish 2. Went to another parish in Louisiana 3. Went to another state 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

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[IF Q18 = 3] Q19. Which state? 01. Alabama 14. Indiana 27. Nebraska 40. South Carolina 02. Alaska 15. Iowa 28. Nevada 41. South Dakota 03. Arizona 16. Kansas 29. New Hampshire 42. Tennessee 04. Arkansas 17. Kentucky 30. New Jersey 43. Texas 05. California 18. Louisiana 31. New Mexico 44. Utah 06. Colorado 19. Maine 32. New York 45. Vermont 07. Connecticut 20. Maryland 33. North Carolina 46. Virginia 08. Delaware 21. Massachusetts 34. North Dakota 47. Washington 09. Florida 22. Michigan 35. Ohio 48. West Virginia 10. Georgia 23. Minnesota 36. Oklahoma 49. Wisconsin 11. Hawaii 24. Mississippi 37. Oregon 50. Wyoming 12. Idaho 25. Missouri 38. Pennsylvania 51. Washington D.C. 13. Illinois 26. Montana 39. Rhode Island

888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q17 = 1] Q20. Did you go to the home of a relative or friend, a public shelter, a hotel, or someplace else? 1. Home of a relative or friend 2. Public shelter 3. Hotel or motel 4. Somewhere else 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q17 = 1] Q21. Did you use a personal vehicle owned by you, a relative, or a friend for this evacuation, such as a car, truck, motorcycle, or RV? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q21 = 2] Q22. What transportation did you use for this evacuation? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q21 = 1] Q23. How many hours of driving did it take you to get to your final destination? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

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[Q21 = 1] Q24. How many driving hours would you estimate it would take you to make the same trip under normal traffic conditions? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q25. Next, were you living in your current home in August 2008 just before Hurricane Gustav? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q25 IS NOT ‘Yes’] Q26. In which parish did you live in August 2008 just before Hurricane Gustav? [OPTIONS NOT READ; CALLER SELECTS APPROPRIATE RESPONSE] 1. Acadia 17. East Baton Rouge 33. Madison 49. St. Landry 2. Allen 18. East Carroll 34. Morehouse 50. St. Martin 3. Ascension 19. East Feliciana 35. Natchitoches 51. St. Mary 4. Assumption 20. Evangeline 36. Orleans 52. St. Tammany 5. Avoyelles 21. Franklin 37. Ouachita 53. Tangipahoa 6. Beauregard 22. Grant 38. Plaquemines 54. Tensas 7. Bienville 23. Iberia 39. Pointe Coupee 55. Terrebonne 8. Bossier 24. Iberville 40. Rapides 56. Union 9. Caddo 25. Jackson 41. Red River 57. Vermillion 10. Calcasieu 26. Jefferson 42. Richland 58. Vernon 11. Caldwell 27. Jefferson Davis 43. Sabine 59. Washington 12. Cameron 28. La Salle 44. St. Bernard 60. Webster 13. Catahoula 29. Lafayette 45. St. Charles 61. W. Baton Rouge 14. Claiborne 30. Lafourche 46. St. Helena 62. W. Carroll 15. Concordia 31. Lincoln 47. St. James 63. W. Feliciana 16. De Soto 32. Livingston 48. St. John Baptist 64. Winn

777. Out of Louisiana 888. Don't know 999. Refused

Q27. During Hurricane Gustav, did you or your household evacuate before this storm hit? 1. Yes 2. No [SKIP TO Q35] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ; SKIP TO Q35] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ; SKIP TO Q35]

[IF Q27 = 1] Q28. Where did you go? Did you stay in your parish, go to another parish in Louisiana, or go to another state? 1. Stayed in parish 2. Went to another parish in Louisiana 3. Went to another state 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ]

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999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q28 = 3] Q29. Which state? 01. Alabama 14. Indiana 27. Nebraska 40. South Carolina 02. Alaska 15. Iowa 28. Nevada 41. South Dakota 03. Arizona 16. Kansas 29. New Hampshire 42. Tennessee 04. Arkansas 17. Kentucky 30. New Jersey 43. Texas 05. California 18. Louisiana 31. New Mexico 44. Utah 06. Colorado 19. Maine 32. New York 45. Vermont 07. Connecticut 20. Maryland 33. North Carolina 46. Virginia 08. Delaware 21. Massachusetts 34. North Dakota 47. Washington 09. Florida 22. Michigan 35. Ohio 48. West Virginia 10. Georgia 23. Minnesota 36. Oklahoma 49. Wisconsin 11. Hawaii 24. Mississippi 37. Oregon 50. Wyoming 12. Idaho 25. Missouri 38. Pennsylvania 51. Washington D.C. 13. Illinois 26. Montana 39. Rhode Island

888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q27 = 1] Q30. Did you go to the home of a relative or friend, a public shelter, a hotel, or someplace else? 1. Home of a relative or friend 2. Public shelter 3. Hotel or motel 4. Somewhere else 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q27 = 1] Q31. Did you use a personal vehicle owned by you, a relative, or a friend for this evacuation, such as a car, truck, motorcycle, or RV? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q31 = 2] Q32. What transportation did you use for this evacuation? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q31 = 1] Q33. How many hours of driving did it take you to get to your final destination? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

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[IF Q31 = 1] Q34. How many driving hours would you estimate it would take you to make the same trip under normal traffic conditions? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q35. Next, were you living in your current home in August 2012 just before Hurricane Isaac? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q35 IS NOT ‘Yes’] Q36. In which parish did you live in August 2012 just before Hurricane Isaac? [OPTIONS NOT READ; CALLER SELECTS APPROPRIATE RESPONSE]

