Volume 3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 International Journal of Academic Research

Published by Office Address Sucharitha Publications Dr.T.V.Ramana Visakhapatnam – 530 017 46-8-10-B/1,Near. Aditya Public School Andhra Pradesh – India Jagannaickpur, Kakinada- 533002 website :www.ijar.org.in Andhra Pradesh-India [email protected] [email protected]

Design by SS Xerox, Visakhapatnam

Special issue on

The Development & Growth of Tourism in India (Reflections on new approaches towards tourism management)

EDITOR DR. VIDYA .H .N. Associate Professor & HOD Department of History Government Arts College (Autonomous) Hassan 573201 Karnataka state

AUTHOR & CO-EDITOR

DR. SHIVANNA .B. N Lecturer in History, Sri H DD Govt. First Grade College, Paduvalahippe Holenarasipura Taluk, Hassan District, Karnataka State

July 2016

About the Editor

Dr. Vidya H N, is working as HOD in the department of history government arts college Hassan . She has put up 20 years of service. She has been guiding m. Phil & ph. D students of various universities.. She has published more than 50 articles on a variety of issues in newspapers & published two books & published research articles in various journals. She has been conducting annual exhibitions in historical artifacts & rare coins. She has delivered lectures on different topics. She is utilizing ICT to form edu cds on a new light on Harappan Excavations, Asoka– The King Of Universe, Nalanda University- The Seat Of Knowledge , Tajmahal – The Myths & Reality , South Indian Inscriptions, Etc. She Dr. Vidya .H .N. Has Edited Special Issue Journals on

She Has Edited Special Issue Journals on :

1. Some reflections on Gandhian thoughts , vol.1issue 4(1)October December 2014 2. visualizing higher education, Vol 2 Issue 1(1) Jan March 2015 3. Readings in rural sociology, Vol .2 Issue 1 (2) Jan Mar 2015 4. Genesis & growth of national consciousness in Mysore region Vol 2 Issue 2 (2) April June 2015, 5. The pavilion -some reflections on the emerging trends in Indian sports , Vol 2 Issue 2 (4) April June 2015 6. Women- quest for equality Vol 2 Issue 2 (6) April June 2015 7. India in transition- some reflections on the changing facets of urban India , Vol.2 Issue 3 (2) July September 2015 8. The medallion – emerging aspects of sports in India Vol 2 Issue 3 (4) July September 2015 9. Manuscript conservation (New approaches towards Manuscript conservation Vol 2 Issue 3 (6) July September 2015 10. Library & information science - exploring new prospects of library development in India, Vol 2 Issue 4 (2) October December 2015 11. Building young India ( empowering strategies for Indian youth ), Vol 2 Issue 4 (6) October December 2015 12. Global India (impact of global trends in India). Vol 3issue 2 (3) February 2016 13. The Digital Stadium (The Impact of Digital Trends on Sports Sector). 14. The New India (The new Trends in Socio cultural Transformation in youth ) 15. The Emerging India – ( The New Trends after economic liberalization )

Now she has edited a special issue on the Development & Growth of Tourism in India reflections on new approaches towards tourism management)

About co-Editor

Dr. Shivanna B N is presently working as a lecturer in Post Gradaute department of History In government First grade college Paduvalahippe . He has been teaching History since 08 years . He has worked in BM shetty college Kannur , Kushala nagar & now in Paduvalahippe. He has complete his PHD degree in art & architectural values of Temples of Channaraya pattana .He has published his thesis in the same name He was awarded in Dr. Shivanna 2014 from Mysore University. He has attended National & IN level seminars & delivered special lectures on temples.

EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief Dr. T. V. Ramana Andhra University Campus, Kakinada - Andhra Pradesh, India, 533 005

ADVISORY COUNCIL Prof. M. SundaraRao, Chairman, Board of Studies, Dr.J.Chandra Prasad, Director, S.V. Institute of Dept. of Economics, Andhra University, Technology, Tanuku, West Godavar District, AP Visakhapatnam Dr.V.Mahipal, Executive Director (Social welfare) Prof. R.Sudarshana Rao, Dept. of Economics, & Chief Planning Officer (Rtd), Kakinada, Andhra Andhra University, Visakhapatnam and member of Pradesh State Finance Commission, Govt. of Andhra Dr.K.VictorBabu, Guest Faculty, Department of Pradesh Philosophy, Andhra University – Visakhapatnam; Dr.P.SubbaRao, Director (i/c), Centre for Study of Chief Editor of IJMER and Associate Editor of Social Inclusion and Exclusive Policy, Andhra IJAR University, Visakhapatnam Dr.K. Radha Pushpavathi, Dept. of Economics, S.K.S.D.Mahila Kakalasala Tanuku, West Prof. Y.Somalatha, Special Officer, Andhra Godavari District, AP University Campus, Kakinada, AP Dr. Zoran Vu, ISI, Rector, St. Gregory Nazianzen Orthodox Institute Universidad Rural de Prof.B.Kuberudu, Dept. of Management Studies, Guatemala, GT, U.S.A Andhra University Campus, Kakinada

EDITORIAL COUNCIL FROM ABROAD

Dr. Zoran Vu, ISI Rector, St. Gregory Nazianzen Prof. Roger Wiemers, Professor of Education, Orthodox Institute Universidad Rural de Lipscomb University, Nashville, USA Guatemala, GT,U.S.A

Dr.A.Heidari, Faculty of Chemistry, California Dr Leo O.N. Edegoh, Department of Mass South University (CSU)Irvine, California, USA Communication, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria Prof. Josef HOCI-ITL, Department of Political Economy University of Vienna, Vienna & Ex. Dr.V.V. Ratnaji Rao Chowdary, Dept. of Business Member, Austrian Parliament, Austria & Economics, Wollo University Dessie, Ethiopia

Prof. Alexander Chumakov, Chair of Philosophy Dr.K.Chaitanya, Department of CHEMISTRY, Department Russian Philosophical Society, Russia Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China Prof. Fidel Gutierrez Vivanco, Founder and President Escuela Virtual de Asesoria Filosofica Dr.I.Ketutdonder, Depasar State Institute of Hindu Dharma, Indonesia Prof. Igor Kondrshin, Member of the Russian Philosophical Society, the Russian Humanist M.Ebrahimi, M.Ebrahimi, Department of Society and Expert of the UNESCO, Moscow, Industrial Engineering, Amirkabir University of Russia Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, 15916-34311, Tehran, Iran

EDITORIAL COUNCIL FROM INDIA

Prof. M. SundaraRao, Chairman, Board of Studies, Prof.P. Dakshina Murty, Prof.in Physics, Dept. of Economics, Andhra University, University College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Visakhapatnam Nehru Technological University, Kakinada Prof. J.V.K.V. Pandit, Dept. of. Political Science &Public Adnm, Andhra University Campus, Dr. T.Ashok, Dept. of English, Andhra University Kakinada Campus, Kakinada, AP

Prof. D. Satyanarayana, BVC Institute of Technology & Science, Amalapuram, AP Dr. Vidya. H.N, Department of History, Government Arts College, Hassan, Karnataka Swami Maheshwarananda, Founder and President, Dr. C. Jaya Subba Reddy, Department of Shree Vishwa Deep Gurukul Swami Mathematics, SVU College of Sciences, Tirupati Maheshwarananda Ashram Education & Research Center, Rajasthan Dr.K.John Babu, Department of Journalism & Dr. Sudhansu Ranjan Mohapatra, Centre for Mass Comm. Central University of Kashmir, Juridical Studies, Dibrugarh University, Kashmir Dibrugarh, Assam

REVIEWER COUNCIL Dr.J.Ratna Prabhakar, Dept. of Commerce, Dr. R. Krishna Rao, Dept. of (Enghish), Government City College,(aff) Osmania University, Humanities, JNTUK, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Dr. E. Ashok Kumar, Department of Education Dr. A. Srinivas, Rajiv Ganghi Institute of Law North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong College & Dept. of Humanities, JNTUK Dr. K. V. Ramana Murty, Dept. of Management Dr. Merina Islam, Department of Philosophy Studies, Andhra University Campus, Kakinada Cachar College, Assam Dr.Ranjit Kumar Siringi, Dept. of Management Dr. R. Dhanuja, PSG College of Arts & Science Studies, Andhra University Campus, Kakinada Coimbatore Dr. M. Satyanarayana, Dept. of political science& public Administration, Andhra University Campus, Dr. Bipasha Sinha, S. S. Jalan Girls’ College Kakinada, AP University of Calcutta-Calcutta Dr.V.V.S.Rama Krishna, Dept. of Economics, Andhra University Campus, Kakinada, AP Prof. S. Mahendra Dev, Vice- Chancellor, Indira Dr.M.Mani Shekar, Dept. of MHRM, Andhra Gandhi Institute of Development Research University Campus, Kakinada Mumbai Dr.D.Thirupathaiah, Dept. of Economics, 1. Dr.D.K.Prabhakar, Department of S.K.R.B.R College, Narasaraopet, Guntur, district, Telugu, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore A.P University, Bangalore Dr. Ch. Rama Krishna Dept. of Commerce, P.R.Govt. College(A), Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh Prof. (Dr.) Sohan Raj Tater, Former Vice Chancellor, Singhania University, Rajasthan

Editor-in-Chief, IJAR – July, vol.3, issue 7(3), 2016 Typeset and Printed (Sucharitha publications) in India: IJAR, concentrates on critical and creative research in Multidisciplinary and multiple languages Academic Research. This journal seeks to promote original research and cultivate a fruitful dialogue between old and modern thought. Views expressed in the articles is exclusively of the authors, thus, journal is not responsible of it in any case

visit:www.ijar.org.in E mail: [email protected] July, 2016

C O N T E N T S

Volume 3 Issue 7(3) July, 2016

S. Page

No No Tourism sector in India – Its impact on National growth 1 1. constraints & challenges Revisiting Maharaja’s Mysore – Strategies to Further 6 2. Tourism Attractions in Mysore Historical analysis of tourism development in India – 11 3 addressing constraints Bagalakote – A Destination of Great Architecture –need for 16 4 infrastructural interventions Capitalizing on Bangalore the capital city -promotion of 21 5 tourism in Bangalore city Reckoning –the political significance of Mangalore region 27 6 during 19th century – impact on tourism development Shravanabelagola – an inscriptional repository –a center of 33 7 Epigraphy tourism Establishing An Identity- The Vidhanasoudha - the Palace 38 8 of the People as a Tourist’s Heart Throb Projecting Tiruvanna Malai Hills As A Spiritual Tourist 43 9 Center – key significance of giri pradakshina 10 Supportive Strategies for development of tourism in India 48 The historic legacy of Bijapura- growth of a historical city as 54 11 a tourist destination Hampi - World’s largest open air museum – impact on 59 12 tourism

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Tourism sector in India – Its impact on National growth constraints & challenges

Abstract: Tourism Industry in India is one of the significant sectors which is contributing to the National GDP in a remarkable manner India is being supported by the Tourism sector through several positive influences on Indian economy & polity. India is promoting the tourism sector in a big way with numerous campaigns which are boosting the industry towards a fairer growth. Keywords: travel and tourism, portfolio, destination sector to India’s GDP is expected to Introduction increase from US$ 136.3 billion in India is a large market for travel and 2015 to US$ 275.2 billion in 2025. tourism. It offers a diverse portfolio Travel and tourism is the third of niche tourism products - cruises, largest foreign exchange earner for adventure, medical, wellness, sports, India. In 2014, the country managed MICE, eco-tourism, film, rural and foreign exchange earnings of USD religious tourism. India has been 19.7 billion from tourism. Tourism recognised as a destination for industry in India has several positive spiritual tourism for domestic and and negative impacts on the economy international tourists. Total and society. These impacts are contribution by travel and tourism highlighted below.

Source of generating Income

promotes Generates sustainable Employment economy

Source of Develops Foreign Infrastructure Exchange Earnings

Creates Supports environmental identity

Motivates National Heritage

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Generating Income: Tourism in Travel & Tourism to GDP was INR India has emerged as an instrument 2,478.2 billion (2.2% of total GDP) in of income and employment 2014, and is forecast to rise by 7.6% generation, poverty alleviation and in 2015, and to rise by 7.2% per sustainable human development. It annum , from 2015-2025, to contributes 6.23% to the national INR5,339.2 billion ( 2.5% of total GDP. The direct contribution of GDP) in 2025. Contribution to GDP 2,478.2 billion (2.2% of total GDP) INR 2014 5,339.2 billion (2.5% of total GDP) INR 2015 Source : the report of the Indian tourism Industry 2014

Generates Employment: 8.78% of the total employment in India is filled by the tourism sector Almost 24.2 million people are working in the India’s tourism industry. Employment generation through tourism sector 2008-2009 5.6% 2014- 2015 8.78% Source : the report of the Indian tourism Industry 2014 Source of Foreign Exchange country. The tourism industry in Earnings: Tourism is an important India generated about US$100 billion source of foreign exchange earnings in 2008 and that is expected to in India. This has favorable impact on increase to US$275.5 billion by 2018 the balance of payment of the at a 9.4% annual growth rate. Annual growth rate 2008-2009 100 billion US Dollars 2018-2019 275.5 billion US Dollars Source : the report of the Indian tourism Industry 2014 Preservation of National Heritage conserving the natural habitats of and Environment: Tourism helps many endangered species. preserve several places which are of historical importance by declaring 5. Developing Infrastructure: them as heritage sites. For instance, Tourism tends to encourage the the Taj Mahal, the Qutab Minar, development of multiple-use Ajanta and Ellora temples, etc, would infrastructure that benefits the host have been decayed and destroyed had community, including various it not been for the efforts taken by infrastructural facilities as shown in Tourism Department to preserve diagram (1) including transports & them. Likewise, tourism also helps in communication health care facilities, www.ijar.org.in 2

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] sports centers, Amusement restaurants that cater to foreign infrastructure hotels and high-end visitors.

