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Lawn Diseases NORTH DAKOTA rim 1IIIII3Iijlr 0109llll ~ll lII~l 00579~I Irl~1 1110343~llI11 1 1 11 1 1 11 • LAWN DISEASES 5 S<f~ 3 H. Arthur Lamey Extension Plant Pathologist N9 North Dakota State University fig 110. YSO Cynthia L. Ash NDSU Extension Service ~r Assistant Extension Specialist North Dakota State University , University of Minnesota Ward C. Stienstra Minnesota Extension Service I rn Extension Plant Pathologist • University of Minnesota '-=II II University of Minnesota Turf diseases can be serious when varieties differ in their susce ptibility weather and/or lawn management II to melting ou t. Older common favor disease development. Plant bluegrass types are often very • diseases, including the common lawn Leaf spot and Melting susceptible while newer el ite varieti diseases described in trlis Out are usually qu ite resistant. publication, develop when several conditions occur simultaneously and Leaf spot and melting out are persist. Fungi, the most common among the most frequent and '" cause of lawn diseases, are destructive lawn diseases of common microscopic, thread-like organisms bluegrass. Melting out is caused by that spread by means of air- or water­ the fungus Drechslera poae and leaf borne spores. The spores function spot by the fungus Bipolaris like seeds, producing new infections sorokiniana. Excess thatch, heavy whenever the environment is nitrogen fertilization, excess shade, Fusarium Blight favorable for a period of time and the mowing too close, and broad leaf - host is susceptible. Disease develops herbicides promote these diseases. The disease formly called when the pathogen (fungus) is The melting out pathogen, D. poae, "Fusarium Blight" or "Fusarium present on a susceptible host can also cause leaf spots. Conversely, Blight syndrome" was once thought (bluegrass) in a favorable environment the leaf spot pathogen, B. to be a distinct disease characterized (temperature, moisture/water, light, sorokiniana, can also causing melting by patches of grass that develop nutrients, and stress factors). out symptoms. "frog-eye" patterns. These consist of Lawn diseases are not always easy Leaf spot occurs in warm weather donut-or crescent-shaped areas of to diagnose. Some key factors and and is easily recognized. Spots on the dead or dying grass with a center of symptoms to help recognize disease leaves develop purplish-red to green grass. Now this disease is recognized to be a complex of rather include: size and shape of dead and purplish-brown borders and brown to similar appearing diseases that dying plants, specific spots on leaves, tan centers (figure 1). The spots may include Necrotic Ring Spot, quality of root system, leaf color and extend the width of the leaf and are Rhizoctonia Yellow Patch, and growth characteristics, time of year, somewhat longer than wide. Leaf Summer Patch (figure 3). and temperature when disease spots may cause the death of leaf developed. When diagnosing a lawn tips. Leaf sheaths are also infected, disease it is helpful to have a record and may die, resulting in thin stands of treatments such as ferti I izer, of grass. Melting out begins as spots herbicides, mowing height and on the leaf blades and rapidly moves frequency, watering .frequency and down the leaf sheath and into crowns amounts. and roots. I n advanced stages, when Grass disease can ruin a lawn's many plants die in a large irregular appearance. However, good turf patch, it is known as "melting out" management practices usually are (figure 2). These patches may range in II adequate to prevent serious damage. size from several inches up to many • Necrotic Ring Spot Integrated cultural practices for turf feet and may produce an irregular management and pest control will patchwork across an entire lawn. This is a serious disease of limit the need for fungicides. Disease Once established, melting out is Kentucky bluegrass that is especially development often is associated with difficult to control. Proper watering common on high maintenance lawns. the lack of proper appl ication of these and fertilization for bluegrass Necrotic Ring Spot is caused by t urf management practices: 1) varieties in your lawn will reduce the Leptosphaeria korrae, a fungus which selection and planti ng of an adapted danger of melting out. Common is most active in spring and fall, grass variety, 2) sufficient water at the Kentucky bluegrass should not be although symptoms may be observed correct time, 3) timely fertilization fertilized as heavily as the elite throughout the season. Initial with the right amounts and balanced bluegrass varieties or high symptoms are patches 6-24 inches in nutrients, 4) regular mowing at the maintenance diseases will develop. It diameter with a mixture of normal, recommended heignt, 5) provision for is particularly important to avoid straw- and red-colored