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Zimowanie Ptaków Wodnych Na Śląsku W Latach 2011–2016 Wintering of Waterbirds in Silesia in 2011–2016

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Zimowanie Ptaków Wodnych Na Śląsku W Latach 2011–2016 Wintering of Waterbirds in Silesia in 2011–2016 Ptaki Śląska (2016) 23: 79–109 received: 26.11.2016 ISSN: 0860-3022 eISSN: 2451-3415 accepted: 27.12.2016 Zimowanie ptaków wodnych na Śląsku w latach 2011–2016 Wintering of waterbirds in Silesia in 2011–2016 Słowa kluczowe: ptaki zimujące, ptaki wodne, Śląsk Key words: wintering birds, waterbirds, Silesia Paweł Grochowski ul. Potokowa 33c/17, 54-105 Wrocław e-mail: [email protected] Szymon Beuch Dział Przyrody, Muzeum Górnośląskie pl. Jana III Sobieskiego 2, 41-902 Bytom e-mail: [email protected] Paweł Czechowski Instytut Administracji i Turystyki PWSZ w Sulechowie ul. Armii Krajowej 51, 66-200 Sulechów e-mail: [email protected] Jacek Betleja Dział Przyrody, Muzeum Górnośląskie pl. Jana III Sobieskiego 2, 41-902 Bytom e-mail: [email protected] Bartosz Smyk ul. Jesienna 17, 53-017 Wrocław e-mail: [email protected] Abstrakt Abstract W latach 2011–2016 prowadzono liczenia pta- In 2011-2016 wildfowl counts were carried out ków zimujących na Śląsku na łącznym obszarze in Silesia, covering 20,000 ha of standing waters ponad 20 tys. ha wód stojących i ok. 700 km dłu- and ca. 700 km of rivers. A total of 63 bird spe- gości rzek. W ramach akcji stwierdzono zimowa- cies were recorded. As in previous years, Mal- nie łącznie 67 gatunków ptaków. Podobnie jak lards Anas platyrhynchos, Tufted Ducks Aythya w latach 80. i 90. dominowały krzyżówka Anas fuligula, Common Mergansers Mergus merganser, platyrhynchos, czernica Aythya fuligula, nuro- Common Goldeneyes Bucephala clangula, Mute gęś Mergus merganser, gągoł Bucephala clangu- Swans Cygnus olor and Coots Fulica atra were the la, łabędź niemy Cygnus olor i łyska Fulica atra. dominants. Among the dominating species were Wśród dominantów znalazły się też gatunki, also Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo (more than które wcześniej zimowały na Śląsku nielicznie, tj. 6000 annually) as well as Been Anser fabalis and Zimowanie ptaków na Śląsku Wintering of birds in Silesia 79 kormoran Phalacrocorax carbo (obecnie ponad 6 Greater White-fronted Geese A. albifrons (over tys. os. rocznie), gęsi zbożowe Anser fabalis i bia- 90,000), which were uncommon in previous years. łoczelne A. albifrons (do ponad 90 tys.). Stwier- Other species, whose numbers have increased in dzono znacznie liczniejsze i bardziej regularne recent years compared to the end of the 20th cen- niż pod koniec XX wieku zimowanie gęgawy A. tury, are the Greylag Goose A. anser, Great White anser, czapli białej Ardea alba, łabędzia krzykli- Egret Ardea alba, Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus wego Cygnus cygnus i żurawia Grus grus (wszyst- and Common Crane Grus grus (all represented by kie do 1–1,5 tys. os.). Dużo liczniej zimuje też 1000–1500 individuals). Total counts of Caspian mewa białogłowa Larus cachinnans, choć trudno Gulls Larus cachinnans are also higher, but prob- ocenić skalę tego zjawiska wobec wcześniejszych lems with identification of “big gulls” prevent pre- problemów z identyfikacją „dużych mew”. Spa- cise estimates. A clear declining trends have been dek liczebności populacji zimującej wykazano w recorded for the Smew Mergellus albellus and przypadku bielaczka Mergellus albellus i głowien- Common Pochard