777. Out of Louisiana 888. Don't know 999. Refused

Q37. During Hurricane Isaac, did you or your household evacuate before this storm hit? 1. Yes 2. No [SKIP TO Q45] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ; SKIP TO Q45] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ; SKIP TO Q45]

[IF Q37 = 1] Q38. Where did you go? Did you stay in your parish, go to another parish in Louisiana, or go to another state? 1. Stayed in parish 2. Went to another parish in Louisiana

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3. Went to another state 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q38 = 3] Q39. Which state? 01. Alabama 14. Indiana 27. Nebraska 40. South Carolina 02. Alaska 15. Iowa 28. Nevada 41. South Dakota 03. Arizona 16. Kansas 29. New Hampshire 42. Tennessee 04. Arkansas 17. Kentucky 30. New Jersey 43. Texas 05. California 18. Louisiana 31. New Mexico 44. Utah 06. Colorado 19. Maine 32. New York 45. Vermont 07. Connecticut 20. Maryland 33. North Carolina 46. Virginia 08. Delaware 21. Massachusetts 34. North Dakota 47. Washington 09. Florida 22. Michigan 35. Ohio 48. West Virginia 10. Georgia 23. Minnesota 36. Oklahoma 49. Wisconsin 11. Hawaii 24. Mississippi 37. Oregon 50. Wyoming 12. Idaho 25. Missouri 38. Pennsylvania 51. Washington D.C. 13. Illinois 26. Montana 39. Rhode Island

888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q37 = 1] Q40. Did you go to the home of a relative or friend, a public shelter, a hotel, or someplace else? 1. Home of a relative or friend 2. Public shelter 3. Hotel or motel 4. Somewhere else 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q37 = 1] Q41. Did you use a personal vehicle owned by you, a relative, or a friend for this evacuation, such as a car, truck, motorcycle, or RV? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q41 = 2] Q42. What transportation did you use for this evacuation? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[Q41 = 1] Q43. How many hours of driving did it take you to get to your final destination? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

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[IF Q41 = 1] Q44. How many driving hours would you estimate it would take you to make the same trip under normal traffic conditions? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q45. Has your family ever talked or made a plan about what you would do if there was an emergency and you had to leave your home? 1. Yes 2. No 777. Would never leave [DO NOT READ] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q46. Now I would like you to consider several different future storm possibilities and ask if your household would LIKELY EVACUATE for each. What if a hurricane with Category 1 or 2 winds and potentially up to 3 feet of water above ground threatens your neighborhood? How likely is it that you would leave your home? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely that you would leave? 1. Very likely 2. Somewhat likely 3. Not very likely 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q47. What if for the same storm [IF NECESSARY: A HURRICANE WITH CATGEORY 1 OR 2 WINDS], parish officials recommended, but did not order, those in your area to evacuate. How likely is it that you would leave? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely? 1. Very likely 2. Somewhat likely 3. Not very likely 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q48. What if parish officials ORDERED those living in your area to evacuate for this hurricane [IF NECESSARY: A HURRICANE WITH CATGEORY 1 OR 2 WINDS]? How likely is it that your household would leave? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely? 1. Very likely 2. Somewhat likely 3. Not very likely 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q49. Now, what if a major hurricane, that is, a storm with Category 3 or higher winds, and the possibility of more than 3 feet of water above ground threatens your neighborhood? How likely is it that you would leave your home? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely that you would leave? 1. Very likely 2. Somewhat likely

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3. Not very likely 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q50. Suppose for the same storm [IF NECESSARY: A HURRICANE WITH CATGEORY 3 OR HIGHER WINDS] parish officials RECOMMENDED, but did not ORDER that those in your area evacuate. How likely is it that you would leave? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely? 1. Very likely 2. Somewhat likely 3. Not very likely 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q51. What if officials ORDERED an evacuation for your area for this storm? [IF NECESSARY: A HURRICANE WITH CATGEORY 3 OR HIGHER WINDS] How likely is it that your household would leave? Is it very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely? 1. Very likely 2. Somewhat likely 3. Not very likely 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q53. Now, let’s imagine your household decides TO EVACUATE. What do you think would be the MAIN REASONS behind the decision TO LEAVE? [OPEN-ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q54. Do you think your home would be safe during a hurricane? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q54 = 2] Q55. Why do you think your home might not be safe in a hurricane? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q56. If your household should decide to evacuate, how many people would leave? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

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Q57. If your household should decide to evacuate, is anyone from your household likely to remain behind? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ] [IF Q57 = 1] Q58. Who is the person or persons who would stay behind? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q57 = 1] Q59. What is the MOST IMPORTANT reason you or they are likely to stay behind? [OPEN ENDED]

Q60. Now let’s imagine that you HAD to evacuate for a MAJOR storm, such as a storm with Category 3 or above winds. What type of place would you likely go? Would it be to the home of a relative or friend, to a public shelter, to a hotel or motel, or someplace else? 1. Home of relative or friend 2. Public shelter 3. Hotel or motel 4. Someplace else 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q61. If you evacuated for a major storm, in what state would you likely take refuge? [CALLER DOES NOT READ LIST] 01. Alabama 14. Indiana 27. Nebraska 40. South Carolina 02. Alaska 15. Iowa 28. Nevada 41. South Dakota 03. Arizona 16. Kansas 29. New Hampshire 42. Tennessee 04. Arkansas 17. Kentucky 30. New Jersey 43. Texas 05. California 18. Louisiana 31. New Mexico 44. Utah 06. Colorado 19. Maine 32. New York 45. Vermont 07. Connecticut 20. Maryland 33. North Carolina 46. Virginia 08. Delaware 21. Massachusetts 34. North Dakota 47. Washington 09. Florida 22. Michigan 35. Ohio 48. West Virginia 10. Georgia 23. Minnesota 36. Oklahoma 49. Wisconsin 11. Hawaii 24. Mississippi 37. Oregon 50. Wyoming 12. Idaho 25. Missouri 38. Pennsylvania 51. Washington D.C. 13. Illinois 26. Montana 39. Rhode Island 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q62. Is there a particular town, city or area in that state you would expect to go to? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q62 = 1] Q63. What is the name of the town, city, or area that you would go?

