Richard Wagner I Adrià Gual

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Richard Wagner I Adrià Gual Richard Wagner i Adrià Gual Els plafons perduts de l’Associació Wagneriana Richard Wagner i Adrià Gual Els plafons perduts de l’Associació Wagneriana Richard Wagner i Adrià Gual. Exposició cATÀLEG Els plafons perduts de l’Associació Wagneriana Departament de cultura de la comissariat Agraïments Institucions Textos Generalitat de catalunya Lourdes Jiménez Roger Alier Amics del Liceu Ramon Bassas Núria Altarriba Biblioteca de Catalunya Francesc Fontbona conseller de cultura coordinació Xosé Aviñoa Bicentenari Wagner 1813-2013 Lourdes Jiménez Ferran Mascarell Arantza Morlius Bagués-Masriera MAE. Centre de Documentació i Jaume Radigales Ramon Bassas Museu de les Arts Escèniques de Director general de creació i suport museogràfic Isabel Bassas l’Institut del Teatre Disseny gràfic Empreses culturals Mariona Companys i Eulàlia Bassedas MNAC. Museu Nacional d’Art de Jaume Roure Jordi Sellas Margarida Sala Manel Bertran Catalunya Carlos Calderón Museu de la Garrotxa-Olot coordinació subdirector general de Disseny arquitectònic i Carme Carreño Museu d’Art Modern de la Arantza Morlius promoció cultural disseny gràfic Anna Casa Diputació de Tarragona Joan-Francesc Ainaud Mizien: Alba Espargaró Traduccions Ivan Bercedo i Mariàngels Fondevila Isabel Bassas coordinadora de l’Àrea de Jorge Mestre, Francesc Fontbona Anna Casa creació i innovació amb la col·laboració de Marc Heilbron Martin A. Jezierski Conxita Oliver Vittoria Ruoppolo Ricard Marco Ted Krasny Lourdes Martín Joan Quesada Rosa Montalt Muntatge i il·luminació Joan Oliveras Fotografies Pere Jobal Elvira Permanyer Cercle del Liceu Carles Ibarz Cristina Portell Biblioteca de Catalunya. Barcelona Ricard Lozano Rosa M. Montserrat Centre de Restauració de Béns Culturals de Jordi Muñoz Judit Nadal Catalunya. Generalitat de Catalunya Josep Ripoll Jaume Radigales Diputació de Tarragona. Arxiu Fotogràfic MAMT. Juan Ruiz Rosa M. Ricomà Alberich Fotògrafs Vicenç Soler Xevi Roure Institut del Teatre. MAE Rosa Sala Transports Maite Toneu Intro Anna Valls Edició © dels textos, els autors Itinerart Esther Vilar © de les imatges, els fotògrafs © d’aquesta edició Departament de cultura de la Generalitat de catalunya DL: B. 23254-2013 isBN: 978-84-393-9061-9 producció del Departament de cultura En el marc de la celebració del de la Generalitat de catalunya Bicentenari del naixement de Wagner (1813-2013) Museu d’Història de Catalunya, del 29 de maig al 29 de setembre de 2013 Sumari Presentació 8 Presentació de l’exposició Ferran Mascarell 10 Bicentenari Wagner Ramon Bassas 12 Richard Wagner i els artistes Lourdes Jiménez Textos 17 Wagner a Barcelona. Afinitats (S)electives Jaume Radigales 25 Wagner com a bandera Francesc Fontbona 29 El wagnerisme artístic europeu Lourdes Jiménez 59 La recepció plàstica de Wagner a Espanya (1876-1914) Lourdes Jiménez 65 Wagner i els modernistes catalans Lourdes Jiménez 109 Adrià Gual i els plafons perduts de l’Associació Wagneriana Lourdes Jiménez 141 Selecció bibliogràfica 146 Traducciones / Translations 7 Richard Wagner i Adrià Gual Presentació de l’exposició El wagnerisme arrelà a Catalunya amb un cert retard respecte Ferran Mascarell d’altres països europeus però, un cop consolidat, assolí una gran Conseller de Cultura importància. La música de Wagner havia estat introduïda entre nosaltres l’any 1862 per Josep Anselm Clavé, però amb un caràcter més anecdòtic que no pas decisiu. A la dècada següent, el metge i compositor Josep de Letamendi va ser el veritable introductor de Wagner aquí en fer-lo conèixer al seu deixeble Joaquim Marsillach, que li donaria l’impuls decisiu. La devoció per l’obra del gran compositor alemany no solament va arrelar en l’àmbit musical, sinó també en altres sectors de la cultura. El seu èxit provenia, d’una banda, de la identificació amb els ideals del catalanisme, moviment per al qual el wagnerisme suposava un nacionalisme musical dut a les darreres conseqüències; d’altra banda, del prestigi que el món germànic tenia entre els ambients modernistes, impulsors de la cultura catalana a la fi del segle xix i al començament del segle xx. El 1901 naixia l’Associació Wagneriana de Barcelona, entitat promotora de concerts, conferències i publicacions musicals, i el wagnerisme català quedava definitivament consolidat. Aquesta exposició que ara es presenta al Museu d’Història de Catalunya fa ben paleses les connexions de Wagner entre nosaltres. Un dels artífexs que més hi van contribuir va ser Adrià Gual, home de cultura renaixentista: il·lustrador, pintor, escenògraf, figurinista, autor i director de teatre, cineasta... Un creador de gran vàlua, referent del modernisme, que deu a la teoria artística wagneriana una part important del seu mestratge en el nostre món cultural. La mostra, a més de presentar com a peces clau els plafons decoratius del barceloní per a l’Associació Wagneriana, exhibeix obres coetànies d’altres artistes que ens fan entendre la fascinació que va exercir Richard Wagner com un dels grans definidors, des del cor d’Europa, del modernisme català. Us convido a visitar-la i a constatar, un cop més, com la nostra no ha estat mai una cultura aïllada, sinó