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The Great Game Inkipling's Works THE GREAT GAME INKIPLING’S WORKS By ABDUL HAMID KHAN AREA STUDY CENTER (RUSSIA, CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA) UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN AUGUST 2014 THE GREAT GAME IN KIPLING’S WORKS AUGUST 2014 THE GREAT GAME IN KIPLING’S WORKS By ABDUL HAMID KHAN A dissertation submitted to the University of Peshawar, Pakistan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AUGUST 2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the outcome of my individual research and that it has not been submitted to any other University for the grant of a degree. August, 2014 Abdul Hamid Khan AREA STUDY CENTRE (RUSSIA, CHINA & CENTRAL ASSIA) UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR Peshawar ____________ 2014 Final Approval This is to certify that we have read the dissertation submitted by Mr. Abdul Hamid Khan and it is our judgement that this is of sufficient standard to warrant its acceptance by the University of Peshawar, for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Supervisor _________________________________ Examiner ___________________________________ Director, Area Study Centre ___________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page # Dedication i Abstract ii Acknowledgments v Introduction 1 CHAPTER-1 KIM’S GAME 15 1.1 Kipling, Kim and the Great Game 16 1.1.1 Play of the Jewels 17 1.1.2 Kipling’s Scouts 22 1.1.3 Kim – A Fascinating Novel 25 1.1.4 Romancing the Great Game 33 1.1.5 Kipling’s Great Game Idea 43 1.2 The Colonial Chess Board 45 1.2.1 The Genesis of the Great Game 45 1.2.2 Russia’s Bolshaya Igra 53 1.2.3 Afghanistan – The Perfect Pawn 54 1.2.4 Kipling’s Afghanistan 59 1.2.5 Tibet, Kasgharia and the Gilgit Game 60 1.3 Frontier and the Great Game 62 1.3.1 Kipling and the Frontier 63 1.3.2 The razor’s edge- Curzon on Frontier 63 1.3.3 Boundaries, Agreements and Conventions 64 1.3.4 The Durand Line 64 1.3.5 The Frontier Policies 65 1.4 Railways in the Great Game 67 1.4.1 The White Man’s Game 67 1.4.2 Curzon and Railways 68 1.4.3 Lenin on Railways 69 1.4.4 The Trans-Caspian Railways 70 1.4.5 The Frontier Railways 72 1.5 The New Great Game 72 1.5.1 Origin of the Term 72 1.5.2 Kipling Revisited 73 1.5.3 The Great Energy Game 74 1.5.4 Afghanistan in the New Great Game 76 1.5.5 The Stakeholders 76 CHAPTER-2 ‘OH, EAST IS EAST’ 79 2.1 East is East 80 2.1.1 Kipling’s Orient 80 2.1.2 The Ballad of East and West - An Appreciation 81 2.1.3 Orientalism 83 2.1.4 Edward Said’s Orientalism (1987) 83 2.1.5 Kim and the Orient 87 2.2 The White Man’s Burden 88 2.2.1 Eurocentricism 88 2.2.2 Kipling’s Europe 89 2.2.3 The White Man’s Burden 89 2.2.4 The Recessional - A Comment 90 2.2.5 Blaut’s View 90 2.3 The Civilizing Mission 91 2.3.1 Western Civilization 91 2.3.2 Eastern Civilization 92 2.3.3 The Clash of Cultures 93 2.3.4 Kipling’s Civilizing Mission 95 2.3.5 Cultural Hegemony 96 2.4 Kipling’s ‘Other’ 96 2.4.1 Kipling’s Notion on Race 96 2.4.2 Fanon on Racism 99 2.4.3 Blaut’s on Racism 99 2.4.4 Indians as the ‘Other’ 100 2.4.5 Kipling as a Russophobe 102 2.5 Never The Twain Shall Meet 103 2.5.1 Diffusionism - An Overview. 104 2.5.2 Kipling’s Perspective 104 2.5.3 The Weberian Construct 105 2.5.4 Blaut on Eurocentric Diffusionism 106 2.5.5 Zohreh T. Sullivan’s Analysis 107 CHAPTER-3 KIPLING’S ‘SEA OF DREAMS’ 110 3.1 Kipling – A Great Genius 112 3.1.1 Biographic Note 112 3.1.2 Novels 115 3.1.3 Short Stories 116 3.1.4 Poetry 117 3.1.5 Non-fiction 118 3.2 Kipling – Imperialist Par Excellence 119 3.2.1 Kipling’s Vision of the British Empire 119 3.2.2 Kipling’s Indian Empire 120 3.2.3 Kipling’s England 122 3.2.4 Kipling and South Africa 122 3.2.5 Kipling’s America 123 3.3 Kipling- The Other Side 129 3.3.1 Kipling - The Man 130 3.3.2 The Literary Wizard 132 3.3.3 Kipling and the Science Fiction 135 3.3.4 Kipling – The Traveler 135 3.3.5 Kipling and Occultism 137 3.4 Kipling’s