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[OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q64. Now, let’s imagine you decided to evacuate for a less serious Category 1 or 2 storm, what type of place would you go? Would it be to the home of a relative or friend, to a public shelter north of New Orleans area, to a hotel or motel, or someplace else? [If someplace else, get them to specify.] 1. Home of relative or friend 2. Public shelter 3. Hotel or motel 4. Someplace else 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q65. If you had to evacuate, would your household use a personal vehicle owned by you, a relative, or a friend for this evacuation, such as a car, truck, motorcycle, or RV? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q65 = 2] Q66. What type of transportation would your HOUSEHOLD use if you HAD to evacuate? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q65 = 1] Q67. How many vehicles would your household take in an evacuation? 1. None, you would ride with someone from another household 2. One 3. Two 4. Three or more 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q65 = 1]

Q68. Would a car in your household likely tow anything such as a trailer or boat? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q65 = 1] Q69. What main highway or highways would you likely use to evacuate for a major storm? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q4 = 26 OR 36]

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Q70. Are you aware of your city’s assisted evacuation plan? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q70 = 1] Q71. Do you know where the nearest pick up point is located from your residence? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q70 = 1] Q72. Did you use your city’s assisted evacuation system during Hurricane Gustav? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q72 = 1] Q73. Would you use it again? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q73 = 2]

Q74. Why wouldn’t you use your city’s assisted evacuation system again? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q75. Are there people in your household who would have difficulty finding transportation in order to evacuate? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q75 = 1] Q76. How many people in your household would have difficulty finding transportation in order to evacuate? 1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three or more 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q75 = 1] Q77. Would any of those who would have difficulty finding transportation in order to evacuate have medical needs or disabilities that would require special attention during an evacuation?

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1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q75 = 1] Q78. How many people in your household who would have difficulty finding transportation have medical needs or disabilities that would require special attention? 1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three or more 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q78 = 2, 3 OR 4] Q79. Thinking about the person or persons who have medical needs or disabilities that would require special attention, do they require oxygen or another electrically dependent medical device? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q78 = 2, 3 OR 4] Q80. Do they have a physical disability that requires a wheelchair all the time? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q78 = 2, 3 OR 4] Q81. Do they have a physical disability that makes walking difficult? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q78 = 2, 3 OR 4] Q82. Do they have a hearing or vision problem? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q78 = 2, 3 OR 4] Q83. Do they have a mental or emotional problem? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

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[IF Q78 = 2, 3 OR 4] Q84. Are there any other reasons they would need special help in order to evacuate? [OPEN-ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q85. Are there people in your household who would likely go to a public shelter and who have disabilities or medical needs that would require special attention in a shelter? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q85 = 1] Q86. If so, how many people in your household who would likely go to a public shelter have medical needs or disabilities that would require special help at the shelter? 1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three or more 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q85 = 1] Q87. Would a caregiver accompany anyone with special medical or physical needs? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q88. If a hurricane threatens your area, where would you get MOST of your information as you make your evacuation decision? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q89. Does your household have access to the web or Internet? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q89 = 1] Q90. What Internet sites would you likely use for hurricane information? OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q91. If you lose electricity or are on the road evacuating, what is likely to be your MAIN way to get information? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ]

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999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q92. If a hurricane is predicted to impact your area three days from now and you decided to evacuate, are you most likely to leave today, tomorrow or two days from now? 1. Today 2. Tomorrow 3. Two days from now

777. Would not leave [DO NOT READ] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q93. If you HAD to evacuate, would the work or school requirements of any member of your household delay when you could leave? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q94. If you HAD to evacuate, would obtaining agreement from family members outside your household be likely to affect how quickly you would be able to leave? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q95. If you have a family pet or pets, what would you do with them if you had to evacuate? [OPEN ENDED] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q96. We're almost done! I just have a few general background questions and we will be finished. Which of the following best describes your residence? Is it a detached single family home; a duplex, triplex or fourplex; a multi-unit building or apartment complex; or a mobile or manufactured home? 1. Detached single family home 2. Duplex, triplex, or fourplex 3. Multi-unit building or apartment complex 4. Mobile or manufactured home 5. Other 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q97. Do you own it or do you pay rent? 1. Own 2. Rent 777. Other [DO NOT READ] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q98. As a reminder this survey is designed to help state and local government in preparing evacuation plans for your area. For the purposes of this survey can you please provide your street address? We do not need your name, and the address will not be used in any final data, it’s only a reference point in our calculations to

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determine an estimate of the number of people who would evacuate from a specific area and what route they would use. So, can you please give us your street address and city? [CALLERS ONLY NEED TO COLLECT STREET ADDRESS AND CITY]. 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q98 = 1] Q99. CALLER RECORDS STREET ADDRESS & CITY [OPEN ENDED]

