PEJuly 2014 &RSVolume 80, Number 7 The official journal for imaging and geospatial information science technology ENSING S EMOTE R NGINEERING & E HOTOGRAMMETRIC P INTRODUCING THE ASPRS SMARTPHONE APP

The American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) has launched an association and conference focused smartphone app for use by ASPRS members and those interested in the Society. The app keeps ASPRS competitive and continues to provide members with the tools they find essential, such as real-time access to association news, member directories, information on ASPRS webinars and conferences, and critical industry alerts all from their iPhone or Android smartphone. The app is available on both iPhone and Android platforms.

Now everyone can have the association The Conference side of the app allows Downloading the new ASPRS app is experience right at their fingertips. The attendees to connect with the conference simple! iPhone users can visit the Apple technology available through the smart- web page, access a dynamic electronic App Store and download the ASPRS phone app includes accessing the ASPRS final program, create a personalized App free of charge. Android users may mobile website, direct access to “My calendar of events during the conference access via the Google Plays Store to ASPRS” portals with editing and log-in week, view a map of activities, restau- download the new version, also free of capability, a student information tab rants and attractions surrounding the charge. Individuals may also find the with focused activities and information, conference location, post personal experi- links to download the smartphone app publications tab for browsing the ASPRS ences and leave live real-time comments on the ASPRS website. Download the Bookstore and online publications, an for other attendees on the “Fan Wall”, a ASPRS App today! upcoming webinar and events calendar “Socialize” tab for access to ASPRS social and membership “Join Now” material. media pages, and an “FAQ” tab with the most important questions and answers In addition, the ASPRS smartphone app asked during the conference. includes a second screen dedicated to conference activities. The latest confer- ASPRS is continuously working to im- ence information is uploaded to the app prove communications with our members about a month prior to the upcoming and stakeholders, and expanding the mo- conference and then requires the well- bile app beyond its initial conference- known “shake to update” for the latest focused purpose in order to address a wid- app information. er range of ASPRS programs and infor- mation sources was a natural transition. PECORA 19 Sustaining Land Imaging... UAS to Satellites in conjunction with the Joint Symposium of ISPRS Technical Commission I and IAG Commission 4

November 17-20 The 19th William T. Pecora Memorial Remote Sensing Symposium – Sustaining Land Imaging: UAS to Satellites will be held in conjunction with the Joint Symposium of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Technical Commission I and International Association of 2014 Geodesy (IAG) Commission 4. The Pecora 19 Symposium will be held November Renaissance 17-20, 2014 at the Renaissance Denver Hotel, Denver, Colorado and will be Denver Hotel combining various general sessions and special technical sessions throughout Denver, Colorado the week with the ISPRS/IAG Symposium.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 577

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The official journal for imaging and geospatial information science and technology July 2014 Volume 80 Number 7

COLUMNS HIGHLIGHT ARTICLE ISPRS Second Vice President, 580 582 ASPRS Guidelines for Procurement of Geospatial Dr. Marguerite Madden Grids and Datums 607 Mapping Products and Services Federated States of Micronesia Book Review 609 FEATURE ARTICLE Advances in Geospatial Information Science 600 Connecting Pixels NEW! Behind the Scenes 613 with People to Examine ANNOUNCEMENTS Environmental Changes in the 600 Pecora 19 & ISPRS Commission I Symposium 577 Call for Papers 606, 618 Mt. Everest Region of Nepal In Memoriam 611 John All, Narcisa Pricope, and Kamal Carolyn Jean Merry Humagain ASPRS News 615 INTERVIEW DEPARTMENTS Certification 610 605 Bill Emison Industry News 614 Classifieds 614 PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES Member Champions 616 619 Automatic Estimation of Number of Clusters in Hyperspectral Imagery Region of the Month 617 Amin Alizadeh Naeini, Mohammad Saadatseresht, and Saeid Homayouni New Members 617 An innovative approach for automatically estimating the number of clusters in Advertiser Index 617 hyperspectral imagery using the residual and change-point analyses. Calendar 638 Forthcoming Articles 662 627 An Accuracy Assessment of Tree Detection Algorithms in Juniper Woodlands Who’s Who in ASPRS 687 Aaron J. Poznanovic, Michael J. Falkowski, Ann L. Maclean, Alistair M.S. Smith, and Sustaining Members 688 Jeffrey S. Evans Instructions for Authors 690 An accuracy assessment of three pixel-based approaches and two object-oriented Membership Application 692 classification approaches for estimating western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) canopy cover. The topographical complexities that 639 Sensitivity of Hydrological Outputs from SWAT to DEM Spatial Resolution make alpine research T. Goulden, C. Hopkinson, R. Jamieson, S. Sterling, A. Sinclair, and D. Hebb problematic find their An assessment of the variability of flow and sediment derived from SWAT to lidar- fullest expression in Nepal where there derived DEMs of varying spatial resolution. is greater than 8000 meters of vertical relief 653 Analysis of Dual-Sensor Stereo Geometry and Its Positioning Accuracy in under 100 horizontal Jaehoon Jeong and Taejung Kim kilometers. The location of the Himalaya in the Stereo geometry and positioning accuracy of dual-sensor stereo pairs are analyzed with mid latitudes helps respect to convergence angle, bisector elevation angle and asymmetry angle. drive the monsoonal circulation patterns that dictate water availability for 663 SAR Imaging and Interferometry Using Parameters Estimated from Raw Data nearly a third of the world’s population. The American Dongliang Wang, Jun Yang, Guangcai Sun, Matthew Brolly, Xin Tao, Jianhua Xiao, Climber Science Program team has gathered data from Guoqing Sun, and Youchuan Wan elephant-back near sea level in Chitwan National Park to the summit of Mt. Everest. This cover has some of A novel method for SAR imaging and interferometry using the parameters estimated the ground reference points that we collected in the from raw data; products obtained are then compared directly with those produced using Everest region - they are highlighted all of the way commonly employed methods which incorporate accurate orbit meta-data supplied with up and slightly over the summit of Everest from the the processed data product. North side of the mountain. A similar data collection APPLICATIONS mission on the South side was derailed by dangerous 675 Application of the Savitzky-Golay Filter to Land Cover Classification Using Tem- mountain conditions this spring as global climate PAPER change melts the Khumbu glacier into a memory. poral MODIS Vegetation Indices Remnant ice on the mountains is unstable and will So-Ra Kim, Anup K. Prasad, Hesham El-Askary, Woo-Kyun Lee, Doo-Ahn Kwak, continue deteriorating for the foreseeable future - thus Seung-Ho Lee, and Menas Kafatos making this research more critical than ever. For more information, contact Dr. John All, Associate A study to identify the optimal data form for land cover classification using periodic data Professor, Director, American Climber Science Program for land cover. (ACSP), www.climberscience.com. Cover design by Sylvie Arques, ACSP, Western Washington University.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 579 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING LETTER FROM THE ISPRS

SECOND VICE PRESIDENT, Journal Staff Publisher Dr. Michael Hauck DR. MARGUERITE MADDEN Editor Russell G. Congalton Technical Editor Michael S. Renslow Assistant Editor Jie Shan Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing is the official journal of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is devoted to the exchange of ideas and information about the applications of photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The technical activities of the Society are conducted through the following Technical Divisions: Geographic Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications, Lidar, Primary Data Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing Applications. Additional information on the functioning of the Technical Divisions and the Society can be found in the Yearbook issue of PE&RS. Correspondence relating to all business and editorial matters pertaining to this and other Society publications should be directed to the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 210, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2144, including inquiries, memberships, subscrip- tions, changes in address, manuscripts for publication, advertising, back issues, and publications. The telephone number of the Society Headquarters is 301- 493-0290; the fax number is 301-493-0208; email address is [email protected]. PE&RS. PE&RS (ISSN0099-1112) is published monthly by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 210, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2144. Periodicals postage paid at Bethesda, Maryland and at additional mailing offices. SUBSCRIPTION. For the 2014 subscription year, ASPRS is offering two options to our PE&RS subscribers -- an e-Subscription and the print edition. (l-r). Carolyn Merry, Charles Toth, and Marguerite Madden. E-subscribers can plus-up their subscriptions with printed copies for a small additional charge. Print subscriptions are on a calendar-year basis that runs from January through December. Electronic subscriptions run for twelve months on an anniversary basis. We recommend that customers who choose Dear Readers, both e-Subscription and print (e-Subscription + Print) renew on a calendar-year basis. The new electronic subscription includes access to ten years’ of digital back issues of PE&RS for online subscribers through the same portal at no I set out to write this letter from my perspective as the Second Vice additional charge. Please see the Frequently Asked Questions about our President of ISPRS with the aim of describing: 1) the relationship journal subscriptions. The rate of the e-Subscription (digital) Site License Only for USA and For- between ASPRS and ISPRS; and 2) how that relationship can eign: $2000; e-Subscription (digital) Site License Only for Canada*: $2100; directly impact our professional lives and careers. But as I write Special Offers: e-Subscription (digital) Plus Print for the USA: $2,160; e-Subscription (digital) Plus Print Canada*: $2,273.25; e-Subscription (dig- these words only hours after hearing the tragic news of the death ital) Plus Print Outside of the USA: $2,175; Printed-Subscription Only for USA: $660; Printed-Subscription Only for Canada*: $762; Printed-Sub- of ASPRS Past President, Dr. Carolyn Merry, I feel compelled to scription Only for Other Foreign: $735. *Note: e-Subscription/Printed-Sub- include her story in this narrative. Although we came from different scription Only/e-Subscription Plus Print for Canada include 5% of the total amount for Canada’s Goods and Services Tax (GST #135123065). backgrounds, hers Geology/Civil Engineering and mine Biology/ POSTMASTER. Send address changes to PE&RS, ASPRS Headquarters, 5410 Ecology, we were both introduced to remote sensing and GIS in Grosvenor Lane, Suite 210, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2144. CDN CPM the 1980s, involved in teaching, research and administration, and #(40020812) MEMBERSHIP. Membership is open to any person actively engaged in the prac- greatly valued our participation in professional organizations such tice of photogrammetry, photointerpretation, remote sensing and geographic as the University Consortium of Geographic Information Science information systems; or who by means of education or profession is interested in the application or development of these arts and sciences. Membership is (UCGIS), ASPRS and ISPRS. for one year, with renewal based on the anniversary date of the month joined. Membership Dues include a 12-month subscription to PE&RS. Subscription ASPRS members often ask me how they can become members of is part of membership benefits and cannot be deducted from annual dues. ISPRS and I reply, “You are already a member!” The International Beginning with the January 2014 issue of PE&RS, all members outside of the USA will receive access to the full digital edition of the journal rather than the Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) can printed copy. Dues for ASPRS Members outside of the U.S. will now be the same as for members residing in the U.S. Annual dues for Regular members be described as an umbrella organization that includes the fields (Active Member) is $150; for Student members it is $50 for USA and Canada; of photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information $60 for Other Foreign (E-Journal – No hard copy for all Students); for Associate Members it is $100 (member must be under the age of 35, see description on sciences; in other words, fields addressing “information from application in the back of this Journal). A tax of 5% for Canada’s Goods and imagery”. ISPRS is made up of Ordinary Members such as ASPRS, Service Tax (GST #135123065) is applied to all members residing in Canada COPYRIGHT 2014. Copyright by the American Society for Photogrammetry the Canadian Institute of Geomatics and the Chinese Society of and Remote Sensing. Reproduction of this issue or any part thereof (except Geodesy, Photogrammetry & Cartography, all Category 8 Ordinary short quotations for use in preparing technical and scientific papers) may be made only after obtaining the specific approval of the Managing Editor. The Members because they have more than 800 active specialists. There Society is not responsible for any statements made or opinions expressed in technical papers, advertisements, or other portions of this publication. Printed are currently 91 Ordinary Members of Categories ranging from 1 in the United States of America. (with fewer than 26 active specialists) to 8. Other membership types PERMISSION TO PHOTOCOPY. The appearance of the code at the bottom of are Associate Members for experts not represented by national the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner’s consent that copies of the article may be made for personal or internal use societies, multi-national Regional Members, Sustaining Members or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee of $3.00 who offer equipment, supplies and services and distinguished through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Honorary Members and ISPRS Fellows. A new ISPRS Individual Massachusetts 01923, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of Membership type was approved at the 2012 ISPRS Congress held copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional continued on page 612 purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.

580 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING THE SPARK OF INNOVATION

R&D FUNDING PROGRAM The National Reconnaissance Offi ce Director’s Innovation Initiative (DII) Program funds cutting- edge scientifi c research in a high-risk, high-payoff environment to discover innovative concepts and creative ideas that transform overhead intelligence capabilities and systems for future national security intelligence needs. The program seeks out the brightest minds and breakthrough technologies from industry, academia, national laboratories, and U.S. government agencies.

Visit the DII website for program history, frequently asked questions, proposal guidance, and Broad Agency Announcement and Government Sources Sought Announcement requirements.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING http://dii3.westfields.net July 2014 581 ASPRS Guidelines for Procurement of Geospatial Mapping Products and Services

The following material is considered DRAFT FOR REVIEW and is being published at this time to encourage wide dissemination and comment. Comments should be forwarded via email to [email protected] no later than September 21, 2014. The current plan is to review all comments and finalize the document forASPRS Board approval at its on November 21, 2014 meeting.

Executive Summary Introduction The intent of these Guidelines is to provide federal, state and local gov- ASPRS has published two previous procure- ernment agencies, researchers, private entities and other organizations ment guidelines: Guidelines for the Pro- with a resource that they can use as a guide to help determine the best curement of Professional Aerial Imagery, approach and methodology for procuring Professional Geospatial Map- Photogrammetry, Lidar and Related Re- ping Services (PGMS) and Commercial Geospatial Mapping Products mote Sensor-based Geospatial Mapping (CGMP). Services (2009) and the Guidelines for Pro- The Guidelines provide a definition of PGMS and CGMP with the intent curement of Commercial Geospatial Map- to highlight the characteristics that distinguish CGMP from deliverables ping Products (2012). These Guidelines were made through PGMS contracts. The Guidelines provide criteria to consid- developed to address common questions that er when evaluating the procurement of products and services. A matrix have arisen about appropriate models and as- outlining these differences is provided in Appendix 1 of these Guidelines. sociated procurement procedures for products The specific goals of these Guidelines related to procurement of PGMS and services from the ASPRS membership and are to: broader profession. • Define which remote sensor-based geospatial mapping services This procurement guideline document incor- are considered by ASPRS to be professional level services. porates those two existing guidelines, super- • Endorse qualifications-based selection (QBS) procurement consis- sedes, and combines those guidelines into this tent with similar professions for which services are professional in single document entitled Guidelines for the nature and affect public wellbeing and safety. Procurement of Geospatial Mapping Prod- • Recognize existing state and federal laws regulating this profes- ucts and Services. sion and distinguish between: These Guidelines seek to inform and guide i. Licensed activities that are defined by state law; and the reader in the following ways: ii. Professional services that may not require a license, but are profes- • Provide a clear and updated definition of sional in nature as determined by the ultimate use of the services, level of skill required and accepted standards of practice. what characterizes Professional Geospa- • Define the characteristics that distinguish professional geospatial tial Mapping Services (PGMS) and Com- services from geospatial mapping products and/or technical services. mercial Geospatial Mapping Products • Provide definitions and guidance that will apply to both current (CGMP). and future technologies. • Provide clear examples of PGMS and The specific goals of theseGuidelines related to procurement of CGMP CGMP covered and not covered in each are to: guideline. • Define “commercial off-the-shelf” (COTS) CGMP. • Recognize and reference existing Federal • Recognize, acknowledge, and reference the existence of state and and State laws that may govern the pro- federal laws that may govern the procurement of CGMP as they curement of PGMS or CGMP. relate to COTS. • Review procurement methodology and • Distinguish CGMP from deliverables provided as part of a PGMS best practices as applicable. contract. • Provide additional reference materials • Define CGMP procurement practices that may include elements for the reader as appropriate. of:

582 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING ◊ Data license terms and conditions The Guidelines for Procurement of Professional Aerial ◊ CGMP price, suitability, and availability Imagery, Photogrammetry, Lidar and Related Remote ◊ Provider-defined product specifications Sensor-based Geospatial Mapping Services was approved ◊ Available provider product support of the CGMP by the ASPRS Board of Directors in August 2009. The Guide- lines for Procurement of Commercial Geospatial Map- ping Products was approved by the ASPRS Board of Direc- Recommendations from the Guidelines tors in October 2012. For either PGMS or CGMP procurement, the reader is encour- This document entitled Guidelines for the Procurement aged to undertake a number of steps to implement the appropri- of Geospatial Mapping Products and Services, combines ate methodology. These include, but are not limited to: the previous guidelines and was approved by the ASPRS Board • Seeking the assistance and guidance of a professional of Directors in [month year]. • Pre-proposal research, including requirements defi- nition • Market analysis • Development of Source Solicitation Package / Re- I. Distinguishing Between PGMS and CGMP quest for Proposal • Issuance of the Source Solicitation Package / Request Professional Geospatial Mapping Services PGMS are those geospatial mapping services that require spe- for Proposal cialized knowledge and skill; require independent judgment; • Evaluation, selection and award and have an expectation of ethical conduct and professional ex- pertise such that the resulting services will be consistent with Items Not Covered in the Guidelines the best interests of the client and public. A detailed definition Specific procurement methodologies and approaches for the and distinction of what services are considered professional in items listed below are not included within the scope of the nature is presented in Chapter 1, along with recommendations Guidelines. They are only referenced within the Guidelines for appropriate procurement methods. to the extent necessary to define and clarify the distinction Geospatial services that do not require authoritative positional between them and the items covered within the Guidelines. or thematic accuracy and which fall outside of the jurisdiction of • Procurement of geospatial hardware services covered by state regulations may be considered technical • Procurement of geospatial software services. These Guidelines do not attempt to recommend a pro- • Procurement of geospatial technical services curement methodology for technical services. Rather, we recom- mend that the reader researches technical services procurement publications from other professional organizations. I. Background and Intent The American Society for Photogrammetry and Re- Commercial Geospatial Mapping Products mote Sensing (ASPRS) is the leading scientific professional CGMP refers to geospatial map data that are readily available organization representing the photogrammetry and remote from commercial providers and described as “commercially sensing profession. These Guidelines represent the best ef- available off-the-shelf” or COTS (the procurement of geospatial fort of ASPRS at defining and clarifying the key issues that hardware and/or software is not part of these Guidelines). This affect procurement of Professional Geospatial Mapping Ser- includes existing imagery or mapping data and other maps or vices (PGMS) and Commercial Geospatial Mapping Prod- data for which the data provider sets the specifications and ucts (CGMP). licensing requirements. A detailed description of what CGMP The Guidelines were prepared by the ASPRS Procure- encompass is presented in Chapter 2, along with recommenda- ment Guidelines Committee, an ad hoc committee appoint- tions for appropriate procurement methods. ed by the ASPRS Board of Directors. The core members of The matrix in Appendix 1 compares the characteristics the Committee included representatives from the commer- of PGMS to CGMP and CGMP Support as defined in the cial / private sector, as well as state and federal government. Guidelines for Procurement of Professional Aerial Im- Committee membership included representation from the agery, Photogrammetry, Lidar and Related Remote Sen- ASPRS Professional Practice Division, ASPRS members sor-based Geospatial Mapping Services, ASPRS, August from state and federal government, the Management As- 2009 and the Guidelines for Procurement of Commercial sociation for Private Photogrammetric Surveyors (MAPPS) Geospatial Mapping Products, ASPRS, October 2012. The and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping matrix in Appendix 1 was modified from the MAPPS Products (ACSM), now known as the National Society of Professional vs. Services Matrix. Surveyors (NSPS). During the development of these Guide- It is the intent that these Guidelines are useful. This is in- lines, the Committee interviewed procurement representa- tended to be a ‘living document’ and therefore ASPRS welcomes tives from State and Federal agencies and private providers your comments and suggestions in the form of communication of commercial geospatial mapping products. to ASPRS with the subject referencing this document.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 583 Chapter 1 — Procurement of Professional Geo- Photogrammetry techniques / principles / methods and re- spatial Mapping Services (PGMS) mote sensing are applied in a variety of industries and profes- sions for a very broad range of applications. Many of those ap- plications are not related to geospatial mapping and as such, are not addressed herein. I. Definition of PGMS The term ”professional geospatial mapping services (PGMS) Professional services are those services that require special- is used in this document in a very general context to refer to a ized knowledge and skill; require independent judgment; and much broader scope of geospatial mapping services than those have an expectation of ethical conduct and professional exper- that involve only photogrammetry and remote sensing. It is tise such that the resulting services will be consistent with the the opinion of ASPRS that the principles and recommenda- best interests of the client and public. tions presented in this document apply equally to any geospa- Professional photogrammetric mapping services utilize geo- tial mapping services that would meet the broad definition matics, photogrammetry, and related remote sensing technol- of “professional services” used herein. However, specifically ogies to produce geospatial mapping deliverables and infor- determining or identifying all geospatial mapping services mation for which there is an expectation of reliable spatial or that should be considered “professional services” is beyond thematic accuracy. Professional photogrammetry and related the expertise of the Procurement Guidelines Committee and remote sensor-based geospatial mapping services are broad in is beyond the scope of this document. The primary focus of the scope and are not limited to those tasks that are regulated or document is on the photogrammetry, remote sensing and geo- licensed by states or other agencies. State laws vary widely spatial services that constitute the primary area of expertise of and are not consistent in their definitions of which geospatial ASPRS and its membership. mapping services require licensing. Further, licensure is in- tended to ensure a minimal level of competence to protect life, health, safety, property and/or the public welfare. Procure- ment guidelines should meet a higher standard and seek to IV. Examples of PGMS This section provides examples of specific task items that meet acquire services that will result in a successful project that the definition of “professional” photogrammetric services. best meets overall project objectives and/or public interests. Geomatics, photogrammetric and remote sensing profession- als apply the rigorous principles of measurement science and remote sensing interpretation to develop reliable geospatial II. Characteristics of PGMS deliverables. Photogrammetric mapping professionals utilize ASPRS considers professional geospatial mapping services their knowledge and training to employ the appropriate meth- (PGMS) to be those geospatial mapping services that: ods and technologies to image, measure, calculate, reduce, and 1. Require specialized knowledge derived from academic integrate geospatial and attribute data. They then transform education, on-the-job training, and practical experience; this data into mapping deliverables such as vector and image 2. Produce mapping deliverables and geospatial informa- maps, charts, reports, and other graphical or digital represen- tion for which there is an expectation or representation tations. of positional or thematic accuracy; Photogrammetrists and remote sensing specialists must 3. Require independent judgment, ethical conduct and have in-depth knowledge and expertise in the 1) principles of professional expertise to ensure that the resulting geomatics, 2) sensor technologies and their specific applica- maps, data and information derived from these services tions, 3) specific processes to be implemented and 4) final ap- are consistent with the best interests of the client and/ plication of the project deliverables. Professionals may incor- or public and; porate commercial geospatial mapping products (CGMP) when 4. Could potentially negatively affect life, health, safety, appropriate to meet the client’s project requirements. property and/or the public welfare if not performed to Photogrammetric mapping deliverables are frequently used professional standards. to make critical decisions that require accurate and reliable information about the location of features on the Earth. Pho- togrammetric mapping professionals may provide services di- III. PGMS Addressed by these Guidelines rectly to a public agency or other private sector professional These Guidelines are specifically intended to apply to those firms. In the performance of their services, the photogrammet- photogrammetry and related remote sensing services that are ric mapping professional may work in cooperation with other associated with acquiring, interpreting, processing or analyzing experts such as surveyors, engineers, architects, land manag- remotely-sensed imagery and data to create geospatial mapping ers and planners, remote sensing specialists, cartographers, deliverables. This includes services associated with measuring, geographers, GIS specialists, and IT professionals. The pho- locating and preparing maps, charts, or other graphical or dig- togrammetrist, in direct responsible charge of acquiring and ital presentations depicting the location of natural and man- preparing the contracted geospatial deliverables, is often the made physical features and phenomena of the Earth. only professional involved in the project who has the experi-