transports & communication

hotels and high- health care end restaurants facilities,

Amusement sports centers, infrastructure

The development of infrastructure earnings, diversifying the economy has in turn induced the development towards sustainability, supporting of other directly productive activities. the environment with motivation to 6. Promoting Peace and Stability: the protect , promoting cross-cultural tourism industry can also help awareness through multi openings. promote peace and stability in As shown in this diagram (3) there developing country like India by are several opportunities with the providing employment opportunities tourism sector. . both direct & indirect, generating revenue through foreign exchange providing employment opportunities ,

promoting cross- generating revenue cultural awarene ,

diversifying the supporting the economy towards environment , sustainability ,

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Constraints & challenges 4. the birdies culture However, key challenges like 5. the Beatle culture adoption of regulatory frameworks, 6. the pop culture mechanisms to reduce crime and 7. the pharaoh culture corruption, etc, must be addressed if peace-enhancing benefits from this Increase Tension and Hostility: industry are to be realized. Tourism can increase tension, Regional identity at risk hostility, and suspicion between the No direct benefit to local people tourists and the local communities No infrastructural support to rural / when there is no respect and regional tourist destinations understanding for each other’s No support to sustainable tourism culture and way of life. This may No support to all season tourism further lead to violence and other Lack of telecommunication crimes committed against the infrastructure in rural regions tourists. There are several instances poor transport facility in rural areas of foreign tourists clashing with the the electricity supply standards are local population. The issues in food very poor delivery, drinks delivery, accommodation delivery have been a Undesirable Social and Cultural bone of contention among local Change: Tourism sometimes led to population & the tourists. The the destruction of the social fabric of nature of the western cultural traits a community. The tourists’ have been always a point of clash & infiltrations are perceived risk of that skirmishes. place losing its regional identity. A good example is Goa. From the late Creating a Sense of Antipathy: 60's to the early 80's when the Hippy Tourism has not brought affirmative culture was at its height, Goa was a benefit to the local community. In heaven for innumerable hippies. This most all-inclusive package tours more changed the whole culture of the than 80% of travelers’ fees go to the state leading to a rise in the use of airlines, hotels and other drugs, prostitution and human international companies, not to local trafficking. This had a negative effect businessmen and workers. Moreover, on the country .The following large hotel chain restaurants often negative impact on socio cultural import food to satisfy foreign visitors sector was very negative and rarely employ local staff for senior management positions, 1. the hippy culture preventing local farmers and workers 2. the gypsy culture from reaping the benefit of their 3. the rodeo culture presence. This has often created a

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] sense of antipathy towards the ambient environment and general tourists and the government. The profile of tourist spots. only richer community benefitted by tourism are aviation industry & hotel Conclusion: Indian Government is indsutry. promoting the tourism sector in a big way with numerous attractive Adverse Effects on Environment campaigns which are boosting the and Ecology: One of the most industry towards a fairer growth. important adverse effects of tourism on the environment is increased References: pressure on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem in each tourist locality. 1. The report of the World Travel Increased transport and construction and Tourism Council activities led to large scale 2. The report of the Travel and deforestation and destabilization of Tourism Competitiveness Report natural landforms, while increased 2009 tourist flow led to increase in solid 3. The report of the World waste dumping as well as depletion of Economic Forum water and fuel resources. Flow of 4. The report of the Country Brand tourists to ecologically sensitive areas Index (CBI) survey conducted by has resulted in destruction of rare Future Brand and endangered species due to 5. www.ibef.org/industry/tourismho overnight camping , trampling, spitality.aspx killing, disturbance of breeding 6. www.ibef.org/industry/tourismho habitats. Noise pollution from spitality.aspx vehicles and public address systems, 7. The report of the tourism sector water pollution, vehicular emissions, 2014 untreated sewage, etc. also have direct effects on bio-diversity,

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Revisiting Maharaja’s Mysore – Strategies To Further Tourism Attractions In Mysore

Abstract: Mysore district is a famous tourist destination. It was a great center for tourist attraction & the tourists flock to Mysore from across the globe. Being the city of palaces it is surrounded by temple heritage buildings. Museums & such other tourist attractions .But the center need further policy interventions towards providing infrastructural facilities& provision for security. This paper highlights Mysore as tourist destination cams become a hub of tourism development.

Keywords: Tourist destination , challenges of infrastructure , need for policy interventions

Introduction : Mysore District is base , tourist can make day trips situated in the southern part of to the neighbouring districts of the Deccan Plateau , it is a popular Mandya and Chamarajanagar holiday destination , offering a explore attractions like the heady mix of some of Karnataka’s brindavan Gardens, Srirangpattana, best attractions. Tourists explore Ranganathittu Bird sanctuary and the district from the historic city Biligiri Ranga Hills wildlife of Mysore, the ‘ city Royal’ famed Sanctuary. for its magnificent palace and majestic buildings, sprawling Mysore palace gardens and tree-lined boulevards, Mysore palace is built in Indo- shimmering skills and sandalwood Saracenic style. It is a majestic artifacts, and the fabulous Dasara Palace is which is a repository of Festival. One can see Hoysala exquisite carvings and works of art architecture at its best in the collected from all over the world . exquisite Sri Chennakeshava After the wooden Palace was Temple in Sommathpur, as well as destroyed in a fire , it was rebuilt a bewildering variety of wildlife in 1911-12. Designed by the on the kakanakote Range. the English architect, Henry Larwin, ancient pilgrimage centres of the new Palace with its brass- Nanjangud and Talakad , through plated domes, turrets, arches and relatively lesser known, are equally colonnades is a fusion of Hindu interesting. and Muslim styles of architecture. All around Mysore city are places Known as the Amba Palace. it was of landscape beauty and historical formerly the residence of the interest. Keeping Mysore as the wodeyar family. the Doll’s Pavilion www.ijar.org.in 6

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] features a gallery of European and temple is the gigantic statue of Indian sculpture and ceremonial Mahishasura. Descending the hill, objects. the majestic Durbar Hall you see the 16ft monolith seated has an ornate celling and many Nandi, Lord shiva’s bull. sculpted pillars. The royal golden throne- the pride of the Wodeyars Mysore Zoo and the symbol of their Laid out amid a beautiful garden, sovereignty- is displayed here the Sri Jayachamrajendra Zoological during the Dussehra festival in Gardens-popularly known as the October. The Marrige Pavilion Mysore Zoo-was established in 1892 adorned with paintings, glazed tile under the reign of Chamarajendra flooring, cast-iron pillars, chandeliers Wodeyar. This sprawling Zoo boasts and multi-coloured stained glass in several rare animals bred in the domed ceiling is a prime captivity and is also a repository attraction. the Palace complex houses of over 110 species of plants and the Residential Museum , Temples trees from several countries and Shrines. The Mysore Palace is illuminated on Sundays and public ST. Philomena’s Church holidays. This imposing neo-Gothic cathedral Chamundi Hills with an underground crypt, lofty twin spires and beautiful stained Towerings over 348ft , Chamundi glass windows depicting Biblical Hills is an important landmark scenes, is truly a breathtaking and an excellent backdrop to the Biblical scenes, is truly a city. Just a 13km drive out of the breathtaking structure. town. the summit offers a panoramic view of the lakes, Sri Jayachamarajendra Art Gallery p[arks and Palaces of Mysore. Chamundeshwari , the patron deity The jagan Mohan Palace houses of the Wodeyars , is believed to the Art Gallery which boasts of an have killed the buffalo- headed excellent collection of paintings by demon Mahishasura on Chamundi requted artists like Ravi Varma Hills and brought peace to the and Roerich, as well as traditional land . it marks the triumph of good Mysore gold- leaf paintings. the over evil . perched atop the hill is Gallery has exhibits in ceremics, the 12th century Chamundeshwari stone, ivory and sandalwood, and temple with its colossal pyramidal includes antique furniture and gopuram. One can either drive up ancient musical instruments. but or climb the 1000 stone steps to the prize exhibit here a rare reach the temple. close to the musical clock. www.ijar.org.in 7

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Folklore Museum the region and the section on Tropical Rani Forests showes us the Located in the imposing enormous wealth of the rain forest Jayalakshmi vilas Mansion in the in the tropics. Mysore University Campus at Manasaganagotri, is the Folkore Brindavan Gardens museum, acclaimed to be one of the biggest of its kind in Asia. Visit the famous Brindavan The Folklore Museum- established Gardens , ornamentally laid out in by the Mysore University – is an Mughal style , below the engrossing store –houses of folk Krishnarajasagar Dam across the culture, displaying traditional River Cauvery,. After sundown, the articles like costumes, dolls , place transforms in to s magical handicrafts implements, utensils fairyland when musical fountains and other articles of daily use. bathed in coloured lights rise and fail in rhythm to the pre-recorded Regional Museum of Natural music. History (RMNH) Rail Musum The RMNH is another landmark in the city of palaces. The Museum Across the line from the railway provides a unique opportunity to station is the small Rail Museum explore the natural world, with its quaint locomotives, understand the story of life, coaches, coloection of paintings and diversity of plants and animals, and photographs narrating the ‘Rail the importance of conserving story’. It has other interesting natural resource, The exhibits, exhibits like the Maharani’s saloon present a judicious mix of of 1899 vintage built in the UK, a specimens, models, transliters kitchen-dining car built in Mysore in 1914 and a railway clock dating , audio-visual aids, presentation of back to 1889. natural habitats in the from of dioramas, thematic exhibits Shopping in Mysore interactive and participatory Mysore is reputed for its exhibits and more. There is a ‘ shimmering silks, sandalwood. Temporary Exhibits and more. rosewood carvings and exquisite There is a ‘Temporary Exhibition handicrafts. Inlay work, incense Hall’ and a ‘Discovery Centre’ strick, sandalwood oil, wooden toys, where learning can be fun and artifacts and furniture in enjoyable. the Biological Diversity sandalwood and ivory, are some of gallery depicts the bio- diversity of the other specialities of the area. www.ijar.org.in 8

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

The brightly coloured Mysore Maharajas of Mysore, the resort paintings are also prized collector’s sprawls over 55 acres of land with items. The best place to shop is a cluster of colonial bungalows, the cauvery Arts& Crafts Emporium cottages and tented cottages. on sayyaji Road, which is the main Developed by jungle Lodges & shopping sare. Silk can be bought Resorts, an autonomous Corporation from the Government silk Factory under the Karnataka Tourism on Jhansi Lakshmi Bai Road. There Department, it is rated among the are also many craft shops on Top Five Widilfe Resorts of the Dhanvnthri Road Ashoka Road. the world by Tatler’s magazine. There Devaraja Urs Market built by Tipu are jeep safaris, elephant rides, Sultan is worth exploring for its corale rides and nature walks to variety of fruits vegetables, spices, view wildlife. perfumes, kumkum powder, Mysore flowers and Nanjangud bananas. Chennakeshva temple Somnathapur

Nanjangud Situated in the Tiny village of Sommnathapur, 35km from Located 23 km from Mysore , Mysore, this exquisitely carved, star- Nanjangud takes its name from shaped temple is dedicated to the Nanjundeshwara temple set on Lord Keshava. With its triple the banks of the Kapila River. Built towers, this is one of the best in the Dravidian style, The massive examples of Hoysala architecture temple has an imposing and the best preserved Hoysala. Rajagopuram, an array of sculptural work depicting mythological scenes Monument. The intricately carved and is supported by 147 columns. friezes on its outer walls with Nanjangud is also famed for the rows of caparisoned elephants, Sadvadyashala, the first Ayurveda charging horsemen and Centre in Karnataka and also the mythological birds and beasts, Rasbale ( bananas) beautifully from the epics . as well as the remarkably ornate ceilings Kabini River Lodge in the pillared hall will all take your breath away. Set in karapur village on the banks of the Kabini River close to Thus Mysore has a potential to the Kakanakote range on the become a frenzied tourist destination southern fringes of Nagerhole if the following shortcomings are National Park is Kabini River attended Lodge. Built around the hunting bungalows of the erstwhile 1. Providing infrastructural support www.ijar.org.in 9

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

2. Identification of the remote References heritage buildings 3. Up gradation of the tourist 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T itinerary ourist_attractions_in_Mysore 4. online tourist circuit options for 2. http://www.transindiatravels.c tourists om/karnataka/mysore/tourist- 5. Free on line booking for inside places-to-visit-in- travel 3. http://www.mysore.org.uk/tou 6. Tourist package offers for rist-attractions/ selected countries 4. http://www.mysore.org.uk/tou 7. Price balance for in house rist-attractions/ tourists 5. http://www.karnatakaholidays 8. separate registration counters for .net/city_holidays_mysore.htm in house tourists 6. https://www.thrillophilia.com/ 9. Prepaid taxi service mysore-tourist-places 10. 24x7 security for tourists 7. https://www.makemytrip.com/ travel-guide/mysore/places-to- Besides these there is a necessity to visit.html government intervention in the 8. http://www.mysore.org.uk/tou providing security for foreign & rist-attractions/ indigenous tourists . There is a 9. National Museum of Natural necessity for governmental History. Ministry of intervention in cyber crime Environment and Forests, prevention. Government of India 10. Brochure Karnataka Tourism Conclusion - Thus Mysore as a city of Department. Tourism palaces can become a major center Department, Government of for heritage tourists if the Karnataka government & private NGOs join 11. Official website of Karnataka hands to make the city more vibrant Tourism Department. through infrastructural support. Tourism Department, Policy interventions are needed to Government of Karnataka augment the inflow of tourist by highlighting the inner circles surrounding Mysore to tourist circuit.

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Historical analysis of tourism development in India – addressing constraints Abstract :This paper streamlines the historical development of tourism in India & traces the developmental strategies in organizing tourism sector in India. The organized development of tourism is traced back to 1945 but still Indian tourism sector is suffering from several constraints. Policy interventions are called for in the wake of providing infrastructure & security to tourists across the country. even though there is a rise in the tourists , India fails to provide security & infrastructure to all tourists places alike. Some destinations are favored over lesser known destinations. There is imbalance in the budgetary funding as well. Indian rich heritage calls for furthering infrastructural support & policy intervention in attracting foreign as well as local tourists. Keywords: Indian tourism sector, development analysis, policy interventions Introduction: Tourism development coinciding with the Second Five Year following the economic liberalization Plan. The approach has evolved from policy is gaining importance as the isolated planning of single unit mobility of the tourists has increased facilities in the Second and Third sharply. There has been a steep rise Five Year Plans. in the tourist arrivals since 2000 & 3. Special attention for tourism the income generation has been sector- The Sixth Plan marked the highly aspiring. Both foreign & beginning of a new era when tourism indigenous tourists are finding great began to be considered a major travel experiences in India. There has instrument for social integration and been a gradual process of economic development. But it was development in Indian tourism only after the 80’s that tourism sector. activity gained momentum.

