JUNE,1903. MONTHLY WEATHEX REVIEW. 276
While some of these displacements must be attributed to resistance (which could be made Q) ) and M the ammeter sup- temperature changes and effects entirely within the instru- plied with the apparatus. R is a resistance box of considera- ment, yet slow tiltings of the ground also occur, due to a ble size, which was used, partly to cut down the current on variety of causes. The seismograph, as now installed, answers cloudy days, and partly to keep two Daniels’ cells (B) in con- every purpose for the registration of distinctively earthquake dition when the apparatus was not in use. T is a mercury movements, but the slow tiltings referred to can not be three-way key. studied satisfactorily in the present location of the apparatus *Earlyin December the behavior of the observing tube be- which for such purposes should be isolated as far as practicable. came very irregular, its resistance often becoming infinite for no apparent reason whatever. It was, therefore, returnect to OBSERVATIONS OF SOLAR RADIATION WITH THE Washington and its contacts thoroughly examined, and, al- AN(3STROM PYR-LIOMETER, AT PROVIDENCE, R. 1.l though no trouble could be found, the bad contact was in By Mr. HARVEYN. Davrs, dated Marrh 9.1903. some way improved, for it functioned properly during the rest of the year. During the fall of 1901 arrangements were macle by Prof- During the summer of 1902 the writer was obliged to give Cleveland Abbe, on behalf of the United States Weather up the work on account of his absence from the country, and Bureau, and Prof. Carl Barus, of Brown University, for mak- Mr. Robinson Pierce, jr., also of Brown University, very kindly ing a series of observations upon the amount of solar radiation undertook it. The apparatus was moved to a similar situation received from day to day at the surface of the earth. AJI at his home. a quarter of a mile away on the same ridge, the hgstrom electric compensation pyrheliometer, No. 28, and a altitude of the tube being 163 feet. Here observations were Weston milliamperemeter, No. 4315, were accordingly sent to macle during July, August, and a part of September. Others Providence, E. I., and the work placed in my hands. were made later in September at the first place. Besides As an observing station we finally decided upon a room in making these observations, Mr. Pierce has also carried through the third story of a house situated in one of the highest parts a considerable number of the calculations, whose results appear of the city. The galvanometer, resistances, and batteries were in the accompanying tables. permanently fastened to the wall just inside a southern wiiidow, The method of observing was as follows: The tube was first while the sloping roof outside offered a convenient and ex- set up and oriented, both strips being esposed to the sun, and posed support for the tripod and pyrheliometer. When in the standard time, the neutral reading of the galvanometer position the observing tube was about 18s feet above sea level. (the key being open) and the temperature inside the tube were As is already well known,’ the instrument consists essentially recorded. The “throw ” when the key was closed was also of two thin narrow strips of blackened platinum so mounted observed, and both strips were exposed until this was a mini- as to be exposable to the sun’s radiation. While one is thus ~nu~n,and usually very small. Two current determinations exposed the other is shielded and heated to the same tempera- mere then made, the first with the left-hand strip in the cir- ture by the passage of an electric current of known intensity cuit ani1 the second cL switch right; ” the tiibe’s orientation (usually .2 to .4 amperes), the ammeter and a variable resist- was corrected; two more cletermiiiations were made, the first ance being included in the circuit. The desired equality of ‘’ switch right ” and the second “ switch left,” ancl then the temperature is recognized by means of a secondary thermo- time, teniperature, and zero point were again observed and electric circuit, including a very sensitive galvanometer of the rec*orcled. The mean of four such current determinations was D’Arsonval type, and a constanten-copper thermal element, taken as the i of the set, corresponding to the mean tinie and whose junctions are very close to, but electrically insulated from, the mean temperature. The total time necessary to complete the centers of the two strips. At first the instrument was used a set was from four to eight minutes. The state of the sky with its electrical connections just as they were packed, but a was also recorded. considerable shifting of the zero point of the galvanometer The sources of error to which such work is subject are very soon appeared, and seemed to be due to a bet in the torsion many. In the fir& place, a brisk breeze, if it were from the suspension, caused by the estreiue deflections to which SO sen- right direction ancl a bit gusty, was sometimes enough to sitive an instrument is liable, before the current strength can cause a throw of 2 or 3 centimeters in a male distance of be ~roperlyregulated. On this account I was led to introduce some 50 centimeters, and the resulting error in the determi- a platinum key into the galvanometer circuit and to use a zero nation of radiation is 5 or 10 per cent. It is almost always method, adjusting the current in the main possible, however, to take readings between times when the wind circuit until no throw was observable when is gusty; when it is steady, the effect upon the mean 1 should the key was closed. This key was almost be zero, so that this trouble is not particularly formidable if immediately replaced by a mercury com- one does not care for accuracy within say 2 or 3 per cent. A mutator, symmetrical with respect to the further difficulty is caused, on all but the best days, by varia- galvanometer ancl iiyrheliometer tube, to tions in the amount of heat absorbed by mists or clouds in avoid any spurious thermal E. &I. F. in the the path of the Run’s rays. If the cloud layers are at all circuit. It was also found convenient to thick, the resulting fluctuations in the radiation received are modify the connections of the main circuit so considerable aid so rapid that anything but the roughest for various reasons, until it assumed a form kind of an approximation is at once impossible and meaning- schematically represented in fig. 1. P is Frit. 1. less. The presence of either of these difficulties is indicated the tube, C: the commutator, and (3 the galvanometer of the in the nccompanying tables by the words “ readings variable,” thermo-couple circuit. In the main circuit r is the variable and when a full set of four determinations could not be ob- tained the resulting radiation number is marked with ( ? ). 