584 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING ence necessary to fully understand how to properly implement ment Unit (IMU) or Similar Technologies) - These geomatics, photogrammetry and related remote sensing tech- technologies involve the direct determination, during nologies to support the intended uses of the contracted deliv- image acquisition, of some or all of the image georefer- erables. Following are specific examples of some of the many encing parameters. Imagery acquisition for which spe- areas of use wherein the accuracy and quality of photogram- cific coordinate and orientation parameters that are re- metric mapping services directly affects decisions that could quired as a deliverable implies an expectation of accura- potentially impact life, health, safety, property and/or the pub- cy and requires professional services to ensure reliable lic welfare: results that will support intended applications. 1. Engineering design of roads, bridges and public facili- • Analytical Aerial Triangulation - This process com- ties; bines the ground control with the sensor metric param- 2. Water resources planning and design; eters, and then applies precise photogrammetric mea- 3. Natural hazards assessment, including landslide as- surements to accurately georeference the imagery. The sessment, dam site/reservoir assessment and flood haz- accuracy and reliability of the aerial triangulation pro- ard mapping; cess affects all subsequent mapping tasks. 4. Emergency services applications; • Determination of Topographic, Elevation Mod- 5. Municipal planning; el, or Planimetric Feature Mapping - Point and 6. Disaster recovery; feature extraction from remotely sensed data for the 7. Transportation planning; purposes of mapping topographic features, planimetric 8. Route planning for power distribution facilities features or development of elevation and terrain models Some implementations of the tasks listed may be considered have an expectation of accuracy and affect subsequent surveying by state law, depending on the nature of the work decisions and activities that affect life, health, safety, and end use of the project deliverables; other implementations property and/or the public welfare. Feature extraction may not meet state law or National Council of Examiners for requires precise photogrammetric orientations and Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) definitions of survey- measurements, specific knowledge and skill using the ing, but still require the level of professional expertise and photogrammetric mapping technologies and a broad un- ethical conduct that define professional service. In the opin- derstanding of the intended applications. Professional ion of ASPRS, projects and contracts that include any of the expertise is critical to adequately represent planimet- following services should use procurement methods that rely ric, topographic and elevation model features within the on qualifications as the primary selection criteria; the most contracted accuracies. widely accepted example of which is the Brooks Act Qualifica- • Digital Orthophoto Mapping - A digital orthophoto tions-Based Selection (QBS) process. The list below provides by definition is an image that has been differentially examples of services for which ASPRS recommends the QBS rectified to within a specific 2-dimensional (2D) geo- procurement process. spatial accuracy and resolution. Rectifying and georef- • Ground Control - Coordinates established at iden- erencing remote sensing imagery to systematically cor- tifiable locations within geospatial data sets (e.g., im- rect for image orientation parameters, distortion, and agery, lidar, GIS, etc.) to support the preparation and/ earth surface topography requires rigorous knowledge or QA/QC of geospatial project deliverables. The coor- of photogrammetric mapping principles and technol- dinate values should include metadata that references ogies. Production of orthophotography is considered a the accuracy, collection procedures, methodologies, and/ professional service if the resulting orthophotography is or source data of said locations. Ground control may be to be produced to meet a scope of work defined by a spe- considered a professional service as determined through cific client or published for use in any application where the analysis of individual state regulations regarding the reliability of the geospatial accuracy is of critical the practice of surveying where the work is completed. importance. Such uses may include planning, engineer- • Aerial Imagery Mission Planning for Orthopho- ing, natural resources, agriculture, disaster recovery, tography and Photogrammetric Mapping - Aerial emergency services, and development of other mapping imagery acquisition (both film and digital) that is in- layers or other similar applications. tended to be the source for orthophoto or photogram- • Lidar Acquisition and Processing. Lidar is an ac- metric mapping with an expectation of geospatial tive remote sensor that emits short wave electromag- accuracy is considered a professional service. Flight netic energy (light), records the reflected return signal, coverage, equipment/calibration requirements, flight and provides a direct measurement of the location and altitude, flight window, overlap and other acquisition range (e.g., elevation) of features on the Earth. The li- specifications directly affect the quality and accuracy of dar sensor must be continuously georeferenced during all subsequent mapping tasks. its operation by use of airborne-GPS and IMU. Exten- • Directly Georeferenced Aerial Image Acquisition sive knowledge of all these systems, their calibration Incorporating Airborne-GPS, Inertial Measure- and operational integration, and related mathematical

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 585 and physics necessary to post process the data are es- 2. Aerial photography or mosaics for reference or resource sential for accurate 3-dimensional (3D) measurement use (not georeferenced); and, and representation of the Earth’s surface. Lidar may 3. Digitizing or formatting of existing geospatial data, be employed from a ground station, aircraft (fixed wing where the data are to be published only for referential, and rotary), moving vehicle or other platform. and not authoritative, purposes. • Radar Measurements for Topographic Mapping. These Guidelines do not attempt to recommend a procure- This well-established technology is similar to lidar in be- ment methodology for technical services. Rather, we recom- ing an active system that directly measures features on mend that the reader researches technical services procure- the Earth. Modern remote sensing radar systems emit ment publications from other professional organizations. polarized long wave electromagnetic (radio) energy, with the ability to penetrate cloud cover, and record the return Future Technologies signal to create an image of the landscape below. Radar Geomatics, remote sensing and photogrammetry are very dy- systems have been extensively developed so that they are namic fields of professional practice. As new technologies be- now measurement systems as well. Utilizing complex come available in the future, photogrammetric mapping pro- technologies such as synthetic apertures and interference fessionals will continue to develop new ways of implementing pattern measurements, radar topographic data have been photogrammetry and remote sensing principles and processes collected from aircraft, satellites, and the Space Shuttle. to produce geospatial mapping services and project delivera- This technology requires specialized knowledge in its use bles. and application for geospatial mapping. Within the past two decades, new sensors, new software and • Image Interpretations and Thematic Mapping. vastly improved computer processing capabilities have dra- Image interpretation and thematic mapping services matically transformed the level of automation in photogram- involve elements of thematic accuracy rather than geo- metric mapping. Many tasks that previously required a high- spatial accuracy. These applications of remote sensing ly skilled technician with many years of training can now be technology would not be considered surveying by the either partially or fully automated to the extent that a much Model Law definition and, in the absence of a specific less skilled individual can perform that same task. This trend state law that may include these services, would not be will undoubtedly continue. However, and as stated in previous subject to the federal laws that govern architecture and sections, it is not the level of automation by itself that defines engineering procurement. However, these services do whether or not a service requires professional oversight and share the elements of knowledge, skill, expertise, pro- supervision. As technology continues to increase the level of fessional judgment and potential impact to life, health, automation used to develop mapping deliverables, the profes- safety, property and/or the public welfare that define a sional nature of a service must continue to be evaluated based professional level service. While not services subject to on the characteristics and intended use of the deliverables, re- Model Law licensure, these services would be considered gardless of the technologies or tools used or the level of auto- professional level services as defined in this document. mation incorporated within those processes. As new technologies become available to the geospatial map- Distinguishing Between Professional Services and ping community, it is the intent of these Guidelines that the Technical Services same general criteria applied herein to assist in evaluating Not all geospatial services fall in the category of professional ser- the professional nature of current technologies be applied uni- vices defined above. Services that do not require independent formly to new technologies as they are employed by the geo- professional judgment or have the same element of impact to spatial mapping professionals. the public that warrants professional level work are considered technical services, not professional services. This includes ser- vices wherein the data products are not to be presented to the public in any way that would imply an expectation of authorita- V. Procurement of PGMS tive positional or thematic accuracy and wherein misrepresenta- Although several procurement methods exist that can be used tion of positional or thematic accuracy will not result in potential by clients both in the public and private sectors, one that has harm to the public or to the business purpose of the client. Re- long been endorsed by ASPRS and that has received wide- source or habitat related aerial photography acquisition that is spread support in other professions is qualifications based not geo-referenced, image processing for display only purposes selection (QBS). QBS is an objective, fair and competitive pro- and processing or formatting of existing data for referential pur- cess used by owners to select professionals based on profes- poses fall into this category. sional qualifications and capabilities in relation to the work Examples of technical services include: required; scope of work and cost of services are then negotiated 1. Reference mapping that does not have published coordi- to best meet project requirements. Nothing in this section or nates or coordinate grid; in this document is intended or should be read to prohibit any

586 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING project owner, client or professional from participating in any authoritative geospatial location of features or topography. selection competition of their choosing, within the limits and These applications of photogrammetric mapping and related regulations of existing and applicable laws. remote sensing technologies to determine location and topog- QBS is widely accepted for procurement of architecture, en- raphy similar in nature to the type of information provided by gineering and related professional services, commonly referred field surveyors would be considered surveying by most defini- to as A/E services. Federal law, as prescribed in 40 U.S.C. tions. In recent years, many other professional level geospatial 1101, commonly referred to as the Brooks Act, and state laws applications of photogrammetric and remote sensing mapping in more than 40 states, require QBS procurement methods for technologies have developed that may not be directly related to architecture, engineering and related surveying and mapping architecture, engineering or the authoritative location of fea- services. tures typically associated with professional surveying. Exam- The QBS process, as outlined by the Brooks Act and similar ples include thematic mapping for land cover, photogrammet- state laws, requires that an agency or private party first select ric mapping for GIS centerline coverages, disaster recovery as- a professional services provider based solely on an evaluation sessment, and similar work. Since many laws and regulations of that proposer’s qualifications and capability to complete the have not kept up with these advancements in the marketplace, work. Cost and price are not a factor in the initial ranking of these Guidelines are intended to help clarify procurement pro- proposers. Under the QBS process, costs are negotiated with cesses as they apply to current practice. one proposer at a time, starting with the most highly qualified While some applications of current photogrammetric map- proposer. If a fair and reasonable cost cannot be negotiated ping technologies may not have a direct tie to architecture with the highest ranked proposer, cost and price are then ne- or engineering, they share a very similar level of reliance on gotiated with the next most highly qualified proposer. the professional practitioner to employ sound judgment, pro- QBS is endorsed for procurement of professional services by fessional expertise and professional ethics in order to develop many other professional organizations including the Amer- contracted mapping deliverables that can be relied upon to ican Institute of Architects (AIA), American Society of Civil make decisions that impact life, health, safety, property and/ Engineers (ASCE), National Society of Professional Engineers or the public welfare. While these tasks may not require the (NSPE), American Public Works Association (APWA), Ameri- same level of accuracy required for architecture, engineering can Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC), Design Pro- and surveying applications, there remains an expectation of fessionals Coalition, (DPC), American Water Works Associa- a level of quality and standard of performance that requires a tion (AWWA), American Bar Association (ABA), Management professional level service. Association for Private Photogrammetric Surveyors (MAPPS), Regarding regulatory standard(s), States typically use the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) now test of actual potential for harm to life, health, safety, property known as the National Society of Professional Surveyors and/or the public welfare to determine the minimum level of (NSPS), and Council on Federal Procurement of Architectur- activities that should require a license. However, from a pro- al and Engineering Services (COFPAES), as well as agencies curement guidelines perspective, the bar should not be placed such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. These organizations at the minimum level. Rather, procurement guidelines should all endorse QBS as the best means of promoting competition set the standard to achieve what is in the best interest of the for professional services. Competition among professionals is public, and what is most likely to ensure a successful project. healthy and desirable and ensures that project dollars are well Procuring photogrammetric services is vastly different spent. QBS provides a level playing field that promotes fair from procuring products, basic supplies or even construction and open competition, guaranteeing that only skilled, experi- services. Often, the photogrammetric mapping professional enced, and able professionals are selected before price is nego- is the only professional involved in the process that fully un- tiated and determined. As a result, clients acquire the services derstands the specifications, accuracies, methodologies and of the most qualified proposer possible while obtaining a price approach that will support project objectives and the intend- that is fair and reasonable. ed end use of the agreed to project deliverables. As such, a It is also significant that the American Bar Association Mod- photogrammetric mapping professional who is familiar with el Procurement Code for State and Local Government endorses all aspects of the project should play an instrumental role in QBS for surveying and mapping services. When the Nation’s determining the project specifications. leading attorneys in government acquisition evaluated all Determining what to include in a comprehensive request for available methods, they recommended QBS for geospatial ser- proposal (RFP) for geospatial mapping services is a complicat- vices. It is also noteworthy that Congress specifically defined ed task. As a result, RFPs are often vague and missing key in- QBS as a competitive procedure in the landmark Competition formation. When an RFP lacks sufficient detail, each proposer in Contracting Act in 1983, and has retained that law ever competing for the work will most likely interpret it different- since. ly. Consequently, proposals vary widely in scope and detail, Many professional photogrammetric mapping and related creating an “apples and oranges” disparity in project details. remote sensing services are directly related to architecture When price is one of the key selection criteria, proposers often and engineering or are otherwise relied upon to determine the use the lowest-cost approach, which often means discounting

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 587 advanced technologies, the best techniques, and the most ef- board for surveying and engineering in the state(s) in which fective overall project design. QBS improves the procurement the work is to be performed to confirm what aspects of existing process and, in so doing, improves service to private entities, survey and engineering statutes apply to their projects. Pro- public agencies and end users/taxpayers and ultimately pro- curement practices need to comply with state licensing laws. vides the best value and most fair and reasonable cost to the State legislatures periodically review and modify their li- client. censing laws, and state licensing boards periodically modify QBS, as outlined by the Brooks Act, is widely used for ar- regulations in order to address developing technologies and chitecture, engineering and surveying services procurement. evolving professional practices. To support this process, the Professional organizations and federal, and state lawmakers NCEES has developed a Model Law and associated Model have long recognized that these kinds of services critically af- Rules that serve as a guide when modification of applicable fect life, health, safety, property and/or the public welfare. The statutes is deemed appropriate. The NCEES Model Law and QBS procurement approach best protects the taxpayers’ and Model Rules consider the application and intent of the work, clients’ interest and at the same time best safeguards public and not the tools used, as the determining factor in distin- health and safety. The professional level photogrammetric guishing between mapping services that should be licensed mapping services outlined in these Guidelines share many and other mapping services that do not require a license. The characteristics with, are of similar nature to, and are of similar NCEES model identifies “surveying” services as any work, re- importance to life, health, safety, property and/or the public gardless of the tool used, that determines or establishes an welfare as the engineering, architecture, surveying, planning, authoritative location or measurement of features on or rel- natural resources, emergency/disaster recovery services and ative to the Earth, as represented by the resulting “survey,” other services that they support. map or comparable GIS data layer deliverable. This includes For these reasons, ASPRS endorses QBS procurement meth- many remote sensing and photogrammetric services, such as ods and recommends the Brooks Act or similar QBS procure- controlled aerial photography, stereo feature extraction, ortho- ment process be used for procurement of professional geomat- photography, lidar surveys and similar tasks. ics, photogrammetry and related geospatial mapping services. NCEES documents are considered by ASPRS to be the best definitive guideline for determining which geospatial services should require a professional license. In the absence of specific Federal and State Regulations Affecting Procurement statutory licensing language or precedent for enforcement in and Licensure a given jurisdiction, procurement personnel are encouraged to ASPRS recognizes that the practice and procurement of many use the NCEES Model Law and Model Rules as guidelines to aspects of professional photogrammetric services are regulat- evaluate which services may potentially be regulated under ed by federal, state and local laws. These Guidelines are not in- state law. However, the NCEES Model Law and Model Rules tended to be an interpretation of local, state or federal law, nor are only guidelines for the purpose of assisting state gov- are they intended to imply that all professional level services ernments in the implementation and interpretation of state defined herein require a licensed professional. These Guide- licensing laws. The Model Law and Model Rules do not rep- lines outline those services which, in the opinion of ASPRS, are resent enacted legislation and do not have any specific legal professional in nature and therefore warrant consideration for authority, unless so enacted in a given state. procurement methods that use qualifications, and not cost, as The NCEES Model Law was developed to address licensing, the initial and primary selection criteria. not procurement. The term “professional services” is broad- Many states regulate and, by statute, require a license for er than, and not synonymous with, “licensed” or “regulated” some aspects of professional photogrammetric services. Ser- services. The procurement recommendations outlined in these vices outlined in this document may or may not be covered by Guidelines are not limited to those “licensed” services iden- licensure statute for a given state. tified by state licensing laws or NCEES Model Law recom- State licensing laws must be considered in the procurement mendations. These Guidelines recognize that there are many of professional geospatial mapping services. For instance, geospatial mapping applications that require professional many states require a license to practice specific aspects of knowledge and skill that are not directly tied to engineering, photogrammetric mapping and other geospatial mapping ser- architecture or surveying, and that may not be regulated by vices. Definitions and regulations vary widely from state to licensing laws. Qualifications based selection is recommended state. State statutes may refer specifically to photogrammetric for all professional geospatial mapping services and not just mapping or may regulate mapping under broader definitions those services that require a professional license. It should of surveying or engineering. Contracting personnel who are also be specifically recognized that licensed individuals are not more accustomed to the procurement of other types of goods necessarily more qualified to perform a specific professional and services, even including more conventional engineering service than unlicensed individuals; qualifications evaluation or surveying work, are not always knowledgeable about state criteria should be applied fairly and appropriately to all quali- laws that apply to geospatial mapping services. Contracting fied service providers. and procurement personnel should contact the state licensing Federal procurement laws are implemented in the Federal

588 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Acquisition Regulation (FAR). Surveying and mapping ser- • Qualifications should always be the primary selection vices are included in the federal definition of architecture and factor. engineering services that are subject to FAR 36.6 and which • Qualifications rankings should not be influenced by cost. require Brooks Act QBS procurement. It is the opinion of AS- • The scope of work must be well defined and developed PRS, that FAR 36.6 would, at a minimum, apply to all fed- by a professional who has extensive knowledge of the eral procurement of photogrammetry and related remote sen- work to be performed and is qualified to ensure that the sor-based services that are defined as surveying by individual scope of work will best serve the client’s interests. states and, in the absence of such definition, by the NCEES • Projects that have a significant element of design, and Model Law and Model Rules. In some circumstances, FAR wherein the service provider’s professional judgment is 36.6 may apply to a broader range of services, depending on relied upon to develop the scope of work, methodology the definition of surveying and specific licensing requirements or approach, should always use QBS and should not in- applicable in the state or states in which the work is to be clude cost as an initial selection criterion. performed. • A registered, certified or otherwise qualified profession- Many states and local jurisdictions have enacted laws and al with specific knowledge or expertise with the services rules, based on the federal Brooks Act, which require the use being procured (either on the client’s staff or hired as a of QBS for procurement of A/E services for local jurisdictions consultant) should have a significant role in the review and state agencies. Other federal laws may also require state of both the technical proposal and any cost proposals in and local agencies to use QBS when expending federal grant order to ensure that the work best meets the end user funds for A/E, including surveying and mapping, services. A and public interests. reference summarizing some of these federal grant fund re- • If project cost information are to be considered in the quirements is provided in the references section. Furthermore, selection process, they should be submitted separately many state registration boards require their licensees (archi- and considered only after proposers are ranked based tects, engineers and surveyors) to adhere to the rules of QBS on qualifications. when responding to procurement announcements issued by agencies covered by the public law or state/local equivalents. Subcontracted Services In states where such laws and rules apply, licensees who do not It is recognized that professional geospatial mapping services obey those rules when responding to procurement announce- may be procured within the scope of a more extensive project, ments can be individually disciplined by their licensing board. wherein the specific professional geospatial mapping services The recommended decision process for determining the pro- would be considered “incidental” to the project. In cases where curement approach that is the most appropriate for a specific the total dollar value of the geospatial mapping component of procurement scenario is outlined in Appendix 3, Professional the project is small, it is understood that other procurement Geospatial Services Procurement Decision Model. processes may reasonably apply. However, regardless of the method of procurement for the Guidelines for Other Methods of Procuring Services larger project, or the size of the geospatial mapping component ASPRS recognizes that the QBS process is not required by law of the project, ASPRS recommends that these Guidelines be in all cases, particularly for services acquired by organizations applied to all professional geospatial mapping subcontracts. not subject to federal or state procurement laws, or in cases for which the requested services may not be intended to deter- mine authoritative locations, and therefore may not meet the VI. Summary: Procurement of PGMS NCEES or State Law definitions of surveying services that are This section outlines definitions related to, and examples of, often subject to A/E and QBS procurement laws. Professional Geospatial Mapping Services (PGMS). Federal, ASPRS has long recommended that the Brooks Act or sim- State and Local Government agencies, researchers, private ilar qualifications based selection methods be used for pro- entities and other organizations can use this information to curement of professional photogrammetry and related remote help determine the best approach and methodology for pro- sensor-based geospatial mapping services. However, ASPRS curing PGMS. The intent of the information in this section recognizes there will be instances when an organization will is to characterize PGMS deliverables and criteria to consider choose to use a procurement method wherein initial price sub- when evaluating the procurement of geospatial services. Not mittals influence which proposer is selected for negotiations. addressed in this section are procurement of geospatial prod- In those cases, ASPRS emphasizes the importance of imple- ucts, hardware, software, technical services, or product sup- menting procurement criteria that ensure that qualifications, port services with the exception of their mention in order to not cost, is the primary selection factor. ASPRS recommends distinguish them from the items covered herein. the following guidelines be applied to any procurement method that does not adhere to the process outlined by the Brooks Act or a similar QBS statute or process:

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 589 Chapter 2 — Procurement of Commercial Geo- “A commercial off–the-shelf (COTS) item is one that is sold, spatial Mapping Products (CGMP) leased, or licensed to the general public; offered by a Vendor trying to profit from it; supported and evolved by the Vendor who retains the intellectual property rights; available in mul- tiple, identical copies used without modification of the inter- I. Definition of CGMP nals.” For the purpose of these Guidelines, CGMP refers to geospatial FAR section 2.101 defines Commercially available off-the- map data that are readily available from commercial providers shelf (COTS) item as “(1) Any item of supply (including con- and described as “commercially available off-the-shelf” or COTS struction material) that is – (i) A commercial item as defined in (the procurement of geospatial hardware and/or software is not paragraph (1) of the definition in this section); [any item, other part of these Guidelines). CGMP are created by a provider at than real property that is of a type customarily used by the its own expense (referred to as a “Vendor” in the Federal Acqui- general public or by non-governmental entities for purposes sition Regulations) and are not subject to modification by the other than governmental purposes, and has been sold, leased, provider for the procuring agency / customer. Product support or licensed to the general public or has been offered for sale, such as installation, data reformatting, training, maintenance, lease, or license to the general public]; (ii) Sold in substantial and periodic updates of the licensed data may be included in quantities in the commercial marketplace; and (iii) Offered to the procurement of CGMP provided that such support is limited the Government, under a contract or subcontract at any tier, to fulfilling the warranty and/or specification as defined in the without modification, in the same form in which it is sold in the user license, and does not involve the alteration of the original commercial marketplace; and (2) Does not include bulk cargo.” licensed CGMP for a specific end user application. A “commercial item” as defined in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), Part 2.101, has the following general char- acteristics: II. Characteristics of CGMP • It has been sold, leased, or licensed to the general pub- ASPRS considers that CGMP must demonstrate a majority of lic. the following attributes: • It is generally available in the commercial marketplace. • Represent a level of standardization as defined by the • It may include installation, maintenance, repair, train- provider ing and other services supporting the commercial item. • Have the ability to meet a published specification or a • It is sold based on published catalog or list prices avail- stated industry standard able to the general public. • Provide an end-user warranty For additional FAR text from Section 2.101 see Appendix 2 • Provide the end-user with a non-exclusive license or to these Guidelines. other form of shared ownership • Pricing has been established through a published cat- alog IV. Examples of CGMP • License includes clearly defined terms and conditions This section provides examples of some types of CGMP that including authorized and unauthorized uses are currently available in the marketplace. CGMP are COTS • The provider defines the geospatial product specifica- products available to a specification defined by the provider tions and as such, the final product is not subject to (vendor) typically developed to meet the need in the market change by the provider for a specific agency / customer place. CGMP include, but are not limited to: end use. • 3-D Models – A three dimensional representation of a real object made from remotely sensed technology for applications such as community planning and develop- III. CGMP Addressed by these Guidelines ment, disaster preparedness, facility management tacti- These Guidelines are specifically intended to apply to the COTS cal planning, virtual visits, and more. CGMP that have been produced from remotely-sensed imagery • RGB and Infrared (IR) Images – Imagery collected and/or other sources and types of geospatial data. The primary using remote sensing technology in the visible light focus of this document is on the photogrammetry, remote sens- spectrum (red-green-blue) or infrared, used to recognize ing and image-based CGMP that constitute an area of expertise environmental trends in the area, such as vegetation of ASPRS and its membership. Processes for the procurement of mapping, commercial development planning and land- COTS are documented by the Department of Defense and the scape management, watershed management, forestry Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). management, and environmental impact assessment. “Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS),” as defined by the De- • Nadir/Vertical Photographs – Images in which the partment of Defense (“Commercial Item Acquisition: Consid- image center is vertically beneath the camera center at erations and Lessons Learned,” June 26, 2000, pg. 3) www.acq. the time of exposure. Vertical photographs are usually osd.mil/dpap/Docs/cotsreport.pdf, is as follows:

590 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING taken with the optical axis of the camera kept within 5° vided under a subscription model and may be provided of the vertical. under a Software as a Service (SaaS) application. • Ortho – Images geometrically corrected for topographic There are several methods for the delivery of CGMP. These relief, lens distortion, and camera tilt, to ensure a uni- include but are not limited to a shrink wrapped package, down- form scale. load from a web service or online store, shipped via electronic • Oblique images – An aerial photograph taken with the media or via “the cloud.” The delivery method will be defined optical axis of the camera deliberately pointed away from by the provider and driven by market demand. “Metadata” is the vertical. Oblique photographs could therefore be de- an additional feature of many of the products noted. fined as photographs usually taken with the optical axis NOTE: Specific contracts may require an appropriately li- more than 5° from the vertical. Enables at-an-angle view censed professional to meet requirements for State Laws or of properties, etc.; from different directions. project scope of work. The professional should be responsible • Ground Control – Previously georeferenced feature(s) for the research of data available, fit for use of data, and inte- which include metadata that references the accuracy, gration of the products described above. collection procedures, methodologies, and/or source data. Product Support • Vector Road and Street Data – Standard off-the- In order to fulfill warranties as defined within the user license, shelf data sets with geospatially accurate road and CGMP providers may offer customer product support. Product street data with addressing. Typically these data prod- support can also be offered to the public under similar terms ucts include Points of Interest (POI) such as hotels, fuel and conditions or sold competitively in substantial quantities stations, schools, and airports. A vector represents a based on established catalog or market prices. For the purpose physical quantity or feature having both length and di- of these Guidelines product support is limited to: rection. • Installation – The act of installing the required CGMP • Parcel Data – Parcel data includes attributes such as into a customer test and/or production environment. property description, zoning, ownership, and appraised Customer service and help desk are also covered. or market value. These data sets are typically available • Data Reformatting – The process of changing the de- by city, county or state. A parcel is a single piece of land livery format so that it may be optimally used in the described in a single description in a deed or as one of a customers’ system(s). May also include changing file for- number of lots on a plat, separately owned either public- mats of data delivery and orders of occurrence of data ly or privately and capable of being conveyed separately. to match customer needs for automated use of CGMP. • Land Use Data – Commercially or government fur- • Maintenance – That which may be required to fulfill nished data sets of land use are provided for planning the product warranty as defined within the user license. activities. Products are available for local and regional • Training - The transfer of knowledge, skills, and com- assessment. petencies that relate to the use of the CGMP. • Digital Elevation Model (DEM) – a digital model or 3-D representation of a terrain’s surface. ◊ Digital terrain model (DTM) – a bare-earth model in which cultural features such as buildings, roads, V. Procurement of CGMP and vegetation canopy are digitally removed using The following are considered best practices for the procure- processing software. ment of CGMP. ◊ Digital surface model (DSM) – a first-reflec- • Pre-proposal research, including requirements tive-surface model that contains cultural features definition such as buildings, roads, vegetation, and natural ◊ Organizations should carefully evaluate their proj- terrain features. ect requirements; the appropriateness of CGMP in • Orthorectified radar image (ORI) – a grayscale im- a “fit for use” context, and should document the re- age of the earth’s surface roughness that has been cor- search results so that required CGMP can be clearly rected to remove geometric distortions. defined. • Elevation shaded image (ESI) – a multi-spectral im- ◊ The requirements definition should include, at a age composed of a DEM overlaid with high-resolution minimum: aerial images to provide an enhanced visual represen- . Consideration of technical requirements, tation of the terrain that cannot be duplicated with or- . Schedule and method of delivery, dinary images. As the name suggests, a shaded relief . Acceptable warranty and/or licensing restric- product draws out terrain features and is more intuitive tions, than either the DSM or DTM on which it is based. . Documentation expected to be provided by the • Hosted / Online Data – Defined as Data as a Service CGMP provider, including specifications, instruc- (DaaS), this refers to the data product that can be pro- tion manuals and metadata

