The original documents are located in Box 29, folder “State Visits - Schmidt (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.

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GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION GSA FORM 7122 '(REV. 5-82) ~round Germany, nolE---- Federal Republic of deportment of state * november 1174

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic of Germany

GEOGRAPHY located country in central Europe. Its Czechoslovakia and the German Dem­ neighbors to the west are France, ocratic Republic, on the south by The Federal Republic of Germany Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Neth­ Austria and Switzerland, and on the (F.R.G.) is a large and strategically erlands. It is bounded on the east by north by Denmark and the North Sea. The country is generally flat in the PROFILE and France which together with the north and hilly in the central and U.S.S.R. have special rights and responsibili­ western areas, 'rising in the south to Geography ties in Berlin. more than 4,000 feet above sea level in FLAG: Three horizontal bands, black, the Black Forest. The highest elevation AREA: 95,930 sq. mi. (about the size of red, and gold, from top to bottom. Wyoming). CAPITAL: Bonn (pop. is the Zugspitze in the Bavarian Alps at 9, 719 feet above sea level. 300,000). OTHER CITIES: West Berlin Economy (pop. 2.1 million), Hamburg (pop. 1.9 mil­ The main commercial harbor of lion), Munich (pop. 1.3 million), Frankfurt GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP): Germany is Hamburg, located in the am Main (pop. 690,000). $357 billion (1973). ANNUAL GROWTH north at the mouth of the Elbe River. RATE: 11.9% (S.a% at constant prices). The principal rivers are the Rhine, People PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE: 11.3% Ems, Weser, and Elbe, all of which POPULATION: 61.2 million (1974 est.). (current prices). flow to the North Sea, and the Dan­ AGRICULTURE: Land 56%, forested ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 0.5% (1974). ube, which flows southeast to the DENSITY: 627 per sq. mi. ETHNIC 29%. Labor 8.4%. Products-grains, pota­ Black Sea. The largest lake is Lake toes, sugar beets. GROUPS: German 99%, other 1%. RELI­ Constance on the Swiss border. INDUSTRY: Labor 36.3%. Products­ GION: Protestant 49%, Roman Catholic iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machin· Summer temperatures average 44.6%, other 6.5%. LANGUAGE: German. ery, ships, vehicles. about 65°F. and winter temperatures LITERACY: 99%. LIFE EXPECTANCY: NATURAL RESOURCES: Iron, coal, about 30°F., dropping at times to be­ women 73.4 yrs., men 67.2 yrs. and potash. low zero. Annual rainfall, occurring Government TRADE: Exports-$68.6 billion (f.o.b., mostly in summer, ranges from 20 1973): chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and inches in the northern lowlands to 79 TYPE: Federal republic. INDEPEND­ steel products. Partners-EEC countries, inches or more in the German Alps. ENCE: 1954 (London-Paris Agreements U.S., Latin America, Communist countries. Imports-$55.9 billion (c.i.f., 1973): raw gave F.R.G. full sovereignty). DATE OF PEOPLE OCCUPATION STATUTE: September 21, materials, fuels, machinery. Partners-EEC 1949, granted full self-government. countries, U.S., Latin America, Communist The population of the Federal Re­ BRANCHES: Executive-President (titu­ countries. public is primarily German. A small lar Head of State), Chancellor (executive OFFICIAL EXCHANGE RATE: Fluctu­ minority of Danes live along the Dan­ Head of Government). Legislative-bicam­ ating around DM2.60=US$1. ish border. Over 2 million foreign work­ eral Parliament. Judicial-Independent, ECONOMIC AID RECEIVED: Total­ ers, mainly from Greece, Turkey, Italy, Federal Constitutional Court. None since Marshall Plan. and Yugoslavia, also live in the F.R.G. POLITICAL PARTIES: Christian Demo­ MEMBERSIDP IN INTERNATIONAL Northern Germany and Berlin are cratic Union/Christian Social Union ORGANIZATIONS: U.N. and affiliated predominately Protestant, and Bavaria (CDU/CSU); Social Democratic Party agencies, Council of Europe, European (SPD); Free Democratic Party (FDP); Na­ Communities (EC), Western European Un­ and the Rhineland are largely Catholic. tional Democratic Party (NPD); Communist ion (WEU), Organization for Economic Compulsory elementary education Party (DKP). SUFFRAGE: Universal over Cooperation and Development (OECD), is in effect throughout the country. 18. POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS: 10 European Atomic Energy Community The F.R.G. has 29 universities, the Lander (states). The Western sectors of (EURATOM), International Atomic Energy oldest of which is the University of Berlin are governed by the U.S., the U.K., Agency (IAEA). Heidelberg founded in 1386. 3