Aythya ferina, while the Black- ki Aythya ferina oraz niegdyś rzadkich, a obecnie necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis and Common praktycznie niezimujących edredona Somateria Eider Somateria mollissima were not observed at mollissima i zausznika Podiceps nigricollis. all, in contrast to previous years. Wstęp Zimowe liczenia ptaków wodnych pro- wym ich opracowaniem wzbogaconym wadzone są na Śląsku od roku 1983. Wy- dodatkowo o sezon zimowy 2016. niki z lat 1983–1999 były publikowane na bieżąco w archiwalnych numerach „Pta- Teren badań ków Śląska” w formie kilkuletnich podsu- Zasięg prowadzonych obserwacji mowań (Czapulak 1986, Czapulak i Sta- obejmuje granice Śląskiego Regionu Or- warczyk 1988, Czapulak 1991, Czapulak nitologicznego (ŚRO) (Wuczyński i Ko- i Betleja 1998, 2001). W latach 2000–2010 łodziejczyk 2013). Szczegółowa lokaliza- liczenia zimowe były prowadzone mniej cja kontrolowanych obiektów dostępna intensywnie i nierównomiernie w całym jest na stronie http://monitoringptakow. regionie, dlatego nie zdecydowano się gios.gov.pl oraz na mapach prezentowa- na ich publikację. Dopiero rozpoczęty w nych w corocznych zestawieniach (Gro- roku 2011 Monitoring Zimujących Pta- chowski i Beuch 2012, 2013, 2014, Gro- ków Wodnych (MZPW), realizowany w chowski i in. 2015). W kolejnych latach całym kraju w ramach Państwowego Mo- sukcesywnie rosła liczba obiektów kon- nitoringu Środowiska, przywrócił regu- trolowanych poza MZPW w związku larne liczenia awifauny zimującej na Ślą- ze wzrostem liczby uczestników akcji. sku. Dane z lat 2011–2015 zestawiano na Dotyczy to szczególnie rzek oraz liczby łamach „Ptaków Śląska” w formie skróco- obiektów innych niż zbiorniki zapo- nych rocznych sprawozdań (Grochowski i rowe i stawy. Liczba obu ostatnich ro- Beuch 2012, 2013, 2014, Grochowski i in. dzajów obiektów pozostała niezmienna 2015), a niniejszy artykuł jest szczegóło- we wszystkich latach liczeń (tab. 1). Ptaki Śląska 23 | P. Grochowski, S. Beuch, P. Czechowski, J. Betleja, B. Smyk 80 Tabela 1. Liczba obiektów i długość rzek skontrolowanych w ramach zimowych liczeń Table 1. Number of sites and the length of river sections monitored during winter wildfowl counts Obiekty Sites 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Duże i średnie zbiorniki zaporowe 19 19 19 19 19 19 Large and medium size dam reservoirs Duże kompleksy stawów 12 12 12 12 12 12 Large fish ponds complexes Obiekty inne 22 35 55 127 135 121 Other sites Odra (km) 241 321 379 403 437 420 Oder river Rzeki inne (km) 222 217 239 236 277 299 Other rivers Materiał i metody skontrolowanych miejsc to obszary wy- Większość przedstawionych danych znaczone do corocznej kontroli w ra- została zebrana w terminach liczeń usta- mach MZPW (Chodkiewicz i in. 2012). lonych w ramach MZPW: 14–17.01.2011, Wyniki z poszczególnych obiektów do- 13–16.01.2012,11–14.01.2013,10– stępne są na stronie http://monitoringp- 13.01.2014, 16–19.01.2015, 15–18.01.2016. takow.gios.gov.pl. W przypadku gatunków rzadkich i nie- W niniejszej pracy zestawiono rów- licznych, a także większych koncentra- nież wyniki uzyskane ze styczniowych cji gatunków pospolitych, wykorzystano liczeń gęsi w ramach prowadzonego dane spoza tych terminów oraz z obiek- równolegle Monitoringu Noclegowisk tów nieobjętych monitoringiem. Podsta- Gęsi. W jego przypadku monitorowano wowym źródłem były wówczas obserwa- ważne miejsca zimowych koncentracji cje zgromadzone w Kartotece Awifauny tych ptaków w kraju, prowadząc jedną Śląska (KAŚ). kontrolę