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 591 . Geographic area to be covered by the CGMP. . Documentation The method of selection and . Availability of support / maintenance rationale for awarding the contract should be • Market Analysis documented and maintained by the procuring or- ◊ Market analysis may be conducted to determine the ganization. availability of CGMP that may meet the defined project requirements. Such an analysis should seek Acquisition of CGMP to clarify the likely price ranges for these CGMP. Part 12 of the FAR establishes Federal procedures for ac- Market analysis source information may include in- quisition of commercial items. Policy background in Part 12 formation based on: states that the government should acquire commercial items . Personal knowledge of the market and available whenever possible when they are available to meet the needs CGMP, of the agency. The procedures defined in Part 12 are generally . Historical purchase information, used in conjunction with Part 13 (Simplified Acquisition), Part . Company web sites or online catalogs, 14 (Sealed Bidding), or Part 15 (Contracting by Negotiation), . Qualified provider lists compiled through such a whichever is applicable. market analysis, General steps to be followed in acquiring a commercial item, . Commercial catalogs, trade journals, newspa- as defined in FAR Part 12, are as follows: pers, and other professional publications, . Verification of user references “(a) Conduct market research to determine whether com- • Development of Source Solicitation Package mercial items or non developmental items are available ◊ Depending on the regulations of the procuring organi- that could meet the agency’s requirements; zation and factors like the size of the procurement, a (b) Acquire commercial items or non developmental items solicitation package may be required. The specific doc- when they are available to meet the needs of the agency; and uments in the source solicitation package may include: (c) Require prime contractors and subcontractors at all . Specifications documents - These documents de- tiers to incorporate, to the maximum extent practicable, scribe in detail the CGMP required. commercial items or non developmental items as compo- . Products support required to integrate the CGMP nents of items supplied to the agency. “ into the customers’ chosen application. . Evaluation methodology - A description of how Of particular note, FAR Part 12 includes the following state- any proposals for CGMP will be evaluated, in- ment, cluding final award criteria and weighting. “… the Government shall acquire only the technical data . Due dates, points of contact, required supporting and the rights in that data customarily provided to the pub- documentation/information, and any special in- lic with a commercial item or process. The contracting officer structions. shall presume that data delivered under a contract for com- • Issuing the Source Solicitation Package mercial items was developed exclusively at private expense.” ◊ Issuing the source solicitation package involves pro- viding the source solicitation directly to providers Specific language from FAR Part 12 is included in Appendix or placing it in an advertised location or on a web 4 of these Guidelines. site where source solicitation packages reside (for in- Determining what to include in a comprehensive request stance, http://www.fedbizopps.gov ). for proposal (RFP) for CGMP may be a complicated task. As • Evaluating Proposals (Selection Decision and a result, RFPs are often vague, omit key information or have Award) different specifications that are open to widely varying inter- ◊ The customer should evaluate CGMP based on cri- pretations by the potential providers. It is for this reason that teria defined and published prior to receipt ofpro- ASPRS highly recommends that a licensed or certified profes- posals. The organization may communicate with sional be involved in the development of the RFP, proposal re- individual providers, as appropriate, to address the view, and procurement decision(s). responder’s understanding of the requirements, per- CGMP may be procured through a “best value” based solicita- formance capabilities, price range limitations, and tion. It is critical in best value based solicitations that the spec- other terms and conditions. ifications of the product are well documented by the provider . Selection Decision and Award- the provid- (i.e., “truth in labeling”), understood by the customer, and that er should be selected based on the best value to all intended uses and acquisition costs are carefully evaluated. the procuring organization, taking into account Involving a licensed or certified professional early in the pro- factors including, but not limited to: provider curement process will ensure that the CGMP to be acquired experience/capability, price, quality of delivera- are appropriate for the proposed application. bles, delivery schedule and method, warranty or licensing, and payment terms.

592 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING U.S. General Services Administration Appendix 1: Comparison of Professional Services, Products (GSA) Procurement Vehicle and Product Support The GSA provides a purchasing vehicle, the Comparison of Services, Products and Product Support Services (Adapted from Federal Supply Schedule, for the procure- MAPPS Products vs. Service Matrix, www.mapps.org) ment of CGMP from providers registered OFFERING PROFESSIONAL SERVICE PRODUCT PRODUCT SUPPORT under the program. These CGMP may CHACTERISTICS include COTS software, data, and prod- Dynamic Static Static uct support as defined within the sched- Level of In consultation with Product standards are Product support standards Standardization the Client, Provider solely determined and are solely determined ule. These CGMP can be procured under exercises professional defined by the Provider by the Provider and standard, agreed and structured Terms judgment in developing and are not subject to documented in a license the appropriate level change by the Customer. agreement. and Conditions provided under GSA. In of standards needed to addition, the GSA procurement vehicle meet the Clients’ project provides a pre-approved rate structure be- specific requirements and expectations. tween GSA and the provider, to ensure a Established by Client Established solely by Established solely by consistent CGMP price to the federal user Specifications with critical input from Provider and are not Provider. agency or authorized federal contractor. a professional service subject to change by the Provider. Specifications Customer. Specifications Caution must be exercised in the acqui- are clearly defined in may not be clearly sition of contracted professional geospatial contract documents. defined. services as such professional services are Client owns the Provider retains Product support may be prohibited by law from being offered or Ownership contracted project ownership of the data offered by the Provider to deliverables while that is offered under a fulfill Product warranties sold through GSA schedule contracts. The Provider may retain non-exclusive license and are defined in GSA may be used for products such COTS ownership of resulting to individuals, private licensing agreements. work documents such organizations, and Non-computational data CGMP and product support items only. as notes, computations, government agency reformatting requested and records related Customers. by a Customer, may or to the development of may not be owned by Contractors Authorized to Use GSA the contracted project Customer. deliverables. Federal employees, agencies, or authorized Must meet clearly defined Provider is not required certify that the Product will federal contractors have access to the GSA Certification/ contractual accuracy meet the Customer’s needs. Customer is solely procurement vehicle for federal projects. AS- Warranty requirements and sealed responsible for quality control and for verifying that PRS recommends that contracting officers by a licensed or certified the product will meet the Customer’s specifications professional. and expectations. Product warranties are documented refer to FAR 51.101 regarding the authori- in the Providers’ license. zation for contractors to use Federal Supply Professional liability Product liability applies. Provider is responsible for Schedule contracts in the performance of Protection of Public applies. Licensed ensuring product(s) meet Provider’s documented Welfare professionals have meet specifications. Customer is responsible for identifying government cost-reimbursement contracts. the qualifications criteria and evaluating the risk to the publics’ health, safety as defined by professional and welfare that may result directly or indirectly from licensing boards who’s the use of commercially available products. primary mission is to VI. Summary: Procurement of protect the public’s health, safety, and well CGMP fare by only licensing This section outlines definitions related to, qualified individuals. and examples of, Commercial Geospatial Qualification-Based Best Value Best Value Mapping Products (CGMP). Federal, state Procurement Selection Competitive Price and other key Price and other key factors Method procurement process factors can be considered can be considered in the and local government agencies, research- established by the US in the evaluation and evaluation and selection ers, private entities and other organizations Congress as part of the selection process. process. Brooks Act. Procuring can use this information to help determine entity evaluates submitted the best approach and methodology for pro- qualifications and selects curing CGMP. The intent of the informa- most highly qualified firm. Scope of work, schedule, tion in this section is to characterize CGMP budget, and fee are deliverables and criteria to consider when negotiated. evaluating the procurement of geospatial Negotiated between Published unit pricing. Based on published Price Provider and client Total price is determined catalog or market prices. products. Not addressed in this section based on the level of by multiplying the are procurement of geospatial professional effort required to prepare number of units to be services, hardware, software, or technical the deliverables to be purchased by the catalog provided using pre- price per unit. services with the exception of their mention approved rates. May be in order to distinguish them from the items contracted as fixed price or as cost plus fixed fee. covered herein.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 593 Appendix 2: Excerpts from FAR 2.101 and under standard commercial terms and conditions. For purposes of these services— https://acquisition.gov/far/html/Subpart%202_1.html# i. “Catalog price” means a price included in a catalog, wp1145508 price list, schedule, or other form that is regularly “Commercial item” means— maintained by the manufacturer or vendor, is either 1. Any item, other than real property, that is of a type cus- published or otherwise available for inspection by tomarily used by the general public or by non-govern- customers, and states prices at which sales are cur- mental entities for purposes other than governmental rently, or were last, made to a significant number of purposes, and— buyers constituting the general public; and i. Has been sold, leased, or licensed to the general pub- ii. “Market prices” means current prices that are estab- lic; or lished in the course of ordinary trade between buyers ii. Has been offered for sale, lease, or license to the gen- and sellers free to bargain and that can be substan- eral public; tiated through competition or from sources indepen- 2. Any item that evolved from an item described in para- dent of the offerers. graph (1) of this definition through advances in tech- 7. Any item, combination of items, or service referred to in nology or performance and that is not yet available in paragraphs (1) through (6) of this definition, notwith- the commercial marketplace, but will be available in the standing the fact that the item, combination of items, or commercial marketplace in time to satisfy the delivery service is transferred between or among separate divi- requirements under a Government solicitation; sions, subsidiaries, or affiliates of a contractor; or 3. Any item that would satisfy a criterion expressed in 8. A non developmental item, if the procuring agency de- paragraphs (1) or (2) of this definition, but for— termines the item was developed exclusively at private i. Modifications of a type customarily available in the expense and sold in substantial quantities, on a com- commercial marketplace; or petitive basis, to multiple State and local governments. ii. Minor modifications of a type not customarily avail- able in the commercial marketplace made to meet Federal Government requirements. Minor modifi- cations mean modifications that do not significant- ly alter the nongovernmental function or essential physical characteristics of an item or component, or change the purpose of a process. Factors to be consid- ered in determining whether a modification is minor include the value and size of the modification and the comparative value and size of the final product. Dollar values and percentages may be used as guide- posts, but are not conclusive evidence that a modifi- cation is minor; 4. Any combination of items meeting the requirements of paragraphs (1), (2), (3), or (5) of this definition that are of a type customarily combined and sold in combination to the general public; 5. Installation services, maintenance services, repair ser- vices, training services, and other services if— i. Such services are procured for support of an item referred to in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4) of this definition, regardless of whether such services are provided by the same source or at the same time as the item; and ii. The source of such services provides similar ser- vices contemporaneously to the general public under terms and conditions similar to those offered to the Federal Government; 6. Services of a type offered and sold competitively in substantial quantities in the commercial marketplace based on established catalog or market prices for spe- cific tasks performed or specific outcomes to be achieved

594 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Appendix 3: Professional Geospatial Services Procurement Decision Model

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 595 Appendix 4: Excerpts from FAR Part 12: Acqui- e. This part shall not apply to the acquisition of commercial sition of Commercial Items items— 1. At or below the micro-purchase threshold; https://acquisition.gov/far/html/FARTOCP12.htm- 2. Using the Standard Form 44 (see 13.306); l#wp1033864 3. Using the imprest fund (see 13.305); 4. Using the Government wide commercial purchase 12.000 Scope of part. card; or This part prescribes policies and procedures unique to the 5. Directly from another Federal agency. acquisition of commercial items. It implements the Federal f.1. Contracting officers may treat any acquisition of sup- Government’s preference for the acquisition of commercial plies or services that, as determined by the head of the items contained in Title VIII of the Federal Acquisition agency, are to be used to facilitate defense against or re- Streamlining Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-355) by establish- covery from nuclear, biological, chemical, or radiological ing acquisition policies more closely resembling those of the attack, as an acquisition of commercial items. commercial marketplace and encouraging the acquisition of 2. A contract in an amount greater than $16 million that commercial items and components. is awarded on a sole source basis for an item or ser- 12.001 Definition. vice treated as a commercial item under paragraph (f) “Subcontract,” as used in this part, includes, but is not limited (1) of this section but does not meet the definition of a to, a transfer of commercial items between divisions, subsid- commercial item as defined at FAR 2.101 shall not be iaries, or affiliates of a contractor or subcontractor. exempt from— i. Cost accounting standards (see Subpart 30.2); or ii. Cost or pricing data requirements (see 15.403). Subpart 12.1—Acquisition of Commercial Items—General g.1. In accordance with section 1431 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Public Law 108- 12.101 Policy. 136) (41 U.S.C. 437), the contracting officer also may use Agencies shall— Part 12 for any acquisition for services that does not meet a. Conduct market research to determine whether com- the definition of commercial item in FAR 2.101, if the mercial items or non developmental items are available contract or task order— that could meet the agency’s requirements; i. Is entered into on or before November 24, 2013; b. Acquire commercial items or non developmental items ii. Has a value of $27 million or less; when they are available to meet the needs of the agency; iii. Meets the definition of performance-based acquisi- and tion at FAR 2.101; Require prime contractors and subcontractors at all tiers to iv. Uses a quality assurance surveillance plan; incorporate, to the maximum extent practicable, commercial v. Includes performance incentives where appropriate; items or non developmental items as components of items sup- vi. Specifies a firm-fixed price for specific tasks tobe plied to the agency. performed or outcomes to be achieved; and vii. Is awarded to an entity that provides similar services 12.102 Applicability. to the general public under terms and conditions simi- a. This part shall be used for the acquisition of supplies or lar to those in the contract or task order. services that meet the definition of commercial items at 2. In exercising the authority specified in paragraph (g)(1) 2.101. of this section, the contracting officer may tailor para- b. Contracting officers shall use the policies in this part in graph (a) of the clause at FAR 52.212-4 as may be neces- conjunction with the policies and procedures for solicita- sary to ensure the contract’s remedies adequately protect tion, evaluation and award prescribed in Part 13, Sim- the Government’s interests. plified Acquisition Procedures; Part 14, Sealed Bidding; or Part 15, Contracting by Negotiation, as appropriate 12.103 Commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) for the particular acquisition. items. c. Contracts for the acquisition of commercial items are COTS items are defined in 2.101. Unless indicated otherwise, subject to the policies in other parts of this chapter. all of the policies that apply to commercial items also apply to When a policy in another part of this chapter is incon- COTS. Section 12.505 lists the laws that are not applicable to sistent with a policy in this part, this Part 12 shall take COTS (in addition to 12.503 and 12.504); the components test precedence for the acquisition of commercial items. of the Buy American Act, and the two recovered materials cer- d. The definition of commercial item in section 2.101 uses tifications inSubpart 23.4, do not apply to COTS. the phrase “purposes other than governmental purpos- Also: es.” These purposes are those that are not unique to a 12.211 Technical data. government. Except as provided by agency-specific statutes, the Govern-

596 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING ment shall acquire only the technical data and the rights in • Compiled: To make or compose from other materials that data customarily provided to the public with a commer- or sources. cial item or process. The contracting officer shall presume that • Deliverable(s): Geospatial data, reports, and/or infor- data delivered under a contract for commercial items was de- mation/documents that are developed according to a de- veloped exclusively at private expense. When a contract for fined set of specifications and delivered under the terms commercial items requires the delivery of technical data, the of a contractual agreement or task order. contracting officer shall include appropriate provisions and • Direct Georeferencing: The direct measurement of clauses delineating the rights in the technical data in addenda exterior orientation parameters, i.e. position (x/y/z coor- to the solicitation and contract (see Part 27 or agency FAR dinates) and attitude (roll/pitch/heading) at the instant supplements). an aerial photograph is taken, to aid or replace aerial triangulation. The term is also applicable to the position and orientation of airborne LiDAR or IFSAR sensors. Appendix 5: Glossary of Terms • Geomatics: Includes the tools and techniques used in the disciplines of land surveying, remote sensing car- Glossary of Terms tography, geographic information systems (GIS), global This glossary represents a summary of definitions of selected navigation satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galil- key terms and phrases that are used throughout the Guide- eo, Compass), photogrammetry, geography and related lines document. Many of these terms are defined in greater forms of earth mapping. detail within the full text of the document. This glossary is • Georeference: To associate data and information intended to clarify potentially confusing terms in the context with a location in physical space; one example is, deter- of procurement of professional photogrammetry and related mining and establishing the mathematical relationship remote sensing products. This glossary is not intended to be a of vector features, raster images and other geographical comprehensive list of definitions of geospatial mapping terms features to map projections or coordinate systems. and phrases. • Geospatial mapping: Mapping, information and • Accuracy: The degree of conformity of a measured or data that identify the geographic location and char- calculated value compared to the actual value. Accuracy acteristics of natural or constructed features or relates to the quality of a result and is distinguished boundaries on the earth. from precision, which relates to the quality of the opera- • Geospatial accuracy: Accuracy of geospatial map- tion by which the result is obtained ping data and information. Map accuracies include both • Authoritative: Meeting clearly defined standards positional accuracies and thematic accuracies: such as geospatial deliverables that have been ◊ Positional accuracy: Accuracy of the horizontal sealed by a licensed or certified professional. and/or vertical coordinates that define the location • Authoritative Location: An authoritative location of features represented by geospatial maps, data or is a location that can be relied on as the basis for mak- information. ing other determinations. Mapping data represented to ◊ Thematic accuracy: Accuracy of the feature char- meet a specific accuracy requirement is considered to acteristics or attributes represented by the geospa- represent authoritative locations. Establishing or de- tial maps, data or information. termining the authoritative locations of features and • Licensure: refers to the granting of a license, which boundaries is considered the practice of surveying. Re- gives a “permission to practice.” Such licenses are usu- fer to NCEES materials cited in the references section ally issued in order to regulate some activity that is and specific state regulation pertaining to professional deemed to be dangerous or a threat to the person or the services for further clarification and examples of how public or which involves a high level of specialized skill. this term applies to surveying and mapping. • Photogrammetry: The art, science, and technology • Best Value: The most advantageous balance of price, of obtaining reliable information about physical objects quality, and performance achieved through competitive and the environment, through processes of recording, procurement methods in accordance with stated selec- measuring, and interpreting images and patterns of tion criteria. (source: http://architecture.mt.gov/content/ electromagnetic radiant energy and other phenomena. designconstruction/docs/Best_Value_Definition.pdf). • Photogrammetry and related remote sensing: • Certification: Professional certification, trade This term is used throughout the document to clarify certification, or professional designation, often that the ASPRS definition of photogrammetry is not called simply certification or qualification, is a designa- limited to conventional photographic imagery, but also tion earned by a person to assure qualification to perform includes imagery and measurements acquired using Li- a job or task. Many certifications are used as post-nomi- DAR, RADAR, multi-spectral imagery and other remote nal letters indicating an earned privilege from a legisla- sensors. tive body acting to safeguard the public interest. • Orthophotograph: A photograph prepared from

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 597 a perspective photograph by removing those displace- agery is corrected for camera tilt, distortion and terrain ments of points caused by tilt, topographic relief and relief. “Rectified imagery” is a more general term and central projection (perspective). Sometimes called an implies that a less robust transformation, which typical- orthophoto map, an orthophoto is georeferenced and is ly would not directly correct for terrain relief. geometrically corrected such that the scale is uniform: • Referential Mapping: Mapping that does not rep- the photo has the same lack of distortion as a map and resent authoritative locations or survey data. This can be used to measure distances, locations, angles, and mapping is for reference purposes only and not for the the relationships between objects on the earth, to within purpose of determining reliable locations to be used as a specified accuracy. Accuracy depends on process and the basis for making measurements or other determina- project design parameters. tions. Locations of features are approximate (i.e., rela- • Ownership: Is the state or fact of exclusive rights and tive) and are not expected to comply with a specific posi- control over property, which may be an object, land/real tional accuracy requirement. Refer to NCEES materials estate or intellectual property. cited in the references section for further clarification • Product Sales: Sale of standardized products, usually and examples for applying this term. according to an established pricing structure and often • Specification: (often abbreviated as spec) is an ex- offered under license agreements for specific uses; spec- plicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, ifications are established by the provider, though the product, or service. Should a material, product or ser- purchaser may be able to choose from several options. vice fail to meet one or more of the applicable specifica- Refer to Table 1 for a detailed definition of products. tions, it may be referred to as being out of specification; • Professional Services: Projects that require spe- Specs are a type of technical standard. cialized knowledge and skill, require independent judg- • Standardization: is the process of developing and im- ment, and require a level of professional expertise and plementing technical standards. ethical conduct to ensure that the work meets the best • Subscription Service: This business model is where interests of the client and public. Refer to Table 1 for a a customer must pay a subscription price to have access detailed definition of professional services. to the product or support service for a defined period of • Product Support: Provider services such as in- time. The content or service provider typically delivers stallation, configuration, data maintenance, data to a set specification with support services to the clients’ reformatting and training to support a product. Also use. include delivery services such as Provider Hosted, • Technical Products: Standardized products for spe- Software as a Service (SaaS) or Data as a Service cific tasks that do not require independent professional (DaaS). Service Level Agreements, fee for service or judgment and where the client is responsible for ensur- annual maintenance fees typically apply ing that outcome best meet customer and public inter- • Published Price List: the providers’ publicly pub- ests. lished retail sales price for a product offered to the • Technical Services: Standardized services for spe- market. Retailers, wholesalers, or resellers may dis- cific tasks that do not require independent professional count form this list at their discretion. judgment, and where the client is responsible for ensur- • Qualifications Based Selection: Qualifications ing that the scope of work and outcome best meet client Based Selection (QBS) is an objective and competitive and public interests. process used by a procuring entity (owner) who evalu- • Value Added Service: Services available at little or ates and selects the most qualified firm to procure ser- no cost, to promote and support their primary product. vices based on a professionals’ qualifications in relation These support services can be delivered by the product to the work required, found in Federal law (40 USC provider, reseller, or third-party authorized agent for 1101), the American Bar Association Model Procure- the product. ment Code for State and Local Government, numerous • Warranty: In business and legal transactions, a war- state laws and referenced in the FAR, Part 36. ranty is an assurance by one party to the other party • Remote Sensing: Gathering and processing informa- that specific facts or conditions are true or will happen; tion about an object without direct physical contact. the other party is permitted to rely on that assurance • Rectified Imagery: Imagery that has been trans- and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed. formed and processed to be projected onto a common surface. Historically the geospatial term of rectification was defined as the process of correcting a photograph for displacement due to camera tilt only. Currently, the term is often used more generally to apply to a wider ar- ray of transformation processes used to project imagery onto a common coordinate system. “Ortho-rectified” im-

598 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Appendix 6: Other References LICENSING INFORMATION ASPRS Licensure Committee http://www.asprs.org/PPD-Di- vision/PPD-Licensure-Committee-Activities.html References NCEES link to State Engineering/Surveying Boards http:// ASPRS, 1987. Guidelines for procurement of photogrammetric ncees.org/licensing-boards/ services from private professional sources, PE&RS, 53(2), NCEES Model Law http://www.ncees.org/introduction/ pp. 207-212. about_ncees/ncees_model_law.pdf NCEES Model Rules http://cdn3.ncees.co/wp-content/up- APPLICABLE QBS LAWS AND GENERAL loads/2012/11/Model-Rules-2013.pdf INFORMATION NCEES Multi-Organization Task Force Materials and Brooks Act (40 U.S.C. 1101), FAR 36.6: http://www.acquisi- Reports http://www.asprs.org/NCEES-materials/ tion.gov/far/current/html/Subpart%2036_6.html NCEES-Task-Force-Materials.html American Institute of Architects, 2003 Summary of “Mini- Brooks Act” State QBS Laws http://www.aia.org/advoca- cy/state/ aiab099560.pdf American Public Works Association Position Statement http://www.apwa.net/Documents/Advocacy/Positions/ Advocacy/Qualifications_Based_Selec_Prof_Svs_Consult. pdf American Council of Engineering Companies description of QBS requirements for projects funded by federal grants http://www.acec.org/advocacy/committees/qbs_ma- trix_8-16-04.cfm American Council of Engineering Companies general QBS resources page http://www.acec.org/advocacy/committees/ qbs.cfm U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer FAR Supplement (EFARS definition of survey and mapping, refer to section 36.601-4) http://www.acquisition.gov/far/current/html/ Subpart%2036_6.html

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES PROCUREMENT RESOURCES American Public Works Association “Red Book” on Quali- fications-Based Selection Guidelines for Public Agencies (Document can be purchased from: http://www.apwa.net/ bookstore/) American Bar Association Model Procurement Code for State and Local Government (Document can be purchased from: http://www.abanet.org) Michigan QBS Coalition, Workbook for QBS Procurement http://www.qbs-mi.org/files/QBS_Workbook.pdf

ACCURACY AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS INFORMATION National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (NSSDA) http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-stan- dards-projects/accuracy/part3/chapter3 ASPRS Code of Ethics http://www.asprs.org/About-Us/ Code-of-Ethics-of-the-American-Society-for-Photogramme- try-and-Remote-Sensing.html ASPRS Certification Program http://www.asprs.org/Certifi- cation-Program.html APSRS Standards Page http://www.asprs.org/Stan- dards-Activities.html

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 599 Connecting Pixels with People to Examine nvironmental hanges in the t verest Remote Sensing Challenges in E C M . E Mountainous Regions John All, Executive Director, American Climber Science Program; Region of Nepal Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University

Remote sensing technology is advancing at a dizzying pace as ever more accurate sensors and analysis techniques emerge. However, while this cornucopia provides In past issues of PE&RS, the American us with seemingly unlimited tools, there is still the need for ground reference data Climber Science Program (www. and other ancillary data so that the radiative transfer state variables translate into climberscience.com) has been sharing var- biophysical variables of interest. The American Climber Science Program (ACSP) is on ious aspects of its research experiences the cutting edge of this process as we explore some of the harshest areas on Earth – from Central American mountain rain forest to the summit of Mt. Everest - and gather that employ remote sensing and geospatial data that is integrated through remote sensing to create holistic understandings of technologies to study some of the harshest these environmental systems. The ACSP is an integrated research program designed environments on Earth, but no descrip- to facilitate field data collection opportunities for scientists in regions that are difficult tion of mountain research is complete to access. Scientists and climbers come without a trip to Mt. together for expeditions to collect in situ data for Everest. Members scientific projects and to share their enthusiasm of the ACSP team for the mountains. Research expeditions are were on the slopes of also designed to provide opportunities for non- Mt. Everest (Spring/ scientists to learn about scientific practices as Summer 2014) col- well as to instruct future scientists on safety in lecting data on gla- mountain regions. cier retreat and The ACSP’s central tenet is integrated re- search and our expeditions are formed of sci- changes in albedo entists and students from diverse disciplines. in order to examine Each participant leads their individual project the stability of these and also assists in data gathering for all of massive glaciers the expedition studies. We gather a variety of in a warming envi- ground data: from spectroradiometer readings ronment just before to glacier particulate composition and quanti- John All collecting ground reference data above the this article was pub- ty to interviews of local yak herders on grazing Khumbu Valley in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal. lished. Much of this patterns. This information is then integrated and type of work—that regionalized using remote sensing data to help inform local resource management and combines data collection at high eleva- conservation efforts in coordination with various stakeholders. At the end of the day, tions with remote sensing to address cut- we seek out research projects with maximum societal benefit and scientific innovation. ting-edge questions on glacier dynamics— Over the next year, we will be periodically sharing ACSP work from Central America, Africa, the Himalayas, and the Andes as PE&RS Highlight articles. More information was discussed in Schmitt et al. (2014). But can be found about the ACSP at www.climberscience.com or www.mountainscience. the avalanche on Mt. Everest that killed 16 org and we invite collaborators in all disciplines. people also killed one of our team members Our first example will be from the ACSP Cordillera Blanca expeditions in Peru. In and sent much of our equipment deep into association with the American Alpine Club, the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment, a crevasse—along with three Sherpa bod- Huascaran National Park, and several Peruvian Universities, the ACSP has conducted ies that will never be recovered. It was a research expeditions where, among other things, we have sampled anthropogenic grim reminder that mountains are always pollutants deposited on glaciers. These pollutants can lead to increased glacier melt dangerous places. We shifted our research rates and the article which follows discusses the issues involved in using remote to Mt. Himlung on the Tibet/Nepal border sensing techniques to detect these pollutants.