14 I HISTORY ing, with certain exceptions, full pow­ FEDERAL REPUBLIC 1 BORNHOLM ers of self-government to the new West READING LIST OF GERMANY (Denmark) ( Upon the unconditional surrender German state. One day earlier, under a BALTIC SEA These titles are provided as a general --- International boundary I of Germany to the Allies on May 8, coalition led by Chancellor Konrad indication of the material currently be­ ® National cap~al 1945, the United States, the United Adenauer, the new Government of the ing published on this country. The De­ -Railroad Kingdom, and the U.S.S.R. occupied German Federal Republic came into partment of State does not endorse the --- Road the country and assumed responsibil­ being. During the following years prog­ specific views in unofficial publications as representing the position of the U.S. ity for its government. Under the ress continued toward fuller sover­ 0 50Miles Government. 54 0 50 Kilometers terms of international agreements the eignty and association with European three Commanders in Chief exercised neighbors and the Atlantic commu­ Brandt, Willy. A Peace Policy for supreme authority in their respective nity. The London and Paris agree­ Europe. trans. Joel Carmichael. occupation zones and, sitting as the ments of 19 54 gave the German Fed­ Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. Allied Control Council (ACC), acted eral Republic full sovereignty, opening Grosser, Alfred. Germany in Our jointly by unanimous decision on the way for its membership in the Time. New York: Praeger, 1971. questions affecting Germany as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization Hohn, H. The Mind of Germany. whole. At Potsdam in August 1945, (NATO) and the Western European New York: Scribners, 1960. the United States, the United King­ Union (WEU). The three Western Al­ Leonhardt, Rudolf Walter. This dom, and the Soviet Union agreed to a lies reserved only powers affecting the Germany, the Story Since the broad program of decentralization operation and security of their forces, Third Reich. Greenwich, Conn.: which would treat the country as a sin­ for Berlin and Germany as a whole. N.Y. Graphic Society, 1964. gle economic unit with certain central In July 1955 the F.R.G. began to Merkl, Peter H. Germany, Yester­ administrative departments. (Subse­ rearm. It now has a force of approxi­ day and Tomorrow. New York: quently, France became a member of mately 460,000, all under NATO com­ Oxford University Press, 1965. the ACC and was given a separate zone mand. The F.R.G. makes the largest Michelin Tourist Service. Germany: of occupation.) These plans for a com­ European contribution of military West Germany and Berlin. 2nd mon allied policy and for the treat­ strength to NATO. English edition. London: Dick­ ment of Germany as a single economic The German Parliament has adopt­ ens, 1974. unit failed, primarily because of ever­ ed extraordinary measures to assure Pinson, Koppel S. Modern Ger­ increasing differences with the Soviet civilian political control over the mili­ many, Its History and Civiliza­ Union. In 1948 the Soviets withdrew tary and to prevent the reestablish­ tion. 2nd ed. New York: Mac­ /I from the four-power governing bodies ment of militarism. At the same time, millan, 1966. .Siegen of Germany and Berlin and instituted the F.R.G. is keenly interested in Stern, Fritz. Essays on the Political ;-( ~ the Berlin blockade. disarmament. Culture of Modern Germany. The year 1948 marked a turning Allied military forces retained in Knopf, 1972. Fulda• point in the postwar history of Ger­ the F.R.G. are under the command of U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign r many. In order to create a nucleus for NATO's joint defense forces and are Relations, Documents on Ger­ a future German Government, the Unit­ no longer occupation troops. Special many, 1944-1970. Washington ed States and the United Kingdom agreements have been negotiated with D.C.: U.S. Government Printing expanded the size and powers of the the F.R.G. on the status of these Office, 1971. German Economic Council, establish­ forces. ed a year earlier in their two zones. This move was an effort to cope with GOVERNMENT The Cabinet, consisting of the Chan­ the enormous economic problems cellor and the Federal Ministers, is which liad grown out of the war as The F.R.G. government is parlia­ usually referred to as the Government. well as a response to the Allies' inabil­ mentary in form and is based on a The President (Chief of State) is the ity to achieve any forward economic democratic constitution (Basic Law) symbol of authority but exercises little movement on a countrywide basis. emphasizing the protection of individ­ real power. His duties are largely cer­ France then joined its Western Allies ual liberty and divided power in a Fed­ emonial. The real powers are exercised in a program (or the future develop­ eral structure. The Republic consists of by the Chancellor (Head of Govern­ ment of the three Western zones. The 10 states, or Lander. (Provisions of the ment), who directs the administrative program provided for a constituent Basic Law of the F.R.G. and the Berlin structure and guides the legislative assembly in the West German terri­ Constitution to the effect that Berlin leadership. Although he is responsible tory, an occupation statute governing is a Land of the F.R.G. were sus­ to the Bundestag, the Chancellor can­ relations between the Allies and the pended by the Allied authorities at the not be removed from office during his German authorities, and the economic time these documents were submitted 4-year incumbency unless the Bunde­ merger of the French with the British to those authorities for approval.) stag has already agreed on a successor. and U.S. zones. The President and Chancellor The Bundestag (lower chamber), On September 21, 1 949, the occu­ (Prime Minister) head the executive elected for a term of 4 years, repre­ pation statute came into force, grant- branch of the Federal Government. )II" ·.A'>~~E5 AND 80U DAftY AEPR S' ~NTA t ..... 1 sents the people of the F.R.G. as a ( Alit ~OT NE'C£StsARILY ~ ~· T ATIVE 14 4 5