oberta a totes les influències i amb vocació, al seu torn, d’influir i de projectar-se al món. 8 9 Richard Wagner i Adrià Gual Richard Wagner i Adrià Gual Bicentenari Wagner El grup Wagner d’Amics del Liceu havia encarregat el comissariat Ramon Bassas de la seva exposició a la historiadora malaguenya Lourdes Jimé- Secretari d’Amics del Liceu Coordinador del Bicentenari nez. El seu coneixement sobre l’obra wagneriana a Catalunya l’ha- Wagner a Catalunya via fet indagar en tots els racons del nostre país i coneixia totes les persones vinculades a l’obra i als artistes catalans del moment. La primavera del 2011, una vintena d’entitats vinculades a la cultu- D’aquí va sorgir l’oportunitat de treure a la llum uns plafons inè- ra del nostre país es varen aplegar per compartir els projectes que dits d’Adrià Gual que li havia mostrat el doctor Francesc Fontbo- estaven preparant per a la celebració del bicentenari del naixe- na —amb qui ella havia col·laborat en diverses ocasions— i que, ment de Richard Wagner. La intenció era intentar donar un sentit casualment, van aparèixer un 22 de maig, dia del naixement del unitari als diferents esdeveniments commemoratius i, en la mesu- compositor. ra del possible, posar en comú algunes idees per tal d’esmerçar recursos i potenciar-ne els resultats. La coordinació de tot aquest Al voltant d’aquesta obra de Gual —coincideix que enguany se ce- projecte es va encarregar a l’Associació Amics del Liceu. lebra també el centenari de l’Institut del Teatre, del qual fou funda- dor— s’estructura la present exposició que ens mostra alguns El resultat ha estat la programació d’un seguit d’actes de molt dife- exemples del wagnerisme europeu i, sobretot, de la influència rent caire —atesa la diversitat de les entitats participants—, amb un d’aquest en els artistes postmodernistes de casa nostra. ventall tan ric d’activitats que fa palès que l’herència wagneriana ha deixat una empremta que encara perdura i que s’estén des del car- Finalment, voldríem manifestar el nostre agraïment molt especial- rer fins als fòrums més sofisticats de la nostra cultura. El recull de ment a totes les entitats que ens han acompanyat en aquest pro- totes les programacions musicals, activitats acadèmiques, actes al jecte i al Departament de Cultura de la Generalitat de Catalunya, carrer, cinema, exposicions... s’ha englobat al web www.bicentena- sempre sensible a la nostra iniciativa d’exposició, pel suport a la riwagner.cat que, en el transcurs de l’any, es va actualitzant. coordinació del Bicentenari Wagner. L’obra de Wagner va influir de manera destacada en el modernis- me català i va incidir en moltes de les seves manifestacions: la fi- losofia, la literatura, les arts plàstiques, el teatre i —evidentment— en la música. La iconografia wagneriana apareix per tot arreu, en retrats, dibuixos, caricatures, escultures, ornamentacions arqui- tectòniques, pintura, etc. i els personatges de les seves obres — arrelats en llegendes nòrdiques— serviren d’inspiració als princi- pals artistes del moment i s’adaptaren a les tendències i modes que marcaven l’evolució artística d’aquella època. Amics del Liceu havia previst, en un inici, organitzar una exposició sobre Wagner i Catalunya. S’havia començat a treballar en un pro- jecte ambiciós i de gran format. El repte era difícil i les circumstàn- cies econòmiques actuals van actuar a contracorrent. Malgrat tot, l’encàrrec de la coordinació del Bicentenari Wagner va propiciar el coneixement d’altres entitats que compartien la passió wagneria- na i que tenien preuats tresors que, per si sols, ja valien una expo- sició, com succeí amb la Biblioteca de Catalunya. 10 11 Richard Wagner i Adrià Gual Richard Wagner i Adrià Gual Richard Wagner i els artistes recepció del wagnerisme en el modernisme català i l’actuació de Lourdes Jiménez l’Associació Wagneriana com a important motor de difusió d’aquest Comissària de l’exposició en tant que fenomen cultural. Finalment, Adrià Gual i els plafons de l’Associació Wagneriana cobren tot el protagonisme, i es realit- za un estudi minuciós de la seu de la institució i de cada peça dels Aquesta exposició neix en el marc del Bicentenari Wagner a Bar- plafons. He considerat necessari incloure també, després dels es- celona i és el fruit d’un llarg procés d’investigació al voltant d’una tudis de cadascun dels apartats, l’anàlisi d’algunes obres desta- hipòtesi de treball, a saber: la de donar a conèixer la iconografia cades d’artistes que en algun moment es van apropar a la inter- wagneriana a Catalunya i col·locar-la al lloc que li correspon, espe- pretació plàstica d’aquesta imatgeria. Henri-Fantin Latour, Odilon cialment pel que fa a les arts plàstiques de la fi del segle xix i pri- Redon, Aubrey Beardsley, Fernand Khnopff i Rogelio de Egusqui- mers anys del segle xx, en què aquesta s’estén a totes les expres- za, juntament amb Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo, tots reten compte sions, des de la literatura fins a la música o les arts, tot gaudint de la recepció del wagnerisme en l’art europeu, això sense oblidar d’una important difusió a Europa en tots els camps artístics i inter- el paper essencial de Bayreuth.
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