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Anuario CEIPAZ 2020-2021 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 1 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 2 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 3 Manuela Mesa (coord.) El mundo después de la pandemia: enfrentar la desigualdad y proteger el planeta Anuario 2020-2021 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 4 El papel de este libro es 100% reciclado, es decir, procede de la recuperación y el reciclaje del papel ya utilizado. La fabricación y utilización de papel reciclado supone el ahorro de energía, agua y madera, y una menor emisión de sustancias contaminantes a los ríos y la atmósfera. De manera especial, la utilización de papel reciclado evita la tala de árboles para producir papel. El mundo después de la pandemia: enfrentar la desigualdad y proteger el planeta Anuario CEIPAZ 2020-2021 Fernando Mayor Zaragoza, Fernando Lamata, José María Vera, José Antonio Sanahuja, Cristina Monge, Manuela Mesa, Ana González-Páramo, Miren Gutiérrez, Caterina García, Josep Ibáñez, Rosa Meneses, Xulio Ríos, Francisco Rojas Aravena, Isaías Barreñada © Fernando Mayor Zaragoza, Fernando Lamata, José María Vera, José Antonio Sanahuja, Cristina Monge, Manuela Mesa, Ana González-Páramo, Miren Gutiérrez, Caterina García, Josep Ibáñez, Rosa Meneses, Xulio Ríos, Francisco Rojas Aravena, Isaías Barreñada De esta edición: © CEIPAZ Fundación Cultura de Paz Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco Pabellón C Calle Einstein, 13. Primero 28049 Madrid Tel. 91497.37.01 info@ceipaz.org www.ceipaz.org Edición de textos: Héctor Sanahuja Mesa Diseño: Alce Comunicación Impresión: Perfil Gráfico 14ª edición: mayo 2021 ISSN: 2174-3665 Depósito legal: M-16885-12 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 5 CEIPAZ, (Centro de Educación e Investigación para la Paz) de la Fundación Cultura de Paz estudia y divulga desde una perspec- tiva multidisciplinar la relación entre conflictos, desarrollo y educación. Analiza las principales tendencias en el sistema inter- nacional, las raíces de los conflictos armados y las principales propuestas para su resolución pacífica. Promueve la educación para la paz, el desarrollo y la interculturalidad como una herra- mienta de transformación basada en la solidaridad y la justicia social. Para más información: www.ceipaz.org La Fundación Cultura de Paz fue creada por Federico Mayor Zaragoza en el año 2000 con el objetivo de promover la cultura de paz. Su actividad se basa principalmente en la vinculación y movilización de redes de instituciones, organizaciones e indivi- duos que se destaquen por su compromiso con los valores de la cultura de paz. Las acciones concretas de la Fundación se cen- tran principalmente en los ámbitos divulgativos y educativos. Mas información en: www.fund-culturadepaz.org ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 6 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 7 Sumario Introducción Manuela Mesa ........................................................................................... 9 Tendencias internacionales Imposibles hoy, posibles mañana. Acciones inaplazables para un adecuado legado intergeneracional Federico Mayor Zaragoza.............................................................. 13 Las patentes y el acceso a las vacunas: un desequilibrio que mata Fernando Lamata Cotanda .......................................................... 29 Bienes públicos globales en un mundo pospandemia José María Vera ............................................................................ 51 Pacto Verde Europeo: el giro ambiental de un actor global José Antonio Sanahuja .................................................................. 69 Nuevos actores y roles en la reconstrucción del pacto social Cristina Monge ............................................................................. 97 Política exterior feminista: la apuesta de los gobiernos por la igualdad Manuela Mesa ............................................................................. 113 Las personas migrantes ante la COVID: derechos humanos, regularizaciones y acceso a las vacunas Ana González-Páramo ................................................................ 143 Sectarización en las plataformas: La influencia digital de la ultraderecha durante la pandemia Miren Gutiérrez .......................................................................... 159 Perspectivas regionales Nuevo internacionalismo en la política exterior estadounidense de la Administración Biden. Balance de 100 días de gobierno Caterina García y Josep Ibáñez .................................................. 177 La Administración Biden ante el legado de Trump en Oriente Medio Rosa Meneses ............................................................................. 195 China y la globalización: ¿un paso adelante, dos pasos atrás? Xulio Ríos .................................................................................... 