stitutional Court, a Federal High Court Chancellor Brandt, in his first an officer in the G.D.R. intelligence nor the Land legislatures. NPD support ents." The FDP has been moving left­ TRAVEL NOTES of Justice, and high Federal courts in address to the Bundestag in October (' service. The SPD selected Finance Min­ in Federal elections, for example, de­ ward in its orientation. The party Climate and Clothing-Germany is loca­ the spheres of ordinary administrative, 1969, outlined a program of broad ister Helmut Schmidt to form a new clined from a 1969 high of 4.3 percent favors a more active Eastern policy, ted in the temperate zone and is subject financial, labor, and social jurisdiction. social and economic reforms which government. He was confirmed by the to 0.6 percent in 1972. especially in economic matters and in to frequent changes in weather. The The highest court is the Federal Con­ would be the main thrust of his admin­ Bundestag in which he received the The Government follows closely dealing with East Germany. The Free same type of clothing may be worn as in stitutional Court, which consists of 24 istration's activity. He declared that unanimous support of the SPD and the activities of both of these parties. Democrats have frequently been torn the northeastern United States. Light· members serving in two panels of 12 the Government would follow a for· FDP members. Hans-Dietrich Gen­ If they demonstrate themselves to be by internal dissension which in 1955 weight summer clothing is seldom need­ each. The principal functions of the eign policy of continuity firmly rooted scher, a leading FDP official who had totalitarian in nature, or to be at­ led to a serious split in the party. In ed. court are to insure uniform in terpreta­ in the Atlantic alliance but seeking to served as Interior Minister under tempting to subvert the democratic the 1961 election the FDP consider­ Telecommunications-Telephone and tion of constitutional provisions and improve relations with Eastern Europe I Brandt, became the new Vice Chancel­ order guaranteed under the Basic Law, ably strengthened its position, only to telegraph services, domestic and inter· to protect the fundamental rights of and the German Democratic Repub­ lor and Foreign Minister, replacing his they can be declared unconstitutional lose a number of seats in 1965. The national, are efficient. Telegraph and the individual as defined in the Basic lic-G.D.R.-(East Germany). In a key l by the courts. FDP received only 5.8 percent of the cable services are available to all coun· fellow FDP leader Walter Scheel who Law. statement he declared: "International was elected to the Federal Presidency national vote in the 1969 elections but tries. An important aspect of postwar recognition of the G.D.R. by the Fed­ by a similar vote. strengthened its position with an Transportation- Frankfurt's interna­ German politics has been the emer­ eral Republic is out of the question. In his first speech to the Bundestag impressive 8.4 percent showing in tional airport is a center of European air Principal Government Officials ( ( gence of a moderate Christian party, traffic. Most airlines operate services to Even if there exist two states in Ger­ on May 17, Chancellor Schmidt de· 1972. It remains the coalition partner the Christian Democratic Union, oper­ and within the F.R.G. There are a Chancellor-Helmut Schmidt (SPD) many, they are not foreign countries scribed the principal themes of his of the SPD. ating together with its Bavarian sister number of international express trains. Vice Chancellor, Foreign Minister- to each other; their relations with each administration as "continuity and con· party, the Christian Social Union. The The most recent Federal elections, An extensive network of roads makes Hans-Dietrich Genscher (FDP) other can only be of a special nature." centration." A strong supporter of two are often referred to as a single the seventh in the postwar period, Germany an ideal place for motoring. Minister of Defense-Georg Leber both the European Community and The F.R.G. commenced this East­ unit (CDU/CSU), although each main­ were held on November 19, 1972, Express highways (Autobahnen) connect (SPD) the Atlantic alliance, Schmidt ex· ern Policy (Ostpolitik) by negotiating tains an individual party structure. The with a .voter turnout of 91.2 percent. most major cities. Third party_liability Minister for Economic Cooperation­ pressed his commitment to "the polit­ insurance is mandatory and must be ob­ non-aggression treaties with Czechoslo­ CDU/CSU is a loosely organized Egan Bahr (SPD) ical unification of Europe in partner­ tained from a company in Germany. vakia, Bulgaria, and Hungary. The framework containing Catholics, Minister of Economics-Hans Frider­ ship with the U.S.A." The theme of Mass transportation facilities (trains, F.R.G.'s relation with the German Protestants, provincialists, and ECONOMY ichs (FDP) "concentration" is considered to re­ streetcars, subways) are crowded but Democratic Republic posed particular­ members of all economic classes. Its Minister for Education and Science­ flect Schmidt's emphasis on economic The F.R.G. is a highly developed, efficient. Taxi service is available in all ly difficult questions. While anxious to strength derives from a generally con­ cities. Helmut Rohde (SPD) matters and his desire to exercise close prosperous, industrial nation which relieve serious hardships for divided servative policy with broad appeal to Health -Community sanitation and Minister of Finance-Hans Apel (SPD) control over the Federal budget. He is ranks among the world's most impor­ families and to reduce friction with the electorate. Until the 1969 election cleanliness are comparable to those Minister for Food, Agriculture and known to be partiCularly concerned tant economic powers. It has enjoyed the G.D.R., the F.R.G. was also intent the CDU/CSU had participated, either found in American cities. Drinking Forestry-Josef Ertl (FDP) over the economic dislocations facing almost