1 A similar report by Mr. H. H. Xiriball will follom.-ED. 2 See Prof. C. F. Marvin: ‘* The measurement of sunshine and the pre- INTERTICtATION OF INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS. liminary examination of Angqtriirn’s pyrheliometer, ‘’ MONTHLYWEATHER REVIEW, October, 1901. Besides these meteorological troubles there were also in- See also Knut .hg.strijm, Intensit6 de la Radiation Aolaire-Reclierches strumental ones to be reckoned with. The most obvious of faites A T6n6riffe, 1895 et 1836. Uysal, 1900. these was a scale error in the ammeter, the pointer of which See also K. Angstriim, Nova Acta Upsal, 1893: The Physical Review, quite evidently read some 0.008 amperes too low when the in- 1, p. 365, 1893: Wied. Ann. 67, p. 636. 1899; Astrophysical Journal. 9, p. 334, 1899, and Annalen der Physik uncl Chemie, Neue Folge, Baud 67 [ 18991, strument was first received. It was accordingly connected in p. 633. series with a Thomson current balance, No. 131, a variable re- 37-3
Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/28/21 12:58 AM UTC 276 MONTHLP WEATEl3R REVIEW. JUNE,1903 sistance (that supplied with the apparatus), and from one to in general, considerably higher than the corresponding figures fifteen cells of a large storage battery in the Brown laboratory, for strip R, under the same conditions. All the sets which and several sets of comparisons were made covering the whole were obtained in 1902, under favorable meteorological condi- scale. In all, except the first few, the pointer of the ammeter tions, have been examined with this in view. If we call the was brought by means of the resistance esactly over a chosen four readings of a set, in their order A, B, C', and U (A and D scale division, which could be done with great accuracy. and being- taken with the current through- L),,. then the Quantitv the current balance was then adjusted and read to the nearest A-fD B+C L-R=------was found to have an average value tenth of the smallest division of its accurate scale, the results 2 a being reduced by means of the tables supplied with the instru- of + 22.6 thousandths of an ampere, and it was negative in ment and being accurate to within considerably less than one only five sets in a total of 232. The cause of this is still ob- thousandth of an ampere, beyond which it was impossible to scure. Of course such a discrepancy woulcl arise if the strips read the ammeter in actual use. Tenths of this unit were were dissimilar in width, absorbing power, or specific resist- carried in the calculations although they coulcl not be de- ance; but, BH a matter of fact, the actual difference in width pended on as more than approximate. From a number of is far too small to account for the observed effect, and prob- such observations made on November 18, 25, 26, and 37,1901, ably the same is true as to the other constants of the strips. it was at once evident that the trouble was not clue to a bent Furthermore, during the last twenty observations an especial pointer, for at 500 the error was practically zero; and further, effort was made to work very slowly, from seven to thirteen that the correction curve, 3' = a scale reading, y = the cor- responding correction, was by no means a straight line. In- TABLEl.-Conrpccriaon of niillicctnperetiieter No. 4.315 with Thornon acrrent bctlrrt~ceNo. deed, it was much more nearly two straight lines. and the 1.34. break, as also an irregularity in the neighborhood of .I'= 100. 1901. ~ were very probably not imaginary. In view of all this, we iov. 2' constructed an arbitrary table of corrections in thousandths & ertic: of an ampere for each fiftieth division of the male and inter- -1 I I ._ c v. VI. polated when necessary. Each mean, i, was then corrected u ~ ~. u accordingly. At the same time it WRS noticed that when the - 'orrec 'orrei Scale *orwc- ;I eadiug ammeter was held vertically instead of horizontally the scale %I tiuu. tiun. tion. ______~____ - ~ ~ - correction at zero was almost null, and SO the instrument \vas ''e +in.-1* ti2.w +s.i +z.2 - 1. +7.5 ...... 0 +e investigated in this position, but it was found that although 64 7.5 R.l 75 t.1 0 ..... 0.0 .w 3 98 ...... 8.8 slo +7.9 26 7.3 ...... 100 e it was all right at both ends of the scale, yet in the iniddle it 134 6.4 8.2 7.8 .<5 to. 7 150 7 was just as bad in the one case as in the other, the new curve 167 7. 3 7. 4 i. 6 ti5 "7.9' ..... 200 7 236 ti. 7 7.8 +i.5 70 ...... 250 6 rising to the breaking point of the old one, with a similar ir- 306 6.6 7. 7 1110 8. 1 300 6 319 6.1 140 7.0 5. 6 350 5 regularity at x = 100, and following the old curve almost es- 3x2 5.1 ...... 145 ...... 5.2 400 4 actly thereafter. Apparently the trouble was at least partly 345 . . . _.. . . li. 2 175 6. 9 5. 7 450 +2 350 ...... 6.1 210 6. 6 6. li 500 0 due to a poorly balanced shuttle. Still, the correction curve 377 5.0 ...... 250 6. 1 6. 7 448 ...... 3.3 2iO 6. 3 5. 7 was quite definite and permanent, and so we concluded not to 475 ...... +?.l 300 6.1 6. 2 wait for repairs to the ammeter. The instrument was again 435 + 2.1 ...... 3'25 5. 0 5.2 NoTe.-*rtsI,II,\r aud VIwere uiadr 335 4. !) ...... thoroughly testecl in April, 1902, and the curve obtained mas with the medium wbights on the 1~11- 345 ...... 4.5 350 4. 5 ..... essentially similar and showed the same two peculiarities. auce. As thur awl the Iialauce has B :55 rmge of .5 amliereb just that of tlie am- ...... 3. 3 The various series of comparisons are shown in Table 1, as mrter. Set111 wa~~uadleaiththe slunll 3x5 3. 8 ..... ?et of weights and ,et IV without any 4w ...... 2.4 also the resulting table of corrections. The curves obtained nri lit4 at all. 410 3.4 2. 3 are shown in fig. 2. *I% tlieI~a*tsen.itiFe1)aTt ofthehcnlp. 49n 10.2 -0. 1 tKuonu ta,lw tlw large. Poiuter dial 495 0.0 ...... not swing cleai. 500 -0. 1 -0. x -
Adopted corrections Scale (used afterApr.26). reading. I.