1. Sir John Sergeant committee Government policy towards tourism -The first conscious and organized sector- The Government took several efforts to promote tourism in India significant steps to promote tourism. were made in 1945 when a committee was set up by the Government under 1. A National Policy on tourism the Chairmanship of Sir John was announced by the government of Sergeant, the then Educational India in 1982 with an objective to Adviser to the Government of India promote tourism.. 2. Development in Second Five 2. In 1988, the National Year Plan - Thereafter, the Committee on Tourism comprising of development of tourism was taken up high power officials , formulated a in a planned manner in 1956 www.ijar.org.in 11

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] comprehensive plan for achieving a bodies, non-governmental sustainable growth of tourism sector. organizations and the local youth in 3. In 1992, a National Action the creation of tourism facilities has Plan was prepared by the committee also been recognized. with an objective of streamlining Indian tourists destinations Present Situation and Features of 4. In 1996 the National Strategy Tourism in India for Promotion of Tourism was drafted . Today tourism is the largest service 5. In 1997, the New Tourism industry in India, with Policy was executed . 6. There was a move to recognize 1. The number of international the roles of Central and State tourists (overnight visitors) reached governments, public sector 1,138 million in 2014, 51 million more undertakings and the private sector than in 2013. With an increase of in the development of tourism were. 4.7%, this is the fifth consecutive year The need for involvement of of above average growth Panchayati Raj institutions, local Employment generation through tourism sector 2008-2009 5.6% 2014- 2015 8.78% The direct contribution of Travel& 2015,and to rise by 7.2% per annum Tourism to GDP was INR2,478.2 , from 2015-2025, to INR5,339.2 billion (2.2% of total GDP) in 2014, billion (2.5% of total GDP) in 2025. and is forecast to rise by 7.6% in

Annual growth rate 2008-2009 100 billion US Dollars 2018-2019 275.5 billion US Dollars

2. The providing 8.78% of the US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a total employment. India 9.4% annual growth rate. witnesses more than 5 million 4. The Ministry of Tourism is the annual foreign tourist arrivals nodal agency for the and 562 million domestic development and promotion of tourism visits. tourism in India and 3. The tourism industry in India maintains the "Incredible generated about US$100 India" campaign.( The report billion in 2008 and that is of the Travel and Tourism expected to increase to Competitiveness 2009) www.ijar.org.in 12

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

According to World Travel and and art & culture, and the fourth best Tourism Council, India will be a new country for business. India made tourism hotspot from 2009-2018, it to the list of "rising stars" or the having the highest 10-year growth countries that are likely to become potential. As per the Travel and major tourist destinations in the next Tourism Competitiveness Report five years, led by the United Arab 2009 by the World Economic Forum, Emirates, China, and Vietnam. India is ranked 11th in the Asia Pacific region and 62nd overall, Tourist Attractions in India: India is moving up three places on the list of a country known for its lavish the world's attractive destinations. It treatment to all visitors, no matter is ranked the 14th best tourist where they come from. Tourists come destination for its natural resources to India from across the globe for and 24th for its cultural resources, with many World Heritage Sites, both 1. India is a rich land in terms of natural and cultural, rich fauna, and heritage & landscapes strong creative industries in the 2. Tourism in India is open in all country. India also bagged 37th rank seasons for its air transport network. The 3. The tourism across India is eco India travel and tourism industry friendly ranked 5th in the long-term (10-year) 4. It is cost effective growth and is expected to be the 5. There are good support for second largest employer in the world medical tourism which is cost by 2019. The 2010 Commonwealth effective plus technologically Games in Delhi are expected to upgraded significantly boost tourism in India 6. India support research & further. innovative spending on further exploration Country Brand Index (CBI) survey conducted by Future Brand- Besides these, foreign tourists flock to According to this survey India has India to explore Indian festivities, been ranked the "best country brand traditions, customs & folklore. The for value-for-money" in the Country Indian classical tradition is full of Brand Index (CBI) survey conducted vibrancy & vivacity. Indigenous by Future Brand, a leading global travelers love visiting across India to brand consultancy. India also claimed know more about Indian sacred the second place in CBI's "best places & temples, background to country brand for history", as well as Indian geographic diversity & appears among the top five in the cultural pluralism. Indian local best country brand for authenticity tourists enjoy travelling because

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] there are ample opportunities for Medical tourism in India is the exploring fastest growing segment of tourism industry, according to the market 1. Colorful festivals research report “Booming Medical 2. Socio- Religious ceremonies Tourism in India”. The report adds 3. Coastal touring that India offers a great potential in the medical tourism industry. Factors such as low cost, scale and range of There is a sharp rise in Indian local treatments provided in the country tourists travelling across India since add to its attractiveness as a medical 2000 .This rise is caused due to tourism destination.

1. increase in income levels , Types of tourism 2. change in the middle class spending pattern , 1. Medical tourism 3. better travelling packages 2. Heritage tourism 4. Improved travel convenience 3. Aqua tourism 5. improved communication 4. Adventure tourism 5. Floral tourism The other attractions include 6. Eco tourism beautiful beaches, forests and wild 7. Religious tourism life and landscapes for eco-tourism; 8. Festive Tourism snow, river and mountain peaks for 9. Business tourism adventure tourism; technological 10. Coastal Tourism parks and science museums for 11. Marine tourism science tourism; centres of pilgrimage 12. Wildlife tourism for spiritual tourism; heritage, trains and hotels for heritage tourism. Yoga, But above all these types & ayurveda and natural health resorts classification s the Indian tourism and hill stations also attract tourists. sector owes its boom to medical The Indian handicrafts particularly, tourism sector which is estimated at jewellery, carpets, leather goods, US$3 billion in 2015 . It is projected ivory and brass work are the main to grow to $7-8 billion by 2020. The shopping items of foreign tourists. It primary reason that attracts medical is estimated through survey that value travel to India is cost- nearly forty per cent of the tourist effectiveness, and treatment from expenditure on shopping is spent on accredited facilities at par with such items. developed countries at much lower cost. The Medical Tourism Market Report: 2015 found that India was

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

"one of the lowest cost and highest quality of all medical tourism destinations, it offers wide variety of References : procedures at about one-tenth the cost of similar procedures in the 1. www.ibef.org/industry/tourism United States. hospitality.aspx 2. www.ibef.org/industry/tourism Conclusion : Thus Policy hospitality.aspx interventions are called for in the 3. The report of the of the wake of providing infrastructure & Country Brand Index (CBI) security to tourists across the survey 2013 country. Even though there is a rise 4. The report of the Country in the tourists, India fails to provide Brand Index (CBI) survey security & infrastructure to all conducted by Future Brand tourists places alike. Some 2014 destinations are favored over lesser 5. The report of the World known destinations. There is Travel and Tourism Council imbalance in the budgetary funding 2014 as well. Indian rich heritage calls for 6. The report of the Travel and furthering infrastructural support & Tourism Competitiveness policy intervention in attracting Report 2009 foreign as well as local tourists. 7. The report of the World Indian government needs to work on Economic Forum 2014 strategies with a vision to make 8. The report of the Country sustainable tourism a part of the Brand Index (CBI) survey government policy. conducted by Future Brand 2014

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Bagalakote – A Destination of Great Architecture –need for infrastructural interventions

Abstract: This paper reveals the historicity of the Bagalakote & explores the possibilities of improving tourism in this region. Bagalakote district proudly houses three world class tourist destinations Badami Aihole Pattadakal . The place Bagalakote was a capital of Chalukyas experimentation in temple architecture under the patronage of the Chalukyan king. India’s most unique styles of temples architecture is found here . But This place can attract more tourists if the mechanism to make the destination more tourist friendly are adapted. The role of universities & role of educational Institutions are seen as an alternative for enhancing tourism support in this region. there is a need to address the problems through an international review system for protected areas training of park managers site management architecture in protected areas marine protected area management tools management for conservation of genetic resources managing tourism in protected areas managing sustainable utilization in protected areas is needed.

Key words: Bagalakote as tourist destination, lack of facilities , improving infrastructure , need for international management intervention

Introduction: Karnataka is an abode experimentation in temple of countless architectural objects & architecture under the patronage monument which are world class of the Chalukyan kings. These tourist destinations attracting places are a rare glimpse of some millions of people across the globe of India’s most unique styles of annually. The Place Bagalakote temples architecture. which is a district in Karnataka now , was the capital city under Badami- Capital of the Early Chalukyas of Badami during 7-8th Chalukyas centuries. The place houses The capital of the early Chalukyas, wonderful architectural pieces which Badami is picturesquely situated at are a feast to the eye. Badami, Aihole the mouth of a ravine between and Pattadakal –located in Bagalkot two rocky hills. Badami is famous district in north Karnataka-were for its cave temples-all hewn out of once capital cities of the Chalukyas, sandstone on the precipice of a who ruled much of the Deccan hill. The four caves, can be reached between the 4th and 8th centuries by stone steps that are cut into AD. these ancient Chalukyan the face of the sandstone cliffs. Capitals became great centers of while the first three caves are www.ijar.org.in 16

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] dedicated to the Gods of the Hindu Mahkuta pantheon, the last cave is a Jain temple that has sculptures of Surround by hills, the several Jain deities including a Mahakuteswara temple dedicated to huge idol of Parshwanatha. Shiva, has a pond created by a natural spring . there are several As tourists enter the first cave small shrines around it with temple, past Shiva’s door keepers, exquisite carvings on their walls the magnificent eighteen-armed Nataraja & his striking 81 dance Pattadakal poses is eye catching .The other Located on the banks of the important carvings in this cave are Malaprabha River, Pattadakal- the a two-handed Ganesha, second capital of the Badami Mahishasuramardhini, Chalukyas , was once used as a Ardhanariswara and Sankarayana. royal commemorative site for the The ceiling is adored with a serpent kings in the 7th and 8th centuries and other carved figures. The AD. It was under Chalukyan second cave has a vaishnavite Patronage, that Pattadakal reached influence with panels of the zenith of its glory. It has a Trivikrama, Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva cluster of 10 major sandstone and te Ashtadikpalas. The third temples. surrounded by numerous cave temple , dedicated to Vishnu, is minor shrines, each displaying the the largest and most ornamental. richness of the architecture of the it has a large image of period .You can see diverse styles Trivikrama and Vishnu sitting on and experiments in architecture in the coiled serpent , Adisesa. the this world Henitage site. fourth cave is a jain temple . There are images of Mahavira At the entrance to the site, are the adorning the sanctum and carvings 8th century temples built in of padmavathi and other northern Indian-Jambulinga , Tirthankaras. other attractions at Kadasiddeshwara and Galaganatha . Badami are Bhuthanatha Temples Sangameshavara, Mallikarjuna and dotting the banks of a , locally virupaksha are examples of the called the Agasthya Theertha, receding tiers. The biggest temple, below the cave temples. The water dedicated to Virupaksha, has a huge here is said to posses curative gateway, several inscriptions, and a powers. At the northwest of the profusion of friezes from the tank is the Archaeological epics_- Ramayana and Museum. Which has a collection of Mahabharatha. Facing the Temple sculptures from badami, aihole and is a pavilion with a massive 2.6 Pattadakal. www.ijar.org.in 17

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] high statue of Nandi made out of a the middle of the flowing river is deep green stone and covered in a a small stone mantapa with a red floral cape. The temple is still Shivalinga inside .These palces are of in active worship. The Mallikarjuna great significance tot the Shaiva Temple is similar in design to devotees. Virupaksha Temple, but smaller in size .The ornate Papanatha Temple Banashankari Temple is yet another impressive piece of En route to Pattadakal, is the architecture. It has a 16- pillared temple dedicated to the goddess main hall with covered human Banashankari. The village around figures. The celling has impressive the temple too takes its name carvings of Shiva-Parvati with from the goddess. The icon of the Vishnu and other celestial beings. goddess is made of black stone and The Jain Temple here is from the is seated on a lion , trampling, a Rashtrakuta period. The large sacred tank in underfoot . sangameshwara Temple dating from Harida Theertha , a large sacred the reign of king Vijayaditya (696- tank of Chalukyan architecture. 733AD) is the earliest temple in The annual festival held at this the complex. temple in January – February Aihole: A picturesque village on the draws thousands of devotees from banks of the Malaprabha River, far and near. Aihole was the earlist capital of the 1. Jamakhandi Chalukyan dynasty. With hundreds 2. Bagalkote , of Temples scattered in the 3. Hunugunda villages and fields nearby . 4. Mudhola Koodalasangama: The pilgrim of 5. Beelagi koodalasangama lies at the sacred 6. mahalingapura confluence of the Krishna and Besides , Terdal , Rabkavi , Asangi Malaprabha rivers , about 19km ,Banahatti ,Hipparagi, Hunashikatte, north of Hungund . the renowned Heerepadasagi ,Jagadal ,Kadakol , temples of Shiva as sangameshwara Jamboli , Kavatagi etc hold several is located on the statue of the interesting monuments which can be presiding deity, sangamanatha, a made more attractive through proper marble statue of Basaveshvara, the planning. famous saint composer, his consort Neelamma, nandi and Ganesha. This calls for community-based Basaveshwara is said to have spent management of tourism his childhood and later attained nirvana here . Facing the temple, in www.ijar.org.in 18

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

1. indigenous attitudes towards Management issues such as: an protected areas international review system for 2. demographic change protected areas training of park 3. conflict resolution managers site management 4. protected areas, war, and civil architecture in protected areas strife marine protected area 5. drug production and protected management tools management areas for conservation of genetic 6. protected areas and the arts resources managing tourism in 7. international legal instruments in protected areas managing protected area management sustainable utilization in 8. building a new partnership protected areas is needed. between business interests and protected areas Conclusion: Thus the erstwhile 9. the role of tourism in expanding Chalukyan capital city which is a support for protected areas proud place in the religious History of 10. funding mechanisms South India needs further improvements to make the tourist Scientific issues such as: monitoring destinations more attractive .There and research in protected areas , will be an impact on local culture restoration original , reintroduction local economy local livelihood pattern of safety restoration impacts of by developing a place into a tourist environmental change and pollution destination. tourism and economic on protected areas have to be development are good partners that addressed. generates income from outside sources for local community. Parking Regional planning and development facility , restroom facility , safety , issues such as: protected area retail market facility , is necessary. management by private The role of universities & role of organizations , fostering educational Institutions are seen as stewardship , legal strategies for an alternative for enhancing tourism integrating conservation into land- support in this region. use planning , expanding the world's network of protected areas , 1. http://www.karnatakaholidays.co corridors, transition zones, and m/bagalakote.php buffer zones , trans boundary 2. http://www.ourtemples.in/kannad protected areas , data management a/bagalakote.html for planning. 3. http://www.fallingrain.com/world/ IN/19/Bagalkot.html

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4. http://shaivam.org/temples-of- 9. http://www.ourtemples.in/kannad lord-shiva/bagalkot-district-lord- a/bagalakote.html shiva-temples 10. http://www.fallingrain.com/world/ 5. http://www.uhsbagalkot.edu.in/ IN/19/Bagalkot.html 6. http://ecourts.gov.in/bagalkot 11. http://shaivam.org/temples-of- 7. http://kum.karnataka.gov.in/New lord-shiva/bagalkot-district-lord- ThemeDefault/images/JointDirect shiva-temples orsFfDistric 12. http://www.uhsbagalkot.edu.in/ 8. http://karsec.gov.in/TZP- 2016/Reservations_Gazettes/reser vations_zp_tp.html

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Capitalizing on Bangalore the capital city -promotion of tourism in Bangalore city

Abstract: Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka state it has been a hub for education technology. industrial development & it has been a pleasant place for tourists because it is place of the vibrant cultural heritage, monuments, handicrafts, antiques and silk stores , golf courses, discotheques, amusement parks. Wildlife safari , medical support for foreign tourists , and weekend getaway through cuisine support in world class restaurants and health spas .Bangalore has everything a tourist wishes to explore . It is an industrial city , It is the historical city it is a technology hub & moreover it is an educational hub. This paper focuses on the importance of Bangalore as a historical city & promotion of tourism in thus bustling city