unbroken economic expansion on retaining its concept of "two Ger­ { ( alone or as the dominant coalition water, dairy products, and other food Minister for Inner-German Relations­ the industrialized nations as a result of since the currency reform of 1948. products are under strict government man states in one German nation." partner, in every Federal Government. Egon Franke (SPD) the steep increase in oil prices and The very significant annual economic control and generally meet or exceed This requirement made its negotiations It is now the opposition party. U.S. standards of sanitation. Minister of the Interior-Werner with the G.D.R. on a number of sub­ other inflationary pressures. growth of the F.R.G. has shown signs .Maihofer (FDP) jects prolonged and difficult. Never­ The annoying but numerically un­ The Social Democratic Party (SPD) of slowing down somewhat in 1974. important political extremism of left Nevertheless, its gross national product The F.R.G. maintains an Embassy theless, the two German states con­ is the second major party in the and right poses no threat to internal (GNP) grew by 11.9 percent in 1973 whole and is the principal parliament­ at 4645 Reservoir Road, NW., Wash­ cluded a number of agreements, in­ F .R.G. and, since the 1969 election, cluding one providing for the exchange security in a Germany enjoying eco­ the senior partner in the SPD/FDP to U.S. $365 billion (in current ary chamber. It consists of 496 dep­ ington, D.C., 20007. prices), third highest in the world. Per of Permanent Representatives, who nomic health and political stability. governing coalition. It originally advo­ uties (plus 22 representatives from capita GNP in 1973 was about $5,612. took their posts in 1974. Both the On the left, the main party is the cated Marxist principles, but in recent Berlin, who have no vote in plenary POLITICAL CONDITIONS The F.R.G. recorded exports of $68.6 F.R.G. and the G.D.R. were admitted German Communist Party (DKP), years it has increasingly moderated its sessions except on procedural mat­ billion (f.o.b.) and imports of $55.9 Since the establishment of the to the United Nations on September which is basically Moscow-oriented. It traditional doctrines. In 19 S9 it aban­ ters). billion ( c.i.f.) in 1973 and retained its The Bundesrat (upper chamber), or F.R.G. in 1949 political life has been 18, 1973. is the successor to the Communist doned the concept of a class party and Party of Germany (DPK) which was position as the world's second most federal council, consists of 41 marked by remarkable stability with In November 1972, a series of assumed for the first time a distinctly declared unconstitutional in 19 56. A important trading nation after the members who are delegates of the l 0 orderly succession of governments. party crossovers resulting from dis­ pro-NATO viewpoint. It has played j i July 1974 poll indicated that the DKP United States. The F.R.G.'s monetary Lander, and four representatives of the The Adenauer era ( 1949-63) was fol­ agreements over Ostpolitik led to the ' down nationalization of industry and was supported by only 1.5 percent of unit, the Deutsche Mark, one of the Berlin government who have non­ lowed by a brief period under Ludwig F.R.G.'s first special federal elections. economic planning but continues to the national electorate, far short of the strongest currencies in the world, fluc­ voting status. Erhard ( 1963-66) who in turn was The SPD/FDP coalition emerged from lay major stress on social welfare pro­ 5 percent minimum required for tuates at around 1 DM=US$.39. It is The legislature has powers of ex­ replaced by Kurt Georg Kiesinger and these elections with a stable parlia­ grams. In foreign policy it stresses Ger· representation in the Bundestag. The backed by large reserves of gold and clusive jurisdiction and concurrent the grand coalition ( 1966-69). These mentary majority, the SPD increasing man ties with the Atlantic alliance but DKP has also failed to win representa­ foreign exchange which at the end of jurisdiction (with the Lander) in fields were all Christian Democratic (CDU/ its seats in the Bundestag from 224 seeks accommodation with Eastern tion in the Land legislatures, where a S 1973 totaled $34.02 billion. specifically enumerated by the consti­ CSU) governments, either alone or in to 230 and the FDP from 30 to 42. Europe, including the G.D.R. Ex­ percent minimum is similarly re­ The F.R.G.'s economy operates for tution. The Bundestag bears the major coalition with the Free Democratic The representation of the opposition Chancellor Willy Brandt remains the quired. the most part on a free-market basis. responsibility in the legislative process. Party (FDP) or the Social Democratic CDU/CSU coalition dropped from 242 Party Chairman. The SPD has acquired The principal party on the right is The role of the Bundesrat is limited Party (SPD). In the 1969 election the to 224 seats. Brandt remained the a powerful base in the bigger cities and Competition and free enterprise are except in matters concerning Lander SPD reversed the trend, gaining head of the coalition government until the National Democratic Party (NPD), industrialized Lander. fostered as a matter of government interests where it can exercise substan­ enough votes to form a coalition gov­ May 1974 when he resigned as Chan­ a strongly nationalistic group whose policy. There is, however, extensive tial veto powers. ernment with the FDP headed by cellor in the aftermath of the arrest of popularity has declined in recent years The FDP is composed mainly of emphasis on social security, and the The F.R.G. has an independent Chancellor Willy Brandt, leaving the a senior member of his staff, Gunter ( ( to the point where, like the DKP, it is middle- and upper-class Protestants state participates in the ownership and judiciary consisting of a Federal Con- CDU/CSU in the opposition. Guillaume, who was accused of being represented in neither the Bundestag who consider themselves "independ- management of a significant segment 7 6

Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin, German authorities in East and West Allied authority (the Berlin Kom­ of the economy, including such public FOREIGN RELATIONS Soviet pressure on Berlin took a ( West Berliners have been able to visit to negotiate further agreements and mandatura) can exercise effective services as railroad, airline, and tele­ new form in November 1958 with a ' ' East Berlin and East Germany on a arrangements on civilian travel in and authority only in the three Western phone systems. The F.R.G.'s foreign policy has Russian threat to sign a separate peace regular basis. around Berlin. These intra-German sectors of Berlin. West Berlin (U.S., Before the 1966-67 recession, Ger­ placed particular emphasis on West treaty with East Germany and end the The F.R.G.'s ~astern Policy seeks agreements and arrangements were U.K., and French sectors) has a pop­ man officials were wary of taking di­ European integration, Franco-German basis for the Allied occupation of to improve the situation in Germany signed in December 1971. The Final ulation of 2 million and covers an area rect expansive government action to reconciliation, maintaining good rela­ Berlin. At the foreign ministers' con- (which the wall has exacerbated), Quadripartite Protocol, encompassing of 1 8 6 square miles. East Berlin promote the economy. Public policy tions with the United States, and ference at Geneva in 19 59, the British, reduce tensions in central Europe, and and putting into effect the quadripar­ (Soviet sector) has a population of 1.1 was based on the principle of the so­ improving relations with Eastern French, and U.S. proposed solving the promote the normalization of relations tite and the intra-German sections, was million and an area of 155 square called market economy which Europe. Berlin problem by establishing a uni- between the F.R.G. and its East Euro­ signed by the four Foreign Ministers miles. The infamous 28-mile-long Ber­ included a minimum of state inter­ The F.R.G. has taken part in all of fied German state on the basis of free pean neighbors. This policy originated on June 3, 1972, in Berlin. lin Wall, constructed by the G.,D.R., vention. The Economic Stability and the common postwar efforts aimed at elections within a framework of meas- in the 1950's and 1960's when the divides the two halves of the city. Growth Law (1967) altered this policy closer political, economic, and defense ures guaranteeing European security. F.R.G. sought first to establish trade BERLIN Access through the Wall is restricted to by transferring from the legislative to cooperation among the countries of This proposal was rejected by the pacts, and later diplomatic relations, eight crossing points. the executive branch certain powers Western Europe. It is a charter U.S.S.R. which insisted on the con­ with East European countries. Agree­ Berlin is located 110 miles inside To a degree compatible with the over taxation and Federal borrowing member of the European Coal and clusion of peace treaties with "both ( ments, including the so-called "Berlin the G.D.R. and is entirely surrounded special status of the city, the Western in order to permit the Government to Steel Community formed in 1952, and German states." The Soviets also advo- clause" providing for the inclusion of by its territory. Although the city is Allies have turned over control and react quickly to economic change. It it joined the Brussels treaty members cated, as the only acceptable method West Berlin, were signed with Poland, not a part of the F.R.G. and is not management of city affairs to the Ber­ also provided for better coordination in 1954 in the formation of the West­ of achieving reunification, direct nego­ Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania. governed by it, the strong ties which lin Senat (Executive) and House of between policies of the individual ern European Union, which placed tiations between West and East Ger- Diplomatic relations were established have developed between the city and Representatives, governing bodies Lander and the Federation. As another certain controls on German rearma­ many under conditions which could with Romania and reestablished with the F.R.G. over the years have been established by constitutional process step toward coordinating it~economic ment. At the same time the F.R.G. lead to the merging of the two. These Yugoslavia. The F.R.G. also signed maintained. and chosen on the basis of free elec­ policies, the Government has initiated also renounced the manufacture of conditions included the dissolution of agreements with Czechoslovakia, re­ Many people in Germany, West and tions. The Allies and the German a medium-term fiscal plan which at­ atomic, bacteriological, and chemical German ties to the West and the exten- nouncing the use of force, and with East, look upon Berlin as the German authorities in the F.R.G. and West Ber­ tempts to project public revenues and warfare weapons. The Brandt govern­ sion of Communist influence through- the G.D.R. establishing relations. capital and believe that it will ulti­ lin do not recognize the Communist expenditures over a longer period. ment signed the Nuclear Nonprolifera­ out Germany. Western efforts to This policy of reconciliation with mately be restored to its former posi­ city regime in East Berlin. The F.R.G. is one of the leading tion Treaty. The Biological Warfare induce the Soviet Union to modify Eastern Europe was intensified by tion whenever Germany is reunified. F.R.G.-West Berlin Ties Fostered members of the European Communi­ Convention was signed on April 10, these unacceptable proposals were Chancellor Brandt's government when The German Democratic Republic ties (the European Coal and S tee! 1972. unsuccessful at Geneva and later dur- it assumed power in October 1969. claims Berlin as its capital, and its prin­ To reduce the psychological and Community, the European Economic The F.R.G. became a member of ing Premier Khrushchev's visit to the { ( Brandt met twice with G.D.R. Prime cipal government offices are located in practical effects of Berlin's isolation, a Community, and the European NATO in 1955. In 1957 it signed the United States. Preparations to discuss Minister Willi Stoph in early 1970 in the city's Eastern sector. In spite of close relationship has been developed Atomic Energy Community), and its treaties of Rome, thereby becoming a German reunification and Berlin at a an effort to establish Brandt's concept the Wall which has physically divided between the Government of West Ber­ commercial policy is more and more member of the European Economic summit in May 1960 were likewise of a special relationship between the the city since 1961, West Berlin re­ lin and that of the F.R.G. For determined by agreements among Community (Common Market) and una v ailing because the conference two German states within one German mains a vital urban center and a mag­ example, representatives of the city members of the Communities. The the European Atomic Energy Com­ failed to materialize. nation. netic attraction and source of hope to participate in the F.R.G. Parliament, Government has followed a liberal munity (EURATOM), both of which A state of uneasy equilibrium The F.R.G. also negotiated treaties the people of East Germany. although as non-voting members; policy toward U.S. investment: at the were established in 195 8. In January existed until January 1961. A June with the Soviet Union and Poland in appropriate West German agencies, Berlin's Special Status end of 1971 U.S. private investment 1963 the F.R.G. signed a treaty with meeting between President Kennedy 1970, accepting the present European such as the Supreme Administrative amounted to about $5.2 billion. France for political, military, and cul­ and Premier Khrushchev resulted pri­ borders as inviolable and undertaking Following World War II Berlin was Court, have their permanent seats in About two-thirds of U.S. capital is tural cooperation. The F.R.G. became marily in a Sovet ultimatum that the to settle disputes by peaceful means. not included in any of the other zones West Berlin; and the Governing Mayor invested in manufacturing (the largest a member of the United Nations in U.S.S.R. would sign a peace treaty During these negotiations the F.R.G. of occupation but was made a separate of Berlin takes his turn as President of share is in the automobile industry), 1973. with the East German regime before consulted its Western allies. Four area under quadripartite control. Ber­ the Bundesrat. These ties between the the end of the year. Again no basis for Power rights and responsibilities for lin was the seat of the Allied Control and another 25 percent is in petro­ Relations With Soviet Bloc F.R.G. and West Berlin were reaffirmed leum. negotiation had been found. The Berlin and Germany as a whole were Authority, which was to govern Ger­ in the Quadripartite Agreement on The United States, France, and Since World War II Germany's East­ Soviets did not, however, carry out ( ( not affected by these bilateral agree­ many as a whole and which was also to Berlin concluded in 1972. In addition, the Netherlands are the F.R.G.'s major ern problems have been particularly their threat to sign a separate peace ments. The two treaties were sub­ be the seat of the eventual central Ger­ the Allies carefully consult with the trading partners. The United States complex. In 1955 it establshed diplo­ treaty. mitted to the German Parliament in man Government. In 1948, however, F.R.G. and Berlin Governments on had sales of about $4.6 billion in matic relations with the U.S.S.R. By A major development occurred on December 1971 and ratified in May the Soviets repudiated their wartime foreign policy questions involving 1973. In that year the F.R.G. ex­ 1958 the U.S.S.R. had repatriated August 13, 1961, when the East Ger­ 1972; they were signed into law by agreements and refused to participate reunification and the status of Berlin. ported goods valued at about $5.7 bil­ thousands of prisoners of war and Ger­ mans began building a wall through President Gustav Heinemann on May any longer in the quadripartite admin­ The Quadripartite Agreement on lion to the United States. Main exports man civilians, and the F.R.G. and the the center of Berlin effectively divid- 23, 1972. istration of Germany. At the same Berlin has contributed to many prac­ to the United States include motor Soviet Union had reached limited ing the city and putting an end to any Concurrently, the Ambassadors of time they refused to continue to co­ tical improvements in easing the every­ vehicles, machinery, rolling mill prod­ trade and consular agreements. A significant flow of refugees from East the United Kingdom, France, the operate in the joint administration of day life of Berliners and offers hope ucts, chemicals, and electrical equip­ series of Soviet-engineered Berlin crises Germany through Berlin to the West. U.S.S.R., and the United States began Berlin, drove the Government elected for a brighter future for the city. It ment. U.S. sales to the F.R.G. are con­ and a steady campaign of vilification The wall became the symbol of the negotiations in Berlin in March 197 0 by the people of Berlin out of its seat provides for unhindered civilian access centrated in chemicals, machinery, from the Soviet side to discredit the East's political debility and Germany's with the goal of reaching a new agree­ in the Soviet sector, and installed a to Berlin, greater freedom of move­ soybeans, defense items, electrical F.R.G. Government and divide it from division. It has prevented East Ger­ ment on Berlin. In September 1971, Communist regime in its place. ment between the Eastern and Western equipment, edible fats and oils, air­ its Western Allies kept relations mans from visiting West Berlin. How- ( ' they signed the first phase of a quad­ Berlin today remains a quadri­ sectors of the city, and it contains a craft, tobacco, and grains. strained. ever, since the implementation of the { ripartite agreement which empowered partite responsibility, although the Soviet acknowledgement of the ties 8