- ~ Scale Correc- ('orrrctiou. readiug, tion. - -1- +e. 0 -8 3.6 + 25 i. 9 7. 2 .U1 i. 6 6.6 7.6 7.4 75 7. 6 G5 s. It 6. 7 I. 4 8. 1 IUO 8.0 100 x. 4 6.8 I. 2 7. 0 125 7.0 125 7. 5 6.3 6.3 6. 6 150 6.4 15u 6. 7 5. s 6 '5 175 6. 7 175 7.0 6. 7 ti. 9 6.,. 2s 200 7.0 200 7. 2 6.4 t8.2 6. 6 7.4 25 I. 2 21'5 7.6 6. ti 7. 1 250 7.4 ?SO 7.0 e. 3 6. !I 275 7.4 55 7.0 300 6. ti. Y 9. 2 8 300 6.5 6. i 5.9 3'5 5. 8 X2S 4.7 4. 7 6. B 350 4.8 3jo 5. 2 5. 5 5. 1 375 4.2 375 4. 8 4.0 3. x IUO 3. 8 400 3. 5 4. (I 4. 1 425 2.8 $25 2. 4 3. 2 2.5 450 2. 7 450 2. 4 2. 7 3. 0 475 +l. 5 4;s 11.3 1.i 1.3 NO 0.0 FIG. 2 .5(K) -n.3 io.4 i n. H The peculiarities of the pyrheliometer itself were not so Hrta with the small neip s. easily investigated. In the first place it was very early not,icecl I ;toil I1 with tlie irirdiun~weights; set I that the current required to bring into equilibrium strip L, minutes being used for a set of four readings, with the unes- (the left hand strip, as one looks at the back of the tube) was, yectecl result that this cluantit,y L - R,previously consistently
Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/28/21 12:58 AM UTC JUNE, 1903. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. a77 large, was reduced to + 9.8 thousandths of an ampere. It [E]= 5.5 thousandths amperes. The “mean of the errors,” is, however, to be hoped that the individual errors in A, B, C, in the least squares sense would be 71 = 2 = 2.8,mhich would and D are largely eliminated in an arithmetic mean. [El Another noticeable peculiarity was a sort of rhythm in the give a probable error of 2.4, rather less than 1 per cent of the relative magnitudes of A, B, C, and D,1) being almost invari- average reading. With experience and plent’y of time between ably larger than A, and B than C. On the average, was d readings one could easily keep the probable error, as thus cal- found to be 7.2 thousandths amperes greater than the mean culatd, under one-half of l per cent; but, unfortunately, this of the four, B to be 9.4 and C 14.1 less than that mean, does not mean very much. I do believe, however, that such and D 16.4 greater, as is indicated in fig. 3. With this in observations can be relied upon within 3 or 4 per cent and that, for qualitative meteorological work, such an amount of accuracy is quite enough to make them of value. TABLE2. ~ - ~ ~ - 7 F4 <: I I I A E. [E.] a 2 ”1 9 c:Y T- z z z ~ - - __ - s - 5. 3 7. 7 9.8 -13.1 -3.0 4.9 1 -10.4 10. 5 17. 7 -1Y. 1 4.8 5.0 0 -10.0 13.4 19.9 -23.5 -3.6 4.4 1 - 4. s 4. 8 12.9 -12.9 -0.1 6.4 0 - 3. 7 7.5 13.6 -23.5 -6. 1 6. 1 0 - 8.8 13.2 21.0 -25.5 -4. 5 5.8 0 - 7. I 8.3 12, 6 -12.9 -0. 4 6.0
0 ~ 7. 0 11.4 16. s -21.1 -4.1 6.5
0 ~ 5. 6 9. s 1.5. 0 -19.4 -4.1 5.4 B -_ 1 - 6.4 -4.1 -6.1 - 3.7 +2.2 4.3 5 ...... C ...... - 7. 9 9.4 14. 1 -16.4 -2. 3 5.5 ...... -- 7.2 9.9 14. Y -17.5 -2.5 5.5 201 __ - - - ~ - FI(:. 3. RECURD OF OBSERVATIUNS OF SOLAR RADIATION. view, a careful record was kept during September of the The determinations made, 267 in nuniber, are presented in direction and amount of the tlirow obtainable with both strips Talde 3. The first column gives the date, and the second the exposed just after each of the four determinations of a set. locnl solar time T of each observation. In the third are the Almost invariably the strip which hac1 just been heated by determinations themselves or 8 in gram calories per minute and the current showed an excess of temperature, and this is per sqiiare centimeter; these are calculated from the corrected probably the true cause of the shifting of the galvanometer means (1) of the currents ollserveci, by Angstr;im’s formulas zero, rather than any trouble in the suspension. This throw i2 0- ~ may be due merely to a c1iEerence in rates of cooling, in which * - 4.19. (1. h case each determination, having been macle by a zero method, where r is the resistance per linear centimeter of the bands, would be correct; or it may be due to some cumulative action b their width and n their absorbing power. The only one of of the current either on the st,rips or on the thermal circuit, these instrumental constants that coulcl be verified was b, given in which case each reading would be too high. In either case, as 0.150 cms. Direct measurements with a filar micrometer if the four readings were macle too close together, we should gave- expect B and A to be too high nnd C too low, thus explaining Right-hand band h = 0.1482 cm. the inequalities which have been mentioned, but we should Left-hand band b = 0.1493 cm. not expect the mean of C aiicl D to be higher than that of -4 Average. . . . b = 0.1488 cm. and B, while, as a matter of fnct, it averaged 2.3 thousanJt,hs amperes higher. The whole thing is so complicated t,hat, the discrepancy being quite negligible. In practise the ftctor until a satisfactory explanation of it is worked out, the arith- X* for any temperature was taken from the table given by Ang- metic mean of the four determinations of a set must be re- striim. The figures in the fourth column N indicate the num- garded as the safest thing to work with, the results thus her of reatlings upon which the corresponding Q is based; in obtained being at least consistent. I have, however, obtained the absence of any figure, 4 (a normal set) is to be understood. the average differences for each month, which are presented In the next three columns are the hour angle (1, the cleclina- in Table 2, ancl from the weighted nieans of these averages tion G, ancl the zenith distance z of the sun. For d the mean have computed a set of corrections for the reduction of the value for each day is used; a more accurate interpolation would mean of a defective set to ‘‘ stanclard conditions,” as follows: have increased the labor of the subsequent computation very materially, while the improvement in the values of o” would 4,-. = mean - d = - 7.2; have been but slight. and z are calculated for each obser- A + B vation, the former from T. the latter by the formula qa = mean - ~ a- = + 3.6; cos := sin 11 sin d + cos y cos ri‘ COR o d+H+C the results being given to the nearest five minutes.’ (D waR q3 = mean - 5.9. .- - + taken as 41’ 50.’. I have also tried to get some idea of the consistency with The remaining five columns give the accompanying meteoro- which observations could be inde by computing for each logical conditions. Two sets of data were available, those taken at the Ladd Observatory under the direction of Profes- s See Angstr3m’s Teueriffe report, y. 7. For a grapliiral method of sol~ingthis equation for a large number braic mean of these is E= - 2.3 thousandths amperes, nncl of i ibhervations 1~~7means of a steorographic. projection of the celestial the mean of their numerical values without regard to sign is sphere, see Radau Actinometrie. Paris, 1877, p. 31.
Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/28/21 12:58 AM UTC 278 MON!l'HLY WEATHER RJCKDCW. JUNE,1903 TABLE3.-0beervatio7Le of soh- radiation. - Tem- Relative Date. Barom- Absolute T. Q. N. 8. z eter. Der* humid- iumidity. Weather. tore. ity.
(.So: th;) or Of 1901. h. m. Inches. O F. Per cent. 7rs. err. ff. November 5...... 1231 1.062 (?) 6 745 15 37 57 w 29.87 50 60 2.446 Cloudy. 6 ...... 1226 0.310 ...... 650 15 55 5805 . 86 46 65 2.300 Cloudy; readings variable. 9 ...... 1046 0.897 ...... 18 30 16 48 61 05 .8Y 49 58 2.346 1242 0.643 ...... 10 30 ...... 59 25 .83 51 42 1.773 1:31 0.795 ...... 22 45 ...... 62 15 .%2 50 45 1.434 11 ...... 1:42 0.131 (7) 3 25 30 17 22 1;3 45 . 91; 43 3R 1.271 15...... 10:w 0.848 ...... 3000 18 26 66 20 .36 4U 6u 1.709 16 ...... 11:41 1.014 ...... 4 45 1Y 4 60 40 .5i 45 %I 1.507 Light clouds near Iinriznn. 11:a 1.07s ...... 300 ...... 60 35 .57 45 50 1.707 1205 1.059 ...... 1 15 ...... 60 35 .57 15 50 1.707 SP:81 1. M3 8 745 ...... GO 55 .57 45 4'1 1.li40 21 ...... l2:56 1.143 ... 14 00 19 53 63 05 30.05 411 52 1. 632 30 ...... 0.9L15 ...... !I 30 31 37 64 05 29. Z? 34 55 1.254 Hazy aluiidr near horizon. 1.000 ...... 12 45 ...... I54 30 . I1 34 55 1.254 December 4 ...... 0.86s 12 w 30 22 13 i3 15 .57 23 !I6 1. 31;? Streaky clouds nrar horizon. 0. x42 6 41 45 74 45 , 1;i 25 60 0. !I31 6 ...... 0. 656 ...... 45 (lo 76 30 . !J7 23 il 1. IN37 0. 746 (?\; 3Y 30 ...... id 50 . Yi 24 51 0.757 6 ...... 0.841 44 30 22 2Y 76 20 30. ?2 23 59 0. .%7 1902. January 12 ...... 0. 866 13 39 30 21 43 73 20 29.01 25 7.1 1.132 Hazy3 sonie airrus. 1.0?5 A 22 15 .... 66 50 . 00 27 b2 1.154 1.055 12 12 45 .... 64 40 2 25 59 1. 0!,3 236 0. 7615 (1) 1 39 00 .... 73 05 2 29 57 1.055 C!umuli. 13...... 3:41 0.346 ...... 4Y 45 21 75 20 24 62 1.007 Flercv haze. 0.184 ...... 24 00 ...... 67 10 .35 22 6.1 0. IIeavi. haze. 0.586 S 5 45 ...... ti3 35 . 34 04 5\ 0. Ii,. 0. ti0i ...... 50 30 ...... 79 40 .36 25 57 0. Do. 14...... 0.7'25 6 50 45 21 23 72 40 .74 16 62 (I. I. 179 8 14 45 ...... 64 40 .7h 23 44 0.623 1. 160 8 44.5 ...... 63 20 . ..71; 24 (I. 593 Very light haze. 121 1.125 ...... 20 15 ...... 65 55 . ,I) 25 37 0.5i3 2.58 0.954 x 44 30 ...... 75 25 .7s 27 35 0. 5.14 15...... 0.5ii 8 4i 00 21 12 76 35 .SIJ 2k 9U 0. i37 20 45 ...... ti5 55 .78 3i 74 Hazy rloudy readings rariable. 16...... 0.321 30 45 21 01 69 UO . 153 34 80 Heavy tiazv. 0. 553 n 44 45 ...... 75 15 .5.1 3k 59 1.541 17...... 0. 5u3 ...... 47 30 20 50 76 311 .61 211 ti5 0. RU3 Fleecy clouds; rqwlii~ysvariahle. 1.132 (?) 1 23 15 ...... 66 15 .GlJ 23 42 (1. s51 Fiue lrlue sky; inytrument wurking poorly. 19...... 0. SI3X ...... 20 30 20 26 65 (15 .i4 36 ti0 1.474 Very light Iiaze. 20...... 0.931 Y 4s 45 , 76 40 ::u, 16 ?II 55 0.IiSU Fiuc sty. n. SO x 13 0 ... 63 IU .I:! 81 541 1.1111 Light streaky t,li,uds 25...... 0. %ti 8 51 4.5 1Y 04 7s 115 .IN 2< 711 1.241 Light cirrus uutler tile CIIII. 1. os5 Y 21 30 ...... ti4 (15 .1)s 34 4i 1.llil 11:O.l 1. 11J3 ..... 14 0 ...... e2 15 . 0i %4 46 1.04!4 Light haze. 1:41 0. ti40 ...... 25 45 ...... 65 25 . Ui 36 w 1. ?L'H 3:lJO 0. ,524 R 45 0 ...... 73 45 . 10 36 #so 1. ?L'Y 28...... X:34 0. 914 s 51 30 1R 19 76 XI .24 17 .M (I. 4:s 1:40 1.16ti 8 25 0 ...... ti4 25 .24 20 35 (1.44'2 February 3 ...... 146 1.0.54 ...... ?ti 30 16 39 63 25 29. "3 2'9 41 Haze; few cumuli; niud. 4305 0. 453 (?) 1 61 I5 ...... 81 15 .xz 2s 4J I 'uni uli. 4...... Y 0. 793 ...... 51 30 lti 21 75 u5 . Si 16 61 Streaky haze. 5...... R 0. is5 ...... 