600 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Connecting Pixels with People to Examine Environmental Changes in the Mt. Everest Region of Nepal By John All, Narcisa Pricope, and Kamal Humagain

in order to continue gathering the data necessary for our glacial pollution and stability research. However, while collecting snow The goal of our work in the Himalayas samples near the tent at approximately 20,000 feet, the author is to document changes in high (All) fell deep into a crevasse and only through extreme good for- tune was able to climb out and survive. These twin tragedies high- mountain ecosystems as they light the risk involved in mountain research. But the Himalayas provide water for two billion people and so the American Climber respond to the integrated effects Science Program will continue our work in the glaciers of the world – albeit with even more heightened awareness of safety in of effects of multiple stressors, these regions. including human land use decisions For this particular Highlight Article, while our losses are still poignant we will shift focus and climate variability and change. to the dynamics of vegetation surrounding Mt. Everest and how warfare, tourism, and climate variability and change We also worked with the CDB, the National Trust for Nature are impacting these high alpine Conservation (NTNC), the Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal ecosystems (Figure 1). This (ESON), and local CBOs (Community-Based Organizations) is the research that our team to gather vegetation data across several of the protected areas continued after the accidents in the mountainous regions of the country and to assist with and is the research that has stakeholder interviews and livelihood diversification activities the greatest impact on local Figure 1: The American Climber (Figure 4). This program led to the creation of a new CBO called livelihoods for Sherpas and other Science Program — Nepal Research Solutions Nepal that teaches geoinformatics to local emblem. mountain peoples of the world. stakeholders for use in environmental research. The ACSP spent 2009/10 in Nepal with funding from a Fulbright The goal of our work in the Himalayas is to document grant working with Nepalese collaborators and graduate students changes in high mountain ecosystems as they respond to in high alpine environments. We taught them how to integrate the integrated effects of multiple stressors, including human remote sensing data with the field collection that had traditionally land use decisions and climate variability and change. Local, been taught at the country’s major research university – Tribhuvan subsistence-based resource users face a variety of challenges University in Kathmandu. We took students into the field in as harsh environmental conditions and poverty weaken Sagarmatha National Park (the location of Mt. Everest) and the community forest protections and imperil biodiversity. Non- adjacent Makalu Barun National Park for the bulk of our work timber forest products and ethnobotanical resource protection but also collected data in Langtang National Park, Annapurna and management in the face of climate change are very difficult Conservation Area, Chitwan National Park, Manaslu Conservation in this region due to the extreme poverty and a long term civil Area, and Shivapuri National Park (Figures 2 and 3). We war that affected large regions of the country. established a new Geoinformatics Lab at the Central Department Until recently, Nepal was ruled by a monarchy but, in 1996 a of Botany (CDB) that was integrated with the National Herbarium. Maoist Communist group began a civil war that lasted ten years

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 601 and cost thousands of lives. However, neither the Royalist Government based in the towns and cities or the Maoist rebels based in the countryside were able to win a complete victory. Following a massacre within the royal family in 2001 and resulting political turmoil, the monarchy was abolished and the country declared a federal republic; but elections have never produced a clear winner and there is currently still no constitution approved by all political factions. Maoist occupation of the countryside effectively made it impossible for the central government to enforce conservation regulations in many parks during the civil war (Baral and Figure 2: Nepal’s Protected Areas. Heinen, 2006). Deforestation, which has long been a problem in Nepal, dramatically increased across the country during the prolonged civil war (Yonzon, 2004). Deforestation, which has long been In this complex political, socio-economic and environmental context, the fragile landscape of the Himalayas is under immense a problem in Nepal, dramatically pressure. We set out to identify and analyze patterns of land use increased across the country during and land cover change through time within the Everest region of the Central Himalayas and to determine how management systems the prolonged civil war. and anthropogenic activities are affecting conservation efforts in these protected areas and livelihoods at their fringes. Remotely sensed data should be combined with ethnographic knowledge because while quantitative change can be measured analyzing

Figure 3: Dr. All collecting ground data near Cho La above the Figure 4: The authors collecting data with Nepalese graduate stu- Khumbu Valley. dents.

602 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING satellite images, local people’s perceptions provide the supportive information to explain these patterns. We used Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) images from 1972 to present to calculate vegetation indices and land cover trajectories for different vegetation covers in stratified elevation zones (Figure 5). To address the increasing need for integration of spatial and social data as a means of explaining and attributing landscape changes to factors such as different management efficiencies and enforcement strategies, growing tourism pressures and climate variability, we conducted opportunistic key informant interviews and livelihoods surveys. The spatially explicit and georeferenced socio-economic data was collected by trained graduate students in local languages who not only gained valuable experience but were also able to show locals satellite images of their villages and fields and the newest geolocation technology. We focused much of our energy so far on Sagarmatha and Makalu Barun National Parks not only because they are adjacent Figure 5: Sagarmatha National Park Land Cover Classes (2006). and both lie at the foot of Mt. Everest, sharing similar bio-physical characteristics, but also because they are among the flagship parks in Nepal and thus most under pressure from tourism and local activities. However, while Sagarmatha NP was well protected even during the civil war due to the fact that it is the access point In this complex political, socio- for Mt. Everest climbers, Makalu Barun was a major stronghold for the rebels. These parks thus represented great opportunities economic and environmental context, to begin to disentangle the impacts of environmental variability the fragile landscape of the Himalayas from human management decisions on the landscape. This work used the extensive Landsat imagery archive to examine land cover is under immense pressure. both before and after the civil war to tease out the differing land cover trajectories. Additionally, land cover data derived from the International Center for Mountain Research and Development (ICIMOD) were used to validate the analysis. Over 850 ground reference data points were collected by ACSP personnel and Nepalese students during field visits in 2009/10. Opportunistic and systematic field interviews were conducted to elicit people’s perception on causes and consequences of land cover changes within the two national parks as well.

Results Summary We analyzed different vegetation indices and land cover change trajectories, but for brevity sake we will discuss spatial patterns of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land cover changes here. For instance, the trend in average growing season NDVI values for Sagarmatha NP showed an increase in mean vegetation productivity for the period of 1972-2010. However, local stakeholder interviews and ground control points suggest a decrease in forested areas in both national parks, but far more intense in Makalu Barun (Figure 6). Figure 6: Forest Change in Makalu Barun National Park (1990-2010).

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 603 from satellite observations and socio-economic surveys can continually inform more effective management and tourism practices. We hope that our collaborative work in the region might ultimately help alleviate the rate of deterioration of Himalayan ecosystems and contribute to improved human livelihoods. The ACSP will continue working in these harsh but beautiful environments and we welcome collaborators from varied disciplines as this work requires a healthy dose of interdisciplinarity in addition to land change scientists (www.climberscience.com).

References Baral, N and J T Heinen, 2006. The Maoist people’s war and conservation in Nepal. Politics and the Life Sciences, 24(1-2):2-11. IPCC, 2013. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contri- Figure 7: Land Cover Change in Sagarmatha National Park (1992-2006). bution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change More generally, the total acreage classified as Forest declined [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Al- by approximately ten percent during the study period (Figure 7). len, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midg- However, this figure masks the true rate of forest loss because ley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United of the spatial pattern—in the lower elevations where humans Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. can easily access timber, there is a near total loss of forest cover Schmitt, C., J. All, R. Cole, A. Celestian, and W.P. Arnott, 2014. and a large increase in grass cover; but in higher, more remote The Remote Detection of Black Carbon on Tropical Glaciers. locations, there is an increase in vegetative productivity as the Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing. 80(5):385- climate warms and growing season lengthens (Figures 6 and 7). 390 The pattern of disturbance is most pronounced in the valleys Yonzon, P., 2004. Threats to Nepal’s Protected Areas. Parks with easiest access and thus highest human usage. However, in 14(1):35-39 the high elevations, there is a large increase in area classified as forest or woodland as trees move into former shrub/grasslands and as grass moves into former glaciated lands. While our findings are largely preliminary and our Authors interdisciplinary work in the region is ongoing, we can surmise John All, Department of Geography and Geology, Western that social factors including political conflict, the difficulty to Kentucky University; Executive Director, American Climber enforce park management strategies, increasing tourist demand, Science Program and consequent natural resources exploitation contribute to Narcisa Pricope, Department of Geography and Geology , explaining some of the changes and conversions in forested University of North Carolina Wilmington area. It appears that proximal and distal human-induced changes might be overwhelming any potentially beneficial Kamal Humagain, Department of Natural Resource climate change impacts on growing conditions or the length of Management, Texas Tech University the growing season and subsequent high elevation re-greening. These findings are supported both by recent literature (IPCC, 2013) as well as by data gathered from our semi-structured interviews with locals. Although a growing consideration for Background image courtesy of International Space Station using a land managers, the long-term development and implementation Kodak DCS760 digital camera and a 800-mm lens on January 28, 2004. of region-specific mitigation and adaptation practices may Image provided by the Earth Observations Laboratory, Johnson Space currently lie out of their immediate control. However, better data Center.

604 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING BILL EMISON INTERVIEW

Bill Emison currently serves as a Senior Account Manager for the GeoSpatial Solutions division of Merrick & Company, a professional engineering services firm based in Greenwood Village, Colorado (USA). In this position, Bill is responsible for the sales and marketing efforts to the oil and gas market, including producers, owner/operators, engineering firms and related commercial organizations. about UD!...

Who is Euclideon? How has it improved point cloud data delivery? Euclideon Pty Ltd (http://www.euclideon.com/) is a for- Significantly! Rather than deliver multiple external hard ward-thinking, advanced technology company based in drives of data deliverables to our clients, we can now allow Brisbane, Australia, best known for its Unlimited Detail (UD) them DIRECT and IMMEDIATE access to ALL of their geo- 3D data visualization technology. The revolutionary nature of spatial data assets. By serving up 3D point data efficiently, UD – that is, a complete rethinking of what was considered users can access their entire data investment from across possible – is a fundamental philosophy of the company. their network or across the Internet.

What is Euclideons Unlimited detail technology? How will this benefit the geospatial community? Euclideon’s Unlimited Detail (UD) technology is able to IMMEDIATE and EFFICIENT 3D data access for the entire remove all limits surrounding the amount of 3D data that enterprise – a major breakthrough in the geospatial market. you can visualize and navigate through. No longer are 3D visualization and rendering technologies reliant on expen- How has Merrick & Company integrated Euclideon’s new sive, fast hardware with large amounts of RAM. technologies into their products and services? At the heart of the technology is a 3D search algorithm Merrick currently offers Euclideon’s Geoverse software suite, that can render unlimited quantities of point cloud data in which includes the following software components: real-time. As this algorithm efficiently grabs only one point • Geoverse Convert – Translates point cloud data into for every screen pixel, it can display models of previously Euclideon’s ground-breaking Unlimited Detail format unimaginable sizes at interactive frame-rates, without the - Supported 3D Data Formats: LAS, LAZ, E57, BIN, XYZ, need for a powerful CPU or graphics card. PTX, PTS, LLARGEBIN, FLS, FWS, PLY & OBJ. By removing the hardware bottleneck from the process of • Geoverse Massive Data Manager (MDM) – Thin- 3D visualization, Euclideon has simultaneously removed any client desktop application that can render & visualize limitations on the amount of detail that a scene can contain. UNLIMITED amounts of point cloud data using ordinary Imagine a 3D landscape that is large enough to stretch off to the PC hardware. horizon, yet where you can zoom in on individual, unique pieces of • Geoverse Software Development Kit (SDK) – Integrate gravel scattered across the ground – all within less than a second. Euclideon’s Unlimited Detail technology directly into your geo- These unparalleled 3D visualization capabilities were previ- spatial application to enable direct and immediate data access! ously thought impossible, but through questioning some fun- The Geoverse software suite runs on ordinary PC (Windows) damental principles, Euclideon has realized the unimagined. hardware – no need for expensive hardware upgrades! How did a gaming company solve a data delivery problem Is there anything I have not asked that you would like to add? in the Geospatial industry? Yes – Euclideon is developing several new geospatial soft- Euclideon’s ability to efficiently and rapidly render ware offerings that will extend their Unlimited Detail tech- UNLIMITED volumes of 3D data has long been needed in the nology into more commercial / industrial applications. geospatial industry. Euclideon’s Unlimited Detail data visual- ization technology was initially developed for the video game market, but their leader, Bruce Dell, immediately understood that this technology could deliver amazing capabilities to the software offerings within the geospatial market.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 605 Call for Papers Understanding Uncertainty in Remotely Sensed Vegetation Data Products

Accurately quantifying spatial patterns of vegetation structure, health, and Deadline for Submission of composition is integral to our understanding of local and global ecological change anuscripts and to monitoring diverse ecosystems. In this context, remote sensing methods are M : 11/01/2014 essential for measuring multiple biophysical properties over broad geographical regions. However, despite the recognized need to use remote sensing methods, they Tentative Publication Date: bring with them unique challenges. These include incorporation of a wide range of 09/01/2015 both active and passive remote sensor types; non-uniform collection and processing methods; and varying in situ validation methods. If not well-characterized, these factors can reduce the accuracy associated with remote sensing derived estimates Guest Editors: of local on-the-ground measurements and processes across larger regions. Further, they produce variability in data product and analysis outcomes that is not well- Dr. Leah Wasser understood. Understanding this variability is integral to missions such as ICESAT- Remote Sensing Ecologist / Senior II, BIOMASS, Sentinel, HyspIRI, EnMAP, NEON, and Australia’s TERN and 3DEP, Science Educator that will be providing widely available remote sensing data products to support National Ecological Observatory scientific study and quantification of vegetation state and dynamics. Network, Boulder, CO [email protected] This special issue of Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing focuses on 720-746-4917 quantifying uncertainty in remotely sensed estimates of vegetation biophysical characteristics. Paper topics could include uncertainty associated with instrument Dr. Tanya Ramond specification / configuration / calibration, data collection, processing and analysis, Systems Engineer - Airborne or identifying best analysis methods which reduce this uncertainty in resulting Observation Platform vegetation data products. National Ecological Observatory We especially encourage submissions that Network, Boulder, CO • focus on spectral or structural (active or passive sensor) modalities, but use [email protected] both in a fusion approach to reduce uncertainty; 720-746-4862 • address the scalability of remote sensing estimates; and • are aligned with planned science community biophysical products, such as Dr. Jan van Aardt those found in the large scope ecological observatories. Associate Professor Rochester Institute of Technology - All submissions will be peer-reviewed in line with PE&RS policy. Because of page Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging limits, not all submissions recommended for acceptance by the review panel may be Science included in the special issue. Under this circumstance, the guest editors will select Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing the most relevant papers for inclusion in the special issue. Papers that are reviewed Group favorably, but will not fit within the Special Issue, can be revised and submitted [email protected] for review as a new paper to the PE&RS Editor-in-Chief for possible publication 585-475-4229 in a future regular issue of PE&RS. Authors must prepare manuscripts according to the PE&RS Instructions to Authors, published in each issue of PE&RS and also Mr. Jason Stoker available on the ASPRS website at www.asprs.org/pers/AuthorInstructions . Physical Scientist USGS Earth Resources Observation Important Dates: Manuscripts Due: 11/01/2014 and Science (EROS) [email protected] Notification to Authors: 02/01/2015 605-594-2579 Final Papers Due: 03/01/2015 Dr. Tom Kampe Publication: 09/01/2015 Director - Remote Sensing National Ecological Observatory Please submit your manuscript by email directly to the Network, Boulder, CO 80305, USA Guest Editor: [email protected] Leah Wasser 720-836-2414 [email protected] 720-746-4917

606 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Federated States of

he ancestors of the Micronesians settled there over 4,000 years ago. A decentral- “Tized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and re- ligious empire centered on Yap. Nan Madol, con- sisting of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located near the island of Pohnpei and used to be the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur Dynasty that united Pohnpei’s esti- mated 25,000 people from about 500 until 1500 AD, when the centralized system collapsed” (Princeton University, 2014). “In 1525 Portuguese navigators in search of the Spice Is- lands (Indonesia) came upon Yap and Ulithi. Spanish expe- ditions later made the first European contact. At that time, administrator for each of the “Districts” mentioned above. The Spain withdrew from its Pacific insular areas and sold its TTPI remained under the civil administration of the US Navy interests to Germany, except for Guam which became a US Department until 1951, when authority passed to the Depart- insular area. German administration encouraged the devel- ment of the Interior. In 1979, upon implementation of the opment of trade and production of copra. In 1914 German FSM Constitution, the US recognized the establishment of the administration ended when the Japanese navy took military FSM national and state governments. Self- sufficiency, how- possession of the Marshall, Caroline and Northern Mariana Is- ever, remained a dim prospect, in part because private-sector lands. Japan began its formal administration under a League growth had never been encouraged by the TT Administration. of Nations mandate in 1920. During this period, extensive On July 12, 1978, following a Constitutional Convention, the settlement resulted in a Japanese population of over 100,000 people of four of the former Districts of the Trust Territory, throughout Micronesia. The indigenous population was then Truk (now Chuuk), Yap, Ponape (now Pohnpei) and Kusaie about 40,000. Sugar cane, mining, fishing and tropical agri- (now Kosrae) voted in a referendum to form a Federation un- culture became the major industries. World War II brought an der the Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia abrupt end to the relative prosperity experienced during Jap- (FSM). United Nations observers certified this referendum as anese civil administration. By the War’s conclusion most in- a legitimate act of self- determination. Thereby, the people re- frastructure had been laid waste by bombing, and the islands asserted their inherent sovereignty which had remained dor- and people had been exploited by the Japanese Military to mant, but intact, throughout the years of stewardship by the the point of impoverishment. The United Nations created the League of Nations and the United Nations. Upon implemen- Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) in 1947. Ponape tation of the FSM Constitution on May 10, 1979, the former (then including Kusaie), Truk, Yap, Palau, the Marshall Is- Districts became States of the Federation, and in due course lands and the Northern Mariana Islands, together constituted adopted their own State constitutions. Nationwide democratic the TTPI. The United States accepted the role of Trustee of elections were held to elect officials of the National and four this, the only United Nations Trusteeship to be designated as State governments” (Government of the Federated States of a “Security Trusteeship,” whose ultimate disposition was to be Micronesia, 2014). determined by the UN Security Council. As Trustee the US Four times the size of Washington, D. C., (land area only), was to “promote the economic advancement and self-sufficien- the terrain is comprised of islands that vary geologically from cy of the inhabitants.” The President of the US appointed a high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls. Volcanic out- High Commissioner of the TTPI, and he, in turn, appointed an croppings appear on Pohnpei, Kosrae and Chuuk. The low-

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 607 est point is the Pacific Ocean (0 m), and the highest point is 1 (1951) Datum where: Φo = 5° 20′ 05.5″ N, Λo =153° 43′ 55.2″ Dolohmwar (Totolom) (791 m) (World Factbook, 2014). E, International 1924 ellipsoid. On Yap Island also, East Fayu

Yap Astro 1951 (West Base) is where: Φo = 9º 32′ 48.15″ N Astro 1920 Datum where: Φo = 8° 34′ 48″ N, Λo = 151° 21′ 40″

±0.2″, Λo = 138º 10’ 07.48″ E ±0.1″, αo = 175º 36′ 30.91″ to Yap E, observed by the United Kingdom. Fais Astro (1951) Datum

Occultation, and αo = 45º 06′ 05.5″ to Azimuth Mark (East observed at Fais Astro station where: Φo = 9° 45′ 03.8″ N, Λo

Base) measured from North. Originally referenced to the Mod- = 140° 31′ 02.8″ E, αo = 328° 07′ 54.6″ to azimuth mark from 1 ified Clarke 1866 ellipsoid where a = 6,378,450.047 m, and /f south, Ho = 18.7 m, International 1924 ellipsoid. For Gaferut

= 294.9786982. In 1965, Army Map Service established Yap Island, Faraulep 1920 Datum at station F11 where: Φo = 8°

SECOR (SEquential Collation Of Ranges - Ed) Astro station 35′ 45″ N, Λo = 144° 33′ 16″ E, Bessel 1841 ellipsoid and likely at: Φo = 9º 32′ 48.15″ N ±0.4″, Λo = 138º 10′ 07.48″ E ±0.4″, observed by the Japanese. For Helen Island 1927 Datum at

αo = 128º 11′ 40.2″ to SECOR AZ MK measured from south. station South Point where: Φo = 2° 58′ 35.7″ N, Λo = 131° 48′

AMS later published a set of four 1:25,000 scale maps on the 51.4″ E. For Truk Island, Iben Astro 1947 Datum where: Φo

International 1924 ellipsoid. (John W. Hager, personal com- = 7° 29′ 13.05″ N, Λo = 151° 49′ 44.42″ E, observed at Japa- munication 15 Oct. 2000). All of the Caroline Islands of Micro- nese Station #26. This was observed by USS Maury (AGS 16) nesia have local Grid systems based on the Oblique Azimuthal 1947, and referenced to the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. For Ifalik

Equidistant projection referenced to the Modified Clarke 1866 1921 Datum where: Φo = 7° 14′ 57″ N, Λo = 144° 27′ 01″ E, ellipsoid with origins at their respective Astro stations. For Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. For Kaarappu (1918) Datum where: Φo

Yap @ Yap SECOR, the geodetic coordinates at the origin are = 6° 47′ 45.10″ N, Λo = 158° 01′ 09.54″ E, observed by the Unit- as listed above, and the Grid coordinates at the origin are: ed Kingdom. For Kapingamarangi (1951) Datum observed at

Xo = 39,987.92 m, Yo = 60,022.98 m. For Palau @ Arakabe- Astro Station 3 where: Φo = 1° 01′ 54.1² N, Λo = 154° 47′ 53.6″ san Island, Φo = 7º 21′ 04.3996″ N, Λo = 134º 27′ 01.6015″ E, E, αo = 218° 42′ 40.3″, and referenced to the International 1924 and the Grid coordinates at the origin are: Xo = 50,000.00 m, ellipsoid. For Kusaie 1951 Datum where: Φo = 5° 20′ 25.3″ N,

Yo = 150,000.00 m. For Pohnpei @ Distad (USE), Φo = 6º 57′ Λo = 163° 02′ 48.0″ E, αo = 123° 07′ 40.4″ to 2 (AUX) from south,