Utopia 138 3.4.1 Kipling’s Law 138 3.4.2 Kipling – The Freemason 140 3.4.3 Kipling and Christianity 141 3.4.4 Kipling’s View on Democracy 142 3.4.5 Kipling and History 143 3.5 Kipling and Children 143 3.5.1 Kipling’s Children Literature 144 3.5.2 The Jungle Books 144 3.5.3 Puck of Pook’s Hill 146 3.5.4 Just So Stories 146 3.5.5 Colonialism in Children Literature 147 CHAPTER- 4 POLITICS OF LITERATURE 149 4.1 Literature of Empire 151 4.1.1 English Literature and the Empire 152 4.1.2 Rudyard Kipling 154 4.1.3 George Orwell on Kipling 155 4.1.4 Rider Haggard and Robert Stevenson 156 4.1.5 Joseph Conrad and Kipling 157 4.2 Diction of Empire 158 4.2.1 Kipling’s Political Verse 159 4.2.2 The Barrack-Room Ballads 163 4.2.3 Jingoism in Kipling 164 4.2.4 Of Kings and Queens 166 4.2.5 A good bad poet 167 4.3 Imperialism 168 4.3.1 Imperialism-colonialism – An Overview 169 4.3.2 John Hobson 170 4.3.3 Joseph Schumpeter 170 4.3.4 Lenin on Imperialism 171 4.3.5 Kipling and His Age 171 4.4. Empire and Myth-Making 172 4.4.1 Exoticism and Empire 172 4.4.2 Protector of the Poor 174 4.4.3 Social Darwinism and Empire 174 4.4.4 A flock of sheep 175 4.4.5 The Man Who Would Be King 176 4.5 Kipling’s India 178 4.5.1 Kipling Poems of India 178 4.5.2 India in Kim 179 4.5.3 The War of Independence (1857) and Kipling 180 4.5.4 An Impossible Country 180 4.5.5 Kipling-The Sahib 181 CHAPTER-5 LIGHT – TWILIGHT 185 5.1 The Light 187 5.1.1 The Kipling Construct 189 5.1.2 Gods of Copy Book Headings 192 5.1.3 Kim’s Balancing Act 193 5.1.4 The Head of the District 196 5.1.5 The Kipling’s Walls 197 5.2 Ambivalence in Kipling 200 5.2.1 Plain Tales from the Hills 202 5.2.2 A Sahib’s War 205 5.2.3 The Subaltern Metaphor 206 5.2.4 The Beggar Motif 207 5.2.5 Gunga Din 208 5.3 The Two-Sided Man 209 5.3.1 The Mowgli Saga 211 5.3.2 Kim’s Quest – Edward Said’s views 213 5.3.3 Kipling’s Identity Question 216 5.3.4 The River and the Red Bull 218 5.3.5 Hybridity in Kim 219 5.4 The Labyrinth 220 5.4.1 The Mark of the Beast 221 5.4.2 The World of Loaferdom 222 5.4.3 Nostalgia and Empire 223 5.4.4 The Colonial Trauma 224 5.4.5 Personal Tragedies 228 5.5 The Twilight 230 5.5.1 To The Bitter End 231 5.5.2 The dried withered head of Daniel Dravot 233 5.5.3 The Light That Failed 234 5.5.4 Something of Myself 235 5.5.5 Poet’s Corner 236 Conclusion 240 Bibliography 247 DEDICATION To my family, whose faith in me, made it possible i ABSTRACT This dissertation, The Great Game in Kipling’s Works, argues that Rudyard Kipling thematically treats the Great Game in his masterpiece novel Kim (1901), in an attempt to romanticize British Imperial adventure in Central Asia. This term symbolizes Kipling’s philosophy, reinforced by a Eurocentric perspective of other races and cultures. The framework of this research situates Kipling’s political narrative and diction in his major works that loudly speak of an Imperial world-view. The Great Game of the 19th Century, which the Russians call Tournament of Shadows or Bolshya Igra, is about the diplomatic and intelligence warfare between England and Russia, for supremacy in Central Asia. During the period, daring men, spies and intelligence gatherers, crossed borders, at the risk of their own lives to help win the Game for their respective Empires. The tussle continued for almost a century, culminating in the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention, as a result of which Afghanistan emerged as a buffer state between the two contending nations. Arthur Connolly (1907-1984) of the Bengal Light Cavalry is credited to have coined the term, Great Game, while Rudyard Kipling (1865-1937), the first Englishman and the youngest recipient of the Noble Prize for literature (1907), fictionalized it in his masterpiece novel, Kim. Though novelists, John Masters in The Lotus and the Wind and George Fraser in Flashman and the Great Game have also treated this theme, yet Kipling mainstreamed the power play.
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