[IF Q98 = 2] Q100. I understand. How about this? Could you please give me the town you live in, and the nearest street intersection to you? Town first. 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q100 = 1] Q101. [CALLER RECORDS TOWN] [OPEN ENDED]

[IF Q100 = 1] Q102. [CALLER RECORDS NEAREST STREET INTERSECTION] [OPEN ENDED]

Q103. Including yourself, how many people live in your household? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q104. What year you were born? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q103 > 1] Q105. How many of the people living in your household are under 12 years old? [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q103 > 1] Q106. And how many people living in your household are 65 OR OLDER? [Numeric] [NUMERIC] 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q107. What is the primary language spoken in your home? [CALLER DOES NOT READ OPTIONS] 1. English 2. Spanish 3. Other

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888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q108. Which of the following categories best describes your level of education? Please stop me when I get to that category. 1. Less than 9th grade 2. 9th to 12th grade, but did not graduate 3. High school diploma 4. Some college or vocational school, but no degree 5. A 2-year college degree 6. A 4-year college degree 7. A graduate or professional degree such as a master’s degree, M.D., or J.D. 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q109. Are you of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q110. Which of the following best describes you? Are you White, African-American, Asian, or something else? 1. White 2. African-American 3. Asian 4. Something else 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q111. Which of the following best describes your current situation in reference to a job outside the home? 1. Employed full time (35 hours or more a week) 2. Employed part-time (Less than 35 hours a week) 3. Unemployed 4. Retired 5. Stay at home caregiver for children, disabled, or elderly 6. Full time student 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q112. We would like to know what your household income was last year before taxes. This information will remain strictly confidential and will only be used for statistical purposes. Please stop me when I get to the category that includes your household income. 1. Under $10,000 2. $10,000 - $14,999 3. $15,000 - $24,999 4. $25,000 - $34,999 5. $35,000 - $49,999 6. $50,000 - $74,999 7. $75,000 - $99,999 8. $100,000 - $149,999 9. $150,000 - $199,999

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10. $200,000 or more 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

Q113. Well, that concludes the interview. I'd like to thank you for taking the time to help your emergency managers. Do you have any comments that you would like me to write down on what we have discussed in this survey? 1. Yes 2. No 888. Don’t know [DO NOT READ] 999. No answer [DO NOT READ]

[IF Q113 = 1] Q114. [CALLER TRANSCRIBES COMMENTS] [OPEN ENDED]

Q115. [CALLER RECORDS GENDER; ASK ONLY IF NECESSARY] 1. Male 2. Female

WEIGHT_POST_ALL. [WEIGHTS FOR TOTAL SAMPLE]

WEIGHT_POST_NOLIST. [WEIGHTS FOR TOTAL SAMPLE LESS RESPONDETS FROM ST BERNARD LISTED SAMPLE]

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Appendix D: Sample Complete Demographics

LANDLINE CELL PHONE TOTAL CENSUS SAMPLE SAMPLE SAMPLE DATA DEMOGRAPHIC N = 906 N = 1,729 N = 2,635 1,824,086 Highest Level of Education Less than 9th Grade 1.66 1.22 1.37 5.73 9th to 12th grade, but did not graduate 5.55 6.71 6.30 10.15 High School Diploma 23.42 21.57 22.17 31.75 Some College or vocational school, but not 25.08 26.01 25.64 21.87 degree A 2-Year College Degree 8.55 10..55 9.84 5.51 A 4-Year College Degree 22.31 20.12 20.83 16.34 Graduate or Professional Degree 13.43 13.82 13.66 8.65 Gender Male 33.93 48.26 43.35 48.63 Female 66.07 51.74 56.65 51.37 Age 18-24 1.37 10.29 7.23 12.2 25-44 11.63 29.55 23.41 35.99 45-64 44.13 45.48 45.01 35.06 65-84 38.2 13.91 22.24 14.86 85 and over 4.68 0.77 2.11 1.88 Household Income1 Under $10,000 5.83 5.59 5.67 15.58 $10,000-$14,999 5.99 4.46 4.95 17.64 $15,000-$24,999 9.87 9.30 9.48 22.04 $25,000-$34,999 10.68 10.13 10.30 23.62 $35,000-$49,999 11.49 13.08 12.57 29.71 $50,000-$74,999 16.50 17.54 17.21 28.27 $75,000-$99,999 13.92 13.23 13.45 24.18 $100,000-$149,999 16.02 14.97 15.30 17.1 $150,000-$199,999 5.02 7.41 6.65 8.52 $200,000 or more 4.69 4.31 4.43 3.98 Race White 70.69 67.16 68.27 64.31 African American 24.01 25.43 24.90 29.36 Asian 0.23 0.53 0.43 2.2 Something Else 5.07 6.88 6.25 4.13 Household Size 2.66 (mean) 3.19 (mean) 3.01 (mean) Number in Home Under 12 0 84.34 69.81 74.76 n/a 1 9.94 15.21 13.42 2 3.77 9.43 7.51 3+ 1.94 5.55 4.32 Number in Home Over 65 0 47.92 72.13 64.3 n/a 1 22.64 15.33 17.69 2 28.06 11.81 17.06 3+ 1.39 0.73 0.90