54.2725″ N, Λo = 158º 12′ 33.4772″ E, and the Grid coordinates Ho = 358.7 ft. For Kusaie 1962 Datum observed at Allen Soda- at the origin are: Xo = 80,122.82 m, Yo = 80,747.24 m. For Truk no Light where: Φo = 5° 21′ 48.80″ N ±0.10″, Λo = 162° 58′ 03.48″

Atoll @ Truk SECOR RM1, Φo = 7º 27′ 22.3600″ N, Λo = 151º E ±0.04″, αo = 90° 40′ 08.87″ ±0.19″ to Kusaie 1951 from south,

50′ 17.8530″ E, and the Grid coordinates at the origin are: Xo Ho = 456 ft., and both are referenced to the International 1924

= 60,000.00 m, Yo = 70,000.00 m (Map Projections – A Working ellipsoid. For Lamotrek 1951 Datum observed at an Astro sta-

Manual, John P. Snyder, USGS Professional Paper 1395, Sept. tion, Φo = 7° 27′ 11.8″ N, Λo = 146° 22′ 43.3″ E, αo = 196° 52′ 03.7″ 10, 1987, page 200). 1 to 2 from south, the Astro position was reduced to station 1

According to TR8350.2, the only transformation parameters where: Φo = 7° 27′ 13.9″ N, Λo = 146° 22′ 42.3″ E, referenced to offered for the Caroline Islands, Federated States of Microne- the International 1924 ellipsoid. For Le Le Island, Φo = 5° 20′ sia are from Kosrae Island at Kusaie Astro 1951 to WGS 84 07″ N, Λo = 163° 01′ 23″ E, observed by the United Kingdom. where: ΔX = +647m ±25m, ΔY = +1777m ±25m, ΔZ = –1124m For Losap 1924 Datum observed at an Astro Station, Φo = 6°

±25m; furthermore note that the local datum is considered to 53′ 38″ N, Λo = 152° 44′ 01″ E. From H.O. chart 81288, Magur be referenced to the International 1924 ellipsoid where: a = Island Datum origin is where: Φo = 8° 59′ 25″ N, Λo = 150° 1 6,378.388m, and /f = 297. 07′ 03″ E. For Manto 1918 Datum with origin at Point F-2

The coordinate systems of Micronesia have apparently been where: Φo = 7° 02′ 57.86″ N, Λo = 157° 49′ 54.38″ E, observed by originally established with a modified version of the Clarke the United Kingdom. For Mokil Island, Manton Datum with

1866 ellipsoid by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Army Map origin at B Manton Astro, Φo = 6° 41′ 06″ N, Λo = 159° 46′ 31″ Service soon after WWII. The U.S. Geological Survey apparent- E. For Murilo Island 1951 Datum with origin at Murilo Astro, ly considered the coordinate systems of Micronesia to be on the 19 where: Φo = 8° 36′ 28.3″ N, Λo = 152° 14′ 13.6″ E, αo = 277° standard version of the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. Maps published 44′ 18.3″ to 2 Azimuth Mark from south, the reference ellipsoid by Army Map Service and presumably its successor agencies is the International 1924. For Namoluk1924 Datum at origin now consider the coordinate systems of Micronesia to be on the station Astro F, Namorukku where: Φo = 5° 55′ 24″ N, Λo = 153° International 1924 ellipsoid. Since each island appears to have 06′ 57″ E. For Ngatik 1951 Datum origin at Astronomic Sta- its own Astro origin for a coordinate system, and each island is tion No. 8: Φo = 5° 47′ 18.4″ N, Λo = 157° 20′ 31.4″ E, αo = 52° 56′ relatively small, the difference in which reference ellipsoid is 55.4″ to Azimuth Mark from south, referenced to the Interna- used for coordinate transformations is practically nil. tional 1924 ellipsoid. For the Ngulu Island 1951 Datum origin

Thanks to Mr. John W. Hagar (personal communication, at Ngulu Astro (1): Φo = 8° 17′ 42.7″ N, Λo = 137° 29′ 32.5″ E, αo May 2014), the astronomical observations of many of the is- = 258° 30′ 04.7″ to 2 from south, referenced to the Internation- lands of Micronesia have resulted in the following individu- al 1924 ellipsoid. For Nomoi Island 1916 Datum origin at Sa- al datums. For Ulithi Island: Asor Astro 1966 Datum where: tawan Island Astro: Φo = 5° 20′ 03.40″ N, Λo = 153° 44′ 07.40″,

Φo = 10° 02′ 07.83″ N, Λo = 139° 45′ 55.70″ E, Internation- referenced to the Bessel 1841 ellipsoid and likely a Japanese al 1924 ellipsoid. For Nomoi Island: Astronomic Station No. continued on page 610

608 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING BOOKREVIEW

This book constitutes the proceedings of a 2010 symposium targeting academics, engineers, and GIS professionals. Divided into six parts, which are subdivided into twenty- two chapters, Advances in Geospatial Information Science covers many topics relating to GIS globally (Australia, China, France, Germany, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Taiwan, and United States). The sections are Modeling Space and Time; Spatial Analysis and Data Mining; Uncertainty Modeling; Mobile Data Modeling; Geo-visualization; and Location-based Computing and Service. An Introduction and an Epilogue are provided in addition to the twenty-two chapters. Chapters have an average of eighteen references, which provide additional material if the chapter is of particular interest to the reader. (It should be noted that most chapters include at least one reference written by one of the authors of that particular chapter.) Michael F. Goodchild’s introduction hypothesizes about GIScience in the 21st century. Although the book is largely conjecture as to what innovations will occur within GIScience, Goodchild makes an excellent point: “… speculation is valuable, if only to stimulate debate and creative thinking.” (Page 3) Advances in Geospatial Information Sometimes the most interesting subjects are very far removed Science from the reader’s specialty because the concepts presented are Editors: Wenzhong Shi, The Hong Kong new and not something most readers consider on a daily basis. Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, For example, the chapter “Spatio-temporal trajectory analysis China; Michael F. Goodchild University of mobile objects following the same itinerary” discusses real time movement tracking of ships, but the same technology of California, Santa Barbara, USA; Brian could be applied to other vehicles and even hurricanes. Lees The University of New South Wales In another example of a chapter that is not necessarily close to at the Australian Defense Force Academy, traditional photogrammetry and remote sensing, “Cooperative Australia; and Yee Leung The Chinese information augmentation in a geosensor network” and University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, “Enhancing travel time forecasting with traffic condition China detection” could potentially be updated with social media CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton, FL, 2012. information. But then the authors would have to develop a Figures, equations, index, colour plate section. Hardcover. stringent test of the quality of social media data received before $169.00. ISBN 978-0-415-62093-2 using it. And, with the greater acceptance of digital globes as well as the expectation of higher resolution data being freely available, if the same surveys done in “Using digital globes to Reviewed by: Ryan E. Bowe, GISP, GIS visualize climate change impact” were repeated today, would Technician, Photo Science, Inc. a Quantum Spatial those surveyed be more skeptical due to the raised expectation Company of high-resolution data or less skeptical because of a greater acceptance of the technology? “Whilst images were found to be a useful tool for understanding overarching changes, different resolution surface models is intriguing, especially some decision makers still desired more specific data in the with the NSDI’s 2014-2016 strategic plan reaching final form of tables or graphs. It is unclear whether this perceived draft mode in December 2013 (http://www.fgdc.gov/nsdi-plan/ limitation was a result of the user’s limited exposure (or trust) nsdi-strategic-plan-final-draft-12-4-13.pdf) and H.R. 1604 to spatial technologies or whether the grid cells were too large (Map it Once, Use It Many Times Act https://www.govtrack. and the legends unclear.” (Page 215). us/congress/bills/113/hr1604. Even closer to remote sensing Drawing closer to a typical remote sensing task, the chapter topics, “Multi-view augmented concept to improve semantic “Hierarchical approach for an accuracy-based conflation of interoperability” is an intriguing chapter because it could be multi-topographic databases discusses nationwide topographic applied to how features are extracted from remotely sensed databases” examines how multi-scale spatial inconsistencies data. Some might find some of the chapters to be too abstract impact databases. Seeing the suggested fusing process of while other chapters may be found to focus too much on

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 609 Book Review Grids & Datums continued from page 609 continued from page 608 minutia of geoscience, almost to the point of being far-fetched. observation. For Nukuoro 1951 Datum at origin Astronomic

There are several chapters that suffer from minor Station No. 4: Φo = 3° 49′ 43.3″ N, Λo = 154° 57′ 35.9″ E, αo = typographical errors as well as tables without units and 229° 33′ 35.7 to Azimuth Mark from south, and referenced to acronyms without explanation while other chapters are well the International 1924 ellipsoid. For Onari Datum: Φo = 8° 45′ edited. The most egregious error is that the chapter “The 28″ N, Λo = 150° 19° 37″ E, from H.O. chart 81288. For Oroluk estimation of MOEs change based on CBR in Spatial Analysis 1951 Datum, Φo = 7° 37′ 29.5″ N, Λo = 155° 09′ 12.4″ E, αo = 223° and Data Mining” contains footnotes that do not appear to relate 12′ 29.4″ to AP3 from south, referenced to the International to anything. Also, a few copies were distributed containing 1924 ellipsoid. For Pingelap 1951 Datum origin No. 1 Astro: black and white images instead of color plates, making several Φo = 6° 12′ 30.9″ N, Λo = 160° 42′ 13.4″ E, αo = 321° 51′ 16.0″, chapters difficult to comprehend, as the explanations are referenced to the International 1924 ellipsoid. For Pisaras Is- dependent on color. If a reader receives a black and white copy, land Datum: Φo = 8° 35′ 05″ N, Λo = 150° 24′ 11″ E. For Ponape the publisher will replace it with a corrected version. Astro 1962 Datum, Φo = 6° 58′ 35.49″ N ±0.09² (P.E.), Λo =

Overall, the book is a stimulating and worthwhile read, 158° 11′ 16.14″ E ±0.10² (P.E.), αo = 276° 20′ 47.65″ ±0.18²(P.E.) as it will amaze the reader with the variety of Geospatial from Ponape RM1 to DISTAD from south, referenced to the Information Science applications available. International 1924 ellipsoid. Note that the Japanese observa-

tion (on the Bessel 1841 ellipsoid) is: Φo = 7° 00′ 23.20″ N, Λo = 158° 13′ 49.80″ E. For Pulap 1920 Datum origin at Astronomic

STAND OUT FROM THE REST Station B1: Φo = 7° 38′ 20.99″ N, Λo = 149° 24′ 58.80″ E. For

Pulusuk 1921 Datum at Astro station: Φo = 6° 42′ 15″ N, Λo = earn asprs certification 149° 18′ 47″ E. For Puluwat 1951 Datum origin at Astro Sta.

1, Kihoko: Φo = 7° 21′ 25.3″ N, Λo = 149° 11′ 37.2″ E, αo = 001° ASPRS congratulates these recently 15′ 41.8″ to 3. α mark (Kinan) from south, referenced to the Certified and Re-certified individuals: International 1924 ellipsoid. For Sorol 1920 Datum origin at

Sorol Island Astro: Φo = 8° 08′ 00″ N ±5.6, Λo = 140° 24′ 30″ E ± CERTIFIED MAPPING SCIENTIST GIS/LIS 2.5″ referenced to both the Clarke 1866 and the International 1924 ellipsoids. The Sumner Astro 1944 Monument at: Φ = David Alvarez, Certification # GS198 o 10° 05′ 25.06″ N, Λ = 139° 42′ 15.78″ E was observed by U.S.S. effective April 11, 2014, expires April 11, 2019 o Sumner, Oct. – Nov.1944. Compare to Ulithi 1951 Datum or- igin at Ulithi Astro (32): Φ = 10° 04′ 52.8″ N ±0.92, Λ = 139° CERTIFIED PHOTOGRAMMETRIST o o

44′ 22.5″ ±5.03″ E, αo = 121° 28′ 11.0″ to 31 from north and ref- David J. Calkins, Certification # 1567 erenced to the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, but incorrect time signals effective June 8, 2014, expires June 8, 2019 were applied. The correct longitude should be 139° 44′ 22.3″.

The UK in 1994 gave values of Φo = 10° 04′ 51.0″, Λo = 139° CERTIFIED GIS/LIS TECHNOLOGIST 44′ 28.2″. (No explanation.) For the Truk Astro 1951 Datum

Joshua Coates, Certification #271GST origin at Astro Station No. 2: Φo = 7° 21′ 37.7″ N, Λo = 151° 53′

effective May 27, 2014, expires May 27, 2017 34.3″ E, αo = 51° 58′ 17.1″ to 76 from south, referenced to the International 1924 ellipsoid. For Ulul Astro Station 1916 Da-

REMOTE SENSING MAPPING SCIENTIST INTERN tum origin at Obs. Spot: Φo = 8° 34′ 59.0″ N, Λo = 149° 39′ 27.9″ Chad Armstrong, Certification # RS218GI E in the Namonuito area, note that USHO Chart 5416 (1945) effective May 27, 2014, expires May 27, 2024 Minto Reef 1:50,000 Series W756 Sheet 5046 II, Ed. 1-AMS Minto Reef is based on this. No further explanation offered. ASPRS Certification validates your professional For West Fayu 1921 Datum origin point at Astro Station: Φ = practice and experience. It differentiates you o 8° 05′ 17″ N, Λo = 146° 44′ 29″ E, and was observed by the United from others in the profession. Kingdom. For Woleai Island 1951 Datum origin at Occultation Station 1955 Astro: Φ = 7° 22′ 17.8″ N, Λ = 143° 54′ 04.2″ E, α = For more information on the o o o 296° 10′ 42.0″ to 17 (Az. Mark) from south, H = 4.2 ft., referenced ASPRS Certification program: contact [email protected] o to the International 1924 ellipsoid. Finally, for Yorupikku Φ = 6° visit http://www.asprs.org/membership/certification o 41′ 12″ N, Λo = 143° 04′ 47″ E, observed by the UK.

THE The contents of this column reflect the views of the author, who is IMAGING & GEOSPATIAL responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The INFORMATION SOCIETY contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and/or the Louisiana State University Center for GeoInformatics (C4G).

610 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING In Memoriam Carolyn Jean Merry

1950–2014 ASPRS President 2010-11

It is with deep sorrow that we inform you of the loss of a all Carolyn contributed to ASPRS over the years” said Michael respected and long-time member, Past President, friend and Hauck, PhD., ASPRS Executive Director. mentor, Carolyn Jean Merry, PhD., retired Professor and Merry was a world-renowned scholar in remote sensing and Chair of the Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic geographic information systems, she retired in May of 2013 after Engineering at The Ohio State University. 25 years of distinguished service at The Ohio State University. Merry was tragically killed on Tuesday, June 3, 2014, in a “When I think of Carolyn, I see her radiance, energy and highway automobile crash in her home state of Ohio. The vehicle contagious enthusiasm, loyalty and dedication, and highest of she was driving was struck from behind by a tractor trailer that personal and professional integrity. Carolyn’s untimely death is failed to stop for traffic backed up due to an earlier crash. an unspeakable loss to her family, Ohio State and the professional ASPRS officers and staff members who worked with Merry community, and to countless people, who had a privilege of remember her warmth, calm demeanor and friendliness and knowing her and calling her a friend” stated Dorota A. Grejner- were grateful for the reasoned advice she readily provided. Brzezinska, Chair of the College of Engineering Department of “She was caring of officers and members of the Society, very Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering at the Ohio State willing to participate in student sessions, and gave selflessly University in a release Thursday, June 5, 2014. of her time for the benefit of the Society and its members” said Merry is survived by her husband, Robert (Bob) Redfield of Stewart Walker, ASPRS President. Hilliard, Ohio; sister, Patricia Merry; brothers, James Merry Merry joined ASPRS in 1975 and became involved in its (Kim) and Donald Merry (Amber); several nieces, nephews governance when she was elected Vice President in 2008, suc- and great-nieces. Services will be held at Schoedinger and Co. ceeding to President-Elect in 2009, President in 2010 and Past Funeral-home, 1740 Zollinger Road, Columbus, OH 43221, (614) President in 2011. During her years of involvement with the 457-5481 on June 6 and June 7, 2014 for friends and family. Society she was instrumental in forming relationships with var- Additional information and a guest book are available ious other organizations for which she held leadership positions. at http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dispatch/obituary. Her service and leadership to professional societies and agen- aspx?n=carolyn-j-merry&pid=171235890&fhid=8704 cies included: President, University Consortium for Geographic A private service for the immediate family will be held sepa- Information Science; President, American Society of Civil Engi- rately. In lieu of flowers, the family requests that donations in neering (ASCE) Central Ohio Section; and Chair, Coalition of her memory be made to the Carolyn J. Merry Engineering Schol- Geospatial Organizations (COGO). Her leadership positions at arship Fund, Fund Number 664695 at the Ohio State University. the national level are: Chair, ASCE Civil Engineering Depart- To send a check by mail, please make check payable to The ment Heads Coordinating Council; Member, National Geospa- Ohio State University Foundation. tial Advisory Committee (NGAC); and Member, National Acad- Checks may be mailed to the following address: The Ohio emy of Sciences, Mapping Science Committee. State University Foundation, 1480 West Lane Avenue, After leaving office, she continued to be involved with the Columbus, OH 43221. Society. “We are all saddened by her passing and thankful for Online gifts may be made at the following website: give.osu. edu/DrCarolynMerry

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 611 Letter from the ISPRS Second Vice President presentation of ISPRS awards. The ASPRS Foundation funds continued from page 580 the Brock Award medal, the highest honor of ISPRS. Given in Melbourne, Australia. While available for everybody, the in memory of Arthur and Norman Brock who were pioneers Individual Membership was created to ensure individuals in in aerial photography, this award recognizes an outstanding areas where an active Ordinary Member does not exist, have landmark in the evolution of photogrammetry, remote sensing the possibility to join ISPRS on an individual basis. and spatial information sciences. Winners of the award from ISPRS was established in 1910 by Professor Eduard Dolezal the U.S. include Drs. Helmut Schmid, Fred Doyle, Duane from the Vienna University of Technology, Austria and is the Brown and Jack Dangermond. Prof. Franz Leberl, Technical oldest of the umbrella geospatial organizations. Carolyn and I Commission III President (2000-2004) from Austria received had the opportunity to participate in the 2010 ISPRS Centennial the most recent Brock Gold Medal at the 2012 Melbourne Celebration in Vienna when she was the ASPRS President and Australia Congress. A new ISPRS Frederick J. Doyle Award ISPRS Lead Delegate and I was ISPRS Technical Commission was established in 2012 to honor his memory after his death IV President. We attended the ISPRS General Assembly, gala and Dr. Christian Heipke, ISPRS Secretary General (2012- dinner and presentation of the first ISPRS Fellows awarded 2016), was its first recipient. Our next Congress will be held in recognition of sustained and excellent service to ISPRS in Prague, Czech Republic on July 12-19, 2016, http://www. and its aims. Among the 12 Inaugural Fellows were ASPRS isprs2016-prague.com/. Past Presidents, Dr. Stan Morain, Technical Commission I This year, 2014, is the Symposium year and Technical President (2000-2004) and Treasurer (2004-2008), and Dr. Roy Commission I, Sensors and Platforms for Remote Sensing, is Welch, Technical Commission IV President (1992-1996). Also in being organized by Technical Commission I President and Vice attendance were Dr. Fred Doyle (then 90 years old) and Larry President, Drs. Charles Toth and Boris Jutzi, in conjunction Fritz, both having the highest distinctions of being ASPRS with the ASPRS Fall Specialty Conference (PECORA 19) and and ISPRS Past Presidents, as well as Honorary Members of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) Commission both ASPRS and ISPRS. Dr. Sherman Wu, longtime ASPRS 4 Assembly. Scheduled to be held in Denver, Colorado on member and recipient of the ISPRS Gino Cassinis Award, November 17-20, 2014, the theme of the PECORA 19-ISPRS and Dr. Charles Toth, current ISPRS Technical Commission I Commission I Symposium-IAG Commission 4 Assembly President and ASPRS Vice President, joined Carolyn and me is, Sustaining Land Imaging: UAVs to Satellites. This is an at the ISPRS Centennial Gala Dinner hosted by then ISPRS excellent opportunity for ASPRS and ISPRS members to President and ASPRS member, Dr. Orhan Altan. experience a combined event that will bring researchers, During the 2012 to 2016 term, eight Technical Commissions practitioners and exhibitors from around the world to one are entrusted to Ordinary Member organizations to carry venue. Topics of the Symposium, as well as further details out the scientific and technical work of the ISPRS. Every on abstract submission and exhibit space reservation are four years at the ISPRS Congress, Ordinary Members such available at the ASPRS website, along with information on as ASPRS bid for the responsibility for a Commission by Travel Grants funded by The ISPRS Foundation to support submitting a proposal for hosting the Commission. Elected by students and young professionals especially from developing the General Assembly held during the Congress, the direction countries, http://pecora.asprs.org/index.php. of a Technical Commission is determined by a President, Vice My involvement with ASPRS and ISPRS since the mid President and Secretary with the support of the Ordinary 1980s has greatly influenced my academic choices, career Member and the guidance of the Council consisting of six path and research direction. I have traveled to many countries individuals from different countries (President, Secretary and gained an appreciation for geospatial developments and General, First Vice President, Second Vice President, Treasurer applications beyond those of the U.S. I have had the great and Congress Director). Within the first few months of a new fortune to meet some of the pioneers in our field and I continue term, Technical Commissions write Resolutions that recognize to meet amazing students who share a passion for geospatial trends, emerging technologies and societal needs for obtaining technology and ask spatial questions. Likewise, Dr. Carolyn information from imagery. Working Groups are then formed Merry touched the lives of many through her active roles in within each Commission that are based on the Resolutions and ASPRS and ISPRS. I encourage all of you to do the same. focus scientific work on particular topics within the scope or Marguerite Madden Terms of Reference of the Commission. During the odd years of ISPRS Second Vice President the four-year term Working Groups conduct activities such as Director, Center for Geospatial Research organize Workshops, hold ISPRS Student Consortium Summer Professor, Department of Geography Schools, share data and perform benchmark tests, carry out University of Georgia research initiatives, etc. Each Commission is responsible for Athens, Georgia arranging a Midterm Symposium between the Congresses that brings the Working Groups together for a two to three- day conference that focuses on the topics of the Commission. The four-year term ends with a week-long Congress that includes technical, theme and special sessions organized by all of the Technical Commissions, keynote addresses and the

612 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Since the turn of the 21st century, ASPRS members the last 80 years our members have driven and expe- have developed leading-edge geospatial software, pro- rienced vast changes in photogrammetric and remote duced various foundation layers of geospatial data and sensing technology. With that, we want to present the transformed this data into actionable knowledge. As the broad range of technology used for (but not limited to) pace of change quickens, it’s important to stop and really acquisition, processing, deployment and use of geospatial understand the technology used across the industry data. Observations about new trending technologies will every day. It is my intention to help our society members be put into words that enable better understanding of the and guest readers of PE&RS deepen their understanding technology from a layman’s perspective. Topics covered of geospatial technology. by this column will originate from concepts presented at To bridge our understanding of imaging and geospatial ASPRS Technical Conferences, Regional Meetings and technology, ASPRS is launching a new column, “Behind monitoring social media (Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.) for the Scenes”, for the PE&RS Journal. We assert that the geospatial trends. genesis of this column is appropriately timed as we are And now, an interview with the author by one of Jim’s now celebrating the 80th anniversary year of ASPRS, the fans, Michael… Imaging and Geospatial Information Society. Throughout

Michael: Jim, I’m excited about your new column. Would Jim: ASPRS has never had a column like this before. you tell us why you are qualified to write it? Readers will learn about how geospatial tools, services, and images work – things that are often taken for Jim: I’m a Photogrammetrist, an image analyst. I have granted. Even though we might be an expert at some 24 years of industry experience working on and managing things, few are experts in everything, especially given the geospatial projects. I’m fascinated with the industry rate of change occurring due to advances in technology. and I like training colleagues and educating clients. My This column provides a mechanism for readers to gain participation in ASPRS provides another avenue for me awareness and understanding about industry advances to leverage my passion and experience to educate anyone in technology and services from a layman’s perspective. who wants to learn more about geospatial technology. Michael: I get it -- a behind the scenes look at everything Michael: Of course you are technically qualified, but that I wanted to know about but was afraid to ask. Next what I meant was, why are you interested in writing this time I’m at a party I can really impress people. Anything column? I mean, why would you read your own column? else? Jim: Some people are news junkies – well, I’m a geospa- Jim: Oh yes! Readers should expect a lot of information tial tech geek. I use apps like LinkedIn and Twitter. I about new technology as it becomes available. We will do follow news and sports, but I also follow geospatial explore who is using it, how it works, and how readers can companies, and up-and-coming companies. For example, apply it in their day-to-day business. All of this, before I was following Skybox a year before they launched the technology is commonly understood and used. My SkySat-1, and now, of course, most everyone knows that column will put you in the geospatial “know”. Google recently bought them. You see, my Grandfather used to track stocks, but me, I track geospatial startups. Michael: Well then, I can’t wait to read your next article. Back when my Grandfather was doing his research, it What’s on deck? was tough, but today with the internet it is much easier Jim: Next month readers will learn about crowdsourcing to learn about a company. This will be a great column for geospatial data. Many readers already know what that those interested in learning about geospatial technology means. For those who don’t, they will learn about it. Plus, in terms that are easy to understand. I’ll offer my own unique geeky and geospatial perspective Michael: That’s good, Jim. I can see why you would be on it. After that, we have all kinds of things to talk about interested in reading what you write. But tell me, why ranging from how to make infographics to how to calibrate would other people want to read your column? your monitor, from new thermal sensors to up and coming microsatellite platforms. continued on page 617

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 613 To have your press release published in INDUSTRYNEWS PE&RS, contact Rae Kelley, [email protected].