which have grown between West Berlin United States, United Kingdom, and icy report to the Congress of February and the F.R.G., including the latter's France, in consultation with the 9, 1972, President Nixon stated that if right to represent Berlin abroad. F.R.G., issued a tripartite declaration a relaxation of tension was to come Major events such as fairs and festi­ on June 26, 1964. This declaration about in the 1970's it would be tested vals have been sponsored in West Ber­ outlined their basic policies toward in new efforts to address the central lin, and investment in commerce and Germany as a whole and Berlin in par­ question of the division of Germany industry have been encouraged by ticular and emphasized the following and Berlin. In the foreign policy report special concessionary tax legislation. points: of the Secretary of State (March 8, The result of such efforts, combined I. Any agreement on the subject 1972) the Berlin agreement is listed as with effective city administration and of Germany, including Berlin, between one of the principal developments in­ l the Berliners' natural energy and the U.S.S.R. and the G.D.R., cannot volving the concerns of U.S. foreign spirit, have been encouraging. Berlin's affect Soviet obligations or respon­ policy. "The U.S. objective in Ger­ morale has been sustained, and its sibilities under previous agreements or many," the report states, "remains the industrial production has considerably arrangements with the Allies. The preservation and consolidation of our surpassed the prewar level. Allies will continue to hold the vital close relationship with the Fed­ Nonetheless, West Berlin would have U.S.S.R. responsible for the fulfill­ eral Republic, as friends and trading great difficulty maintaining a high ment of its obligations. partners, but particularly as allies shar­ standard of living without continued 2. The city of "Greater Berlin" ing common institutions and having external aid. Industrial production also was placed under four-power adminis­ similar outlooks. U.S. policies were must be expanded further to compen­ tration. No unilateral initiatives by the shaped by the awareness that the secu­ sate for the loss of prewar activities U.S.S.R. to block the quadripartite rity and prosperity of each depends to and governmental services which were administration will modify this legal a major degree on that of the other. A performed for the German nation as a situation. In accordance with an agree­ parallel long-term U.S. objective, one whole or for the surrounding area. Aid ment of October 23, 1954, the Allies fully shared by the Federal Republic, to Berlin comes largely from the authorized the establishment of close has been to safeguard the freedom, F.R.G. where Berlin's significance is ties between Berlin and the F.R.G. to access, welfare, and security of the underscored to encourage the develop­ insure representation of Berlin and its Western sectors of Berlin." ment of commercial interests in the people outside the city. productive capabilities of the city. 3. The final frontiers of Germany Principal U.S. Officials German Democratic Republic must await a peace settlement for the Ambassador; Chief, U.S. Mission, Ber­ whole of Germany. At the December 1972 NATO min­ lin-Martin J. Hillenbrand 4. On October 3, 1954, the isterial meetings in Brussels, it was Deputy Chief of Mission; Minister­ F.R.G. Government renounced the use agreed that individual members of the Frank E. Cash, Jr. of force to achieve reunification or Alliance would be free to establish Counselor for Political Affairs-Francis modification of present boundaries, relations with the G.D.R. after the J. Meehan and this remains its policy. signing of the Basic Treaty between Counselor for Economic Affairs and the G.D.R. and the F.R.G. That treaty 5. The safeguarding of peace and Minister-Edwin C. Crowley was signed December 21, 1972. The security requires the application in the Counselor for Public Affairs (USIS)­ United States established diplomatic whole of Germany of self-determina­ McKinney H. Russell, Sr. relations with the G.D.R. on Septem­ tion. The exercise of self-determina­ Counselor for Administration-Earl ber 4, 1974. tion, leading to German reunification Bellinger in peace and freedom, remains the For additional information on the Chief, Military Assistance Advisory fundamental objective of the Allies. G.D.R., see Background Notes (De­ Group-Maj. Gen. Wagstaff partment of State pub. 7957). 6. The Allies remain ready to take advantage of any opportunity The U.S. Embassy in the F.R.G. is which would peacefully re-establish located at 5400 Mehlemer Ave., Bad U.S.·F.R.G. RELATIONS German unity in freedom. Godesberg, Bonn. There is also a Mis­ Following the signature of an agree­ These basic Western policies are sion in Berlin and Consulates General ment between the Soviet Union and echoed repeatedly in U.S. policy state· at Bremen, Dusseldorf, Frankfurt, the G.D.R. on June 12, 1964, the ments. For example, in his foreign pol- Hamburg, Munich, and Stuttgart.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7834, Revised November 1974 Office of Media Services, Bureau of Public Affairs July 9, 1976