Key words: Bangalore, tourist attractions, promotion of educational tourism

Introduction - Bangalore- the capital traditional vegetarian South Indian of Karnataka, also known as the fare fine- dining establishments that ‘Garden city’ has emerged as a great specialize in Indian, oriental, tourist center due to the growth of IT continental and middle Eastern BT sector. The city’s real charm lies cuisine- the diversity is truly in the way it has elegantly blended delicious. its past as a sedate British cantonment with its present status Vidhana Soudha: Every tourist who as one of South Asia most lands in Bangalore is welcomed to see cosmopolitan and progressive cities. the pride of Bangalore , Vidhana Soudha which is an imposing Bangalore is Located 949 meters structure with white onion domes, above sea level on the Deccan pillars and archways. Built in neo plateau, Bangalore has a lot to Dravidian style, this 46 ft tall offer to tourists. Bangalore is a structure is not only one of the vibrant cultural heritage with best –known landmarks in Bangalore, historical monuments, amazing but also the largest legislature and handicrafts, fabulous antiques and the Secretariat of Karnataka. fascinating silk stores , attractive Conceptualized in 1956 by Kengal sporty golf courses, cheering Hanumantiath , the then chief discotheques, chilly amusement minister of Mysore, it is ‘A people’s parks. Wildlife safari and even palace, reflecting the power and weekend getaways and health spas dignity of the people. the Indian near city borders. Bangalore has national symbol stands on top of gate way to eateries serving the biggest dome, sculpted by www.ijar.org.in 21

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Shilpi samachar, one of Bangalore’s towers erected by Kempegowda, most renowned sculptor. A flight of several lawns, an ornamental clock, a stone steps leads to the entrance, lake , a topiary park illustrating which is supported by 112 pillars. snow white and the seven Dwarfs, an aquarium and a charming The lawns are open to the public, wooden bandstand. Near the but prior permission is necessary to bandstand is the Centenary Rose view the interior . The entire Garden, with its profusion of roses edifice is lit up every Sunday of varied hues. close to it, is a tree evening and on public holidays. fossil donated by the National Fossil Park in Tamil Nadu. The fossil is Attararah kacheri –This is a red said to be over 20 million years old. brick and stone building in Greco- To the right of the bandstand , Roman style of architecture, near the recently-renovated Glass- overlooks the Vidhan Soudha. Attara house, one can see a pair mango Kacheri, literally means 18 trees planted by Tipu Sultan. The administrative offices or courts and Glass-house itself is modeled on covers an area of 1.95 lakhs square London’s Crystal palace and is the feet. The two-storeyed columned venue for the bi- annual flowers heritage edifice houses the show. There is a lake spread over Karnataka State High court. 30 hectares-a haven for Bangalore palace birdwatchers. the rock on which stands the watch-tower, is a This was Constructed in 1880 in national geological monuments as Tudor style, the Bangalore Palace is it dates back to some 3000 million modeled on the lines of the years. Windsor Castle in England. It covers an area of 45,000 sq. ft. and boasts Cubbon park-It is a welcome green of turreted parapets, battlements, space for nature lovers, walkers, fortified towers and arches set joggers and cyclists; as well as a amidst a sprawling garden. Many convenient conduit while traveling functions are held in the Palace in central Bangalore. Shared by Grounds, against the backdrop of flowering trees and massive bamboo the palace. Entry to the palace is groves, the 300-acre Cubbon Park restricted. provides the lung space for a fast- growing city. Also found here are, the Lal bagh -The 240-acre park has state Library-an impressive red India’s largest collection of rare Gothic structure, an aquarium, the tropical and sub-tropical plants; and Press club and – as a remnant from trees that are centuries old. it the past-a statue of queen Victoria . contains one of the four watch- In the colonial days, a major www.ijar.org.in 22

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] attraction was the military bands Jawaharalal nehru planetarium-A that played at the bandstand here. favorite stop for visitors to The Park is declared a silent zone Bangalore, the planetarium is the between 5am and 8am. Only motor perfect venue for stargazing . watch vehicles are allowed through the ‘The sky theatre show’ unfold the park. marvels of the universe, solar system and planets. The place also Vishweshwaraih industrial and houses a permanent exhibition technological museum dedicated to space exploration and astronomy. Frequented mostly by children , the Museum showcases the history of Hindustan aeronautics limited (hal) technological development and heritage centre and aerospace advances in the country and museum- India’s first and only houses many technical inventions. heritage –centre- cum-aerospace It is dedicated to the memory of museum takes you through the Sir M. Vishweshwaraih who is evolution of aircrafts-from those considered as the architect modern made out of cloth to gliders to Karnataka. aircrafts-from those made out cloth to gliders to supersonic jets. India’s Government museum- Believed to rich aviation heritage is represented be one of the oldest Museum in using real aircrafts models and a the country, this museum features breathtaking collection of a stunning collection of photographs. There are also aircraft archaeological objects, including simulators, air-traffic control towers stone carvings , pottery, weapons and an Aero- modeling club. From a paintings coins , textiles, sculptures , vantage point, visitors can see the inscriptions, antique jewellery and landing and take-off of aircrafts. In musical instruments. addition, through a dummy radar Indira Gandhi musical fountain- screen, flight monitoring is also Popular with families, the swirling demonstrated and the history of fountains dance in tune to various navigation and its advancement, Indian and western music themes. including automated instrument landing is explained Sankey boat club-The ideal place for lazy boat rides and leisurely Venkatappaa art gallery- The strolls in the evening. There is a Gallery houses the painting and art swimming pool adjoining the tank. by the eminent artist Venkatappa the romantic setting is extremely and other renowned artists. It also th popular with courting couples. exhibits 20 century landscapes and abstract wood sculpture. This www.ijar.org.in 23

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] is also a popular venue for of modern technology and spiritual contemporary art shows. harmony. the huge cultural complex has shrines devoted to Krishna, his Gavi gangadharaeshwara temple - consort Radha and Balarama. Built during King Kempegowda’s reign , this unique cave temple contains a remarkably well-preserved granite moon, sun-disc monoliths, an Infant Jesus Church- Established in enormous stone umbrella, a 1979, the church draws huge crowds Shivalinga and three cave passages. on Thursday dedicated to infant Every year, during Makara Jesus. open to people of all faiths , Sankranti, this cave temple the church provides succour to a witnesses a strange phenomenon great many who come here to say when a ray of light passes their novenas. precisely through the horns of the St. Mary’s basilica- The only church stone bull sitting in front of the in the state to be elevated to the Shivalinga and illuminates the status of Basilica, the St. Mary’s Shivalinga inside the cave. This is Basilica was built in Gothic –style considered an astronomical miracle. between 1875 and 1882 at a cost of Bull temple- Built by Kempegowda, Rs. 30,000. The stained –glass it is reminiscent of 16th century windows, multiple columns and Dravidian-style architecture. It has stately arches are remarkable. In a huge grey granite monolith of front of the Basilica, the statue of Nandi. It is polished with a mixture Mary with the dying Christ in her of groundnut oil and charcoal. If arms can be seen. Every Saturday, you are here after the monsoons, devotees congregate here to seek her you can witness the Groundnut blessings . The feast of the Virgin Festival when worshippers pray for Mary is celebrated every September. a good harvest with groundnut Shiva Temple- The 65ft . Shiva garlands for the bull. Just below statue, with an artificial pond the Bull Temple is the Dodd (huge) resembling the Manasa Sarovar lake Ganesha Temple with a monolith and caves with the replicas of Ganesha idol 18ft. high and 16ft. Jyothirlingas is a popular spot for wide. The idol is decorated with Bangalore people. . Two artificial other decoration on other days. waterfalls from the backdrop of the Iskcon temple (international society statue. The granite tiled courtyard for krishna consciousness)- Built in is perfect for endless hours of an ornate architectural style, the meditation. ISKCON temple is a striking blend

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Someshwara temple- Considered one Russian painter, Svetoslav Roerich of the biggest old temple in which are on permanent display Bangalore, the 48-pillared hall and here. other parts of the temple are often described as the ‘museum of Fort & Tipu’s Palace Vijayanagar architecture’ Adi Tipu Sultan summer retreat is a Shankaracharya established the two –storeyed ornate wooden Srichakra within the temple. structure with fluted pillars, cusped Established over 1000 years ago by arches, balconies and ceilings mandava Maharshi and built in painted in brilliant colours with Chola-style by Kempegowda, the beautiful carvings. Tipu named it central shrine is dedicated to Rash-e –Jannat’ or ‘Abode of peace’ Someshwara and the adjoining one and ‘ Envy of Heaven’; the to his consort, Kamakshi. devotees inscription is seen carved on the often line up before the bronze wooden banisters. The construction nandi in front of the shrine to of the palace was started by Hyder whishes their into its ears; they Ali but completed during the reign believe these wishes are granted. of Tipu. It now houses a museum that An imposing gopuram (gateway contains artifacts from the Hyder – tower), a pyramidal brick tower and Tipu regime. Close to the palace is an enclosure with multiple a rare monument called Hyder Ali reflection images of the idol are Armory and the fort of Hyder Ali other attractions at the temple. with dark cells where the British Karnataka chitakala parishath were once imprisoned . There is a white stone plate which says that Bangalore’s premier Fine Arts Lord Cornwallis barged through the college, ‘CKP’-as it is popularly breach here. The fort was built with known-offers courses in painting, mud in 1537 and was rebuilt two sculpture , graphic art, applied art centuries later by Tipu sultan and art history. workshops , artists’ camps and demonstrations, dance References : performances, folk theatre https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalo photography exhibitions, puppet re shows , and musical recitals are also held here; as are exhibitions of 1. http://wikitravel.org/en/Bangal dying art forms, especially ore traditional Mysore paintings and leather puppetry one of the 2. http://www.discoverbangalore. highlights of the centre are the com/ paintings of the well- known www.ijar.org.in 25

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3. http://timesofindia.indiatimes. 8. Nair, Janaki (2005). The com/city/bangalore Promise of the Metropolis: 4. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/ Bangalore's Twentieth Century india/bengaluru-bangalore (illustrated ed.) 5. S., Chandrasekhar (1985). 9. Raman, A. (1994). Dimensions of Socio-Political Change Bangalore — Mysore (illustrated ed.) in Mysore, 1918–40. APH Publishing. 10. Rice, B. Lewis (2001). Mysore : 6. De, Aditi (2008). Multiple city: a gazetteer compiled for government. writings on Bangalore. Penguin New Delhi: Asian Educational Books India. Services. 7. Srinivas, Smriti (2004). 11. Hasan, Fazlul. Bangalore Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Through The Centuries. Bangalore: Sacred and the Civic in India's High- Historical Publications, 1970 tech City

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Reckoning –the political significance of Mangalore region during 19th century – impact on tourism development

Abstract : The historic city of Mangalore has a very long drawn legacy. The historicity of this place is shrouded in cultural heritage & historical legacy . The paper tries to spotlight the sojourn of this place from historic times to 19th century including the period of tiger of Mysore , Tipu sultan who ,comprehending the strategic significance of this place annexed it. The vicissitudes of time carried this city into the hands of British when it was attached with Madras presidency. The voyage of the region through these historic times was concurrent with the evolution of distinct culture & heritage of the people .Thus this region boasts of a multi faceted culture. The magnitude of political regimes it has accustomed to played a vital part in shaping this region as a cosmopolitan political center . This paper tries to ponder over the issue of Mangalore as a commercial center during 19th century

Keywords: Mangalore, political hegemony, coastal culture, impact on tourism

Introduction: The historic city of port of India. Lying on the Mangalore has a very long drawn backwaters of the Netravati and legacy. The historicity of this place is Gurupura rivers, Mangalore was shrouded in cultural heritage & often used as a staging point for sea historical legacy . This place evolved trade along the Malabar Coast ever through several dynastic regimes since Greek times. from historic times to 19th century including the period of tiger of The historicity - Mangalore region Mysore , Tipu sultan who was ruled by several major powers, ,comprehending the strategic including the Kadambas, significance of this place annexed it. Vijayanagara dynasty, Chalukya There were several customary dynasty , Rastrakuta dynasty , changes in the political configuration Hoysala dynasty , and the to this region. Portuguese. The region was a source of contention & conflict between the The evolution of Mangalore though British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder the ages Ali and Tipu Sultan. After the fall of Tipu sultan it was eventually Mangalore derives its name from the annexed by the British east India local Hindu deity Mangaladevi. It Company in 1799.The Mangalore developed as a port on the Arabian region remained a part of the Madras Sea remaining, to this day, a major Presidency until India’s independence www.ijar.org.in 27

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] in 1947. The city was unified with the feudatories of major regional state of Mysore (now Karnataka) in dynasties like the Chalukyas of 1956. Badami, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas of Kalyani, and Hoysalas. Mangalapura The mythological background- The (Mangalore) was the capital of the area that is now Mangalore has been Alupa dynasty until the 14th century. mentioned in many ancient literary The city, then an important trading works. In the epic Ramayana , Lord zone for Persian merchants, was Rama ruled over the region, while the visited by Adenese merchant epic Mahabharata mentions Abraham Ben Yiju. The Moroccan Sahadeva, governed the area. Arjuna, traveler Ibn Battuta, who had visited of Mahabharata, also visited the area the town in 1342, referred to it as when he travelled to Gokarna. Manjarun , and stated that the town was situated on a large estuary. By Mention in foreign literary works - 1345, the Vijayanagara rulers Mangalore’s historical importance is brought the region under their highlighted by several references to control. Later, the Jain Kings and the the region by the foreign travelers. Muslim Bangara Kings ruled the Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek town as feudatories of the monk, referred to the port of Vijayanagar Empire, and brought the Mangalore as Mangarouth . Pliny the town firmly under an efficient and Elder, a Roman historian, made centralised administration. In 1448, references to a place called Nitrias , Abdul Razak, the Persian ambassador while Greek historian Ptolemy of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, referred to a place called Nitra . visited Mangalore, and was amazed at Ptolemy’s and Pliny the Elder’s a glorious temple he saw in the city, references were probably made to the en route to Vijayanagara. Netravati River, which flows through Mangalore. Ptolemy also referred to The European influence -From the the city as Maganoor in some of his beginning of the year 1498, European works. In the third century BC, the influence started being noticed in town formed part of the Maurya Mangalore and it was during this Empire, ruled by the Mauryan time when Vasco da Gama, the well- emperor, Ashoka. The region was known Portuguese explorer landed at known as Sathia ( Shantika ) during an island named St.Mary’s Islands the Mauryan regime. From second that lies very close to Mangalore and century CE to sixth century CE, the this was while Vasco da Gama was on Kadamba dynasty ruled over the his expedition towards India from region. From 567 to 1325, the town Portugal. The Portuguese took hold was ruled by the native Alupa rulers. of Mangalore from the rulers of the The Alupas ruled over the region as Vijayanagara Dynasty in 1520. In the www.ijar.org.in 28