ANNOUNCEMENT our clients around the world for their contributions to our success, and promise them that the best is yet to come!” Optech Celebrates 40 Years of Lidar Innovation -- Optech please contact your Regional Sales Manager or inquiries@ is pleased to announce that it is celebrating 40 years of lidar optech.com. technology innovation. To mark the occasion, Optech is paying tribute to the incredible partnership with our clients over the years, from the first commercial lidar systems in the world, APPLICATIONS to solutions for bathymetry and UAVs. Without our valued clients, none of this would have been possible. Acknowledging Flying Potato Fields for Precision Agriculture using decades of hard work, a celebration was held at Niagara Falls, UAS. Recently a potato grower in Hastings, FL used Altavian’s including an exhibition of projects and the evolution of Optech Nova F6500 technology in order to fly his potato field at lidar technology that has supported clients over the last 40 intervals during the growth phase of his crop. The project was years. flown six times during the 2014 growing season developing 2 Lasers were barely out of their infancy in the late 1960s, cm Ground Sample Distance (GSD) orthoimagery and LAS file yet founder Dr. Allan Carswell saw their potential for format 3D point clouds. The information derived was able to revolutionizing remote sensing and began developing prototype lidars at York University, Canada. Government agencies were quick to see the benefits of this pioneering technology and, to keep up with the growing demand, Dr. Carswell founded Optech in 1974. Optech has developed lidar and imaging systems for a multitude of clients and their specific applications, with several resulting in major contributions to the remote sensing industry. This pioneering start with continued innovation to meet client needs has enabled Optech to develop products such as CZMIL for seamless topo/bathy even in turbid water conditions, the compact Orion, the LMS automated workflow assist the farmer with determining the precise location needed software for both airborne and mobile sensor data, and Lynx to administer applications of pesticides and fertilizer in his for capturing engineering-grade 3D data from vehicles moving fields. UAS technology is now providing an economy of scale at highway speeds. enabling farmers to obtain large scale mapping data. This “Optech has benefitted from many outstanding experiences family-owned farm supplies their potatoes to a number of well- over the last 40 years,” said Dr. Carswell, “from creating the known potato chip brands throughout the U.S. For more first lidar-derived bathymetric charts to putting the first lidar information, contact [email protected]. on the surface of Mars onboard the NASA Phoenix Mission. As a new member of the Teledyne family of companies, Optech is MDA expands imaging modes for RADARSAT-2. MDA’s entering a new era of continued innovation and development, Information Systems group has commercially launched a with ever more exciting active and passive sensor solutions to unique new imaging mode for RADARSAT-2. This Extra-Fine meet real-world project requirements. I would like to thank mode provides an unprecedented ability to capture exceptional resolution imagery over large areas, providing a capability that is ideally suited to support monitoring large areas coupled with identifying detailed changes. The Extra-Fine imaging mode is able to provide single polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery at a 5 meter resolution, over a 125 km x 125 km area (or 15,625 km2 per scene). The RADARSAT-2 satellite has global high-resolution EMPLOYMENT surveillance capabilities that include a large collection Tetra Tech is seeking a LiDAR Analyst in Lafayette, capacity and high accuracy. The satellite acquires data CA. Please visit http://www.tetratech.com/careers.html. regardless of light or weather condition, provides frequent re- Job code: DIV LCC LkDAR SC. visit imaging options, and is supported by ground receiving stations that provide near real-time information delivery services. This versatility makes RADARSAT-2 a reliable PLACING A CLASSIFIED AD ı Classified ads can be placed by source of information in multi-faceted intelligence surveillance contacting Brooke King, Mohanna Sales Rep, (214) 291-3653, and monitoring programs. For more information, visit www. [email protected] mdacorporation.com.

614 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING ASPRSNEWS Fall ASPRS UAS Symposium

AN UPDATE ON THE FALL ASPRS UAS SYMPOSIUM

hange is in the Air!” “CThis is the tagline of our fall UAS symposium in Reno NV, which denotes the excitement and also the angst that goes along with change. We are all reminded daily, from news and conversation, of the advent of the age of the drones and we each react with our own individual excitement, loathing, fear, curiosity, or blend thereof. The topic is definitely popular right now and ASPRS members are smack dab in the middle of the issue, as one of the largest applications of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) technology will be mapping. One of the key topics of our symposium will be, “What is at stake?” When disruptive technology such as UAS comes along, we all have a need for education and collaboration.

The symposium will bring industry experts to speak to the demonstrations. All attempts are being made to keep costs at issues relevant to our mapping and remote sensing community. a minimum in order to encourage broad attendance. It is our The program will be tailored to cover topics of aircraft design, goal to reach beyond our ASPRS membership to encourage sensor payload options, flight planning, flying the mission, data UAS start-ups, entrepreneurs, GIS professionals, government processing and product development. Speakers and panels will agencies, surveyors, students, potential UAS users, and be selected to provide first-hand information on these issues. general enthusiasts to attend. No UAS symposium would be complete without a group The symposium planning committee is making great of exhibitors offering hands-on opportunities to see the progress and will be releasing a Preliminary Program and equipment, talk to the experts, and gather contacts for teaming Call for Registration soon. For now, please sign up at our pre- and collaboration. We have extended preliminary invitations registration link on our website to ensure receipt of ongoing to manufacturers of UAS technology and it appears we will information. have a large group of vendors who make UAS equipment, provide software solutions, provide UAS components, and http://uasreno.org provide services. Change is in the air! Last, but certainly not least, this symposium is designed in coordination with the Nevada UAS Test Site. The State Please join us in Reno to explore what is at stake and how to of Nevada was selected as one of the six national UAS test prepare for change! sites to serve as an arm of the FAA and provide for the safe transition of civilian applications of UAS into the national air Becky Morton space. This unique collaboration of ASPRS and the Nevada ASPRS UAS Symposium Chair Institute of Autonomous Systems will provide the ability for ASPRS to host live flight demonstrations of UAS as part of the symposium and allow ASPRS to establish the course for on- going test flights of UAS. The symposium will be held October 21-22, 2014. The events will take place at the Reno Ballroom, a beautiful first-class facility in downtown Reno. The El Dorado, our symposium hotel, is located just across the street. Buses will be arranged to take attendees to the Reno Stead Airport for the live UAS

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 615 ASPRSNEWS

Journal Staff BE AN ASPRS MEMBER CHAMPION

Publisher ASPRS is recruiting new members and YOU benefit from each new member YOU champion. Not only can you Dr. Michael Hauck, [email protected] contribute to the growth of ASPRS, but you can earn discounts on dues and merchandise in the ASPRS Store.

Editor Member Champions by Region from January 1, 2013 – May 31, 2014 Russell G. Congalton, [email protected] At Large Potomac Allan Falconer Rodrigo A. Nobrega, PhD Raechel Anne Bianchetti Bradley Foltz, CP Technical Editor Allan Falconer Sharon W. George Michael S. Renslow, Alaska Barry N. Haack Ashley Christine Holt [email protected] Sharon W. George Ashley Christine Holt Ming-Chih Hung Assistant Editor Josef Jansa Michael Krimmer Josef Jansa Jie Shan, [email protected] Central New York John F. Manzer Michael Krimmer Kin M. Ma Assistant Director — Publications William M. Stiteler, CMS Susan D. Oakley John F. Manzer Rae Kelley, [email protected] Jane M. Read Janice Ouellette Joshua Sisskind Brian Miyake Electronic Publications Manager/ Central US L. Monika Moskal Graphic Artist Kevin P. Price Puget Sound Brian E. Murphy, CP Matthew Austin, [email protected] L. Monika Moskal Rodrigo A. Nobrega, Ph.D. Columbia River Manuscript Coordinator Rocky Mountain Susan D. Oakley Steven P. Lennartz, CMS Janice Ouellette Jeanie Congalton, Michaela Buenemann [email protected] Brian Miyake Sarah Praskievicz Sarah Praskievicz Jane M. Read Circulation Manager Saint Louis Michael S. Renslow, CP Michael S. Renslow, CP Sokhan Hing, [email protected] Ming-Chih Hung Bingqing Liang Michael Rodger, RPP, CP. Eastern Great Lakes Bradley C. Rundquist Advertising Sales Representative Charles W. Emerson Todd Wever Mohanna Sales Representatives Bradley C. Rundquist Joshua Sisskind Kin M. Ma William M. Stiteler, CMS Brooke King, [email protected] William F. Welsh Western Great Lakes Kelli Nilsson, [email protected] William F. Welsh Florida Qihao Weng, Ph.D. Qihao Weng, Ph.D. Contributing Editors Bon A. Dewitt Andrew James Williams Todd Wever Andrew James Williams Grids & Datums Column Brian E. Murphy, CP Member Champions by Clifford J. Mugnier, [email protected] Xiaojun Yang number of new members Recruited 5 and more new recruited Book Reviews Mid-South members Haluk Cetin (16) John Iiames, Eugenio Arima Recruited from 1 to 4 Barry N. Haack (10) [email protected] Haluk Cetin new members Steven P. Lennartz, CMS (15) Eugenio Arima Mapping Matters Column New England Xiaojun Yang (11) Qassim Abdullah, Raechel Anne Bianchetti Russell G. Congalton Bingqing Liang (6) [email protected] Michaela Buenemann Kevin P. Price (5) Russell G. Congalton Website North Atlantic Karen L. Schuckman, CP (15) Bon W. Dewitt [email protected] Bradley Foltz, CP Michael Rodger, RPP, CP. Charles W. Emerson

ASPR Member Champions is our yearly recruitment drive; by including their ASPRS membership number on their recruit’s membership applica- tion, ASPRS members can receive discounts on dues and books as a thank you for helping increase membership. For membership materials, contact ASPRS at 301-493-0290, ext. 109/104 or email: [email protected].

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616 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING ASPRSNEWS

Behind The Scenes continued from page 613 ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Michael: Sounds fascinating. But I want something now. ASPRS would like to welcome Would you mind namedropping a couple websites? the following new members! Jim: Planet Labs for the curious, SpyMeSat for the para- noid, Tomnod for the social, and plastics for the graduate. At Large Mid-South Barry Goldman, PLS Eric Morris Michael: Plastics, eh? I don’t really see what that has to Koji Mano Wei Wang do with photogrammetry… Last words? Brookelynn Constant* Tanner Allshouse* Jennifer Haas* Jim: I would love to hear ideas for future columns. I want Columbia River to know what readers are curious about. Please feel free Brandon Jagoe* Patrick Burns to write me at: [email protected]. Melissa Kinzer* Eastern Great Lakes Carly Lyons* Frank Kautzmann, III Melanie R. Reason* Jim Peters works in the Geospatial Industry. For ASPRS, Andrew Munafo* Northern California he currently serves as the Chair for the Electronic Phillip Reed* Jennifer Reiber Kyle Communications Committee. Terri Richardson* Chris Vanderlip* Potomac Dr. Michael Hauck is the Executive Director of ASPRS. William Barber, Sr. Florida Francesco Tonini Parrish Henderson* Thomas Breach* Jill Phillips* Angela Chang* Heartland Gregg Eberly* REGION OF THE MONTH Shane Shelby, GISP David Firman* Victor Shockley Ben Fricke* Kyle Summers Matthew Musgrave* ND THE WINNER IS… Riley O’Donnell* A Jacob Wasilkowski Judi Sutherland*

Intermountain POTOMAC REGION Southwest US Jeff May, Jr.*

Katharina Palffy-Gelfand

The Potomac Region sponsored 10 new

*indicates student member

members during the month of May.

In recognition of their commitment to the Society,

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON

they receive the following:

ASPRS MEMBERSHIP, VISIT • A certificate from ASPRS acknowledging their work in membership recruitment. HTTP://WWW.ASPRS.ORG/JOIN-NOW/ • ASPRS Buck$ vouchers valued at $50 to be used toward merchandise in the ASPRS Bookstore. Your path to success in the • This special recognition in this issue of PE&RS of geospatial community their designation as “Region of the Month,” a true display of their commitment to the Society.

This is an ongoing regional recruitment campaign. We hope other regions will be listed here in future months.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 617 Advances and New Perspectives in Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis Guest Editors Dr. Ioannis Gitas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Email: [email protected] Dr. Giorgos Mallinis, Democritus University of Thrace Email: [email protected] Deadline for submission of manuscripts: August 1, 2014 Tentative publication date: June 1, 2015

A Special Issue oin “Advances and New • Synergies with GIScience Perspectives in Geographic Object-Based Image • Open source software Analysis” will focus on recently introduced • Local, regional and global scales applications theories and innovations as well as future • Web-based GEOBIA services and semantics research trends in Geographic Object-Based • Future developments Image Analysis (GEOBIA) by remote sensing All submissions will be peer-reviewed in line scientists and professionals. with PE&RS policy. Because of page limits, not Since emerging early in the 21st century, all submissions recommended for acceptance by GEOBIA has incorporated and further upgraded the review panel may be included in the special established concepts in remote sensing and issue. Under this circumstance, the guest editors interrelated spatial sciences. It has gained wide will select the most relevant papers for inclusion popularity and attracted the interest of both in the special issue. Papers that are reviewed the scientific and professional communities, for favorably, but will not fit within the Special its efficiency to provide enhanced and reliable Issue, can be revised and submitted for review geospatial intelligence. The growing interest as a new paper to the PE&RS Editor-in-Chief in GEOBIA is demonstrated by the increasing for possible publication in a future regular issue number of high-quality manuscripts appearing of PE&RS. Authors must prepare manuscripts in the literature and the recent development according to the PE&RS Instructions to of GEOBIA-related (open source/commercial) Authors, published in each issue of PE&RS and software packages. Towards that end, the bi- also available on the ASPRS website at http:// annual GEOBIA conferences held in Salzburg www.asprs.org/PE-RS-Submissions-Policy-and- (2006), Calgary (2008), Ghent (2010), Rio de Guidelines/blog.html. Janeiro (2012) and Thessaloniki, Greece (2014), have provided the impetus for much progress in Important Dates: Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis. Manuscripts Due: August 1, 2014 Specifically, this special issue aims to bring Notification to Authors: November 1, 2014 together articles that report advances and set up Final Papers Due: December 1, 2014 new perspectives in GEOBIA theory, methods Publication: June 1, 2015 and innovative applications including but not limited to the following: Please submit your manuscript by email directly to the Guest Editor:

Call for Papers • Image segmentation algorithms Dr. Ioannis Z. Gitas • Integration with novel classification Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece algorithms Email: [email protected] • Classification/error assessment, uncertainty, statistical analysis • Object-based change detection • Multi-scale and multi-temporal classifications strategies and representations, • Multi-sensor data integration and information fusion • Complex geospatial feature detection • Ontologies

618 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Automatic Estimation of Number of Clusters in Hyperspectral Imagery

Amin Alizadeh Naeini, Mohammad Saadatseresht, and Saeid Homayouni

Abstract One of the most challenging problems in automated clustering (Datta, 2003), and (d) partitional clustering (Jain et al., 1999). of hyperspectral data is determining the number of clusters In hierarchical clustering, the fusion dendrogram can be (NOC) either prior to or during the clustering. We propose a inspected in an attempt to determine the intrinsic NOC or statistical method for best estimating the NOC, not only prior spectral classes. In this case, an objective measure, such as to but also independent of the clustering. This method uses Bayesian information criterion (BIC), is needed to cut off the both residual analysis (RA) and change point analysis (CPA) to dendrogram (Jung et al., 2003). This kind of clustering is not select a number of candidates. Because the NOC and the data very popular within the remote sensing community, because intrinsic dimension (ID) interact with one another in a predict- of both large number of pixels and high computational time able way, ID can provide useful inferential information about required by hierarchical clustering (Richards and Jia, 2006). the NOC. Indeed, once the ID has been found, the NOC can be In HPS-based clustering, a multidimensional histogram of a inferred on the basis of this information. The performance of segment of an image may exhibit several peaks at the loca- the proposed method is evaluated by processing several hyper- tions of similar spectral clusters. Pixels are then associated spectral datasets. Furthermore, a comparison with the results with the nearest spectral peak for the assignment of clusters. of the partitional approach, using some well-known similarity This technique is only useful when the dimensionality of measures, has demonstrated that our method is more effective data is low; therefore, the technique is not applicable to in detecting the optimal NOC. hyperspectral data (Richards and Jia, 2006). In statistical clustering, the data are assumed to be a random independent variable modeled by either a density or a probability function. Introduction A variety of approaches for choosing the optimal NOC under Unsupervised classifiers or clustering algorithms can po- the mixture of distributions has been used (Mirkin, 2011). tentially resolve the limitations of the supervised methods. However, the statistical clustering approaches are complex The unsupervised algorithms perform the classification task and time-consuming because (a) the high dimensionality of by exploiting the information provided by the data without hyperspectral data, (b) the necessity of several parameters for requiring any prior information or training samples. Even statistical modeling, and (c) the Gaussian assumption of class though supervised classification algorithms perform better distribution (Richards and Jia, 2006). than unsupervised ones, the unavailability of high quality In the field of remote sensing, much research has been training data for supervised methods warrants the use of clus- done using partitional clustering methods such as the tering algorithms (Paoli et al., 2009). k-means approach. (Prabhu, 2011; Mirkin, 2011). In these Most clustering algorithms, especially those that are fre- methods the NOC varies from 2 to a predefined maximumNOC . quently used for remotely sensed data, require a specifiedNOC By calculating the validity indices of the clustering results (Schowengerdt, 2006). In some cases, the NOC can be estimat- (see Davies and Bouldin, 1979; Calin´ski and Harabasz, 1974; ed using expertise-based knowledge about the land-covers Tibshirani et al., 2001; Prabhu, 2011) with different values of (Liang et al., 2012). However, in many other situations, such the NOC; the ideal NOC of a given dataset is obtained in Liang as a complex remotely sensed scene, the NOC for a given data- et al. (2012). In addition, the partitional methods are not only set cannot be known a priori (Farrell Jr. and Mersereau, 2004), computationally efficient, but also suitable for high-dimen- and hence, must be estimated automatically. It is well known sional data such as hyperspectral data. However, they often, that either over-estimation or under-estimation of the NOC will problematically, get stuck in some local optima. It is worth severely affect the quality of clustering results (Liang et al., noting that this problem deteriorates in hyperspectral data 2012). Therefore, accurately estimating the NOC in any data is (Samadzadegan and Alizadeh Naeini, 2011). Furthermore, the of fundamental importance in clustering analysis. major difficulty is due to the absence of an objective criterion Efforts to determine the NOC have mostly been divided for comparing the quality of various clustering results of the into the following cluster structures: (a) hierarchical cluster- same dataset (Wang, 2010). Although the first problem (i.e., ing (Johnson, 1967), (b) histogram peak selection (HPS) based getting stuck in some local optima) can be tackled by using clustering (Richards and Jia, 2006), (c) statistical clustering an evolutionary-based algorithm (Ura Maulik et al., 2011), the second, despite measures, either internal measures (Prabhu, Amin Alizadeh Naeini and Mohammad Saadatseresht are with the Department of Geomatics Engineering, College of Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar Street, P.O. Vol. 80, No. 7, July 2014, pp. 000–000. Box: 11155/4563, Tehran, Iran ([email protected]). 0099-1112/14/8007–000 Saeid Homayouni is with Department of Geography, Simard © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry Hall, 60 University, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Cana- and Remote Sensing da, K1N 6N5 ([email protected]). doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.7.000

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626 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING An Accuracy Assessment of Tree Detection Algorithms in Juniper Woodlands

Aaron J. Poznanovic, Michael J. Falkowski, Ann L. Maclean, Alistair M.S. Smith, and Jeffrey S. Evans

Abstract This research provides a comprehensive accuracy assessment et al., 2003; Miller et al., 2000; Sankey and Germino, 2008; of five methods for classifying western juniper (Juniperus occi- Sankey et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2008; Strand et al., 2008). dentalis) canopy cover from 1 m, 4-band National Agriculture Western juniper historically grew in rocky refugia and other Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery. Two object-oriented classifi- areas that were protected from relatively frequent fire return cation approaches (image segmentation and spatial wavelet intervals common to the region (Camp et al., 1997; Miller and analysis, (SWA)) are compared to three pixel based classifi- Wigand, 1994). However, the intensity and frequency of fires cation approaches (random forests, Iterative Self-Organizing have decreased, allowing for expansion and establishment of Data Analysis (ISODATA), and maximum likelihood). Methods woody species like mesquite and juniper into deeper, more are applied to approximately 250 km2 in the intermountain productive soils (Burkhardt and Tisdale, 1976; Miller and western USA. A robust suite of statistical approaches, which Rose, 1999; Waichler et al., 2001). Additional studies indicate offer an alternative to traditional kappa-based methods, are the historic range and density of western juniper has been in- utilized to determine equivalence between methods and over- creasing since the late 1800s due to what is believed to be the all effectiveness. Object-oriented approaches have the highest interacting effects of fire suppression, increased cattle grazing, overall accuracy among the assessed methods. Each of the and favorable climatic conditions for juniper growth at the methods varied considerably in cover class accuracy. SWA has turn of nineteenth century (Archer et al., 1995; Blackburn and the highest class accuracy when juniper canopy cover is low Tueller, 1970; Burkhardt and Tisdale, 1976; Crawford et al., (0 to 40 percent cover), ISODATA performs best at moderate 2004; Johnsen, 1962; McPherson et al., 1988; Miller and Rose, cover (60 to 80 percent) and maximum likelihood performs 1999; Miller and Wigand, 1994). In eastern Oregon, it is esti- best at higher cover (60 to 100 percent cover). mated that juniper has increased in range from approximately 600,000 to 2.63 million hectares since the turn of the nine- teenth century (Azuma et al., 2005). Given these large extents, Introduction developing and evaluating computer assisted classification Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) is a tree methods to identify and map juniper trees across large spatial species native to the semi-arid shrub-steppe ecosystem of extents are critical to managing a changing landscape and the western United States. Low density juniper woodlands maintaining the biodiversity and ecological functioning of the that are subordinate or codominant with native shrubs (e.g., western sage-steppe ecosystem (Campbell et al., 2012). mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana)), Various methods have been developed to identify woody provide excellent habitat for 23 species of mammals and 83 plant encroachment over large spatial extents from remotely species of birds (Davies et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2005; Miller sensed data. Common approaches include sub-pixel meth- and Wigand, 1994; Poddar and Lederer, 1982). Furthermore, ods (Sankey and Glenn, 2011), pixel-based analysis meth- 3 to 5 percent of western juniper woodlands are old-growth ods such as maximum likelihood and ISODATA clustering forests, which provide increased biodiversity, structural (Anderson and Cobb, 2004; Ball and Hall, 1965; Pillai et al., diversity, high quality habitat, genetic diversity, and serve 2005), contrast thresholding (Knapp and Soulé, 2002), and as ecological legacies (Miller et al., 2005; Miller et al., 1999; texture-based assessment (Hudak and Wessman, 1998). These Waichler et al., 2001). approaches produce assemblies of pixels based on statistically Characterizing the magnitude and rate of encroachment determined criteria that have similar spectral characteristics of woody plants into semi-arid lands is important in further (Jensen, 2005). understanding the assessment of ecological dynamics (Hunt Object oriented image analysis (OBIA) methods such as image segmentation (Laliberte et al., 2004; Laliberte et al. 2007; Pillai et al., 2005), feature extraction, and object identification Aaron J. Poznanovic and Michael J. Falkowski are with the (e.g., Spatial Wavelet Analysis (SWA)) (Falkowski et al., 2006; Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Garrity et al., 2008, 2012; Smith et al., 2008; Strand et al., Paul, MN 55108 ([email protected]). 2006; Strand et al., 2007) are also gaining popularity in the assessment of woody plant encroachment. Feature extraction Ann L. Maclean is with the School of Forest Resources and methods for OBIA utilize texture, spatial context, and reflec- Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Alistair M.S. Smith is with the Department of Forest, Range- Vol. 80, No. 7, July 2014, pp. 000–000. land, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844. 0099-1112/14/8007–000 Jeffrey S. Evans is with The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry CO 80524, and the Department of Zoology and Physiology, and Remote Sensing University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071. doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.7.000

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 637 CALENDAR JULY 2014 OCTOBER 2014 15–18, Cybernetics and Information Technologies, 6–8, Joint International Conference on Geospatial Systems and Applications: CITSA 2014 & Engineering Theory, Processing, Modelling and Applications, Toronto and Technological Innovation: IMETI 2014, Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre, Toronto, Canada. For Orlando, Florida. For more information, visit http:// complete details and to register online http://www2. www.iiisconferences2014.org/citsa or http://www. isprs.org/2014GeoTPMA/registration.html. iiisconferences2014.org/imeti. 7–9, INTERGEO and imaGIne-2 Congress, Berlin, AUGUST 2014 Germany. 2–10, 40th Scientific Assembly of the Committee on 23–25, Joint Conference for Academic and Professional Space Research (COSPAR) and Associated Events — Geographers in the Southwest Division and the Great “COSPAR 2014”, Moscow, Russia. For more information, Plains-Rocky Mountain Division, Andaluz Hotel and visit http://www.cospar-assembly.org or http:// Albuquerque Convention Center, Albuquerque, New cospar2014moscow.com/. Mexico. For more information, visit http://www.k-state. edu/swgprm2014/. 13–15, Introduction to GIS. UC Davis. or more information, visit www.extension.ucdavis.edu/landuse. NOVEMBER 2014 17–21, Optical Engineering + Applications 2014 - Part of 17–20, ASPRS 2014 Pecora 19 Symposium, Denver, SPIE Optics + Photonics, San Diego Convention Center, Colorado. Web site launch expected for February 2014. San Diego, California, USA. MAY 2015 SEPTEMBER 2014 4–8, ASPRS 2015 Annual Conference, Tampa, Florida. 8–11, GIS-Pro 2014: URISA’s 52nd Annual Conference, For more information, visit www.asprs.org. New Orleans, Louisiana. For more information, visit www.gis-pro.org or www.urisa.org. 22–26, GeCo in the Rockies, Grand Junction, Colorado. For more information, visit http://www.gecointherockies. org/. 11–12, 6th Summit on Earth Observation Business, Westin Hotel Paris, Paris France. For more information, visit http://www.satellite-business.com/program/sympo- eo/seob. 20–18, Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists 2014 Annual Meeting, Doubletree Scottsdale, Scottsdale, AZ. For complete details and to register online, http://www.aegweb.org.