No. 343

PROGRAM FOR THE OFFICIAL VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OF HIS EXCELLENCY HELMUT SCHMIDT, FEDERAL CHANCELLOR OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, AND MRS. SCHMIDT.

July 14-17, 1976

Wednesday, July 14

4:30p.m. His Excellency Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Mrs. Schmidt and their party will arrive at Patrick Henry International Airport, Newport News, Virginia aboard German Air Force Boeinq 707.

5:00 p.m. Arrival at Lightfoot House, Colonial Williams­ burg.

5:15 p.m. Chancellor Schmidt, Mrs. Schmidt and their party will take a carriage tour of Colonial Williamsburg Restorations.

7:30 p.m. The Honorable Carlisle Humelsine, President of Colonial Williamsburg, Inc. and Mrs. Humel­ sine will give a dinner in honor of His Excel­ lency Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and Mrs. Schmidt.

Dress: Business suit.

Thursday,July 15

9:20 a.m. Chancellor Schmidt, Mrs. Schmidt and their party will depart Colonial Williamsburg via U.S. Presidential Helicopters for Washington, D.C.

10:30 a.m. Arrival at the White House where His Excellency Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, and Mrs. Schmidt will be greeted by the President of the United States and Mrs. Ford, the Secretary of State and Mrs. Kissinger, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Mrs. Brown, the bean of the Diplomatic Corps and Mrs. Sevilla-Sacasa, the Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany and Mrs. Hillenbrand and the Mayor of the District of Columbia and Mrs. Washington.

Military honors will be rendered.

S/CPR - Mary Masserini 632-0685 PR /1343 - 2 -

Thursday, July 15 (continued)

12:30 p.m. The National Press Club will host a luncheon in honor of Chancellor Schmidt at the National Press Building, 529 Fourteenth Street, Northwest

2:10 p.m. Chancellor Schmidt will lay a wreath at the Von Steuben Monument, Lafayette Square.

3:00 p.m. Chancellor Schmidt will meet with the Secretary of State, Henry A. Kissinger, at Blair House.

4:30 p.m. Chancellor Schmidt will arrive at the National Air and Space Museum, 7th and Independence Avenue, Southwest,for the dedication of the Einstein Spacearium .

8:00 p.m. The President of the United States and Mrs. Ford will give a dinner in honor of His Excellency Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, and Mrs. Schmidt, at the White House.

Dress: Black tie.

Friday, July 16

9:30 a.m. Chancellor Schmidt will lay a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Arlington National Cemetery.

Private morning.

1:00 p.m. The Honorable Henry A. Kissinqer, Secretary of State and Mrs. Kissinaer will give a luncheon in honor of His Excellency Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, and Mrs. Schmidt at the Department of State, Benjamin Franklin Room.

4:30 p.m. Chancellor Schmi~t, Mrs. Schmidt and their party will arrive Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland where Chancellor Schmidt will receive an honorary degree.

-...p.m.-9:00p.m. His Excellency Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of (,!~ . the Federal Reoublic of Germany and Mrs. Schmidt will give a reception aboard the training Bark of the German Navy the "Gorch.Fock", moored at Inner Harbor, West Shore, Bal timnre, Marvlanc1.

Dress: Business suit.

Saturday, July 17

10:00 a.m. His Excellency Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Mrs. Schmidt, and their party will arrive at the Washington Monument Grounds (Reflecting Pool Side) for the Departure Ceremony. PR /1343

- 3 - Saturday, July 17 (continued)

10:30 a.m. Departure from Andrews Air Force Base for Philadelphia International Airport, Annenberg Hangar aboard German Air Force Boeing 707.

12:00 Noon Chancellor Schmidt, Mrs. Schmidt and their party will visit the Liberty Bell Pavilion and Independence Hall.

12:20 p.m. Chancellor Schmidt, Mrs. Schmidt and their party will visit the German destroyer "HessP.n", Philadelphia Harbor.

1:00 p.m. The Honorable Frank L. Rizzo, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, and Mrs. Rizzo will give a luncheon in honor of His Excellency Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, and Mrs. Schmidt at the Bellevue­ Stratford Hotel.

Dress: Business suit.

Chancellor Schmidt, Mrs. Schmidt and their party will depart Philadelphia International Airport aboard German Air Force Boeing 707 for a private visit to San Francisco, California. DEPARTMENT OF STATE WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF PROTOCOL

WHITE HOUSE ARRIVAL CEREMONY

One-half hour Members of the Welcoming Committee before ceremony arrive White House via Southwest Gate and are escorted to their assigned places on the South Lawn.

One-half hour Members of the Official Party not before ceremony arriving by helicopter arrive White House via Southwest Gate and are escorted to their assigned places on the South Lawn.

Five minutes before Members of the Official Party ceremony traveling by helicopter arrive White House via Southwest Gate and are escorted to their assigned places on the South Lawn.

TWo minutes before President and Mrs. Ford arrive ceremony Diplomatic Entrance of White House.

Ruffles and Flourishes Announcement Hail to the Chief

One minute before President and Mrs. Ford arrive ceremony platform area in front of Diplomatic Entrance and position themselves at the beginning of red carpet.

Time of Ceremony Motorcade carrying visitor (and Mrs.) arrives Diplomatic Entrance via Southwest Gate.

Trumpet Fanfare ..

-2-

President and Mrs. Ford are introduced to visitor (and Mrs.) by the Chief of Protocol.

(Photo Opportunity)

President Ford then introduces visitor (and Mrs.) to Secretary of State (and Mrs.) and representaive of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (and Mrs.).

The President escorts visitor onto the platform.

Mrs. Ford escorts visitor's wife, accompanied by wife of Chief of Protocol, to a position to the right of the platform, in front of the Official Party. Visitor's wife stands to Mrs. Ford's right with wife of Chief of Protocol directly behind.

Present Arms Ruffles and Flourishes National Anthem of Visitor's Country National Anthem of the United States (19 or 21-gun salute) Order Arms

President Ford escorts visitor toward the Commander of the Troops, who takes his place at visitor's right • .The Inspection Party. turns in front of the band, and the President takes a position to the right of the visitor.

Inspection begins at the right front of the band and proceeds along front rank of troops. Members of the Inspection Party render salutes when passing in front of the Colors. -3-

At the left flank of troops, the Party turns and proceeds toward the platform.

President Ford escorts visitor onto the platform.

Troops in Review Marine Drum and Bugle Corps pass in front of the platform Present Arms Order Arms

President Ford and visitor move to the microphone and face the press area.

Remarks by Presidept Ford.

Remarks by visitor.