w miesiącu na wylocie gęsi z Metodyka prac polegała na jedno- noclegowiska (Ławicki i in. 2012). Gęś razowej kontroli zbiorników wodnych zbożową Anser fabalis i białoczelną (obiektów) i odcinków rzek. Większość A. albifrons potraktowano łącznie ze Zimowanie ptaków na Śląsku Wintering of birds in Silesia 81 względu na regularne wspólne wystę- i 2014/2015, kiedy to średnia tempera- powanie w stadach mieszanych i częsty tura miesięczna w styczniu przekraczała brak możliwości rozróżnienia ich w wa- 0° C (www.imgw/klimat). Zlodzenie wy- runkach terenowych podczas liczenia na stąpiło w styczniu 2011, 2013 oraz 2016 wylocie z noclegowiska. i dotknęło głównie zbiorników wod- Wszystkie zimy w omawianym okre- nych, nie powodując znacznego zlodze- sie można określić jako łagodne (tab. 2). nia Odry. Szczególnie ciepłe były sezony 2013/2014 Tabela 2. Średnie miesięczne temperatury dla obszarów nizinnych Śląska (www.imgw/klimat) Table 2. Mean monthly temperatures in Silesian lowlands Miesiąc Month 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 grudzień December -6 do -3° C 2 do 5° C -2 do 1° C 2 do 4° C 2 do 3° C 4 do 6° C styczeń January -1 do 1° C -1 do 2° C -2 do 0° C 0 do 2° C 2 do 3° C -1 do 0° C Wyniki W styczniu w latach 2011–2016, w Poniżej omówiono status występowa- ramach skoordynowanych akcji liczeń, nia wszystkich zanotowanych w styczniu wykazano zimowanie łącznie 67 gatun- taksonów. W przypadku porównania ków ptaków wodnych. W poszczegól- wyników obecnych do tych z lat 1983– nych latach liczba ta wahała się od 44 1999 odwoływano się do wcześniejszych do 58 gatunków. W całym okresie do- raportów z tego okresu (Czapulak 1986, minującymi gatunkami były krzyżówka Czapulak i Stawarczyk 1988, Czapulak Anas platyrhynchos – 51% oraz gęś zbo- 1991, Czapulak i Betleja 1998, 2001). żowa i białoczelna – 30%. Udział kolej- W tabeli 3 przedstawiono liczebność nych dominantów był mniej znaczący: ptaków policzonych w ramach akcji zi- śmieszka Chroicocephalus ridibundus mowych liczeń. Wartości te zostały nie- – 2,3%, kormoran Phalacrocorax carbo znacznie skorygowane w stosunku do – 2,3%, mewa siwa Larus canus – 2,3%, skróconych rocznych sprawozdań (Gro- mewa białogłowa L. cachinnans – 2,2%, chowski i Beuch 2012, 2013, 2014, Gro- łyska Fulica atra – 2,1%, łabędź niemy chowski i in. 2015). Cygnus olor – 1,2% i nurogęś Mergus merganser – 1,1%. Ptaki Śląska 23 | P. Grochowski, S. Beuch, P. Czechowski, J. Betleja, B. Smyk 82 Przegląd gatunków Łabędź niemy Cygnus olor. W poszczególnych latach stwierdzano łącznie od 1392 do 4127 os. (tab. 3). Najwyższa wartość wykazana w 2016 roku jest też największą w historii liczeń. Głów- nym miejscem zimowania łabędzia niemego były różnego typu zbiorniki wodne (stawy, żwi- rownie), często też miasta, gdzie był dokarmiany. Poza miastami ptaki te żerują zbiorowo na pobliskich polach uprawnych. Obecnie koncentracje zimujące na Odrze zlokalizowane są głównie w rejonie Kątów Opolskich i na odcinku pomiędzy Ścinawą a Głogowem (od 100 do 200 os.). Największe stada w styczniu liczyły ok. 340 os. w dniu 27.01.2016 w rejonie Źlinic (M. i M. Pastrykiewicz) i 315 os. w dniu 31.01.2016 koło Roszkowa (Z. Wnuk). Na obszarach miejskich większe koncentracje notowano we Wrocławiu (do 150 os. w całym mieście) i Kato- wicach Szopienicach (ok. 100 os.) (E. Paprzycka). Są to wyraźnie niższe wartości w stosunku do lat 80., kiedy to we Wrocławiu, Kędzierzynie i Opolu notowano koncentracje do 400 os.
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