638 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Sensitivity of Hydrological Outputs from SWAT to DEM Spatial Resolution

T. Goulden, R. Jamieson, C. Hopkinson, S. Sterling, A. Sinclair, and D. Hebb

Abstract This research analyzes the sensitivity of the SWAT (Soil and a DEM for analyzing hydrological phenomena, an important Water Assessment Tool) flow rate and sediment yield toDEM decision must be made on the horizontal length of a DEM grid spatial resolution. A scaling analysis is performed using cell (defined here as the spatial resolution) which corre- 1 to 50 m resolution lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) sponds to the underlying spatial scale (Hutchinson and Gal- derived DEMs. Thomas Brook, Canada, serves as a case study lant, 1999). Scale driven investigations conducted under the watershed for a five year simulation period. Results indicated assumptions and constraints of a particular model structure monthly water yield was insensitive to DEM resolution, unless a can guide users in selecting an appropriate DEM resolution. change in area was also present. Sediment yield from the 50 m Ideally, the choice of DEM resolution will simultaneously gen- DEM showed a 200 t reduction compared to the 1 m DEM. The erate accurate simulated outputs, as well as a realistic model 5 to 50 m DEMs also showed a reduction in channel deposition parameterization. Such a model will be capable of generating of 45 to 90 t, respectively, compared to the 1 m DEM. Results sound and defensible evidence for development of water suggest parameterization using multiple resolution DEMs is resource planning strategies. desirable, one commensurate with the scale used to establish Previous research has demonstrated that attention must be universal soil loss equations for defining hillslope scale, and given to the selection of DEM resolution because of the effects high resolution for stream network and sub-basin delineation. to hydrologic outputs as well as watershed and topographic attributes. Average terrain slope, for example, tends to in- crease as spatial resolution increases (Evans, 1979; Chang and Introduction Tsai, 1991; Zhang and Montgomery, 1994; Wilson et al., 2000; Hydrologic and hydraulic models are tools often used to Kienzle, 2004; Hill and Neary, 2005; Deng et al., 2007; Hop- assist in planning and assessing sustainable environmental kinson et al., 2010). Stream lengths have shown to increase strategies in response to ecosystem impacts such as agricul- as DEM resolution increases (Wang and Yin, 1998; Thieken et tural practices, land use development, or climate change. An al., 1999; Goulden et al., in press) while watershed area has accurate digital landscape representation is a fundamental shown inconsistent behavior with changes in DEM resolution requirement for hydrologic simulations because it controls (Cotter et al., 2003; Chaubey et al., 2005; Goulden et al., in the transfer of water, sediment, nutrients, and pollutants press). Peak flow rates have shown to decrease as resolution within the modeled environment (Moore et al., 1991). Digital becomes increasingly fine (Quinn et al., 1991; Zhang and information on landscape shape and structure is provided to a Montgomery, 1994) while the timing of peak flow tends to be hydrological model through a DEM (Digital Elevation Model), delayed (Thieken et al., 1999). Simulated sediment loads have commonly as a regularly spaced horizontal grid of elevation been shown to both increase (Chaplot, 2005; Cotter et al., values (Collins and Moon, 1981; Moore, 1991). In applying 2003; Di Luzio et al., 2005) and decrease (Zhao et al., 2010) as DEM resolution becomes increasingly fine. Despite the well-es- T. Goulden is with National Ecological Observatory Network tablished sensitivity of topographic attributes, watershed (NEON), Inc, 1685, 38th St, Suite 100, Boulder, CO, 80301; attributes, and hydrologic outputs with DEM resolution, no and formerly with Process Engineering and Applied Science, consistent guidelines are available for selecting a DEM spatial Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, B3J 1Z1 (tgoulden@ resolution for simulated hydrological analysis. neoninc.org). Previous suggestions for selecting a DEM resolution to R. Jamieson, and A. Sinclair Process are with Process Engi- represent hillslope hydrologic processes indicate that the neering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 DEM resolution should reflect the natural scale of the hillslope Barrington Street, Halifax, Canada, B3J 1Z1. (Quinn et al., 1991; Zhang and Montgomery, 1994; Beven, 1997; Hutchinson and Gallant, 2000; McMaster, 2002). Where C. Hopkinson is with Engineering and Applied Science, Dal- “hillslope hydrology” includes hydrologic processes dealing housie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Canada, with vegetation, overland flow, and subsurface flow (Kirkby, B3J 1Z1; and the Department of Geography, University of Le- 1988). In cases where the DEM is at a resolution lower than the thbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, natural hillslope scale, valley or hill structures can be lost and T1K 3M4. S. Sterling is with Earth Science and Environmental Science, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Canada, Vol. 80, No. 7, July 2014, pp. 000–000. B3H 4R2. 0099-1112/14/8007–000 D. Hebb is with the Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main Street, and Remote Sensing Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada, B4N 1J5. doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.7.000

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 639 MEMBERS/SUBSCRIBERS When you are logged into the ASPRS website, go to this page: http://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/2014-E-Journal-Members.html Under PE&RS E-Journal Edition you will see the paragraph: As a member or subscriber you have full access to the peer reviewed articles, hosted by MetaPress. Please click here to access PE&RS peer reviewed articles in both the current issue and ten year's worth of back issues of the journal. Click on either of the links in that paragraph (from the web page, not this page) to access the peer-reviewed articles.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 643 MEMBERS/SUBSCRIBERS When you are logged into the ASPRS website, go to this page: http://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/2014-E-Journal-Members.html Under PE&RS E-Journal Edition you will see the paragraph: As a member or subscriber you have full access to the peer reviewed articles, hosted by MetaPress. Please click here to access PE&RS peer reviewed articles in both the current issue and ten year's worth of back issues of the journal. Click on either of the links in that paragraph (from the web page, not this page) to access the peer-reviewed articles.

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652 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Analysis of Dual-Sensor Stereo Geometry and Its Positioning Accuracy

Jaehoon Jeong and Taejung Kim

Abstract This research investigated the positioning accuracy and ated the accuracy of the digital surface model obtained by the imaging geometry of dual-sensor stereo pairs in comparison Ikonos-QuickBird stereo pair. The combination of satellite and with those of conventional single-sensor stereo pairs. First, we aerial images was attempted (Tong et al. 2010). While these discuss the difference between single- and dual-sensor stereo studies demonstrated the potential of dual-sensor stereo pairs geometry and suggest that bisector elevation (BIE) and asym- for accurate mapping, their limitations and problems were not metry angle, in addition to convergence angle, are important investigated in detail. It may be misleading to accept the use considerations for interpreting dual-sensor stereo geometry. of dual-sensor stereo pairs without identifying constraints and We point out that for single-sensor BIE angles and asymmetry limitations associated with them. For example, arbitrary com- angles are close to ideal values, and their importance has binations of dual-sensor stereo pairs may produce weak stereo not been highlighted. We show that dual-sensor stereo may geometry, which can diminish positioning accuracy. produce small BIE angles and large asymmetry angles, and The purpose of this paper is to investigate stereo geometry such angles may lead to weak geometry and accuracy degra- from dual-sensor stereo pairs and its effects on positioning dation of dual-sensor stereo. Second, we compare rigorous accuracy. We compare stereo geometry of single-sensor and sensor models (RSMs) with rational function models (RFMs) for dual-sensor stereo pairs and highlight differences. We show handling dual-sensor stereo. For stable dual-sensor stereo, that dual-sensor stereo pairs require additional geometric both models show similar performance. However, for dual-sen- parameters, bisector elevation (BIE) angle and asymmetry sor stereo with weak geometry, RSMs produce better positioning angle, to avoid weak stereo geometry, in addition to base-to- accuracies than RFMs. height ratio (B/H), or convergence angle. We also investigate whether there is any accuracy difference between rigorous sensor models (RSMs) and rational function models (RFMs) for Introduction handling dual-sensor stereo pairs. After high-resolution satellite images were introduced for civil- ian users, their potential for topographic mapping and the lev- el of accuracy achieved from them were studied. From SPOT5 Single- and Dual-Sensor Stereo Geometry stereo pairs, Büyüksalih et al. (2005) reported 2 to 3 m errors Within a stereo pair, we can explain stereo geometry by the horizontally and 4 to 5 m errors vertically. From Ikonos pairs, layout of three vectors: the baseline, the left and the right ray, accuracy within 1 m to 2 m both horizontally and vertically and their relation with respect to the ground plane1 (see Fig- was achieved (Dial et al., 2003). From QuickBird pairs, similar ure 1). In the figure, the epipolar plane is the plane containing accuracy was also reported (Noguchi et al., 2004). Accuracy at the three vectors. B/H is the ratio of the length of the baseline the sub-meter level was achieved with pairs from more recent and the flying height of the platform. Equivalently,B/H can be satellites, such as GeoEye-1 (Fraser and Ravanbakhsh, 2009; expressed by convergence angle, the angle between the two Aguilar et al., 2012), Worldview-1 (Eckert, 2009; Dolloff and rays. B/H or convergence angle has been widely known as a Settergren, 2010) and WorldView-2 (Aguilar et al., 2013). critical factor for determining positioning accuracy of stereo Previous studies revealed continual accuracy improvement pairs (Gugan and Dowman 1988; Li et al., 2009; Dolloff and and higher potential in satellite images for topographic map- Theiss, 2010). The effects of convergence angle for dual-sen- ping. However, for real mapping applications, the bottleneck sor stereo pairs were also investigated by Li et al. (2007). has been availability of recently acquired stereo pairs of good In Figure 1, there are two additional parameters explaining quality. So far, stereo pairs have been acquired from the same stereo geometry. BIE angle represents the angle between an satellite, and often from the same orbital segment. Such stereo epipolar plane and the ground plane and indicates obliqueness pairs, however, may not be available for an entire region of of an epipolar plane. Bisector represents the line within an interest. To handle this problem, one must form stereo pairs from images taken by different sensors. Herein, we refer to 1. For simplicity, we used elevation angles for a flat surface. stereo pairs acquired from the same sensor as “single-sensor” To include the effect of Earth curvature, we need to convert stereo pairs; we refer to stereo pairs from two different sensors elevation angles, for example, according to Wertz and Larson as “dual-sensor” stereo pairs. (2003). Research into the possibility of using dual-sensor stereo pairs was also conducted previously. Integration of Ikonos and Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing QuickBird was attempted with a positioning accuracy of 1 m Vol. 80, No. 7, July 2014, pp. 000–000. or less in X, Y, and Z (Li et al. 2007). Zhu et al. (2008) evalu- 0099-1112/14/8007–000 Department of Geoinformatic Engineering, Inha University, © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Namgu, Incheon, Republic of Korea and Remote Sensing ([email protected]). doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.7.000

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 653 MEMBERS/SUBSCRIBERS When you are logged into the ASPRS website, go to this page: http://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/2014-E-Journal-Members.html Under PE&RS E-Journal Edition you will see the paragraph: As a member or subscriber you have full access to the peer reviewed articles, hosted by MetaPress. Please click here to access PE&RS peer reviewed articles in both the current issue and ten year's worth of back issues of the journal. Click on either of the links in that paragraph (from the web page, not this page) to access the peer-reviewed articles.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 661 FORTHCOMING ARTICLES Mostafa Kabolizade, Hamid Ebadi, and Mehdi Mokhtarzade, Automatic Building Extraction Using a Fuzzy Active Contour ASPRS Model. Soe W. Myint, Janet Franklin, Michaels Buenemann, Won K. Kim, and Chandra P. Giri, Examining Change Detection Approaches for Tropical Mangrove Monitoring. WEBINAR SERIES Anahita Khosravipour, Andrew K. Skidmore, Martin Isenburg, Tiejun Wang, and Yousif A. Hussin, Generating Pit-free Canopy Height Have you wanted to attend an Models from Airborne Lidar. Jantien Stoter, George Vosselman, Christian Dahmen, and Sander ASPRS conference workshop but Oude Elberink, City GML Implementation Specifications for a Countrywide 3D Data Set: The Case of The Netherlands. didn’t have the time to spend away Kunihiko Yoshino, Sayuri Kawaguchi, Fusayuki Kanda, Keiji from the office? Are your travel Kushida, and Fuan Tsai, Very High Resolution Plant Community Mapping at High Moor, Kushiro Wetland. funds limited? Liang Cheng, Yafei Wang, Manchum Li, Lishan Zhong, and Jiechen Wang, Generation of Pixel-level SAR Image Time Series Using a No problem. Here’s why. Locally Adaptive Matching Technique. Temuulen Sankey, Brett Dickson, Steve Sesnie, Ophelia Wang, Aaron Olsson, and Luke Zachmann, WorldView-@ High Spatial Resolution Improves Desert Invasive Plant Detection. Rongjun Fang and Wei Fang, A Hierarchical Building Detection Method for Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed Images Combined with DSM Using Graph Cut Optimization. Lin Yan and Xutong Niu, Spectral-Angle-based Laplacian Eigenmaps for Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction of Hyperspectral Imagery. Yichun Xie, Anbing Zhang, and William Welsh, Mapping Wetlands and Phragmites Using Publically Available Remotely Sensed Images. Shridlar D. Jawak and Alvarinho J. Luis, A Semiautomatic Extraction of Antarctic Lake Features Using WorldView-2 Imagery.

AUGUST 2014 SPECIAL ISSUE: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation and Agricultural Crops (Prasad Thenkabail, Guest Editor) Mohamad Awad, Ihab Jomaa, and Fatima Arab, Improved Capability in Stone Pine Forest Mapping and Management in Lebanon Using Hyperspectral CHRIS-Proba Data Relative to Landsat EMT+. Caiyun Zhang, Combining Hyperspectral and Lidar Data for Vegetation Mapping in the Florida Everglades. Nilda Sánchez, Maria Piles, José Martínez-Fernández, Mercé Vall- llossera, Luca Pipia, Adriano Camps, Albert Aguasca, Fernando ASPRS Workshops are at your fingertips Pérez-Aragüés, and Carlos M. Herrero-Jiménez, Hyperspectral Optical, Thermal, and Microwave L-Band Observations for Soil with the ASPRS Webinar Workshop Moisture Retrieval at Very High Spatial Resolution. Michael Marshall and Prasad Thenkabail, Biomass Modeling of Four Leading World Corps Using Hyperspectral Narrowbands in Support Series. Now you can take popular ASPRS of HyspIRI Mission. Manjit Saini, Binal Christian, Nikita Joshi, Dhaval Vyas, Workshops from your home or office Prashanth Marpu, and Nadimiti Krishnayya, Hyperspectral Data Dimensionality Reduction and the Impact of Multi-Seasonal through the ASPRS Webinar Workshop Hyperion EO-1 Imagery on Classification Accuracies of Tropical Forest Species. Series. Just sign up and log in on the Helge Aasen, Martin Leon Gnyp, Yuxin Miao, and Georg Bareth, Automated Hyperspectral Vegetation Index Retrieval from Multiple Webinar date. You will be able to interact Correlation Matrices with HyperCor. Ilia Parshakov, Craig Coburn, and Karl Staenz, Automated Class with others attending the Webinar and ask Labeling of Classified Landsat TM Imagery Using a Hyperion- Generated Hyperspectral Library. questions, just as if you were attending the Workshop at one of our conferences. The only thing you’ll miss is the coffee break! http://asprs.org/Webinar-Series/

662 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING SAR Imaging and Interferometry Using Parameters Estimated from Raw Data

Dongliang Wang, Jun Yang, Guangcai Sun, Matthew Brolly, Xin Tao, Jianhua Xiao, Guoqing Sun, Youchuan Wan and Xiaoping Xin

Abstract Due to the costs, sensitivity, and export policies of many the Earth’s surface. At such altitudes the effects of short-peri- governments, universities, and research institutions, particu- od motion compensation and orbit errors are less significant larly in developing countries, the ability to purchase, install than at lower orbits or airborne flight altitudes. When pro- and maintain high-accuracy inertial navigation system (INS) cessing satellite SAR data in the azimuth direction, the Dop- and global positioning system (GPS) is restricted. This paper pler centroid and the frequency rate may be calculated using presents a new method for SAR imaging and interferometry accurate spacecraft ancillary data incorporating information using parameters estimated from raw data. First, methods including the near range distance and velocity. These satellite for determining the order of real and imaginary parts within GPS-determined parameters may be directly employed for DEM the raw data images, and for determining chirp rate polarity generation (Rossi et al., 2012; Martone et al., 2012; Crosetto, are proposed. Second, a selection of parameters, including 2002) and deformation monitoring (Dell’Acqua and Polli, 2011; the forward effective velocities of the sensor, the near range Gerke and Kerle, 2011; Jones and Davis, 2011; Kaya et al., distance, and the squint angle, are extracted using the Doppler 2011; Zhang et al., 2012; Gernhardt and Bamler, 2012; Herre- centroid and Doppler rate. Finally, we create single look ra, 2009). For airborne SAR platforms, the motion errors can complex (SLC) images, coherence maps, digital elevation models be considerably higher than those associated with equivalent (DEMs), and dual-pass differential unwrapped phase maps. The spaceborne platforms due to atmospheric turbulence and the level of accuracy shown in this comparative study suggests that associated aircraft properties such as the relatively small size of the proposed method is acceptable for creating the featured the craft. This makes the need for motion compensation (MOCO) SAR products and is suitable for real world applications. This in airborne SAR operations more pressing than required when method and result is particularly relevant for systems which using higher altitude SAR systems (Xing et al., 2009). suffer from a lack of high-accuracy positional metadata. Due to the costs, sensitivity, and export policies, many universities or institutes in developing countries, including China, are unable to buy and install the high-accuracy INS Introduction and GPS systems on airborne SAR platforms required for high Satellite SAR platforms generally orbit at heights significantly accuracy orbit calculations (Cumming and Li, 2007; Kong et above the Earth’s atmosphere and record precise orbit data; al., 2005; Wu et al., 2013; Cao et al., 2010). Therefore, more for example, The ALOS/PALSAR system orbits at 697 km above accurate information regarding the near range distance and forward velocities must be obtained using alternative methods Dongliang Wang is with the National Hulunber Grassland Eco- to the typical methods employed to estimate values from the system Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricul- received radar data (Madsen, 1989; Jin, 1986; Bamler, 1991; tural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Yu and Zhu, 1997; Wong and Cumming, 1996; Bamler and Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China and the School of Runge, 1991; Cumming and Li, 2007; Kong et al., 2005; Callo- Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan Univer- way and Donohoe, 1994; Samczynski and Kulpa, 2010; Wahl sity, Wuhan 430079, China ([email protected]). et al., 1994; Berizzi et al., 2002; Dall, 1991; Wu et al., 2013; Jun Yang and Guangcai Sun are with the National Key Lab- Cao et al., 2010). In general it is a difficult undertaking to oratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an ascertain and verify the accuracy of the estimated near range 710071, China. distance and velocities recorded in airborne SAR systems in the absence of high-precision flight data. Matthew Brolly is with the School of Environment and Tech- In this study, we analyze the accuracy of the near range nology, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK. distance, velocities, accelerations, and displacement rates in Xin Tao and Guoqing Sun are with the Department of Geograph- the line of sight (LOS) direction calculated using data estimat- ical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. ed from a raw data pair of ALOS/PALSAR scenes. The data are accompanied by high-precision orbit data contained within Jianhua Xiao is with the Wuhan Geomatics Institute, and the the recorded meta data files and serve as a direct comparison Key Laboratory of Precise Engineering & Industry Surveying to establish the accuracy exhibited by the novel methods of National Administration of Surveying, Mapping & Geoin- introduced in this work. formaton, Wuhan 430022, China. Youchuan Wan is with the School of Remote Sensing and Infor- Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing mation Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China. Vol. 80, No. 7, July 2014, pp. 000–000. 0099-1112/14/8007–000 Xiaoping Xin is with the National Hulunber Grassland Eco-sys- tem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricul-tural © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agri- and Remote Sensing cultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.7.000

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 663 MEMBERS/SUBSCRIBERS When you are logged into the ASPRS website, go to this page: http://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/2014-E-Journal-Members.html Under PE&RS E-Journal Edition you will see the paragraph: As a member or subscriber you have full access to the peer reviewed articles, hosted by MetaPress. Please click here to access PE&RS peer reviewed articles in both the current issue and ten year's worth of back issues of the journal. Click on either of the links in that paragraph (from the web page, not this page) to access the peer-reviewed articles.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 667 MEMBERS/SUBSCRIBERS When you are logged into the ASPRS website, go to this page: http://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/2014-E-Journal-Members.html Under PE&RS E-Journal Edition you will see the paragraph: As a member or subscriber you have full access to the peer reviewed articles, hosted by MetaPress. Please click here to access PE&RS peer reviewed articles in both the current issue and ten year's worth of back issues of the journal. Click on either of the links in that paragraph (from the web page, not this page) to access the peer-reviewed articles.

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674 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Application of the Savitzky-Golay Filter to Land Cover Classification Using Temporal MODIS Vegetation Indices

So-Ra Kim, Anup K. Prasad, Hesham El-Askary, Woo-Kyun Lee, Doo-Ahn Kwak, Seung-Ho Lee, and Menas Kafatos

Abstract In this study, the Savitzky-Golay filter was applied to smooth come a particularly useful application for deriving land cover observed unnatural variations in the temporal profiles of maps (Heinl et al., 2009; Herold et al., 2008; Xia et al., 2008). the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Conventional procedures for land cover assessment generally Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) time series from the MOD- use one or more image sources such as those obtained from erate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We Landsat, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Re- computed two sets of land cover classifications based on flection Radiometer (ASTER), the Advanced Very High Resolu- the NDVI and EVI time series before and after applying the tion Radiometer (AVHRR), and other remotely sensed data (Bakr Savitzky-Golay filter. The resulting classification from the et al., 2010; Samaniego and Schulz, 2009). However, such filtered versions of the vegetation indices showed a substan- remotely sensed data have some limitations such as spatial tial improvement in accuracy when compared to the classi- and temporal resolutions, availability of data, and overall cost fications from the unfiltered versions. The classification by considerations (Lunetta et al., 2006; Wardlow et al., 2007). the EVIsg had the highest K (0.72) for all classes compared to The MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer those of the EVI (0.67), NDVI (0.63), and NDVIsg (0.62). There- (MODIS) onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, offers an fore, we conclude that the EVIsg is best suited for land cover opportunity for large-scale land cover characterization. MODIS classification compared to the other data sets in this study. provides high-quality regional as well as global coverage with high temporal (daily, 8-day, 16-day, and monthly compos- ites) and intermediate spatial (250 m) resolution (Justice and Introduction Townshend, 2002; Knight and Lunetta, 2006; Lunetta et al., Land cover data provide key environmental information for 2006). Wessels et al. (2004) found that typical land cover many scientific and policy applications, including resource classes such as agriculture regions, deciduous/evergreen for- management. They play a pivotal role in evaluating ecosys- ests, and grassland areas could be successfully mapped using tem processes and human activities (Cihlar, 2000; Homer et MODIS 250 m data. Dash et al. (2007) used two operational al., 2004; Marland et al., 2003). Remote sensing has recently Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS)-derived become an important tool for preparing land use maps to vegetation indices (at 300 m spatial resolution), forming the support a wide range of environmental research and planning MERIS global vegetation index (MGVI) and the MERIS terrestrial activities. Moreover, classification of spectral images has be- chlorophyll index (MTCI), for land cover classification and mapping, and achieved good accuracy (73.2 percent). They So-Ra Kim and Woo-Kyun Lee are with Korea University, Di- also found a high degree of inter-class separability that varied vision of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, seasonally, resulting in higher accuracy in certain periods. Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea (leewk@ Knight and Lunetta (2003) suggested that the minimum Korea.ac.kr). mapping unit should be close to the native resolution of the sensor, since the resampling process to create coarser resolu- Anup K. Prasad and Menas Kafatos are with Chapman Uni- tion data also increases the associated errors. versity, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Schmid Moreover, time-series signatures derived from repeated College of Science, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, sampling of the study area throughout the year based on and Center of Excellence in Earth Observing, Chapman Uni- satellite observations are increasingly being used by agricul- versity, Orange, CA, 92866. tural scientists, ecologists, and environmentalists (Friedl et Hesham El-Askary is with Chapman University, Alexandria al., 2002; Doraiswamy et al., 2005; Knight and Lunetta, 2006; University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Oliveira et al., 2010; Sulla-Menashe et al., 2011). In some cas- Schmid College of Science, Chapman University, Orange CA es, the temporal signature proved to be more important than 92866; Center of Excellence in Earth Observing, Chapman spectral information from multiple bands or image texture for University, Orange, CA, 92866; and Department of Environ- identification of specific forest types, such as semi-deciduous mental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Atlantic forest (Carvalho et al., 2004). National Oceanic and Moharem Bek, Alexandria, 21522, Egypt. Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/AVHRR time-series data Doo-Ahn Kwak is with Korea University, GIS-RS Center for Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Environmental Resources, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Vol. 80, No. 7, July 2014, pp. 000–000. Republic of Korea. 0099-1112/14/8007–000 Seung-Ho Lee is with Korea Forest Research Institute, © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry Division of Forest Economics & Management, Korea Forest and Remote Sensing Research Institute, Seoul, 130-712, Republic of Korea. doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.7.000

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684 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING MEMBERS/SUBSCRIBERS When you are logged into the ASPRS website, go to this page: http://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/2014-E-Journal-Members.html Under PE&RS E-Journal Edition you will see the paragraph: As a member or subscriber you have full access to the peer reviewed articles, hosted by MetaPress. Please click here to access PE&RS peer reviewed articles in both the current issue and ten year's worth of back issues of the journal. Click on either of the links in that paragraph (from the web page, not this page) to access the peer-reviewed articles.