President Ford and visitor face the troops and the Commander of Troops indicates that the ceremony has concluded.

President and Mrs. Ford escort visitor {and Mrs.) to the South Portico Balcony.

(Photo Opportunity at South Portico Balcony)

The Party enters the Blue Room and a receiving line is formed in the following order:

President Ford Visitor Mrs. Ford Visitor's Wife Secretary of State Wife of Secretary of State Representative of Joint Chiefs of Staff Wife of Representative -4-

Members of the Official Party and the Welcoming Committee are escorted into the Blue Room and are presented to the receiving line.

Coffee is served.

One-half hour President Ford escorts visitor to after start of the President's Office for meeting. Ceremony Mrs. Ford and wife of visitor remain in the Blue Room for coffee.

Following coffee, wife of visitor departs from North Portico via motorcade. * * * Members of Official Party depart North Portico via motorcade.

Members of Welcoming Committee depart via Southwest Gate {Diplomatic Entrance} •

Following meeting with President Ford, visitor departs from South Lawn Driveway via motorcade.

* * * * Attached are three diagrams showing:

#A - The President's Park (Ellipse) showing positioning of the two helicopters and motorcade to the White House Arrival Ceremony.

#B - Overall view of the White House South Lawn during White House Arrival Ceremony.

#C - View of the Platform Area during White Hous~ Arrival Ceremony. NATIONAL· ARCHIVES AND RI!CORDIII!IIVICE WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES)

FORM OF DATE RESTRICTION DOCUMENT CORRESPONDENTS OR TITLE

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(AI Closed by Executive Order 12356·governlng access to netlonalsecurltv Information. (81 Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document. (CI Closed In accordance with fllltrlctlons contained in the donor's dead of gift.

GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION GSA P'ORM 7122 (REV. 5 ..2) DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington, D.C. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF PROTOCOL

WREATH LAYING CEREMONY, TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN SOLDIER ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

a. The host will arrive approximately 10 minutes prior to the time of the ceremony. b. The Dignitary and the Official Party will arrive at Memorial Gate, where they will be met by the Liaison Officer, who will escort the motorcade to the East Entrance (#1 on the attached diagrams) to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Roosevelt Drive. An appropriate cannon salute will be fired while the party is enroute. c. The host (Commanding General, Military District of Washington) and the MOW Ceremonies Officer will greet the Dignitary at the East Entrance (#2), brief him if necessary, and escort him through the ceremony. The Official Party will be organized by a Protocol Officer of the State Department and escorted by the MDW Ceremonial Officer. d. Upon arrival at the East Entrance, the Dignitary will be escorted to a point opposite the color of the Dignitary's country (#3). There the entire party will halt. The color team will then come to "Present Arms" whereupon all members of the Official Party will salute the color. e. After the color has been received, the Dignitary will be escorted toward the Tomb, stopping in a designated position near the foot of the steps (#5). The color will turn right and follow the Dignitary. The Official Party will follow the color. As the party enters the beginning (USCG) of the cordon formed by the honor guard, the troops will be brought to "Present Arms." f. When the entire party and the color have halted at the designated position (#5), the band will sound four ruffles and flourishes, followed by the national anthem of the Dignitary's country, during which the Official Party and all spectators will salute. g. Following the honors, the honor guard will come to "Order Arms", and the Dignitary will be escorted up the stair­ way, halting in front of the Tomb •. As soon as the party moves after "Order Arms," the troops will be brought to "Present Arms." The color and the Official Party will follow, halting on the steps (#6). -2-

h. When the Official Party has halted, the band will play the national anthem of the United States, during which the Official Party and all spectators will salute.

i. Following the national anthem, the honor guard will come to "Order Arms." At this time the wreath bearer with the wreath, and the bugler, will move forward. As the bugler takes his post, the wreath bearer will present the wreath to the Dignitary.

j. When the Dignitary has placed his hands upon the wreath, the honor guard will come to "Present Armsn and the Official Party and all spectators will salute. The Dignitary will then move forward, with his hands on the wreath as the wreath bearer backs toward the Tomb, and places the wreath in position. The Dignitary will then return to his position beside the host and assume a proper position, i.e., salute, attention, hand over heart, as appropriate. k. After the wreath has been placed, the drummer will sound four muffled ruffles, and the bugler will sound "Taps."

1. Following nTaps" the honor guard will be brought to "Order Armsn and:

a) The host will escort the Dignitary to the right of the Tomb, around the joint color team and onto the plaza to a position in front of the west end of the Tomb where the Dignitary may read the inscrip­ tion (#7).

b) The color team with the color of the Dignitary's country will follow the same route onto the plaza, but will continue without pause, on through the Trophy Room and around the colonnade to the Amphi­ theatre West Entrance and await the arrival of the Dignitary and host.

c) The remainder of the wreath party will move onto the plaza and halt near the base of the Trophy Room steps where they may view the inscription. m. After the Dignitary has viewed the inscription, the host will escort him into the Trophy Room (#8) followed by the remainder of the wreath party. n. When the Dignitary and the Official Party have completed their visit in. the Trophy Room, the host will escort them around the north colonnade (#9) to the West Entrance (#10). At this point, the host will escort the Dignitary to a position facing the color of the Dignitary's country and the remainder of the party will halt a few steps to the north of the color. -3-

The color team will come to "Present Arms" and all members of the party will salute, thus dismissing the color and con­ cluding the ceremony. The color team will remain at the top of the steps until th~ Dignitary's vehicle has departed (#11). o. The Dignitary and his Official Party will then descend the steps where the official motorcade will be formed. After farewell remarks have been exchanged, the Dignitary and Official Party will enter their vehicles. p. When all members of the Official Party have entered their cars, the Official motorcade will depart Arlington National Cemetery via Memorial Gate. The motorcade will be led by the Liaison Officer. An appropriate cannon salute will be fired as the motorcade is enroute, first round fired as the Dignitary's vehicle begins forward movement and last round being fired as the car exits Memorial Gate (if the Dignitary rates a 21 gun salute). 2 3 4 - 5 •