1 About 18% refused to provide their income, and 8% did not know their income. 1,941 valid responses. D-1

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

LANDLINE CELL PHONE TOTAL CENSUS SAMPLE SAMPLE SAMPLE DATA DEMOGRAPHIC Cont. N = 906 N = 1,729 N = 2,635 1,824,086 Primary Language Spoken In Home English 99.23 98.32 98.59 89.96 Spanish 0.44 0.93 0.76 5.45 Other 0.33 0.75 0.61 4.59 Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin? Yes 4.23 5.19 4.85 7.00 No 95.77 94.81 94.96 92.99 Employment Status Employed Full-time (35 hours +) 32.96 54.27 46.86 57.63 Employed Part-time (Less than 35 hours) 5.03 6.84 6.21 15.30 Unemployed 3.58 6.08 5.21 8.04 Retired 45.92 17.19 27.01 n/a Stay at home caregiver 6.26 4.68 5.21 n/a Full-time student 0.56 4.04 2.84 n/a Other 5.70 6.90 6.48 n/a Household Type One Unit Structure 81.71 73.76 76.21 70.06 Two-or-more-unit Structure 8.87 12.92 11.84 20.94 Mobile Homes and Other 9.42 13.32 11.94 9.03 Housing Tenure Owner Occupied 86.94 78.19 81.01 65.63 Renter Occupied 12.05 19.36 16.81 34.37 Other 1.00 2.46 1.95 n/a Tenure in Area Years living in Southern Louisiana 51.72 (mean) 39.70 (mean) 43.80 (mean) n/a Years living in current house 21.67 (mean) 14.43 (mean) 16.91 (mean) n/a

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Appendix E: Additional Data Tables

Q14: Other environmental hazards. Table includes all hazards mentioned. Only 446 respondents provided some hazard, with 9 of those respondents providing three hazards and 72 of those providing two hazards. There were categorized into 21 types. The most common responses are shaded.

Table E.1: Additional environmental hazards experienced (Q14)

HAZARD NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS Trees 38 Tornado 40 Rain 18 Hail 26 Acid rain 1 Lightning 9 Global warming 1 Chemical plants or refineries 67 Oil spills 32 Explosions 11 Power outages/electrical 26 Air pollution 45 Contaminated water 31 Bugs or animals 27 Road conditions 8 Debris 2 Mold 7 Lead paint/asbestos 2 Backflow/sewage 22 Health related 6 Other (train, development, subsidence, police, fire, 38 abandoned injection well, etc.)

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Q52-Q53: Reasons for not evacuating (Q52) and reasons for evacuating (Q53). All respondents were asked to describe the reasons they would not and, conversely, would evacuate from a storm. Responses were coded by two members of the research team to ensure similar interpretation of the open-ended responses.

Table E.2: Reasons respondents would or would not evacuate (Q52-Q53)

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS Q52 Q53 NOT EVACUATE WOULD EVACUATE REASON (CATEGORY #) 359 667 Storm strength (too weak to evacuate or so strong must evacuate) (#39) 128 526 The amount of flooding impacts predicted (#17) 207 112 Storm seems to be either low or high risk or mention importance of safety (unknown reason how they determine risk) (#25) 195 9 Financial (#12) 123 134 Storm direction (whether the direct hit will be near them) (#38) 175 72 Perception of house’s as safety, sturdiness, or ability to withstand storm impacts (#15) 93 46 Previous experience (been through storms and know what can survive, or what are expected impacts) (#32) 89 0 Elevation (#8) 152 17 Protect property, no mention of looting, (can include protect property from storm damage) (#33) 26 Reentry takes too long, officials do not allow reentry (#34) 100 3 Prepared (indicate they have ability to survive storm: generator, food and water, knowledge) (#31) 88 11 Work (#45) 47 15 Inconvenient (#5) 36 2 Perceived looting potential (#24) 42 3 Traffic (#43) 48 169 Family (children, elderly, extra-household family safety) (#11) 66 1 Transportation needs (#44) 35 172 Existence of an evacuation order – do what officials say to do (#9) 54 8 Pets (#30) 50 4 Access to shelter or lack thereof (#21) 82 21 Perception of the safety of their geographic location (distance from coast, flood zone, public shelter, etc.) (#23) 46 73 Medical (current or predicted future) (#28) 23 201 Electricity access (#7) 19 14 Faith or lack of faith in levee for protection (#10) 33 66 Get stuck (e.g., too late to evacuate, storm moves too quickly, roads closed) or, conversely, want to avoid getting stuck (#41) 33 12 Concerns about safety on the road (#35)

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

11 35 Age, too old (#1) NUMBER OF NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS Q52 Q53 NOT EVACUATE WOULD EVACUATE REASON (CATEGORY #) Cont. 10 11 Male decision-maker (respondent indicates will do what male partner/son/father says) (#26) 9 40 Amount of surge impacts predicted (#22) 10 19 Caregiving role, does not include own children (#4) 120 9 Amount of fear of storm (#19) 6 1 Can’t (unknown reason why can’t evacuate) (#3) 5 1 God will protect (#13) 6 7 Want to help others (not family specific) (#14) 6 1 Dislike shelters (#6) 4 0 School (#36) 16 1 Stubbornness (#40) 3 22 Tornado potential (#42) 6 16 Access to evacuation assistance (#16) 9 1 How much they believe the predicted impacts (#18) 19 11 Media influence (#27) 6 17 Businesses accessible (#2) 2 13 Knowledge or lack of knowledge about what to do (#20) 2 15 Social norms, will do what others do (#37) 3 7 Aftermath conditions bad (#50) 103 632 Safety, implies will stay out of danger, personal safety (#47) 2 14 Female decides (mother, daughter, wife) (#56) 6 2 Lack of trust in officials (#60) 11 13 Live alone (#61) 3 19 Fear (generalized, no specific fear provided) (#57) 0 42 Lack of food (#48) 0 18 Comfort (#49) 0 118 Predicted damages (trees down, etc.) (#51) 0 9 Levee breach (#53) 0 2 Crime, not looting (#54) 0 1 Fear of police (#58) 0 4 Other disaster potential (besides tornado) (#63) 39 21 Never evacuates (#29) 202 52 Always evacuates (#46)

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Q55: Reasons believe house is not safe. Table includes all reasons mentioned. Of the 466 people who said that their house wasn’t safe (on Q54), 449 gave at least one reason for why they did not feel safe in their home. Three respondents gave four reasons, another 14 gave three reasons, and 66 gave 2 reasons. These responses were coded by two members of the research team into 14 different categories. The most common responses are shaded in the table below.