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] year 1526, Lopo Vaz de Sampia, until the arrival of the Portuguese in Portuguese Viceroy, was successful in Mangalore were the Rashtrakutas, defeating Bangara king and also his Hoysalas and Western Chalukyas. allies and because of this the trade of the region passed onto the The entire area around Arabian Sea Portuguese from the Muslims. In and the Mangalore port was under 1526, the Portuguese under the the control of the Portuguese during viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio the 16th and the 17th centuries. succeeded in defeating the Bangara During this period, the Portuguese King and his allies and conquered actively took part in the dealings and Mangalore. The trade passed out of the associations of local chieftains. It Muslim hands into Portuguese hands. was in the year 1695 that the Arabs In the mid-16th century, Goud burnt the entire town in vengeance Saraswat Brahmins and Roman for the Portuguese restrictions on the Catholics from Goa migrated to trade of Arab. Mangalore as a result of Goa Under Hyder Ali & Tipu Sultan - Inquisition. In 1640, the Keladi Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Nayaka kingdom defeated the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Portuguese and ruled the town until Mangalore in 1763, consequently 1762. The Portuguese were allowed to bringing the city under his have trade relations with Mangalore. administration until 1767. Mangalore In 1695, the town was torched by was ruled by the British East India Arabs in retaliation to Portuguese Company from 1767 to 1783, but was restrictions on Arab trade. subsequently wrested from their Moodabidri inscriptions state that a control by Hyder Ali’s son, Tipu King named Mangarasa Odeya served Sultan in 1783. The Second Anglo as the Governor of the place which Mysore War ended with the Treaty of was called Mangaluru Raajya during Mangalore, signed between Tipu the sovereignty of Vira Harihararaya Sultan and the British East India II who belonged to the Vijayanagar Company on March 11, 1784. After Dynasty. Another inscription states the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth that Mangaluru Raajya was ruled by Anglo Mysore War, the city remained Deeva Raaja Odeya in 1492 during in control of the British, the power of the Vijayanagara King headquartering the Canara district who was called Veera Devaraya II. under the Madras Presidency. Many other powers have also fought The city was largely peaceful during for their hold and control over the British rule, with urban and city of Mangalore in the past. The infrastructural developments being most important and the famous affected during the period. Mangalore dynasties that had ruled Mangalore www.ijar.org.in 29

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] flourished in education and in When Hyder Ali attempted to industry, becoming a commercial conquer Tulu-Nadu, the people of centre for trade gradually. The march Tulu-Nadu appeared to have lost of the town towards becoming a busy their personal valor. Queen commercial outlet was heralded by Veerammaji, who was ruling the Lutheran German Basel Mission. Bidanuru at that time (A.D.1756- 1763), was subject to several Lutheran German Basel Mission administrative weaknesses. When the political condition of Bidanuru had The opening of the Lutheran German reached its lowest ebb around A.D Basel Mission in 1834 brought many .1763, Hyder Ali took over Bidanuru cotton weaving and tile and renamed it 'Hyder Nagar'. Hyder manufacturers to the city. When Ali knew that Mangalore could Canara (part of the Madras become an important naval base Presidency until this time) was among the prominent commercial bifurcated into North Canara and cities on the west coast. He converted South Canara in 1860, Mangalore was Mangalore city into a harbour and a transferred into South Canara and strong central port capable of became its headquarters. South handling all intricate dealings & Canara remained under Madras transactions. Presidency, while North Canara was transferred to Bombay Presidency in Hyder Ali appointed Latif-ali-Baig, 1861. The enactment of the Madras Commander-in-Chief of his army, as Town Improvement Act (1865) the Inspector-in-Chief of the naval mandated the establishment of the forces at Mangalore. Municipal council on May 23, 1866, which was responsible for urban Hyder Ali had made a grant to one of planning and providing civic the temples of Tulu-Nadu in amenities. Roman Catholic missions A.D.1765. to Mangalore like the Italian Jesuit “Mangalore Mission” of 1878 played Tipu Sultan, son of Hyder Ali, an important role in education, regained Mangalore, Shaken by the health, and social welfare. The unexpected invasion of Tipu, the linking of Mangalore in 1907 to the British had fled to Mumbai, leaving Southern Railway, and the behind in Mangalore, 80 European subsequent proliferation of motor ships, 180 soldiers and large vehicles in India, further increased quantities of arms and ammunitions. trade and communication between Tipu had succeeded in liberating the city and the rest of the country. Mangalore from the British hold within a week. Inevitably, the British got prepared to negotiate a treaty of

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] peace with Hyder Ali.Tipu Sultan Francis Buchman, a Scottish with his powerful army invaded physician visited Mangalore in the Mangalore. Indeed that invasion was year 1801 and he has put forward the a retaliatory reply to the defeat Hyder point that Mangalore was a very Ali had suffered in A.D.1766 in the prosperous and rich port possessing a hands of the British. After receiving great trade activity during that time. Mangalore to his control from the Rice was the main article that was British, in September 1770 A.D., the exported from Mangalore port to agreement treaty was signed. This Bombay, Muscat, Malabar and Goa. agreement is known as the Treaty of Betel0nut or Supari was the article Mangalore. The fundamental that was exported to Kutch, Bombay condition of that agreement was to and Surat. Sandalwood and Pepper supply fine quality rice from were exported to Bombay while Mangalore to Mumbai. Cassia and Turmeric to Surat, Kutch, Bombay and Muscat. Other items The Portuguese had entertained that were exported from Mangalore certain ambitions about Mangalore, port were Timber, Ginger, Choir, and this treaty of 1771 became a Iron, Cinnamon, Sugar and Salt. symbol and a starting point of their friendly relation. Sultan bateri of tipusultan

As a result of the conquest of There is a remnant of the defense Dakshina Kannada undertaken by strategy of Tipu Sultan in the Tipu, the Heggade of Vitla and his structure called the Sultan Battery in family had fled to Tellacherry. An Mangalore . This is a structure built inscription found in Kadumata of the on the Gurupura River shaped like a Vitla kingdom, dated A.D.1719, has fortress and with strategic positions on record details about a certain to mount guns on all sides. This, the period of time when Domba Heggade structure was created in 1784, with a of Vitla had not paid the tributes due, sole intention of preventing the he had been arrested, etc. In those British from mounting an attack from annexations, Heggade had got the the sea side. But Tipu failed to hold help of his nephew. the military chief, control over the place, thus giving and responsible for the activities in way to British forces. The tragic the province of Canara, to put down death of Tipu Sultan in 1799 gave the the prominence of Heggade of Vitla British control back over Mangalore and Subbarao, the Sirasthedar of and remained until India gained Coimbatore at some earlier time, who independence in 1947. King Tipu had supported Heggade, had attacked Sultan’s soldiers always looked at the the office of the Tahsildar of Kadaba movement of ships in and around near Puttur, on May 7th, 1800. Sultan Battery area. His army horses www.ijar.org.in 31

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] grazed in a place, Kudre-valli where British occupation. As soon as the the present Kudroli temple has been British opened the Alikunnu fort built. under their occupation, the Bidanuru officials captured that. As a The British had not entered as consequence, the Nayaka of Bidanuru administrators till A.D.1768, in to the took over that part of Neeleshwara Dakshina Kannada region. During which was on the borders of the same year they had undertaken Kollathiri. The king of Neeleshwara, an exploratory naval expedition from who happened to be directly related Mumbai to Mangalore. Before that, to the Kollathiri family, protected the British had come to Mangalore in that by keeping it under his own A.D.1737, only with an intention to authority. sign an agreement with the Governor of Bidanuru. The Commander-in- 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Chief of the army of Somashekhara Mangalore Nayaka II of Bidanuru, at the time of 2. http://wikitravel.org/en/Manga extending his conquests to lore Neeleshwara in Dakshina Kannada, 3. http://www.mangalore.com/ had to incur the wrath of the 4. https://www.tripadvisor.com/T powerful British East India Company ourism-g297630- at Tellacherry in Kerala. As a result Mangalore_Karnataka-Vacations.ht of the Malayalis of Kerala supporting 5. Farias, Kranti K. (1999). The the British in A.D.1736, the British Christian Impact on South Kanara. army could take under its control the Church History Association of India. Alikunnu fort on the Banks of River 6. K. Puttaswamaiah (1980). Kavarya. Due to the British Economic Development of Karnataka: influence, Bidanuru Surappayya, the A Treatise in Continuity and Change. Governor of Mangalore, had entered Oxford & IBH. into an agreement with the British 7. N. Shyam Bhat (2001). official Linch, during February 1737 Judiciary and Police in Early Colonial A.D.According to that agreement, the South Kanara, 1799–1862. Mittal British gradually obtained monopoly Publications. over the overseas trade in pepper and 8. South Kanara District cardamom, in the Kollathiri area of Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer the Bidanuru province under the

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Shravanabelagola – an inscriptional repository –a center of Epigraphy tourism

Abstract: This paper examines the abundance of inscriptions in the hills of Shravanabelagola the famous Jain pilgrimage center. More than 800 inscriptions have been found at Shravanabelagola, dating from 600 A.D.to 1830 A.D. A large number of these inscriptions are found in the Chandragiri Hill and the rest in the Indragiri Hill and some of them are found inside town. The region is a hilly area & the quarrying in the surrounding area is gradually affecting the vicinity. The government & non governmental agencies have to apply strategies to conserve this center from environmental decaying all the stake holders of tourism have to identify the threat to this region & have to resolve them in coordination. Several epigraphs are losing their original texts some of them are losing their original stone support some of them are not at all legible while some of them are made to lie on floor. There is a need to improve the practice of stone conservation internationally by providing participants with a holistic understanding of the decay and deterioration of stone, disseminating effective conservation methodologies, and ensuring a practical understanding of appropriate repair methods and long-term management strategies

Keywords: Shravanabelagola, inscriptional repository, center of Epigraphy tourism ,strategies, international research

Introduction-Shravanabelagola is a Inscriptional significance- Most of the Jain pilgrimage center know for the inscriptions at the Chandragiri Hill colossal single rock statue of Bahubali date back before the 10th century , son of first Theerthankara of Jain religion , Parshwanatha. This place 1. These inscriptions include became an important center for Jain some texts in the Kannada, religious tenets since 10th century. Sanskrit, Konkani, Tamil, More than 800 inscriptions have been Marwari and Mahajani languages. found at Sravanabelagula, dating 2. The inscriptions are written in from 600 A.D.to 1830 A.D. A large Halegannada or Old Kannada and number of these inscriptions are Purvahalagannada or Ancient found in the Chandragiri Hill and Kannada characters. the rest in the Indragiri Hill and 3. Some of these inscriptions some of them are found inside town. mention the rise and growth in power of the several Royal

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

dynasties which ruled Karnataka 11. It was also called by the such as Western Ganga Dynasty, epithet 'Dakshina Kashi' and the the Rashtrakutas, the Hoysala statue of Lord Ananthanatha was Empire, the Vijayanagar Empire installed in Bhandari Basadi in and the Wodeyar dynasty. the year 1857 A.D. 4. These inscriptions have helped Sravanabelagula was a great modern scholars to understand centre for merchandise during the the nature and development of 12th century and the people from the Kannada language and its far and near used to gather here. literature. 12. It is interesting to note that 5. The first inscription which is the name Belagola is mentioned dated 600 A.D. pays reverence to in the oldest inscription i.e. A.D. Bhaghawan Mahavira swamy. 650. 6. It also has mentioned the 13. Shanthasena Muni arrival of Jain Pontiff rejuvenated Jainism , attained Badhrabahu Swamy staying in salvation by observing Sallekhana the place. on the top the hill. 7. This inscription illustrates the social status, wealth, the fertility Inscriptions at Chandragiri and generosity of the people of 1. An inscription found on a rock this area. to the South of the 8. These inscriptions refer to Parshwanatha temple has stated Iruguppa, a close associate of that about 700 saints have paid Shrutamuni, the main ascetic and tribute to the pious doctrines of also the commander in chief Jina. donated Belagola village for 2. An inscription dated 650 A.D. conducting the regular worship of describes the beauty of Lord Gommateshwara. Chandragiri hill as bordered by 9. The place was also called green crops Other inscriptions Gommatapura according to an dated 700 A.D. have mentioned inscription belonging to A.D. 1159 the pontiffs of the place and also when Hulla, the commander in the nuns such as Guru Gunasena chief constructed the temple of and nun Dhannekuttidevi. Twenty four prophets. 3. The name of Acharya 10. The income generated from Arishtanemi who hailed from the land was utilised for the North India is also found in an renovation purposes of the Jain inscription of Chandragiri hill. temples and also for providing 4. The names of Siddhas and food to the assembly of ascetics. Vidyadharas are found in the inscriptions.

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

5. The names of other Gurus 12. An important include Akshayakirti (Mathura), inscription bearing the pen name Gunadevasuri, Baladeva, Sri Kaviratna denotes Ranna, the Ugrasena, Mahasena Muni and Kannada poet who scribed Gunabhushana. Simhanandi Gadayuddha and Guru attained salvation here. Ajitanathapurana (10th century). Nagasena Muni observed the vow He was sheltered by Sri Sanyasana. Chamundaraya. 6. Many inscriptions relating to 13. An inscription found at Sallekhana are found here. the foot of Manasthambha of 7. The nun Demitamati of Marasimha mentions the valour Mayuragrama Sangha, and sanctified life of Marasimha Prabhachandra Siddantha Deva the great Ganga king. and also Meghachandratravidyadeva of Inscriptions at indragiri Pustakagachha Desiga Gana observed the promise. 1. In an inscription of 12th 8. The other munis who observed century A.D. found at the left Sallekhana include Ajitakirti entrance of Suttalaya has Deva. mentioned Chavundarayas 9. In addition to this many determination to get the statue Shravakas and Shravikas carved and has narrated the observed Sallekhana on the hill history of Bahubali. at the behest of ascetics and 2. An inscription found on a rock nuns. An important inscription to the right of Akhanda Bagilu among these includes has mentioned the performance queen Shanthaladevi who of Panchakalyana to the observed Sallekhana. Bahubali statue in 12th century. 10. The inscriptions has 3. The inscriptions found in also mentioned the name of here Kannada, Tamil and Marathi guru Prabhachandra Siddantha languages on the anthills near Deva, Vardhamana Deva and the feet of Lord Bahubali Ravichandra Deva. mentions that Chavundaraya 11. The words Sanyasana, was instrumental in carving out Samadhi and Sallekhana are this great statue. used in different inscriptions 4. Another inscription found on found. Jinanathapura the village the other side of the feet nearby Indragiri also was the mentions that Gangaraja was abode of ascetics and instrumental in constructing the Shravakas. temple structure suttalaya www.ijar.org.in 35