NON-MEMBERS/NON-SUBSCRIBERS

Go to http://www.asprs.org/Join-Now.html to learn how to become a member and access peer-reviewed content

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 685 686 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING WHO’S WHO IN ASPRS

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mid-South Region - 2016 Sustaining Members Council Chair – 2015 Haluk Cetin Brian E. Murphy OFFICERS Murray State University Northrop Grumman Information Systems President A. Stewart Walker* [email protected] [email protected] BAE Systems www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Mid-South.html www.asprs.org/About-Us/Sustaining- [email protected] Members-Council.html President-Elect E. Lynn Usery* New England Region - TBA Western Great Lakes Region - 2016 U.S. Geological Survey www.asprs.org/All-Regions/New-England. Douglas Fuller* [email protected] html Sheboygan, WI 53081 Vice President Charles Toth* North Atlantic Region - 2016 [email protected] OSU Center for Mapping John Trunkwalter www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Western-Great- [email protected] BAE Systems Lakes.html Past President Stephen D. DeGloria* [email protected] Cornell University www.asprs.org/All-Regions/North-Atlantic. DIVISION OFFICERS html [email protected] Geographic Information Systems Treasurer Donald T. Lauer* Northern California Region-2015 Director: David Alvarez U.S. Geological Survey (Emeritus) Lorraine Amenda Assistant Director: Matthew D. Dunbar [email protected] Towill, Inc. University of Washington [email protected] BOARD MEMBERS [email protected] www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Northern- www.asprs.org/Divisions/GIS-Division.html Alaska Region - 2016 California.html Lidar Nicholas William Hazelton Photogrammetric Applications AERO-METRIC Anchorage Director: Christopher E. Parrish Division - 2016 Assistant Director: Jason Stoker [email protected] Robert Thomas www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Alaska.html USGS Integrity Applications, Inc. [email protected] Central New York Region - 2017 [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/Lidar-Division.html Jason Smith www.asprs.org/Divisions/Photogrammetric- Photogrammetric Applications ITT Exelis - Geospatial Systems Applications-Division.html [email protected] Director: Robert D. Thomas Potomac Region - 2017 Assistant Director: Scott Perkins www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Central-New- Barbara A. Eckstein York.html Quantum Spatial L-1 MCCLENDON [email protected] Columbia River Region - 2017 [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/Photogrammetric- Marcus Glass www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Potomac.html Applications-Division.html 3Di Primary Data Acquisition Division [email protected] Primary Data Acquisition - 2015 www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Columbia-River. Director: Pierre le Roux Pierre le Roux html Assistant Director: TBD Aerometric www.asprs.org/Divisions/Primary-Data- Eastern Great Lakes Region - 2017 [email protected] Aquisition-Division.html Srinivasan Dharmapuri www.asprs.org/Divisions/Primary-Data- Professional Practice Michael Baker International Aquisition-Division.html [email protected] Director: Michael J. Zoltek Professional Practice Division - 2016 www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Eastern-Great- Assistant Director: Frank Taylor Michael Zoltek Lakes.html Midwest Aerial Photography Pictometry International Corp. [email protected] Florida Region - 2016 [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/Professional- Thomas J. Young www.asprs.org/Divisions/Professional- Practice-Division.html Pickett & Associates Practice-Division.html [email protected] Remote Sensing Applications Puget Sound Region - 2015 www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Florida.html Director: James Stewart Blundell Terry A. Curtis Assistant Director: John McCombs Geographic Information Systems WA DNR, Resource Map Sect. NOAA Coastal Services Center Division - 2015 [email protected] [email protected] David Alvarez,* CMS, GISP www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Puget-Sound.html www.asprs.org/Divisions/Remote-Sensing- Woolpert Remote Sensing Applications Division Applications-Division.html [email protected] - 2016 www.asprs.org/Divisions/GIS-Division.html SUSTAINING MEMBERS COUNCIL James Stuart Blundell Chair: Brian Murphy Heartland Region - 2015 Exelis Visual Information Systems Vice Chair: Brenda S. Burroughs David W. Kreighbaum* [email protected] Optech International NGA www.asprs.org/Divisions/Remote-Sensing- [email protected] [email protected] Applications-Division.html www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Heartland.html http://www.asprs.org/About-Us/Sustaining- Rocky Mountain Region - 2015 Members-Council.html Intermountain Region - 2016 Jeffrey M. Young* Lucinda A. Clark Centennial, CO 80115 STUDENT ADVISORY COUNCIL Draper, UT 84020 [email protected] Chair: Patrick Adda [email protected] www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Rocky-Mountain. University of New Brunswick www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Intermountain. html [email protected] html Southwest US Region - 2017 Deputy Chair: Mingshu Wang Lidar Division - 2016 Steven Lambert, CP University of Georgia Christopher Parrish Esri, Inc [email protected] NOAA [email protected] http://www.asprs.org/Students/Student- [email protected] www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Southwest-US. Advisory-Council.html www.asprs.org/Divisions/Lidar-Division.html html *Executive Committee Member

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 687 SUSTAININGMEMBERS

3D Laser Mapping LTD BNP Media, Point of Beginning Magazine Environmental Research Incorporated Bingham, Nottingham, UK (formally POB Magazine) Linden, Virginia www.3dlasermapping.com Troy, Michigan www.eri.us.com Member Since: 2/2010 www.bnpmedia.com Member Since: 8/2008 Aechelon Technology Inc. Member Since: 7/2006 Esri Research Institute, Inc. San Francisco California Bohannan Huston, Inc. Redlands, California www.aechelon.com Albuquerque, New Mexico www.esri.com Member Since: 3/2012 www.bhinc.com Member Since: 1/1987 Aerial Cartographics of America, Inc. (ACA) Member Since: 11/1992 EXELIS Orland, Florida Cardinal Systems, LLC Boulder, Colorado www.aca-net.com Flagler Beach, Florida www.exelisvis.com Member Since: 10/1994 www.cardinalsystems.net Member Since: 1/1997 Aerial Services, Inc. Member Since: 1/2001 Flatdog Media, Inc./Professional Surveyor Cedar Falls, Iowa Certainty 3D LLC Magazine www.AerialServicesInc.com Orlando, Florida (formally Reed Business-Geo) Member Since: 5/2001 www.certainty3d.com Frederick, Maryland Aero-Graphics, Inc. Member Since: 11/2012 www.profsurv.com Salt Lake City, Utah COL-EAST, Inc. Member Since: 1/1998 www.aero-graphics.com North Adams, Massachusetts Fugro EarthData, Inc. Member Since: 4/2009 www.coleast.com (formally EarthData, Inc.) AeroTech Mapping Inc. Member Since: 1/1976 Frederick, Maryland Las Vegas, Nevada CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group www.earthdata.com www.atmlv.com Boca Raton, Florida Member Since: 1/1994 Member Since: 8/2004 www.crcpress.com GeoBC The Airborne Sensing Corporation Member Since: 9/2006 Victoria, Bristish Toronto, Ontario, Canada CRITIGEN www.geobc.gov.bc.ca www.airsensing.com (formerly CH2M HILL) Member Since: 12/2008 Member Since: 1/2013 Redding, California GeoCue Corporation AGFA Materials Corporation www.critigen.com (formerly NIIRS10, Inc.) Goose Creek, South Carolina Member Since: 1/1974 Madison, Alabama www.agfa.com DAT/EM Systems International [email protected] Member Since: 1/1990 Anchorage, Alaska Member Since: 10/2003 Air Photographics, Inc. www.datem.com Geolas Consulting Martinsburg, West Virginia Member Since: 1/1974 Poing, Germany www.airphotographics.com Dewberry www.geolas.com Member Since: 1/1973 Fairfax, Virginia Member Since:1/2002 Altavian www.dewberry.com Global Science & Technology, Inc. Gainesville, Florida Member Since: 1/1985 Greenbelt, Maryland www.altavian.com DigitalGlobe www.gst.com Member Since: 2/2014 Longmont, Colorado Member Since: 10/2010 American Surveyor Magazine www.digitalglobe.com GRW Aerial Surveys, Inc. Frederick, Maryland Member Since: 7/1996 Lexington, Kentucky www.TheAmericanSurveyor.com DMC International Imaging Ltd. www.grwinc.com Member Since: 12/2004 Guildford, Great Britain Member Since: 1/1985 Applanix www.dmcii.com Harris Corporation A Trimble Company Member Since: 3/2008 Melbourne, Florida Ontario, Canada Dynamic Aviation Group, Inc. www.harris.com www.applanix.com Bridgewater, Virginia Member Since: 6/2008 Member Since: 7/1997 www.dynamicaviation.com HAS Images, Inc. Axis GeoSpatial, LLC Member Since: 4/2003 Dayton, Ohio Easton, Maryland Eagle Mapping, Ltd www.hasimages.com www.axisgeospatial.com British Columbia, Canada Member Since: 2/1998 Member Since: 1/2005 www.eaglemapping.com HyVista Corporation Ayres Associates, Inc. Member Since: 1/1999 Castle Hill, Australia Madison, Wisconsin Eastern Topographics www.hyvista.com www.AyresAssociates.com Wolfeboro, New Hampshire Member Since: 3/2010 Member Since: 1/1953 www.e-topo.com ICAROS, Inc. BAE Systems Member Since: 8/1978 Fairfax, Virginia San Diego, California e-GEOS www.lcaros.us www.baesystems.com/gxp Rome, Italy Member Since: 2/2013 Member Since: 7/1995 www.e-geos.it Innovative Technical Solutions, Inc. Member Since: 1/2013 DBA NovaSol Honolulu, Hawaii www.nova-sol.com Member Since: 2/2013

688 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING SUSTAININGMEMBERS

Intergraph (ERDAS Inc.) NovAtel, Inc. Spatial Information Solutions Norcross, Georgia Calgary, Alberta, Canada Starkville, Mississippi www.intergraph.com/geospatial www.novatel.com www.spatialis.com Member Since: 1/1985 Member Since: 6/2013 Member Since: 3/2010 Keystone Aerial Surveys, Inc. NSTec, Remote Sensing Laboratory Spectral Evolution Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Las Vegas, Nevada North Andover, Massachusetts www.keystoneaerialsurveys.com www.nstec.com www.spectralevolution.com Member Since: 1/1985 Member Since: 7/2005 Member Since: 10/2010 KLT Associates, Inc. Observera, Inc. Surdex Corporation Peabody, Massachusetts Chantilly, Virginia Chesterfield, Missouri www.kltassoc.com www.observera.com www.surdex.com Member Since: 11/1993 Member Since: 7/1995 Member Since: 1/1979 Kucera International Optech Incorporated Surveying and Mapping (SAM), Inc. Willoughby, Ohio Toronto, Canada Austin, Texas www.kucerainternational.com www.optech.ca www.saminc.biz Member Since: 1/1992 Member Since: 1/1999 Member Since: 12/2005 Lead’Air, Inc. PANalytical NIR Topcon Positioning Systems (formerly Track’air BV) (formerly ASD) Livermore, California Kissimmee, Florida Boulder, Colorado www.topconpositioning.com www.trackair.com www.asdi.com Member Since: 3/2010 Member Since: 6/2001 Member Since: 1/1998 Towill, Inc. LizardTech Pickett & Associates, Inc. San Francisco, California Seattle, Washington Bartow, Florida www.towill.com www.lizardtech.com www.pickett-inc.com Member Since: 1/1952 Member Since: 10/1997 Member Since: 4/2007 U.S. Geological Survey Magnolia River Geospatial Pictometry International Corp. Reston, Virginia (formerly Aeroquest Optimal, Inc./Optimal Rochester, New York www.usgs.gov Geomatics) www.pictometry.com Member Since: 4/2002 Huntsville, Alabama Member Since: 5/2003 University of Twente/Faculty ITC www.magnolia-river.com QCoherent Software LLC [formerly International Institute for Geo-In- Member since: 2/2006 Colorado Springs, Colorado formation Science and Earth Observation Martinez Geospatial, Inc. (MTZ) www.qcoherent.com (ITC)] Eagan, Minnesota Member Since: 9/2006 Enschede, Netherlands www.mtzgeo.com Quantum Spatial, Inc. (Quantum Spatial) www.itc.nl Member Since: 1/1979 (formerly AeroMetric, Inc.) Member Since: 1/1992 MDA Information Systems LLC Sheboygan, Wisconsin Urban Robotics, Inc. (formerly MDA Federal Inc.) www.aerometric.com Portland, Oregon Gaithersburg, Maryland Member Since: 1/1974 www.urbanrobotics.net www.mdaus.com Riegl USA, Inc. Member Since: 3/2008 Member Since: 1/1993 (rejoined in 2011) Orlando, Florida USDA/National Agricultural Statistics Service Merrick & Company www.rieglusa.com Fairfax, Virginia Greenwood Village, Colorado Member Since: 11/2004 www.nass.usda.gov www.merrick.com/gis Robinson Aerial Survey, Inc. (RAS) Member Since: 6/2004 Member Since: 4/1995 Hackettstown, New Jersey Visual Intelligence Systems, LP Michael Baker Jr., Inc. www.robinsonaerial.com Houston, Texas Beaver, Pennsylvania Member Since: 1/1954 www.visualintelligenceinc.com www.mbakercorp.com Sanborn Member Since: 4/2014 Member Since: 1/1950 Colorado Springs, Colorado Wilson & Company, Inc., Engineers & Microsoft UltraCam Team (Vexcel Imaging, www.sanborn.com Architects GmbH) Member Since: 9/1984 Albuquerque, New Mexico Graz, Austria Science Applications International Corpora- www.wilsonco.com www.microsoft.com/ultracam tion Member Since: 3/2007 Member Since: 6/2001 Mc Lean, Virginia Wiser Company, LLC NASA Earth Science Division www.saic.com Murfreesboro, Tennessee Washington, DC Member Since: 1/1987 www.wiserco.com www.appliedsciences.nasa.gov SIMEPAR Institute of Technology Member Since: 7/1997 Member Since: 1/2001 CURITIBA PR BRAZIL Woolpert LLP NOAA National Geodetc Survey www.simepar.br Dayton, Ohio Silver Spring, Maryland Member Since: 8/2013 www.woolpert.com www.ngs.noaa.gov The Sidwell Company Member Since: 1/1985 Member Since: 7/2009 St. Charles, Illinois XEOS Imaging Inc. North West Group www.sidwellco.com Quebec, Canada Calgary, Canada Member Since: 1/1973 www.xeosimaging.com www.nwgeo.com Member Since: 11/2003 Member Since: 1/1998

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 689 Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (PE&RS) Instructions for Authors Submitting a Manuscript for Peer Review Authors submitting a new manuscript for peer review should follow these instructions. Failure to do so will result in the manuscript being returned to the author.

Introduction: The American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Preparing a Manuscript for Review: Authors must submit papers Sensing (ASPRS) seeks to publish in Photogrammetric Engineering & electronically in PDF format. Care must be taken to remove the author(s) Remote Sensing (PE&RS) theoretical and applied papers that address name(s) from the electronic document. Please remove all author identifica- topics in photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information tion from the Properties of Microsoft Word before creating the PDF. Verify systems (GIS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) and/or other geo- under Properties in Adobe Reader that your identity has been removed. spatial information technologies. Contributions that deal with technical advancements in instrumentation, novel or improved modes of analysis, Format Requirements: Manuscripts submitted for peer review must or innovative applications of these technologies in natural and cultural be prepared as outlined below. Manuscripts that do not conform to the resources assessment, environmental modeling, or the Earth sciences requirements described below will be returned for format revisions (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, or geosphere) are before they are sent for review. especially encouraged. In addition, papers dealing with the practical or applied aspects for these disciplines will be published as “Applications” 1 Typing: All pages must be numbered at the bottom of the page. In papers (see additional instructions below). addition, manuscripts must be single column and double-spaced. An 11 or 12-point font such as Times New Roman or Arial is

Review Procedures: Manuscripts are peer reviewed and refereed by a preferred. Authors should use 8.5 by 11-inch or A4 International panel of experts selected by the Editor. A double-blind review procedure (210- by 297-mm) paper size, with 30-mm (1.25 inch) margins all is used. The identities and affiliations of authors are not provided to around. For review purposes every part of the manuscript must reviewers, nor are reviewers’ names disclosed to authors. Our goal is be double-spaced, including title page/abstract, text, footnotes, to provide authors with completed reviews within 90 days of receipt references, appendices and figure captions. Manuscripts that of a manuscript by the Editor. Manuscripts accepted for publication are single-spaced or have no page numbers will be returned to will be returned to the author(s) for final editing before being placed in authors. the queue for publication. Manuscripts not accepted will either be (1) rejected or (2) returned to the author(s) for revision and subsequent 2 Paper Length: Authors are encouraged to be concise. Published reconsideration by the review panel. Authors who do not revise and papers are generally limited to 7–10 journal pages. A 27-page return a “to-be-reconsidered” manuscript within 90 days from receipt of manuscript (including tables and figures), when typed as indicated reviews may have their manuscript withdrawn from the review process. above, equals about 7 journal pages. Authors of published papers will be charged $125/page for each page exceeding 7 journal pages. These

English Language: Authors whose first language is not English must page charges must be paid before publication; without exception. have their manuscripts reviewed by an English-speaking colleague (Details on page charges are included on the Offprint and Extra Page or editor to refine use of the English language (vocabulary, grammar, Order Form, available at http://www.asprs.org/PE-RS-Submissions- syntax). At the discretion of the Editor, manuscripts may be returned Policy-and-Guidelines/Offprint-Order-Form.html). for English language issues before they are sent for review. 3 title/Abstract: Authors should strive for titles no longer than

Cover Letter: All submissions must also include a separate cover let- eight to ten words. The first page of the paper should include the ter. Please modify the sample Cover Letter found at http://www.asprs. title, a one-sentence description of the paper’s content to accom- org/pers/CoverLetter and then convert it to a PDF file. It is important pany the title in the PE&RS Table of Contents, and the abstract. that we have the full names and titles (Dr. Russell G. Congalton not R. To facilitate the blind review process, authors’ names, affiliations, G. Congalton), complete mailing addresses, and email addresses of all and addresses must be provided only in a separate cover letter, the authors and any special instructions about the paper. Papers can not on the title page. Authors should indicate both their current not be submitted for review until this information is received by the affiliation and, if different, their affiliation at the time the research editor. Also, the paper must be original work and not currently being was performed. Following the title and one-sentence and on the considered for publication in any other journal. Finally, the authors same page must be the abstract. All manuscripts submitted for must pay for any color figures in the manuscript and any page charges peer review must include an abstract of 150 words or less. The for articles longer than 7 journal pages. (Details on color costs can be abstract should include information on goals, methods and results found at http://www.asprs.org/pers/ColorOrderForm.) of the research reported. The rest of the paper should begin on the second page. “Applications” Papers: A maximum of one “Applications” paper will be published each month as the last paper in the peer-reviewed section 4 figures and Tables: All figures and tables must be cited in the of PE&RS. The authors should follow all the instructions in this doc- text. Authors should note that figures and tables will usually be ument. However, the “Applications” paper will be strictly limited to 7 reduced in size by the printer to optimize use of space, and should journal pages. These papers will be peer-reviewed, but will emphasize be designed accordingly. For purposes of peer review, figures and the practical and applied aspects of our discipline. These papers must tables can be embedded in the manuscript. However, it should be be identified by the author as an “Applications” paper in the cover letter noted that papers, once accepted, will require that all figures be and will be labeled as an “Applications” paper in the journal. included as separate files (see instructions for accepted papers) If the manuscript contains copyrighted imagery, a copyright statement must be included in the caption (e.g., ©SPOT Image, Copyright [year] CNES).

690 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING 5 Color Illustrations: Authors should use black and white illus- 2001, San Diego, California (USDA Forest Service, General trations whenever possible. Authors who include color illustrations Technical Report PSW-GTR-184, Pacific Southwest Forest will be charged for the cost of color reproduction. These costs must and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California), pp. be paid before an article is published. Details on color costs can 741-749. be found at http://www.asprs.org/pers/ColorOrderForm. Authors should indicate in the cover letter that they have the funds to pay Proceedings (CD-ROM): for any color figures in their paper. Cook, J.D., and L.D. Ferdinand, 2001. Geometric fidelity of Ikonos imagery, Proceedings of the ASPRS 2001 Annual 6 Metric System: The metric system (SI Units) will be employed Convention, 23-27 April, St. Louis, Missouri (American So- throughout a manuscript except in cases where the English ciety for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, System has special merit stemming from accepted conventional Maryland), unpaginated CD-ROM. usage (e.g., 9- by 9-inch photograph, 6-inch focal length). Authors should refer to “Usage of the International System of Units,” Thesis and Dissertations: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 1978, 44 (7): Yang, W., 1997. Effects of Spatial Resolution and Landsca- 923-938. pe Structure on Land Cover Characterization, Ph.D. disser- tation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 7 equations: Authors should express equations as simply as pos- 336 p. sible. They should include only those equations required by an average reader to understand the technical arguments in the man- Website References: uscript. Manuscripts that appear to have excessive mathematical Diaz, H.F., 1997. Precipitation trends and water con- notation may be returned to the author for revision. Whenever sumption in the southwestern United States, USGS Web possible, authors are encouraged to use the Insert and Symbol Conference, URL: http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/ capabilities of Microsoft Word to build simple equations. If that natural/diaz/, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia (last is not possible, the author must indicate in the cover letter which date accessed: 15 May 2002). software was used to create the equations. Microsoft Equation, cknowledgments In keeping with the process of blind reviews, Microsoft Equation Editor, or MathType format should be used 9 a : authors are asked not to include acknowledgments in manuscripts only if absolutely necessary. Equations must be numbered, but submitted for peer review. An acknowledgment may reveal a unlike tables, figures, color plates, and line drawings should be considerable amount of information for reviewers that is not nec- embedded in the text file. essary or desirable for their evaluation of the manuscript. After

8 references: A complete and accurate reference list is essential. a manuscript is accepted for publication, the lead author will be Only works cited in the text should be included. Cite references to encouraged to insert appropriate acknowledgments. published literature in the text in alphabetical order by authors’ nformation on anuscript eview rocedures Corresponding last names and date, as for example, Jones (1979), Jones and I M R P : authors of manuscripts submitted for review will receive an e-mail Smith (1979) or (Jones, 1979; Jones and Smith, 1979), depending from the Editor acknowledging receipt of the manuscript. Details on sentence construction. If there are more than two authors, on PE&RS Manuscript Review Procedures can be found at http:// they should be cited as Jones et al. (1979) or (Jones et al., 1979). www.asprs.org/pers/ReviewProcedure. Personal communications and unpublished data or reports should not be included in the reference list but should be shown paren- Manuscript Submission: All peer-reviewed manuscripts should be thetically in the text (Jones, unpublished data, 1979). Format for emailed to: references will be as follows: Dr. Russell G. Congalton, Editor-in-Chief Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Books: 4 Ryan Way Falkner, E., 1995. Aerial Mapping: Methods and Applica- Durham, NH 03824 USA tions, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 322 p. E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: (603) 862-4644

Articles (or Chapters) in a Book: pecial ssue anuscript ubmission These instructions also apply Webb, H., 1991. Creation of digital terrain models using S I M S : to manuscripts submitted for a Special Issue. However, Special Issue analytical photogrammetry and their use in civil enginee- manuscripts and Cover Letters should be sent directly to the Guest ring, Terrain Modelling in Surveying and Civil Engineering Editor, not to Dr. Congalton. Please refer to the Special Issue Call for (G. Petrie and T.J.M. Kennie, editors), McGraw-Hill, Inc., Papers for the Guest Editor contact information. New York, N.Y., pp. 73-84.

NOTE: Authors should NOT MAIL MANUSCRIPTS TO ASPRS Journal Articles: Meyer, M.P., 1982. Place of small-format aerial photogra- HEADQUARTERS. This will cause the review to be delayed. phy in resource surveys, Journal of Forestry, 80(1):15-17. **Instructions last updated January 2013

Proceedings (printed): Davidson, J.M., D.M. Rizzo, M. Garbelotto, S. Tjosvold, and G.W. Slaughter, 2002. Phytophthora ramorum and sudden oak death in California: II. Transmission and survival, Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California’s Changing Landscape, 23-25 October

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING July 2014 691 692 July 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Manual of Airborne Topographic Lidar Edited by Michael S. Renslow

The ASPRS Manual of Airborne Topographic Lidar covers all the relevant topics relating to the science behind lidar systems, mission planning, data collection and management, quality control/ quality assurance, and product development. Selected topics are discussed in-depth • The Global Navigation Satellite System • Full Waveform Lidar • Digital Terrain Modeling using GIS • Rotary-Wing and Fixed-Wing Installations • Calibration • Flood Prone Area Mapping • Hydro-enforcement • Building Feature Extraction • Transportation Engineering • Natural Hazards Mapping • Airport Surveying

500 pp. Hardcover & Kindle. 2012. ISBN 1-57083-097-5 ISBN 1-57083-098-3 Stock # 4587

Hardcover Prices Order at www.asprs.org List price: $150 ASPRS Member Price: $95 ASPRS Student Member Price: $75

Available on

Kindle price: $110

Kindle, Amazon, and the Amazon Kindle logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates A clear level of standard in an unclear environment http://www.asprs.org/Certification-Program/Introduction-to-ASPRS-Certification-Program.html

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