blades around adequate sunlight and air movement, excess use of nitrogen fertilizer and the outer portion of the ring, resulting 6) maintenance of good soil aeration evening watering. Remove excess in a "frog-eye" pattern. The roots and and drainage, and 7) thatch thatch - the layer of plant material crowns of affected plants are covered management. tightly interwoven with I iving tissue with black strands of the Necrotic between the soil surface and the Ring Spot fungus. Thatch may green vegetation. Fungicides may be decompose in the patch areas, giving needed to control leaf spot disease. them a sunken or depressed Thei r effect is temporary and appearance (figure 4). I n warm beneficial only when combined with a weather, the red blades are seldom change in cultural practices. seen. Plants affected in the cooler Fungicides are most effective if the weather of spring and fall are initial application is made when leaf weakened and very susceptibl e to spot first becomes serJous and less summer heat and drought stress. This effective when small patches of lawn stress may lead to the death of begin to die. When large areas of a weakened plants and an apparent lawn are dying or dead from melting resurgence of symptoms, even thoug• out, dead patches should be reseeded the fungus may not be active at this with a resistant variety. Bluegrass time. 2 Once Necrotic Ring Spot is irrigation or an absence of irrigation established, it is difficult to control II during hot weather may make the _ d damage may remain or reappear disease more severe. arly for 2-4 years. Control requires a Rhizoctonia Yellow ombination of management practices including: thatch control, Patch adjustment of ferti lizer practices, Rhizoctonia Yellow Patch is also a reli eving soil compaction, changing serious disease of Kentucky watering practices, and possible use bluegrass. It is caused by the fungus II of a fun gicide. Rhizoctonia cerealis and is favored by Thatch should be kept less than 1/2 cool, wet weather. Since excessively Sclerotinia Dollar Spot inch thick. Vertical mowing or power wet conditions favor Rhizoctonia Dollar Spot, caused by the fungi raking should be done in spring or fall Yellow Patch, it frequently damages Lanzia spp. and Moel/erodiscus spp., to reduce thatch. The power rake new sod laid on heavy soils and it produces 2-3 inch circular patches on blades should be set to penetrate the may occur in lawns with heavy thatch creeping bentgrass turf and 4-6 inch thatch to the soil. Lawn mower and compacted soils. circular to blotchy areas on bluegrass attachments are less effective in Early symptoms are 2-3 inch lawns. These patches are straw thatch removal. It may take several patches of light green to yellow green colored ('figure 6). Early in the years for vertical mowi ng to effect grass. These areas soon turn light tan morning, when the grass is covered sufficient thatch removal. Top or brown and may increase up to 2 with dew, a faint cobwebby growth dressing, that is, spreading a thin feet in size. A "frog-eye" symptom is may be seen on the leaves of affected layer of soil on the grass, is another common, with yellow-green to brown plants (figure 7). I n the early stages of means to speed thatch breakdown. An grass surrounding green centers disease, leaves develop distinct tan­ aerator can also be used to remove a (figure 5). The patches may have a colored spots and bands; quite often core of thatch and soil. The soil when sunken appearance due to thatch a reddish-brown border can be seen deposited on the surface, wi II aid decomposition. Leaf blades near the on the leaf spots. thatch breakdown. Aeration also margin of the patch may have a Dollar Spot develops at reduces soil compaction, improves reddish to reddish-purple tint, water penetration, and stimulates root temperatures of 60°-85° F wi th high beginning at the leaf tip and humidity and low soil moisture. The development. I n areas where sod of continuing downward. Tan spots with one soi I type is placed on soi I of disease usually develops on lawns dark borders may develop on the which are unfertilized but anothe r type (for example, peat sod blades prior to complete bl ighting. on heavy clay), shal low roots often occasionally occurs on high The symptoms and the time of year of maintenance lawns under stress. It develop. Aerat ion w ill help alleviate occurrence overlap with Necrotic Ring is pro ble m. Reducing thatch by any can be controlled by keeping lawns Spot. The roots and crowns of adequately fertilized and watered and these methods will help reduce Rhizoctonia Yellow Patch diseased ummer drought stress. by using a fungicide as necessary. turf do not have black strands of Bluegrass varieties differ in Dollar Fertil izer practices need to be fungus on them. Spot susceptibility with most be ing adjusted .
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