Table E.3: Number of respondents listing each reason why their home is NOT safe (Q55)

REASON NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS Flooding 82 Wind 48 Looting 12 Location of home (near lakes, canals, etc.) 49 Storm surge 2 Trees (that will fall and damage home) 56 Type of home (mobile home or trailer, lots of glass) 101 Category of storm 20 Previous experience 30 Age of home (older, before certain building codes, etc.) 31 Structure of home (how well-built, lack of safety features, etc.) 56 Perception of levee strength/protection 13 Tornadoes 7 Other – nothing specific about their home (e.g., no home is safe, storms are 45 unpredictable)

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Q58: Who would stay behind. Respondents who said yes on Q57 that someone in their household would stay behind in an evacuation were asked on Q58 who would stay behind. There were 29 categories of responses that were decipherable as a particular household or family role (some persons gave formal names, which were unable to be categorized). Because of gender differences in evacuation intent, we kept these responses gender separate if that was able to be determined (e.g., niece versus nephew). Of the 400 respondents who said someone would stay behind, 397 named a particular person, and 26 of those listed two people who would stay behind. Most common responses are shaded in the table below.

Table E.4: Who would stay behind in an evacuation (Q58)

GENDER OF PERSON STAYING BEHIND PERSON STAYING BEHIND NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS Self Respondent (self) 173 Homeowner 7 Head of household 3 Everyone 6 Grandparents 1 Parents 1 Not gender specific Significant Other (unknown 6 gender) Friend (unknown gender) 1 Roommate (unknown gender) 1 Other 8 Man of the house 6 Grandfather 3 Father 31 Husband 109 Uncle 1 Male gender Son 23 Brother 5 Nephew 1 Grandson 2 Boyfriend 3 Male friend 1 Matriarch 1 Grandmother 1 Mother 1 Wife 7 Female gender Daughter 2 Granddaughter 1 Girlfriend 1 Niece 1

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Q59: Reasons household member would stay behind during evacuation. Table includes all reasons mentioned. There were 399 responses total, of which 11 were “don’t know.” Three respondents provided 3 reasons, another 33 respondents provided at least 2 reasons. These responses were coded by two members of the research team into 14 different categories. Most common responses are shaded.

Table E.5: Number of respondents listing each reason that a person would stay behind during evacuation (Q59)

REASON NUMBER OF RESPONSES Work 151 Financial 9 Transportation (either lack of, or concern about driving) 7 Poor health 3 Concern about looting 28 To protect home or property (no mention of looting) 109 Safety of other family members 7 Pets 20 To provide assistance to others who are stranded 12 Storm is not strong enough to provoke evacuation 9 Prior experience of surviving storms 6 Trust in God 3 Other/ indecipherable 12 Don’t want to evacuate (e.g., “stubborn,” “stupid,” “never leaves”) 52

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Q63: City for evacuation. This question was open-ended. The table below organizes the cities by state.

Table E.6: Evacuation destination cities by state (Q63)

Number of Number of respondents City respondents City Alabama (N = 84) 2 Auburn 4 Huntsville 1 Bayonette 1 Jasper 24 Birmingham 1 Livingston 1 Demopalis 7 Mobile 2 Dothan 6 Montgomery 1 Enterprise 1 Oak Mountain 1 Evergreen 2 Orange Beach 2 Fairhope 1 Ozark 2 Foley 1 Phoenix City 1 Fort Payne 1 Red Level 1 Gadsden 1 Ruthorford County 1 Georgiana 1 Selma 1 Greenpawn 1 Sylcauga 1 Greenville 1 Themopolis 1 Gulf Shores 2 Thomasville 1 Hoover 4 Tuscaloosa 1 Ufalla Arkansas (N = 52) 1 Benson 1 Hope 1 Bentonville 5 Hot Springs 1 Bentonville 1 Hot Springs Village 1 Blythville 14 Little Rock 1 Camden 1 Murphysboro 1 Cleburne 2 Pine Bluff 2 Conway 1 Roger 1 Springs Florida (N = 52) 1 Beverly Hills 1 Miami 1 Boca Raton 1 Navarra Beach 1 Daytona 4 Orlando 9 Destin 1 Palm Bay 1 Escambia County 2 Panama City 3 Fort Walton 7 Pensacola 1 Gainesville 1 Port Orange 4 Jacksonville 1 San Destin 1 Kissimmee 1 Sarasota 1 Madison 2 Tallahassee 1 Mary Esther Georgia (N =114) 1 Alpharetta 1 Jonesburg 1 Arnoldsville 2 Kennesaw 1 Athens 1 Lake City 54 Atlanta 1 Lawrenceville 2 Augusta 1 Lilburn E-7

Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

1 Bainbridge 1 Lithonia 1 Buckhead 5 Marietta 1 Buford 1 Maton 1 Clarkston 2 McDonald 1 Cob County 1 Millersville 3 Columbus 1 Norcross 1 Conyers 1 Peachtree 1 Covington 1 Plairsville 2 Dallas 1 Powder Springs 1 Dayton 1 Riverdale 1 Decatur 1 Savannah 1 Douglassville 1 Statesboro 1 Gainesville 1 Summerville 1 Harrietta 1 Tanya 1 Jacksonville 1 Woodstock 3 Jonesboro Louisiana (N = 464) 2 Albany 2 Mandeville 21 Alexandria 1 Manfield 2 Amite 1 Manning 2 Arcadia 1 Marriquoin 3 Ascension 1 Mauraprepas 1 Baker 2 Minden 1 Basile 21 Monroe 88 Baton Rouge 1 Montgomery 1 Benton 1 Morerro 1 Bernice 1 Mt Hermon 1 Bogolusa 8 Natchitoches 4 Bossier City 3 New Iberia 1 Breaux Bridge 5 New Orleans 1 Bruly 2 New Roads 3 Bush 1 Noble 1 Byrd 1 Oakdale 2 Cadwell Parish 2 Opelousas 1 Cardenco 1 Paulina 2 Central 1 Pearl River 1 Chalmette 1 Picqune 1 Clarkes 2 Plaquemines 1 Concordia Parish 1 Pleasant Hill 11 Covington 4 Ponchatoula 7 Denham Springs 1 Port Allen, La 2 Deriedder 2 Prairieville 3 Donaldsonville 2 Raceland 1 Doyliene 1 Rapides Parish 2 East Baton Rouge Parish 1 Reserve 1 Ebb 6 Ruston 1 Ethyl Or Slaughter 31 Shreveport 1 Eunice, LA 1 Schriever 1 Evangeline Parish 5 Slidell 4 Farmerville 1 Sorrento

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

5 Folsom 3 St Francisville 12 Franklin 2 St James Parish 1 Gonzales 1 St Martin 1 Gramercy 1 St Martinville 1 Greenwood 1 St. Bernard 6 Grentoint 1 St. James Louisiana 1 Hammond 1 St. Landry Parish 7 Haynesville 1 St. Martin Parish 2 Houma 1 St. Tammany Parish 1 Iberville Parish 1 Sulpher 1 Independence 4 Tangipahoa 1 Jefferson 1 Tenasas Parish 1 Jena 1 Terrebonne 1 Kentwood 1 Thibodaux 1 Labadieville 1 Tullos 27 Lafayette 2 Vacherie 1 Lafourche 2 Vidalia 10 Lake Charles 1 Villeplatte 1 Larose 5 Walker 1 Lecompte 1 Washington 2 Leesville 1 Washington Parish 1 Leplace 4 West Monroe 1 Livingston Parish 1 Winnsboro 2 Madisonville Kentucky (N = 2) 1 Lexington 1 Louisville Mississippi (N = 244) 1 Ailn 1 Memphis 1 Biloxi 5 Meridan 3 Brandon 1 Mize 1 Bryan 1 Montgomery 10 Brookhaven 2 Monticello 1 Canton 1 Jackson 1 Centerville 6 Natchez 1 Chanten 1 Oakvale 1 Cicayune 1 Olive Branch 1 Coffeeville 2 Osaka 1 Collins 4 Oxford 1 Coventry 1 Pacific County 3 Carriere 2 Pearl River County 1 Europa 1 Perkinson 1 Fayette 1 Perriver County 1 For Gibson 1 Port Gibson 1 Gillsburg 1 Prentiss 1 Gloster 5 Picayune 1 Greenville 1 Pokeville 1 Greenwood 6 Poplaville 1 Grenada 1 Raleigh 1 Guildsburg 2 Roxie 1 Greenville 1 Sandcleave

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

3 Gulfport 1 Senatobia 1 Hillsdale 1 Smithdale 16 Hattiesburg 1 Sibley 44 Jackson 1 Sillville 1 Kokomo 5 Starksville 2 Laurel 1 Summitt 2 Liberty 1 Terry 1 Louise 3 Tupelo 1 Lucedale 7 Tylertown 2 Lumberton 1 Utica 2 Macon 2 Van Cleave 1 Madison 4 Vicksburg 1 Marks 1 Walthall 1 McCall Creek 1 Waynesboro 14 McComb 1 Wiggins 1 Meadville 1 Yazoo City Missouri (N = 17) 1 Bolingreen 1 Raymondville 2 Cape Girardeau 1 St. Charles 1 Coleman 6 St. Louis 1 Columbia 2 Springfield 1 Hermitage 1 Kansas City North Carolina (N = 14) 6 Charlotte 1 Lile 3 Ashville 1 Jacksonville 1 Fayetteville 1 Waynesville 1 Garner Oklahoma (N = 14) 1 Guthrie 1 Shawnee 1 Lawton 1 Stillwater 6 Oklahoma City 3 Tulsa 1 Weatherford South Carolina (N = 5) 1 Charleston 1 North Augusta 1 Easley 1 Seneca 1 Louisville Tennessee (N = 122) 1 Athens 2 Lexington 1 Cherokee 1 Little Rock CIty 2 Clarksville 1 Lynchberg 1 Covington 1 Manchester 1 Crossville 1 Midway 3 Chattanooga 1 MacKenzie 1 Dickson 44 Memphis 1 German Town 25 Nashville 9 Gatlinburg 3 Pigeon Forge 1 Hendersonville 1 Severe County 2 Jackson 1 Selmer 5 Knoxville 1 Shelby County