43 -15 16 03 i3 15 .ti7 14 6; Haze aldmg horizon. 3 0.591 8 54 45 ...... 76 45 . 72 2'2 46 6...... 11 1.128 ...... 11 55 1.5 45 28 35 . 83 23 46 0.651 Haze. 7...... 8 0.594 ...... 49 3u 15 26 13 IO . G" 21 60 0. ii6 8...... 1:39 0.43 ...... 24 45 15 os 61 25 .I6 23 ,so ti. ins Cuuiuli; dust; readings varialble. 9...... 1:G 1.150 ...... 25 45 11 48 61 25 .I9 36 50 1. "24 Fine sky. 10...... 3:49 0. Y3i ...... 57 15 14 29 77 05 . 411 36 46 1.130 Do. 11...... 8:2U 0.811 ...... 55 0 14 10 75 25 . 5lj I6 61 110. 8:4X 0.928 ...... 43 0 ...... 71 20 . 5ti 17 Si DO. 1157 1.1x3 .... u 45 ...... 56 00 .54 23 44 DO. 13...... 136 1. 108 ...... 24 0 13 30 59 35 . 52' 33 4n 296 0.981 ...... 41 30 ...... Fi 15 .5? 33 37 Rratus neRr horizou. 14...... 8:53 1. Uos ...... 46 45 69 50 . 7s 2i $1) Blue sky; haze wry light. 1.lW2 13 15 56 20 ;!I 3.1 11:07 ...... *- 59 1.294 11:47 1.132 ...... 3 15 .55 us .-- II 35 55 1. XI" Very blue skv. 1% 1.175 ...... 23 45 ...... 59 10 . 1J 3i 45 I. 148 Trnce~of hieiiurlrr sun. 1.0i.l ...... 42 -15 ...... 67 35 .74 3s 43 Light haze uudt.r ruu. 15...... 0. 95.5 (7) 1 no 00 I2 4Y 4Y M . n6 3; 27 C'loudsover RUU:readings varialile. 19...... 1. (1.43 ... w 15 11 26 66 25 .u "5 54 Light haze; wind. 0. 751 ...... 64 15 ...... 79 211 . 4!I 26 54 20...... 1.186 ...... 3 55 11 04 r,3 0 . $11 32' 50 Fine skr. 23...... 1. 1%' ...... 30 30 9 59 55 10 .74 2i 5-1 Blur st?. 25...... 0.966 ...... 4 15 9 15 51 15 . S!I 39 92 Cloudr all dar. readings variahlr. 27...... 0.369 ...... 37 0 8 31) WI .M . 57 41; 7Y Throrigb cluu&: readiugs rarialvle. March 1...... 0.454 (1) 3 3030 56 55 .5U 48 SI; 3. 14.4 Cirrus. slratus orer suo; readiugsrariahle. 0.793 ...... 38 15 ... 60 40 .4s 47 (7) 2. :3s3 ~azeKnd sluaii Iwiuuli. 4...... 0.9'1 ...... 51 0 67 05 . ill,-I 3.3 t') 1. MJ Light haze; small vumuli. 6...... 1.13 ...... 39 0 550 59 25 ,tis 35 44 I.OJ2 Fiur sky. 0.73 ...... 69 15 ...... 74 45 .i6 35 -12 0. 9!I4 DO. 7...... 0.713 ...... 52 45 5 27 ti7 20 3.01 33 60 1.316 Moruiug haze light. 0. ilY ... 4i 30 ...... 64 0 .01 34 Si 0.933 ...... 24 30 ...... 52 20 . 110 4n 54 Run slightly ham. 0.9il ...... 13 00 ...... 48 4.5 . IHJ 41 53 Light rloods. sub clear. 0.9'58 ...... 10 30 ... 4s 15 29 4.4 ;dl cirrtn-stratud 8;ver suu. 8...... 0.163 ...... 14 15 03 4s 40 30 12 i!l louds; readiugn wry varialde. 10...... 1.032 ...... 350 4 17 56 00 29 41 63 iiall cuniuli. ll:5i 1.0911 ...... 0 45 ...... 46 15 43 56 1.7% nall cuiunli iu a fine sky. 2:02 1. 1?2 ...... 30 30 ...... s:j :n . n7 44 52 1. 713 Fiur skv. 11...... 2:49 0. RS3 ...... -I2 15 3 53 59 40 30.06 39 h5 2. 3x4 Fleery buds. 429 0. 175 ...... ti7 15 ...... iti no .04 22 si 2. JW? 14...... 1005 1,226 ...... 2s 45 51 35 29.9s .1h 41 1. os4 Fine sky. 923 1. 1w ...... 50 45 63 55 31). (17 41 35 1. 0x4 IJqv. 15...... 12:u5 1 363 ...... 1 15 11 10 .!5 46 56 1.9v Cirrus near horizon; wind. 18...... 10:n~ 1.175 ...... 29 30 50 35 29.74 36 4u 0. w3 Fin? sky. tracer vf I~DWhare. Il:18 1.213 ...... 10 30 110 . 72 37 39 (1. 994 Yiue 11% 1.207 ...... 10 43 n . 72 39 32 1. 043 bo. 12:5i 1.193 ...... 14 15 ...... 4.4 .50 . 70 ::$I 32 1.043 Few scattered doiuls. North.) 23...... 206 1.246 ...... 31 30 0 51 49 M .6i M 39 2. Blue skr. iuany coniuli. 24...... 896 1. IS1 ...... 4s 34 15 5~ 3n . 73 41; 56 1. viuc. ski,: IO:*' 1.265 ...... 19 30 ... 44 I5 . 72 47 50 1. Big cuniuli; sun rlrar. 1236 1.328 ...... 9u...... 41 25 . 70 45 4J 1. Siuall cumuli. wu clear. 25...... 157 1.1ii ...... 29 15 1 YR 4s uu .85 4s 47 1. iSli Light stratus: hnnearly clear.