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

around Bahubali. Boppana's 22. Muni suvratha inscription dated 1118 A.D. 23. Aranatha situated at the entrance to the 24. Kunthanatha main quadrangle of Lord Gommateshwara gives a succinct Even though there are innumerable and traditional account of the epigraphs in this region highlighting Lord. the Jain tenets. 5. It narrates the story of 1. The conservation of the Bharata and Bahubali who epigraph needs further detailing. fought each other vigorously is 2. The epigraphs are open to narrated in several inscription environmental decaying hence the 6. The names of the 24 protection is immediate necessity. theerthankaras is found in the 3. Quarrying in the epigraphs. surrounding areas have to be 7. The references to Jain stopped completely festivities & education 4. The management of the ceremonies is found. epigraphs needs to be handled by government as well as the private 1. Adinatha. agencies in coordination 2. Suvidhinatha. 5. The appointment of guides 3. Aranatha. who are experts in epigraphy 4. Ajitanatha. reading is essential 5. Mitalanatha. 6. The availability of 6. Mallinatha.. translators in this region is also 7. Munisuvrata. necessary. 8. Abhinandana. 7. An epigraphy museum 9. Vasupujya. containing the copies of the 10. Naminatha. original documents needs a 11. Sumatinatha. priority 12. Vimalanatha. 8. The government Tourism 13. Neminatha. department has to appoint 14. Padmapiabha. Epigraphers to decipher epigraphs 15. Anantanatha. in the surrounding areas linking 16. Parsvanatha. the historicity of the region. 17. Suparsvamltha. 9. The region is a hilly area 18. DharmanAtha. hence the environmental 19. Chandraprabha. . protection has to be doubled. 20. Shantinatha. 10. It is the place where several 21. Mahavira or language inscriptions are found Vardhamana hence the place needs a

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

revitalization as a top priority epigraphy museum. There have been from the tourism department several opportunities in this place for researchers to explore. There is a Stone conservation is a special science need to improve the practice of stone which needs special experts scholars conservation internationally by to understand the stone conservation providing participants with a holistic processes. Stone conservators are understanding of the decay and needed to work in this place . An deterioration of stone, disseminating carrying out repairs needs mechanical effective conservation methodologies, surveying & as several epigraphs are and ensuring a practical susceptible to direct weather , there is understanding of appropriate repair a need to relocate them. There is a methods and long-term management necessity to identify the type of stone strategies. , ascertain what decay mechanism is going on and why it has happened. , References: recommend and carry out preventive 1. Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol and remedial works as necessary , VI Channarayapatna provide advice on future care, 2. Epigraphia Carnatica Vol II protection, replication and Shravanabelagola maintenance. Any cleaning should be 3. Epigraphia Carnatica Vol. VII carried out using gentle means such Hassan as bristle brushes and water but not 4. Epigraphia Carnatica Vol IX aggressive detergents; a stone Belur conservator can advise you on how to 5. Epigraphia Carnatica Vol.10 do this and whether specialist Mysore intervention is needed. 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S Conclusion- These inscriptions are a hravanabelagola treasure house for epigraphers & 7. http://wikitravel.org/en/Shrava researchers in Indiana epigraphy. nabelagola The conservation of the epigraphts, 8. http://shravanabelagola.net/hi texting & digitalizing needs good story research funding. The Place is a 9. https://sacredsites.com/asia/in pilgrimage center as it is it attracts dia/shravanabelagola.html lakhs of devotees every year but there 10. http://www.karnatakaholidays is a need to make the center an .net/heritage_holidays_belur.htm educational & epigraphical study 11. center. The place can be made as an

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Establishing An Identity- The Vidhanasoudha - the Palace of the People as a Tourist’s Heart Throb

Abstract: This paper traces the history of construction of Vidhana soudha & addresses the issues of managing this huge structure without causing damage to the original style. Vidhana soudha in Bangalore is a huge monument housing government offices of government of Karnataka state. The building has a historical legacy reflecting the vision of the Chief minister Kengal Hanumanthiah. It is the largest Legislative building in India. Vidhana Soudha was designed to showcase indigenous architecture and usher in the new age of democracy. Sightseeing in Bangalore become important because of this monumental structure. But the building is under threat of mismanagement & environmental pollution.

Key words: Vidhana soudha, management , threats to building

Introduction delegation says ‘all the structures here in this city are from European During the tenure of former Chief style, no own idea of architecture’, Minister K. Chengalaraya Reddy, the that was the day K.Hanumanthaiah building plan was mooted , while this decided to bring his dream to reality dream envisioned by the then Chief and he changed already made Minister Kengal Hanumanthaiah, It blueprint from a single storey felt it necessary to assimilate the building to three storied building, and scattered government offices. He was through his broad vision he suggested of the opinion that to bring about to construct a large building where speedy administration it was both legislature and secretariat necessary to position them in one should accommodate. The works place. The foundation was laid the engineer behind this gigantic then Prime Minister Jawaharalal construction was B.R.Manickam. Nehru on 13th of July 1951, but unfortunately the work was With the help of a gigantic team of discontinued. around 5000 labourers, 1500 chisellers large number of masons The successor to Chief minister K. C. and wood carvers, this monumental Reddy, was K. Hanumanthaiah who work of constructing the Vidhana was a lawyer by profession and an Soudha was completed in the year architect at heart, . It is said he was 1956. he piqued by a remark made by some Russian delegation when they visited the city, as the quote of Russian www.ijar.org.in 38

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

1. This stone structure is having Vital statisticsThis gigantic structure an total area of 5,50,505 square feet, was constructed by using granite with very broad steps from entrance which are sourced from quarries in 2. there is a quote on the and around of the city of Bangalore, entrance ‘Government’s work is while stones were brought from God’s work’, further statues of great Arahally and Hesaraghatta which personalities like Dr.B.R. Ambedkar were used for exteriors, from and Jawaharalal Nehru was erected Mallasandra the green bluish granite in front of this building, the work is was brought and used and Magadi worship is the motive behind the man porphyry stones were utilized for who worked hard to construct this stone work decoration. monumental work, his statue was at the rear end. In spite of several opposition this 3. The western side façade is monumental task was completed with based on the sculptures of Rajasthan an cost of 175 lakhs, but the name Palaces, the other side on the and royal look of this gigantic northern part was modeled as per the structure has shown to the world that Krishnaraja Sagara dam at Mysore. the cost involved is nothing compared 4. gopuram or domes were like of to the purpose for which it is serving a temple and balconies were now, even in later stages the state constructed in Rajashtani style. owned public works department had 5. Its eastern face has a porch opined the total cost involved to with 12 granite columns, 40 feet construct the Vidhana Soudha has (12 m) feet tall. Leading to the foyer saved atleast 30% of the construction is a flight of stairs with 45 steps, cost.It is a rare pride to be in this city more than 200 feet (61 m) wide. The of Bangalore, which is also having a central dome, 60 feet (18 m) in great structure like Vidhana diameter, is crowned by a likeness of Soudha which was constructed by an the Indian national emblem. great visionary of that time 6. The cabinet meeting hall is on K.Hanumanthaiah the western side which is in third floor and doors are decorated and The stone structure, which reflects carved in sandalwood make. the ’Neo-Dravidian’ style of architecture, was built with The total structure of Vidhana ’Bangalore-granite’ that was Soudha is 720 feet height in length excavated from Mallasandra and and 360 feet in width, the inner space Hesaraghatta. The building has three of the quadrangle is 260 feet by 260 main floors, with the ground floor feet, the eastern side hall are and first floor measuring 1,32,400 sq constructed with eight main columns ft. The top floor measures 1,01,165 sq which can carry 6000 tons of weight. ft. Its total floor area adds up to www.ijar.org.in 39

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

5,50,505 sq ft. While the building’s visit this place is in evenings. The length is 700 ft and width 350 ft, its gigantic building has twenty two height from the floor level to the top state government departments with of the central dome is 150 feet. over three hundred rooms, the Enhancing the visual appeal of the construction of the big building was central dome are the twelve 40-foot started in the year 1952, it took columns above the grand steps. The approximately around 4 years for central dome is 60 ft in diameter and completion. rests on an octagonal drum with the national emblem atop it. The Vidhana The initial plan Soudha was constructed at a cost of Chief minister Kengal Rs 1.84 crore during 1952-56 Apart Hanumanthaiah is credited with the from around 1,500 chisellers and conception and construction of the wood carvers, about 5,000 labourers Vidhana Soudha, The foundation worked on the colossal project A stone was laid by prime minister majority of the unskilled labourers Jawaharlal Nehru , on 13 July involved in construction work were 1951. However, it was reportedly prisoners. They walked Hanumanthaiah who was free on completion of the project. The instrumental in the redesign and legislative assembly chamber was the speedy construction of Vidhana venue of the 1986 SAARC Summit. Soudha. He visited Europe, Russia, The Style United States and other places and got the idea of building the Vidhana This building is 46 meters height Soudha by incorporating various construction is an important designs from the buildings he had landmark for the city of Bangalore. seen. It was completed in 1956. He This has been considered as an very took a lot of interest and effort in important building in the city, which building this marvelous granite is constructed completely in the building. swadeshi style of architecture, the four domes can be seen in all four corners, the entrance is eclipsed with The Vidhana Soudha has four floors a four headed lion, which symbolizes above and one floor below ground the Indian sovereignty . treated as an level and sprawls across an area of marvel of modern architecture and a 2,300 by 1,150 feet (700 m × 350 m). combination of traditional Dravidian It is the largest Legislative building and also modern styles. The ideal in India. Its eastern face has a porch place to visit near this beauty is a with 12 granite columns, 40 feet park where a neo-Dravidian granite (12 m) feet tall. Leading to the foyer building is situated, the ideal time to www.ijar.org.in 40

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] is a flight of stairs with 45 steps, meticulously to manage this huge more than 200 feet (61 m) wide. The monument. central dome, 60 feet (18 m) in 8. The building needs to make diameter, is crowned by a likeness of from vehicular traffic & the carbon the Indian national emblem. The emission has to be prevented. front of the building is inscribed with the words Government's Work is 9. Several government offices God's Work.[3] have been renovated time & again This is causing damage to original Threats :- construction design 1. Bangalore is considered as a 10. The construction of a huge highly polluted city & the building like this is a huge task atmosphere pollution is affecting the hence all should pay attention to building retaining its beauty as in its originals 2. The balck smoke & carbon style. emission of the millions of vehicles which pass by the monument is really causing the structure great Stone conservation is a special science damage which needs special experts scholars to understand the stone conservation 3. The underground subways & processes. Stone conservators are metro construction has loosened the needed to work in this place . An soil layers in Bangalore. carrying out repairs needs mechanical 4. The unscientific felling of surveying & as several epigraphs are huge tress in & around the building susceptible to direct weather , there is has also made damage a need to relocate them. The lack of lighting inside monuments where 5. The volume of vehicular epigraphs are kept , lack of sufficient traffic is on the increase near the management , shadowed building causing greater damage misrepresentations. dirt , damaging 6. The cost of construction at position of the epigraphs , vandalism that time was just 17.5 million by the visitors are causing the decay rupees. But presently, annual of the several epigraphs. There is a maintenance cost itself is more than necessity to identify the type of stone 20 million rupees including repairs, , ascertain what decay mechanism is painting, and other miscellaneous going on and why it has happened. , expenses. recommend and carry out preventive 7. The building needs millions of and remedial works as necessary , rupees on the management hence the provide advice on future care, government has to plan out protection, replication and www.ijar.org.in 41

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] maintenance. Any cleaning should be 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V carried out using gentle means such idhana_Soudha as bristle brushes and water but not 4. http://www.bangaloreindia.org aggressive detergents; a stone .uk/tourist-attractions/vidhan- conservator’s advice & specialist soudha.html intervention are needed. 5. Karnataka government and

politics. Concept Publishing References Company. 2007 1. A concise history of modern 6. A concise history of modern architecture in India. Orient Black architecture in India. Orient Black swan. 2002. swan. 2002. 2. Karnataka government and politics. Concept Publishing Company. 2007.

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Projecting Tiruvanna Malai Hills As A Spiritual Tourist Center – key significance of giri pradakshina

Abstract: This paper probes about the mythological , spiritual & secular significance connected to circumambulation in Hindu temples in general & Shiva temples in particular & the customary answers provided by the secular & worldly effects of circumambulation to human sufferings. Indian spiritual conceptualization of devotion towards Shiva is always embedded in great manifestation of cosmic potency of Shiva – the destroyer. In case of Tiruvannamalai hill ,the hill itself is the deity & is worshipped through circumambulation . The factual significance of this divine act is presumably equalized with circumambulating the whole world. The circumambulation is 14 kms , there are eight lingas in eight directions . Thus octagonal shape of the city is conjecturally explained. The theology connected with circumambulation is even today projected in Tiruvannamalai with great veneration & devotion. People take up this circumambulation specially on Shivarathri. There are multitudes of stories connected with circumambulation in Indian Shiva temples.

Key words: circumambulation, devotion,

Introduction: - In Tiruvannamalai circumambulation around eight temple great importance to is lingas in eight directions around the attached to giri pradakshina meaning hill. Thus octagonal shape of the circumambulation around the hillock temple city is conjecturally explained. which is 14 kms. Devotees take

“Yaani kaani cha paapani janmanthara kruthaani cha Thaani thaani vinashyanthi pradakshinam pade pade Papoham papa karmanam papatma papa sambhava Trahi mam krupaya deva sharanagatha vatsala , Anyatha sharanam nasthi tvameva sharanam mama tasmath karunya bhaavena raksha raksha prameshwara iti pradakshinam namaskaram karishye ,

This manthra is chanted during omissions and commissions done in pradakshina in all Hindu this life and also in the previous temples.This manthra has special births and the resulting afflictions significance in giri Pradakshinam in perish with each and every step of a Tiruvannamalai .It means “Let the pradakshina.”. Pradakshina or www.ijar.org.in 43

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] circumambulation around a temple human sufferings. The secular aspect /idol / person / items of sanctity / hill of Giri pradakshina or etc has enormous attached values in circumambulation is that it frees us Indian theology. The Puranas have from sufferings. Tiruvannamalai enlisted high sounding reflections on temple offers even more of these human energy through this act. sacred presumptions. Tiruvannamalai temple has a long history & its enthralling history This is a translation of the spiritual signifies the progression of the temple concept of transition through levels in from a mere spiritual hub to a great life into bodily movements by the philosophical center. The worshipers as they move inwardly Tiruvannamalai temple complex has through ambulatory halls to the most great thematic outpouring of sacred centre of spiritual energy of idealistic rationales. the deity. Circumambulation is done in a clockwise direction and in an odd rather than even number of times. In Tiruvannamalai temple great Circumbulatory walking around the importance to is attached to giri shrine, is a common form of Hindu pradakshina meaning prayer. The circumpolar pathway circumambulation around the hillock made of stone around the shrine is which is 14 kms. Devotees take called the Pradakshina patha circumambulation around eight lingas in eight directions around the Sacred thoughts behind Circum hill . Thus octagonal shape of the ambulation -In many Hindu temples, temple city is conjecturally explained. the temple structure reflects the The theology connected with symbolism of the Hindu association of circumambulation is even today the spiritual transition from daily life projected in Tiruvannamalai with to spiritual perfection as a journey great veneration & devotion . People through stages. Ambulatory take up this circumambulation passageways for circumambulation specially during Shivarathri . There are present through which are multitudes of stories connected worshipers move in a clockwise with circumambulation in Indian direction, starting at the sanctuary Shiva temples. The probes about the doorway and moving inward toward mythological , spiritual & secular the inner sanctum where the deity is significance connected to enshrined. circumambulation in Hindu temples This is a translation of the spiritual in general & Shiva temples in concept of transition through levels in particular & the customary answers life into bodily movements by the provided by the secular & worldly worshipers as they move inwardly effects of circumambulation to www.ijar.org.in 44