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

1 Lakeland 1 Severville 1 Larseville 1 Tunica Texas (N = 437) 2 Allen 1 Lake Jackson 1 Alvin 1 Magnolia 1 Angleton 1 Mesquite 5 Arlington 1 McAllen 15 Austin 1 Marshall 1 Bay City 1 McKinney 1 Baytown 1 Midland 8 Beaumont 1 Nachidoches 1 Bellaire 1 New Rose 1 Bellvine 1 Orange Quad 1 Broadus 2 Paris 1 Canton 2 Pearland 3 College Station/Bryan 3 Plano 1 Conroy 3 Port Arthur 2 Crockett 1 Prairieville 3 Cypress 1 Pariland 89 Dallas 1 Quitman 1 De Soto 1 Richardson 1 Deer Park 1 Richmond 1 Denton 1 Rockwall 2 El Paso 1 Rockport 1 Eulss 1 Rowlett 6 Fort Worth 1 San Angelo 1 Fredericksburg 9 San Antonio 2 Galveston 3 Spring 2 Georgetown 1 Sherman 1 Harris 1 Texas City 2 Hemp Hill 2 Tomball 1 High Island 2 Temple 174 Houston 2 Tyler 1 Hurstview 1 Vid Spring 5 Humble 1 Victoria 1 Corpus Christi 1 Waccahachi 1 Killeen 2 Waco 1 Libbet 1 West Chase 1 Lipan 5 Longview Virginia (N = 6) 1 Falls Church 1 Richmond 1 Lexington 1 Springfield 1 Reedville Out of State - Other 79

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Q69: Highways, full data table. Table is all roads mentioned by the 2,548 persons who responded to this question. Respondents could list more than one road. One person listed six roads, six more listed five roads, 27 people listed four roads, 155 people listed three roads, and 608 people listed two roads. Thus the total N of the table is larger than the sample size. Roads shaded have the highest number of respondents, with at least 3% of those who responded to this question.

Table E.7: Number of respondents listing each road for evacuation travel (Q69).

ROAD N ROAD N ROAD N ROAD N 1. Hwy 1 89 28. Hwy 44 6 55. Hwy 310 15 87. Hwy 60 5 2. Hwy 2 4 29. Hwy 45 8 56. Hwy 311 9 88. Hwy 931 1 3. Hwy 9 2 30. I-49 113 57. Hwy 315 1 89. Hwy 99 1 4. I-10 1,193 31. Hwy 51 28 58. Hwy 360 1 90. Hwy 46 1 5. Hwy 11 3 32. I-55 443 59. Hwy 434 1 91. Hwy 3132 1 6. I-12 301 33. Hwy 56 9 60. Hwy 437 1 92. Hwy 441 1 7. Hwy 14 1 34. I-59 159 61. Hwy 442 1 93. Hwy 433 1 8. Hwy 15 1 35. I-61 131 62. Hwy 447 5 94. Hwy 85 1 9. Hwy 16 80 36. Hwy 65 12 63. Hwy 510 1 95. Hwy 255 1 10. Hwy 18 9 37. Hwy 68 64. Hwy 610 8 96. Hwy 82 1 11. Hwy 19 38. Hwy 69 4 65. Hwy 628 1 97. Hwy 47 1 12. I-20 46 39. Hwy 70 1 66. Hwy 644 1 98. Hwy 38 1 13. Hwy 21 4 40. Hwy 73 3 67. I-1012 1 99. Hwy 34 2 14. Hwy 22 22 41. Hwy 74 3 68. Hwy 1077 1 100. Hwy 57 1 15. Hwy 23 35 42. I-75 2 69. Hwy 1085 1 101. Hwy 80 1 16. Hwy 24 3 43. Hwy 84 1 70. Hwy 3125 5 102. Hwy 549 1 17. Hwy 25 10 44. I-90 299 71. Hwy 3127 14 103. Hwy 82 1 18. Hwy 27 4 45. Hwy 91 2 72. Hwy 3128 1 19. Hwy 30 4 46. Hwy 92 1 73. Hwy 3235 1 888. Don’t know 163 20. Hwy 31 5 47. Hwy 95 1 74. Causeway 14 83. None 1 21. Hwy 35 2 48. Hwy 98 3 78. Jefferson Hwy 1 Indecipherable: 22. Hwy 36 1 49. Hwy 110 1 79. Nicholson 1 82. Other 37 23. Hwy 39 5 50. Hwy 160 4 80. St Bernard 4 76. Highway 6 24. Hwy 40 2 51. Hwy 182 7 81. River Road 1 77. Interstate 38 25. Hwy 41 5 52. Hwy 190 29 84. Hwy 300 1 75. Back Roads 35 26. Hwy 42 5 53. Hwy 225 7 85. Hwy 1081 1 27. Hwy 43 3 54. Hwy 308 5 86. Hwy 5098 1

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Behavioral Analysis for Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Events FINAL REPORT – May 2017

Q90: websites used for storm information. The first response that participants provided was categorized. 1,867 respondents provided at least one website.

Table E.8: Websites used for storm information (Q90)

Number of respondents Website 37 Cell phone app 34 Social media (Facebook, Twitter) 1 FEMA 154 Search engine 49 News (unspecified) 42 NOAA 532 The Weather Channel 50 Weather Underground 9 Weather Bug 13 Accuweather 38 City or Parish website 1 DHS 3 Government (unspecified) 9 Intellicast 710 Local news (TV or radio) 17 National news 44 National Hurricane Center 10 Louisiana State website 48 Weather.gov 29 Other

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