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TABLE3.-Obettrvatione of solar radinth-Continued.
Bamm- Tem- Lelative Absolute Date. T. G. N. 9. 8. pera- huuiid- Weather. eter. ture. humidity -- ity. (South.) 1902. h. ni. Of Of Inehes. "F 7er cenl. Vrs. M. ff, March %...... 5:13 0.601 ...... 74 15 ...... Ro IO .87 4.5 51 1. i41 Good sky. 26...... 1:14 1.183 ...... 1R 30 2 0" 43 IO 30. n4 41; 55 1. 5!13 31...... 10:57 1.213 ...... 15 45 3 59 40 25 29. "I s1 46 1.943 Cumuli. sun clear. April 1 ...... 3:07 0.549 (1) 1 46 55 4 9'2 ,55 55 .os 48 :14 1.444 Cuiuulif readinxa variable. 6 ...... 1.039 (sj I 29 34 6 17 44 10 .i3 32 41; 1. 579 Light clouds; batteries 1,ad. 15...... 1.270 ...... 945 9 36 33 20 .s4 51 3i 1.563 Fine sky. 1.195 ...... 37 30 ...... 46 05 . s1 55 34 1. 633 Do. 17...... 1.034 ...... a2 4.7 IO 1!1 48 *VI . i4 50 46 1. Si4 Heavy haze near horizim. 19 ...... 1.1:31 ...... 21 30 11 01 36 11s S4 50 1. Si4 U u i fg mu haze. 1.068 ...... 40...... 31 1x1 M 3s 1 Streaky haze. 1. 0YG ...... 10 30 ...... 34 0 55 :+S 1 Bluish haze. 259 1.Olli ...... 4s .w 53 51 ?. BOP Uuihnn haze. &4:3 0.71s ...... I0 45 ...... 20 51 111 .,-. d3.3r . Haze. 5:%5 0.35i ...... 93 45 ...... a5 so i(l 2. s53 11% 20 ...... 3:lS 0.6!ll ...... 49 30 11 22 r,?45 S3 71 3. 213 Haze; feti cumuli. 21 ...... 11:14 0.5i5 ...... 11 30 11 $2 31 4.5 SS 57".. R. OB0 23 ...... l"O6 1. 117 ('?) 2 1 31) 12 2:; "0 3(1 SI; I., 3. liljl Clouds. rrntliugs wry varialde. 25 ...... S:36 1.108 ...... 51 0 13 02 3lJ. 08 4s n2 1. Yiti Iiglit dewy haze. 129 1.0'3'' ...... ti 45 ... ?!I. !I9 53 54 2. 4IB Light. cirrus. ?a ...... 3:M 0. 582 ...... 56 15 0 . x4 GX 2!1 2. lliY C'uiuolo-stratus. May 2...... 9:00 1.14s ...... 45 0 15 14 4; 50 . 90 5.5 5s 2. Sl:! 4 ...... 1023 1.23i ...... 24 15 15 rw 33 211 57 51 2. IiW Fine sky. 6 ...... 9:12 1.20i ...... $3 0 16 24 u 00 511 36 1.9w Ilv. 2:3i 0.59i (?) 1 39 15 ...... 4i 5.5 59 lili 3. titi6 Clriud 4,ver suu. 10...... 3:03 0. ili5 ...... 45-15 li 30 4.5 nu 50 :+5 1. $3 Haze. 11 ...... 12:35 R 4.5 17 46 25 1u 56 Y' 1. 6119 Fiue sky. 16...... 1217 4 15 IS SY 23 u;s 63 35 _.., -*d.,.,. Few fleecy cuinuli; hatteries had. 18...... 120 1.020 ...... 20 0 19 ?i 2s 1,s .I. 169 40 HRZY. 23 ...... 10:54 1. 033 ...... 16 30 2'0 29 25 311 .6i -.,b 54 Verf light cirrus; oppressively hot. 31 ...... 9:03 1. 1711 ...... u 15 21 51 *2 I111 30. 1s 5s 50 Blue sky. ?:10 1.2111 ...... 52 30 33 45 . li TrS :+4 June 1 ...... 11:3u 1.15!1 ...... >' i 3U 20 50 . 23 6.5 511 4. (HJI Bluish tihitc sky. 6 ...... ll:3U 1.191 I ...... i XU ?2 31) ?n 211 29. s4 61 5.5 3. 26> .r.> 54 9 ...... 1.2R1 ...... 30 34 __ 31 UI . 72 59 51) 2. iih 11 ...... 1.09'' ...... 60 0 23 (13 . 72 56 6.5 3. ?GI 1.1% ...... 2k 0 ...... 72 55 5% 3. 2x .,.' _. (j., 24 ...... -...... -4 26 . 43 -53 ;:;;; Cuinuli. *July 4...... -?FEZ -. 1.) 7%44 5 ...... 336 ...... *54 I1 "2 51 . li5 il 3. !ljC 48 4:$2 ...... 73 0 ...... li4 73 44 3.925 t hnz? Over LUU. 9 ...... S:41 ...... 49 45 "2 26 . ->Ik -- ill 6. 973 11...... 8:U I?) 1 49 no 92 11 4.5 10 . SS lii Jr- 1 Battrricr had. 12...... S:57 ...... 4: 45 "2 0:j 42 5s . 81; ".72 50 Cirrau-cuniulux near sun. ii:x 1.09s ...... 