213 America Latina en el centro de la pandemia: incremento de la desigualdad y mayor déficit democrático Francisco Rojas Aravena ............................................................ 231 Sahara Occidental. Es hora de una nueva implicación internacional, pero radicalmente diferente Isaías Barreñada ......................................................................... 249 Relación de autores y autoras .............................................................. 263 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 8 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 9 Introducción Manuela Mesa Directora de CEIPAZ y Codirectora del Instituto DEMOSPAZ-UAM La pandemia ha provocado cambios importantes en todos los ámbitos de la vida y en la política nacional e internacional. Ha acelerado algunas tendencias que ya existían, como el incremento de la desigualdad, la urgencia de actuar ante el calentamiento global, el impacto tecnológico en el mundo del trabajo, entre otras. En esta situación ha adquirido relevancia la importancia de unos servicios públicos fuertes capaces de dar una respuesta adecuada a las situaciones de emergencia. También ha quedado en evidencia, la necesidad de que los “cuidados” y los servicios esenciales ocupen un lugar central en la política, para garantizar la protección de la vida, y en especial de las personas más vulnerables de la sociedad. En estos meses han emergido con fuerza debates nuevos, que cuestionan las doctrinas económicas ortodoxas basadas en el crecimiento ilimitado, el uso de las patentes ante una pandemia global y se han planteado que acciones se deberían impulsar para garantizar la provisión de los bienes públicos globales. 9 Anuario CEIPAZ 2020-2021 ANUARIO 2020.qxp 31/5/21 12:47 Página 10 Este número del Anuario hace un recorrido por las diversas propuestas e iniciativas para el mundo después de la pandemia. Federico Mayor Zaragoza, presidente de la Fundación Cultura de Paz, aborda las accio- nes inaplazables para un adecuado legado intergeneracional y plantea la urgencia de redefinir el concepto de seguridad centrado en las nece- sidades de las personas. No estaremos seguros hasta que todas las personas estén vacunadas, independientemente del lugar donde vivan. Por esto, una de las cuestiones claves en el momento actual, es el acceso a las vacunas. Fernando Lamata, médico y experto en salud pública, nos explica como el mantenimiento de los patentes ante una situación de emergencia sanitaria está costando muchas vidas y está prolongando el impacto de la pandemia en el tiempo. Los mecanismos creados en el ámbito multilateral para gestionar la distribución de las vacunas resultan insuficientes. Si consideramos el acceso a las vacu- nas como un bien público global, su provisión debe ser garantizada. Jose María Vera, ex director de Oxfam internacional, aborda en su artí- culo para el anuario, los bienes públicos globales y señala la existencia del “virus de la desigualdad” que se ha acentuado de manera alarman- te con la pandemia; también aborda la aceleración de la crisis climáti- ca. La génesis y respuesta a la pandemia exige renovar el concepto de los bienes públicos globales y reforzar su regulación. Todo esto requiere de la reconstrucción de un pacto social, con nue- Se requiere la vos actores y roles. Así lo explica, la profesora de Sociología de la Universidad de Zaragoza y analista, Cristina Monge. Ella plantea como reconstrucción de el nuevo contrato social debe sustentarse en el conocimiento, en un un pacto social nuevo paradigma económico, en un mayor protagonismo del Estado, con nuevos en la redefinición del sector privado y del tercer sector, como espacios actores y roles privilegiados para la innovación y la creación de alianzas. El Pacto Verde Europeo es otra de las iniciativas que serán claves para el mundo pospandemia. El catedrático de Relaciones Internacionales, José Antonio Sanahuja explica los elementos fundamentales del pac- to verde europeo y señala como este pacto supone una amplia trans- formación económica y social de la Unión Europea y es una estrategia integral a largo plazo para asegurar la neutralidad climática en 2050. Esta pacto redefine el lugar de Europa en el mundo y en el sistema multilateral. La política exterior feminista es otra de las propuestas que han ido emergiendo en estos años, como resultado de un movimiento feminista internacional cada vez más fuerte y del compromiso de algunos gobier- nos por incorporar la perspectiva de género y la igualdad a la política exterior. Manuela Mesa, directora de CEIPAZ y codirectora del Instituto universitario DEMOSPAZ-UAM analiza la política exterior feminista, los rasgos que la definen, los principales retos que enfrentan y su aplica- ción en algunos países como Suecia, Canadá, México y España. 10 ANUARIO
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