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] through ambulatory halls to the most throughout India as a symbol of sacred centre of spiritual energy of fertility & productiveness. the deity. Circumambulation is done Mahashivaratri is thus not only a in a clockwise direction and in an odd ritual but also a cosmic definition of rather than even number of times. the Hindu universe . It dispels Circumbulatory walking around the ignorance, emanates the light of shrine, is a common form of Hindu knowledge, makes one aware of the prayer. The circumpolar pathway universe, ushers in the spring after made of stone around the shrine is the cold and dry winter, and invokes called the Pradakshina patha. the supreme power to take cognizance of the beings that were Spiritual Significance of pradakshina created by him. Devotees prefer to on shivarathri Festival of visit this temple because of these Mahashivaratri has tremendous reasons. Tiruvannamalai temple significance in Hinduism. According offers answers to these issues. to sacred scriptures, ritual worship of Lord Shiva on Shivratri festival that falls on the 14th day of the dark Significance of Shiva worship- In the fortnight in the month of Phalgun Indian trinity, Shiva is portrayed as pleases Lord Shiva the most. This fact the wielder of power. Brahma creates, is said to have been declared by Lord Vishnu protects, and Shiva destroys. Shiva himself, when his consort He is the agent of power, the lord of Parvati asked him as to which ritual Shakti, and the tamer of the Ganga, performed by his devotees pleases the one with the terrifying third eye. him the most. It is extremely auspicious to worship Lord Shiva on a The Significance Of Parikrama- The Shivaratri as it is believed that parikrama or the pradakshina or the worship of Lord Shiva with devotion circumambulation means circling the and sincerity absolves a devotee of sacred object. It has deeper meaning past sins. The devotee reaches the in the religious space connecting the abode of Lord Shankara and lives devotee to the cosmos. It is performed there happily. He is also liberated by circumambulating around a sacred from the cycle of birth and death and person, sacred image, a sacred object 1 attains moksha or or a temple in a clockwise direction . salvation. Immediately after It identifies four key elements such as Mahashivaratri, almost like a miracle, destination, movement, magnitude the trees are full of flowers as if to and motivation. The movement here announce the fruitfulness & encompasses an object: a temple, a abundance of the earth has been holy site, a sacred mountain, a lake, a rejuvenated. And this perhaps is the reason why the Linga is worshipped www.ijar.org.in 45

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] river, a city, and even includes rather than even number of times. circling around oneself. It has several Circumbulatory walking around the meanings such as honoring, shrine, is a common form of Hindu centering, bonding, setting apart, and prayer. The circumpolar pathway reaffirmation of the sacred territorial made of stone around the shrine is claim. It also symbolizes the called the Pradakshina patha completeness yet continuity, fulfillment and quest, contentment Conclusion- Thus the hill of and pursuit, comprehension and Tiruvannamalai has great spiritual & mystery. secular significance. The Giri The effects on pradakshina pradakshina around this hillock is The Hindu temples are designed in considered as a great act of such a way with passageways to spirituality & this temple is famous facilitate the circumambulation. It by this operation of divinity. The takes the worshipper from the pradakshina has immense value doorway of the sanctuary, housing because human beings tend to the image of symbol of the Deity, indulge in their daily chores & they around the sanctuary in a clockwise have no time to comprehend the direction where further icons inner self. The Hindu scriptures introduce other aspects of the attached greater importance to divine. There is a popular legend knowing the inner side of one’s being about the importance of pradakshina. because man tended to commit The story of Lord Ganesha who several blunders & over indulgence circumambulates around his parents during his life. Thus the giri reveals from the Hindu scriptures pradakshina is adhering to the that circumambulating around the principle of divinity cosmic parents is accorded a higher status consciousness & comprehension of than circumambulating the entire temporal nature of material life. universe. It also emphasizes on the Thus the temple of Tiruvannamalai fact that parents occupy the same offers answers to all these issues status as god. Even Bible also relates besides igniting the lure to consider to number 14 as a path to salvation. the myth called life. This is a translation of the spiritual concept of transition through levels in References : life into bodily movements by the 1. Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna worshipers as they move inwardly Gopal (1913). Vaisnavism, Śaivism, through ambulatory halls to the most and Minor Religious Systems. New sacred centre of spiritual energy of Delhi: Asian Educational the deity. Circumambulation is done Services. ISBN 81-206-0122-X. Third in a clockwise direction and in an odd AES reprint edition, 1995 www.ijar.org.in 46

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

2. Basham, A. L.; Zysk, Kenneth 6. Walker, (Editor) (1989). The Origins and Benjamin (1968). Hindu World: An Development of Classical Hinduism. Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. New York: Oxford University Press London: Allen & Unwin 3. Knapp, Stephen. The Heart of 7. Sharma, Ram Karan Hinduism: The Eastern Path to (1988). Elements of Poetry in the Freedom, Empowerment and Mahābhārata. Delhi: Motilal Illumination, Lincoln, Nebraska: Banarsidass.ISBN 81-208-0544- Universe (2005), 5. Second edition 4. Michaels, Axel 8. The number 14 represents (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. deliverance or salvation and is used Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton twenty-two times in the Bible University Press. 9. Harper, Katherine Anne; 5. Chakravati, Mahadev Brown, Robert L. (2002). The Roots (1994). The Concept of Rudra-Śiva of Tantra. Albany, New York: State Through The Ages. Delhi: Motilal University of New York Press Banarsidass, (Second Revised Edition; Reprint, Delhi, 2002).

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Supportive Strategies for development of tourism in India

Abstract: Tourism sector in India is a fast growing sector with good support to Indian economy & GDP growth. There have been several initiatives by the Government of India to promote tourism. Attracting foreign tourists as well as Indigenous tourists has been taken up by the central government as well as the state government on a war footing. Millions of rupees is being sent on campaigns to promote various kinds of tourism. Still there are several short comings in the implementation of the projects. The tourism industry badly needs sustainable infrastructural support. A public private partnership is needed to boost the initiatives already in the offing. This paper highlights the strategies which can support to further the tourism sector towards an affirmative growth.

Keywords: Tourism sector, Government promotion , policy interventions, supportive strategies.

Introduction: Government of India is Government The first-ever Indian implementing good positive strategies Tourism Day was celebrated on to boost tourism sector provision of January 25, 1998. The Year 1999 was grant of export house status to the celebrated as Explore India tourism sector, provision of incentives Millennium Year by presenting a for promoting private investment in spectacular tableau on the cultural the form of Income Tax exemptions, heritage of India at the Republic Day provision of interest subsidy and Parade and organising India Tourism reduced import duty. The hotel and Expo in New Delhi and Khajuraho. tourism-related industry has been Moreover, the campaign ‘Visit India declared a high priority industry for Year 2009’ was launched at the foreign investment which entails International Tourism Exchange in automatic approval of direct Berlin, aimed to project India as an investment up to 51 per cent of attractive destination for foreign equity and allowing 100 per holidaymakers. The government cent non-resident Indian investment joined hands with leading airlines, and simplifying rules regarding the hoteliers, holiday resorts and tour grant of approval to travel agents, operators, and offered them a wide tour operators and tourist transport range of incentives and bonuses.The operators. campaign of governments to boost tourism includes Supportive initiatives of the government to promote tourism www.ijar.org.in 48

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

1. According to the latest 5. The report forecasts India to Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) get capital investment worth US$ research, released by the World 94.5 billion in the travel and tourism Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) sector in 2019. and its strategic partner Oxford 6. India is projected to become Economics in March 2009: the fifth fastest growing business 2. The demand for travel and travel destination from 2010-2019 tourism in India is expected to grow with an estimated real growth rate of by 8.2 per cent between 2010 and 7.6 per cent. 2019 and will place India at the third position in the world. Constraints: The major constraint in 3. India's travel and tourism the development of tourism in India sector is expected to be the second is the non-availability of adequate largest employer in the world, infrastructure including adequate air employing 40,037,000 by 2019. seat capacity, accessibility to tourist 4. Capital investment in India's destinations, accommodation and travel and tourism sector is expected trained manpower in sufficient to grow at 8.8 per cent between 2010 number and 2019. .

Poor visitor experience,

incidents of inadequate harassment of infrastructural tourists facilities,

poor hygienic conditions

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

India attracts visitors form following countries (2014 2015)

USA 15% UK 12% GERMANY 3% AUSTRALIA 3% CANADA 3% SRILANKA 3% MALASIA 3% FRANCE 3% RUSSIA 3% BANGLADESH 12% THAILAND 2% PORTUGAL 2% ARGENTINA 2% BRAZIL 2% Source : India tourism at a glance 2014 In 2015, India’s tourism industry was 7742.41 from 2000 until 2016, expected to contribute 42.77 billion reaching an all time high of 91 , 3000 US dollars to the country’s economy, in December of 2015 and a record low and this figure was forecasted to rise of 12 , 9286 in May of 2001. ( The to 85.6 billion by 2025. Tourist report of the Department of Arrivals in India averaged 41 , Tourism, India.2016) tourist arrivals in India Year tourists( lakh) 2000 41 , 7742 2015 91 , 3000 Source : India tourism at a glance 2015 Government of India publication New Delhi 2015 The e- tourist Visa scheme The e- Bosnia & Herzegovina, Botswana, Tourist visa scheme, launched in Brunei, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, November 2014, is aimed at Comoros, Cote d'lvoire, Croatia, simplifying the lengthy procedures Czech Republic, Denmark, Eritrea, for international travellers who visit Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, India for sightseeing, medical Guinea, Iceland, Lesotho, Liberia, treatment, short business trips or to Madagascar, Malawi, Moldova, meet friends and relatives. The 37 Namibia, Romania, San Marino, countries newly included in e-Tourist Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, South Visa scheme are Albania, Austria, Africa, Swaziland, Switzerland, www.ijar.org.in 50

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Tajikistan, Trinidad & Tobago, apply for visa online without Zambia and Zimbabwe. 7.5 lakh visas approaching the Indian Mission the are issued by the Government of following countries rank the list of India . The scheme enables citizens countries availing the facility. who intend to visit the country to Countries availing the E tourist visa facilities UK 24% US 17% Russian federation 9% France 8% Germany 6% Austria 5% Source : India tourism at a glance 2015 Government of India publication New Delhi 2015 In 2002, Indian tourism Misnitry Indian culture and history like yoga, launched a campaign to promote spirituality, etc. The campaign was Incredible India as a tourist conducted globally and received destination. The phrase "Incredible appreciation from tourism industry India" was adopted as a slogan by the observers and travelers alike. ministry. Before 2002, the Indian However, the campaign also came in government regularly formulated for criticism from some quarters. policies and prepared pamphlets and Some observers felt that it had failed brochures for the promotion of to cover several aspects of India tourism, however, it did not support which would have been attractive to tourism in a concerted fashion a the average tourists. conscious effort to bring in more professionalism in its attempts to Atithi devobhava campaign promote tourism. It formulated an integrated communication strategy Atithi Devo Bhava campaign regards with the aim of promoting India as a a procedure of the host-guest destination of choice for the relationship. Recently it has also discerning traveler. The tourism become the tag line tourism ministry engaged the services of campaign to improve the treatment of advertising and marketing firm tourists in India. It is an attempt to Ogilvy & Mather (India) (O&M) to improve the number of tourists create a new campaign to increase traveling to India, the Tourism tourist inflows into the country. The Department of India started the campaign projected India as an Atithi Devo Bhavah campaign with attractive tourist destination by the theme incredible India. Atithi showcasing different aspects of Devo Bhavah is a social awareness www.ijar.org.in 51

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] campaign that aimed at providing the The campaign provides training and inbound tourist a greater sense of orientation to taxi drivers, guides, being welcomed to the country. The immigration officers, police officials , campaign targets the general public, and other personnel who interact while focusing mainly on the directly with the tourists. stakeholders of the tourism industry. The following strategies can help boost the inland & foreign tourists

24x7 security infracture service facility support support

tourist friendly atmospehere support

1. Setting up security counters at all strategic points 2. Setting up online booking counters 3. Application of tourism destinations portals 4. Setting up 24x7 tourist operator services 5. Setting up subsidized excise duties for select shopping areas 6. Setting up travel marketing information counters 7. Setting up user friendly inland transport facility 8. Setting up can service 9. Strengthening internet connectivity & Wi-fi net work in tourist destinations 10. Setting up 24x7 police protection services

Language & communication good security but IN India there is a constraints - Foreign tourists need lack of translators, foreign language good translators, friendly shopping, knowing cab operators, foreign

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] language knowing hotel servants, 2. India tourism at a glance 2014 foreign language knowing tour government of India guides, foreign language knowing publication New Delhi 2014 personal staff , foreign language 3. India tourism at a glance 2014 knowing shoppers. These foreign government of India tourists suffer from these services. publication New Delhi 2015 4. India tourism at a glance 2014 Conclusion -The tourism industry government of India badly needs sustainable publication New Delhi 2013 infrastructural support. A public 5. http://www.statista.com/topics private partnership is needed to boost /2076/travel-and-tourism- the initiatives already in the offing. industry-in-india/ This paper highlights the strategies 6. http://www.wttc.org/- which can support to further the /media/files/reports/economic% tourism sector towards affirmative 20impact%20research/countri growth. The position of India in the 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T tourist map of the world is high but ourism_in_India the rising levels of atrocities against 8. http://www.trcollege.net/articl tourist deter the tourists from es/74-development-and- visiting India. There are several impact-of-tourism-industr campaigns to attract the tourist but 9. https://www.dnb.co.in/Travel_ at the same time there needs to be Tourism/Indian_Travel_and_T strategies to make tourists experience ourism_Industry.asp a good stay in India during their visit. 10. https://india.gov.in/topics/trav The strengthening of the security, el-tourism strengthening of the cyber laws, 11. http://business.mapsofindia.co strengthening of the legal jurisdiction m/sectors/tourism.html is needed. 12. https://www.dnb.co.in/Travel_ Tourism/Indian_Travel_and_T References: ourism_Industry.asp 13. https://india.gov.in/topics/trav 1. http://qz.com/246377/tourism- el-tourism contributes-as-much-to-indias- 14. http://business.mapsofindia.co economy-as-t m/sectors/tourism.html

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

The historic legacy of Bijapura- growth of a historical city as a tourist destination

Abstract : Bijapura is now a district in Karnataka. It was the capital of the Adil Shahi kings who ruled parts of Deccan.. As such this place is dotted with huge mosques, decorative mausoleums, exuberant palaces, brawny fortifications, tall watch towers , imposing gateways, graceful minarets and vast artifacts which are evidence to the historical legacy of this region. The gigantic mausoleum dominates the landscape of Bijapura making it as a great tourist destination. It houses Jumma masjid one of the finest mosques in India. It attracts tourists all the year round. This paper traces the legacy of tourist attraction in this region.