1 30 20 4s . R3 111 41 I- 12:21 1. 139 ('?) 1 5 15 20 1.5 . s2-- :jx 13...... i:nZ IJ. 765 ...... 74 30 rrl 211 .It 6i SI1 727 0. x25 ...... 63 15 ...... 59 40 . -.Ik i4 Nlj x:oo 0. 889 ...... rd o ...... 53 ;uI . i9 ill -rI J 432 0.949 ...... 53 0 ...... 4; 35 . YO 72 6.5 Blur sky; few cuuiuli iu southeaat. 9:01 1.016 ...... 44 45 ...... 42 15 . SO 73 lil) White haze up tab sun. 9:u l.lJ6i ...... 34 4J . WJ 74 50 Clear sky. 1052 1.134 ...... :; : ...... 2i 20 .so 56 4s Perfectly clear. I. 1l:Ui 1.116 ...... 13 15 ...... 2? 611 . so 1 I, 4i 4.53, DO. 12:O.l 1.137 ...... 10...... 19 55 . i5 7s U 4. D?Y Do. E53 1. os2 ...... 13 15 ...... z2 511 . --is YlJ 4J 4. Si4 Very few small cumuli. l:40 1.11s ...... 25 0 ...... 2s 55 .,I S1 35 4.2x4 Ih). 220 1.136 ...... 35 0 ...... %5 2.5 .i6 SI 3i 4.171 no. 2:56 1.082 440 ...... 41 45 . i6 s1 3'1 4.lil Do. 33.1 1.035 I:::.:::. 53 30 44 4IJ . 75 42 34 4.41% Light haze. 4:13 0. Y60 ...... 63 15 55 5s .75 x! 37 4.3UP Haze over suu; readings variable. 4:56 0.91s ...... i4 0 63 5s . i4 82 3i 4.303 Haze iu west. 14...... 7:Ol 0.629 ...... 74 4.5 64 3s . i!l il 4? 6. 756 Heavy haze. 752 0. s32 ...... 62 0 S6 0s . no i4 il ti. 43i Do. 453 0.939 ...... 46 45 43 51) . 511-- iY S5 5.530 1.100 ...... s 45 ...... "1 20 .,I_- S3 4; 5. 134 Clear sty; lweeze. 1.106 . __ __.. 3 30 ...... 20 1.5 . In 81 4s 5.930 1.0-12 ...... 13 30 ...... 93 os .74 8.5 46 5. S6Il 0.975 ...... 2x 30 ...... 31 10 S.5 45 5. 731 Clear skv. horizon liazr. 1.001 (1) 1 38 4.5 ...... 3s (15 51; 4.5 5. YUX Rhrostai kwkiug ldlb. 0. t326 ...... 43 15 ...... 41 2U S6 4.; 5. Y(IX Hazy; xoiiie cirrus clod. 0. 814 ...... 62 I5 ... 55 15 . il S6 41; 6.030 Hazy ucar fuu; cirrus. 0.53 ...... il) 4.5 ...... 61 35 . i0 5.5 SI) lj. X6Y 16...... 0. i09 ...... 62 15 21 37 55 20 . iU G!I !IO 6.953 Heavy l~azriu ea. 0. iB:! ...... 45 15 ...... $2 .w icj 7:1 5. 043 0.wi ...... 2n 3(1 i!l 6!1 7.315 rm. 0. !I192 ...... 4 30 79 6S 7. l!l9 Haze lighter; reading- variahle. 24...... 0.73 ...... 37 4.5 19 0i i4 ss i. 9ii Heavy haze. 29...... 0. R48 ...... IY 0 18 53 s1 63 7. 104 c'umuli (2) 3ud haze. -r 31 ...... 1.0011 ...... 43 4.5 In 24 1.1 55 5.146 Haze; cirrus (1). 1.00s ...... 2s 1s ...... 33 35 -- 44 4.w 1. Oi0 ...... 14 4.5 ...... 26 35 SO 45 4. 9'21 No clouds; hazy. 0.901 ...... 26 4.5 ...... 32 -10 51 4) 4. SI(1 Hazy. O.SO3 ...... 15 ...... 44 10 80 46 5. 03u Do. D. i57 ...... rl 30 ...... 64 1S ix 4i 4. s29 No clouds; hnrienu hazy. August 1 ...... i:16 3. til6 ...... 71 0 64 00 .XI 1% I;!) s. llil (~'irriuwiiuli(5); haze uvrr mu. 9:lS n *.,,. 41 1s .a2 1s .XI i4 5. Ui7 I~'irro-mniuli1 s 1 : reaalinyu variable. rr 'I! 2 ...... 9:05 0.709 ...... 43 45 44 11) . I.1 75 In 7. Ni Cumuli (31:light cluuda over sou. 9 ...... 8:32 1.052 (?, 1 $2 0 51 20 70 I;i 5.34U Horizou hazy. 13 ...... 849 1.149 (?) 1 47 55 49 OS 61) 56 3. 217 Clear. 9:47 1."E ...... 8-3 15 S!l 20 6'2 49 110. lo:# 1.230 ...... 18 0 31 10 13 4Y ria). 1l:M 1.207 ...... 1 30 ...... 2i un (;I; 46 IJa ). 1251 1.2Oi ...... 12 -15 29 10 tii 44 nu. 1:54 1.1s1 ...... 23 30 36 311 69 42 3. "4 110. 3:16 1.175 (?) 3 49 0 50 w ill 41 :l.272 No clouds; haze io nest. 14...... 8:19 1.031 ...... 5s 15 54 50 Rti 5s 4. Wi.5 Heavy haw; cirrus (3). 1. 0ljY ...... 50 55 U 30 69 50 3.SB3 Hrarv haze. cirrus. 0. il9 ...... 26 30 ;$5 -10 il 45 3. a55 Heavi lraze'owr *iuu; readings variable. 1. Ilti ...... 22 15 2.5 72 4s 4.11s4 Hvavy haze over sun (i!; readings varialdc. 0. %24 ...... s-15 2IJ 72 44; Heavy hue; cirrus (il. 16...... Y:W 0. RS3 ...... 50 0 s1 05 .iY i3 1;i Heavy haze; cirrus (4). 10:13 0. s54 ...... 26 4.5 36 00 . 72 i4 5.5 4. Cumuli (5). 16...... 12:2:3 1. lili (PI 2 5 45 2s 25 . I32 64 511 3. ( 'uin ul i (5I. suu part I y cnrerrd. 2:U 1.156 ...... 41 0 ...... 55 1J5 . 1;Il 1;; 41; Y. C'uuiuli 1311 18...... 1225 1.060 ...... 6 15 13 16 29 05 . lil 69 e2 4. l.'irro-cumuli (4).
Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/28/21 12:58 AM UTC 280 MON!I!HLY WEATHER REVIEW. JUNE,1903 TABLE3.-0beervations of solar radiation-Continued.
Barom- Tem- Relatirc Date. l! pera- humid- Absolute Weather. eter. tore. ity. humidity.
- ~ (South.) 1w2. h. ON. I 01 01 Inch. OE Gr8. m..ft. August 20...... i:44 0.914 ...... 0 12 35 62 90 .74 ti5 5.154 No clouds; haze. 8:M 30 ...... 50 25 .i4 66 2.313 Fiue ~ky. 5:u 1.061 ...... 41 35 .i5 1% 4.414 Fine rirrua uver PUU. 10:M 1.093 ...... 0 ...... 33 35 .i5 1% 4. 254 C'uuiiili 13)' readiuys variable. rr 1151 1.076 ...... 1.5 ...... 29 15 . I., il 4. 120 Ciimiili c6)f reading8 variahle. 125 1.040 ...... 34 35 . i5 i? 3.999 Cumuli (4). 25 ...... wr2 4!l 3.5 . "..is 1;s 5.012 Few ciuiiiili. I0:US 15 ...... 4) us .,I ti9 4. ilX ('umiili (5). 10:56 0 ...... :3:3 55 . is ill 4. :XI9 C'iiiiiuli i:3). ?G ...... 722 30 10 36 tii 45 . il li2 5. 11;o No cl8J114k; Yolire hnzr. S:2$ 0. !I15 ...... 0 ...... 55 40 . il lii 5. 214 Clear. Y:R2 1. ox3 ...... 0 ...... 45 (IO . il 70 5. IOi Do. IO:?.? 0 ...... Wli 40 . il -.,,., 4 110. ll:3i Ji ...... 31 40 . io -.74 4 Few ciiiuiili. 129 45 ...... Yl 4.7 . ti!l ,b 4 l.'iininli (2). 2:"; 1. U53 ...... 45 ...... u 51) .6i iS 4 110. 831 0. !I73 ...... 45 ...... 5.5 :;I1 . 1;1; r,th 4 C'uiriuli (1). 27 ...... 6:3i 11. Y.VP ...... 45 10 15 ;ti 2u . 73 e2 5. Xi Hrary hazr umr suu. 65.5 0.472 ...... 15 ...... 78 M) .74 63 5. 3!li Haze uwr mu. i:21 4s ...... 6s 11) . i4 I;li 5. IW Haze. 31 ...... iu:n4 I1 r( 50 41 45 . ss i0 5. 501; Henry haze. 11:1i1 3;. 311 . sti i4 1211 8.1 0J . ss is ti. i:sn 31 I ...... :a9 25 . sg is 6. r. 2:M 4s ,?dl . hl) ,h ti. 3:4Y 55 535 . .._i!l i5 Some c4rriis: heavy haze. Septeniher 1 ...... 754 0.54s ...... w:! 55 . (1 i:< i.992 No clouils; hazz (8vvr siiu. &I:3 0. Bi3 ...... 54 3.5 . ".r,,I> r- -,. -,.,.,-,, No rldwls; very lrazy day. 10:23 0.s1s ...... 3:) 40 . 111 SI1 ti. hS9 I,o. r- 11:29 0. H25 ...... 34 05 .,a S3 li. i15 Do. 12:.K2 0. i!19 ...... 3 ::5 . iX S3 ii.5lli Ih -.__.,..,., 0. i94 ...... 81 I ...... 45 45 . ill S4 No clouds: haze. 3...... 8:OO 0. YiO ('?) 3 11 iU Tr:! 40 .xn 1;s No rltiuils; haze rwer wu. X:5F 1.059 ...... T2 55 . Xli i0 No clouds. 10:01 45 ...... 43 (1.5 . si 72 Do. 11:u5 45 ...... 35 1lJ . Sti iX No clouilr; wind. -.> 1151 15 ...... 34 11) , s., I .> No rhiids: yurt? wind. 1: :x2 0 ...... 3!i 41) . ti4 7-1 Nab clouds; rva
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