Key words: Bijapura, historical legacy, Islamic impact on architecture

Introduction- Bijapura district is The gigantic mausoleum dominates boarded by the rivers Bhima on the the landscape of Bijapur for miles north and Krishna on the south. It around. At the centre of the centre of presents a stark landscape of red, the mausoleum are tombs of rocky hills, long stretches of treeless muhammed adil shash, his wife, fields and gigantic boulders strewn daughter, grandson and favourite in groups over the rolling plains. court dancer. It houses the world’s The most popular attraction of the second largest dome unsupported by district is the historic city Bijapura, pillars, after st. Peter’s in Rome. the the one- time capital of the Adil dome forms a highly sensitive echo Shahi kings. It is dotted with – chamber with the remarkable mosques, mausoleums, palace, Whisperings Gallery around the fortifications, watch towers , base of the dome. This Gallery imposing gateways, graceful distinctly echoes the faintest minarets; and mile upon mile of ruins whisper eleven times . one can have steeped in history. A port from these a fabulous view of the town from monuments , Bijapura is also a land the Gallery. Built in 1659, the of famous temples like Sri buildings most arresting features Siddeshwara and Sri Prasanna are the seven- storied octagonal Ganesha. Besides basavana bagewadi spires at the four comers and the is a pilgrimage center for Shaiva heavy bracketed cornice below the devotees all the year round. parapet.

Gol gumbaz Archaeological museum –This is located in the building in the front of the Gol Gumbaz, the museum www.ijar.org.in 54

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] houses sculptures and carvings influences during the rule of the from Chalukyan temples, as well as Adil Shahi dynasty. artifacts from the Adil Shahi period . It also contains antique Malike- E- Maidan inscriptions, manuscripts, arms, On a bastion (lion Gate) named for chinaware, wood carvings and its ornamental stone lions, stands carpets. the Malike - e- maidan or ‘lord of the Jumma masjid- Set in a sprawling plains’- reputedly the largest ground covering 1, 16, 300 sq. feet, medieval cannon in the world . The the Juma Masjid is described as 14 ft long weight 55 tones and is one of the finest mosques in India . perched on a platform. The head of with its graceful arches, aisles , the cannon is fashioned in to the halls, intricate designs and large shape of a lion’s head with open crowining onion dome , it is said to jaws trying to devour an elephant. be the jewel of Adhil Shahi Legend has it that if you if you architecture. Aurangzeb later added touch gun and make a wish . It will a grand entrance and painted the come true. floor with 2250 squares , one for Gagan Mahal each worshipper. What makes it even more special are the verses It was built by Ali Adil Sgah I of the quran beautifully inscribed around 1561 to serve the dual in letters of gold in the mihrab. purpose of a royal residence and a durbar hall. There are three Ibrahim roza- On the western magnificent arches. The central one outskirts of the city. stands the being the widest . The ground floor Ibrahim Roza. There are two was the Durbar Hall and the first buildings here on a common floor , now in ruins , was the platform, surrounded by gardens on private residence of the royal three sides . One houses the tombs of family. Ibrahim Adil Shah II and his family, and the other ,a palatial Asar Mahal mosque. The tomb is noted for its striking symmetry of proportion, It is believed to contain relics of elaborated walls , slender minarets, prophet Mohammed. It was cupolas , parapets and cornices. The constructed around 1646 by Ibrahim Roza is considered an Muhammad Adil Shah. There are inspiration for the Taj Mahal at landscape paintings and designs on Agra. The carved decorative panels, the walls and ceiling of the hall on with crosses, lotuses and wheels the upper storey , and the front is highlight the various religious graced with a square tank. www.ijar.org.in 55

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Mehtar Mahal music performances. He had fixed the first Thursday of every month The Mehtar Mahal, to the east of to observe id-e- Navras, a the citadel, is not a palace as its celebration of music, dance and name suggests. it was supposed to other art forms. have been built for the sweepers of the royal household. the Mahal Bra Kaman has an ornamental gateway. embellished by a profusion of An elegant structure with 12 carvings in the form of brackets graceful arches , it is an supporting the balconies and stone incomplete mausoleum of Ali Adil – trellis work in Hindu style. The Shah II. gateway leads to a mosque and a Jod gumbaz- Located in the garden. southwest part of the city are twin Upli buruj- A 24m high, 16th century tombs with their bulbous domes. watchtower built on high ground The gardens around them are a with its long cannons formed of popular picnic spot. the military defence of Bijapur. Kumtagi- Here the remains of a From the top of the tower, one can water pavilion built during the a bird’s eye view of the city and reign of Adil Shahi can be seen. plains. There are two main buildings Taj bawdi- This is a water tank surrounded by a moat . There are that commemorates Taj Sultana several faded paintings on the Ibrahim Adil Shah it’s wife. Its front pavilion walls and domed ceilings. is made up of a majestic arch Sahasraphani parshwanatha basadi flanked by two octagonal towers. This jain Temple, situated on the Toravi- It is famous for its outskirts of Bijapur. has a Narashima Temple and am beautifully sculpted idol of underground shrine. the kannada Parshwanatha in black stone that is version of the Ramayana was about 1500 years old and has a written by Kumara Vlmiki in this halo of 1008 snake hoods, each of temple and is hence called toravi which are interconnected. When the Ramayana. Ibrahim Adhil Shah II ritual anointing with milk is done , built his new palace here and called it travels through a maza of the area Navarasur. Located here tubes, before it anoints the head are the remains of the Sangeet and shoulders of the idol This Mahal , a palace where the king is special ritual is done at 10 am an believed to have attended dance and every new moon day (Amavasya) and www.ijar.org.in 56

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] at 9 am on every full moon day 19. Setting up user friendly inland (Poornima). Hidden in an ash- filled transport facility pit. probably , to escape religious 20. Strengthening internet persecution. the idol was discovered connectivity & Wi-fi net work in the 20th century by a devotee. in tourist destinations The temple where it is housed has now become an important Jain pilgrimage centre.

Basavana bagewadi- the birthplace of Basaveshvara the great social and religious reformer. This town has also been home to many scholars and poets who have often Conclusion: Thus Bijapura has referred to it in their literary evolved as a historical city through works . the popular Basaveshwara the ages. The Islamic impact on Temple – built in Chalukyan style building construction is evident. But has the statue of the presiding Bijapura is a land of assimilation of deity. Sangamanatha, a marble Jainism, Islam, &Shaivism .Local statue of Basaveshwara , a statue of tourists visit Bijapura whole year but Nilambikae and Nandi. the foreign visitors are comparatively less. The scorching heat deters the Strategies to improve tourist arrivals tourists from visiting the place. But with the promotion of Tourism 11. Application of tourism through Karnataka tourism destinations portals department, Bijapura will stand tall 12. Setting up 24x7 police among the tourist destinations of the protection services Karnataka. 13. Setting up 24x7 tourist operator services References : 14. Setting up inland tourist car service with guide support India tourism at a glance 2014 15. Setting up online booking government of India publication New counters across India Delhi 2014 16. Setting up security counters at all strategic points India tourism at a glance 2014 17. Setting up shops of local government of India publication New importance Delhi 2015 18. Setting up travel marketing information counters

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India tourism at a glance 2014 Karnataka government and politics. government of India publication New Concept Publishing Company. 2007 Delhi 2013 A concise history of modern architecture in India. Orient Black A concise history of modern swan. 2002. architecture in India. Orient Black swan. 2002. http://www.statista.com/topics/2076/t Karnataka government and politics. ravel-and-tourism-industry-in-india/ Concept Publishing Company. 2007.

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

Hampi - World’s largest open air museum – impact on tourism

Abstract: Hampi called as a living heritage & world’s largest open air museum , Hampi houses innumerable monuments The UNESCO heritage site , Hampi is visited b foreign tourists on larger note , But Hampi has been earning wrong name for the wrong deeds . Hampi has been a center for drug addicts , late night parties , illegal activities , hippies & sexualities . The city once had opulent palaces , marvelous temples, massive fortifications, baths, markets, aqueducts, pavilions, stables for royal elephants a and elegantly carved pillars. This was a city whose merchants offered diamonds, pearls, fine silks, brocades, horses, A visit to Hampi is a sojourn into the past . Most of the important structures and ruins are located in two areas , which are generally referred to as the Royal Centre and the Sacred Centre. Even though Hampi is a great tourist attraction , the environs are misused by tourist. This paper encloses the important sites of Hampi & explores the mechanisms for preserving antiquity in Hampi.

Key words: Hampi, heritage center, prevention of mechanisms for improving tourism in Hampi,

Introduction- Set amidst an The city once had opulent palaces awesome boulder –strewn landscape , marvelous temples, massive along the banks of the fortifications, baths, markets, Tungabhadra river 12km from the aqueducts, pavilions, stables for sleepy town of Hospete in Bellary royal elephants a and elegantly district, 14th century Hampi was the carved pillars. This was a city magnificent capital of the whose merchants offered diamonds, Vijayanagar kingdom. “ The city is perls, fine silks, brocades, horses-and such that the pupil of the eye has according to one Portuguese visitor, never seen a place like it, and the “every sort of thing on earth”. ear of intelligence has never been informed that existed anything to A visit to Hampi is a sojourn into equal it in the world”, marveled a the past. Most of the important 15th century Persian ambassador. structures and ruins are located in Today, the historical monuments two areas , which are generally at this world Heritage site , which referred to as the Royal Centre has stood the ravages of man and and the Sacred Centre. The Royal time , still evoke memories of the Centre in the south west part of the grandeur of a bygone era. contains structures that seem to have been palaces , royal baths , www.ijar.org.in 59

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] pavilions, stables and temples for architecture, the Mahal derives its ceremonial use. The Sacred Centre name from its beautiful , is situated on the northern edge of geometrically arranged cusped the city along the banks of the arches that resemble the petals of holy Tungabhadra River. a flower opening to the sun

King’s Palace: This is the largest Elephant Stables enclosure and indludes two major platform structures, an An imposing edifice with arched underground chamber- which must entrances and many domes that have served as a treasury or private once housed the magnificent state audience hall, double fortification elephants. walls and several other interesting Pushkarni architectural elements. The stepped water tank , excavated Mahanavami Dibba: Equally in the mid-1980s. was originally a impressive is the massive part of the palace complex, Almost Mahanaami lyrical in its beauty, the tank is a Dibba, Where the kings once sat tiered structure crafted from on gem- studded golden thrones and rectangular pieces of granite. watched processions pass by . the Hazara Rama Temple platform sports densely carved bands of horses , soldiers and This was a royal temple reserved depictions of the various aspects of for ceremonial use the entire country life. temples is embellished with brass reliefs depicting scenes from the Queen’s Bath: This structure has a epic Ramayana . The walls of the very plain exterior but the interior enclosure are richly carved with is stunningly ornate , with graceful friezes depicting processions of arched corridors , projecting horses, elephants, dancing girls and balconies and Lotus-shaped soldiers attired in splendid fountains that used to spout weaponry. inside , four exquisitely perfumed water for the ladies of sculpted grantie pillars add to the the court. beauty of the Ardha Mantapa. Lotus Mahal: This visually Vithala Temple appealing structure has two levels, with open pavilions at the bottom The Vithala Temple is Hampi’s and balconies above .an elegant crowing glory, with a magnificent example of the fusion of the stone chariot standing in the Hindu and Muslim styles of www.ijar.org.in 60

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected] temple courtyard. Equally with unusually all pillars, while impressive is the large Ranga the other is in an open hall. Mantapa with 56 musical pillars that resound with musical chimes Anegindi when struck. Just across the Tungabhadra river Virupaksha Temple is the fortress town of Anegundi, which pre-dates the vijayanagar Dedicated to Lord Shiva and his Empire.Anegundi lies in the consort Pampadevi, this is the only mythical kingdom of Kishkinda, temple that is still used for worship. ruled by the monkey king sugriva parts of the temple predate the of Ramayana fame. Anjandri Hill, Vijayanagar Empire The temple, near anegundi, is believed to be the with its nine-storied gopuram , birthplace of the monkey-god towers above the other structures Hanuman .Anegundi and its at Hampi. The ceiling of the Ranga tranquil environs are dotted with Mantapa is beautifully painted forgotten temples and fortifications. with scenes from the Hindu epics the dilapidated Huchappayana and puranas. Matha Temple, near the river , is worth a peek for its black stone Lakshminarasimha lathe-turned pillars and fine panels of dancer. The other places of This awesome 6.7m high monolith interest here are the sacred pampa depicting the man- lion from of sarovara. Aramane (a palace) and Lord Vishnu is seated on a seven the Ranganatha temple. hooded serpent. Considerations Badavilinga 1. There is a need to consider Located next to the tightening security lakshminarasimha statue , it is 3m 2. providing 24x7 security along high and stands permanently in the heritage center water that flows through an 3. providing in house security ancient channel. chain link Ganesh Image 4. monitoring drug trafficking 5. alarming nearby police Two Ganesha images (sasuvekalu stations spot by police portals. and Kadalekalu) can be seen on the 6. strengthening vigil system slopes of the Hemakuta Hill . One 7. maintaining a register of of them is enclosed in a temple tourists , their duration of stay

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International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-7(3), July, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.656; Email: [email protected]

8. Registering each activity of 5. S.Srinivasachar, T.S.Satyan, the foreign tourists 'Hampi : The fabled capital of the 9. check in and checkout Vijayanagara Empire, (Directorate of vigilance Archaeology and Museums), Govt. of 10. optimum provision for hotel Karnataka, 1995 bookings & cyber houses 6. A.N. Longhurst, Hampi Ruins Described and Illustrated, (Laurier Conclusion : The city once had Books Ltd., 1998) opulent palaces , marvelous temples, 7. .M. Fritz et al., New Light on massive fortifications, baths, Hampi: Recent Research at markets, aqueducts, pavilions, Vijayanagara, (Performing Arts stables for royal elephants a and Mumbai, 2001) elegantly carved pillars. This was a 8. The Ruins of Hampi:Travel city whose merchants offered Guide diamonds, perls, fine silks, brocades, 9. Karnataka State Gazetteer horses etc. A visit to Hampi is a 1983. sojourn into the past. Most of the important structures and ruins are 10. The report of the World located in two areas , which are Economic Forum generally referred to as the Royal 11. The report of the Country Centre and the Sacred Centre. Brand Index (CBI) survey conducted by Future Brand References 12. www.ibef.org/industry/tourism hospitality.aspx 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H 13. www.ibef.org/industry/tourism ampi hospitality.aspx 2. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2 14. The report of the tourism 41 sector 2014 3. http://wikitravel.org/en/Hampi 4. http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs _hampi.asp

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Economics, Rural Development, Entrepreneurship, International Finance & Business, Commerce, Management: Marketing, Finance, HR Retailing, Advertising, Production/Operations Management, Science & Technology, Engineering, Computer Science, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Technology & Innovation, Library and Information Science, Philosophy, psychology-Meteorology, Marine, Education, Organizational Development, Financial Institutions & Markets Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure, Corporate Finance, Transportation, Geography, Public Administration Political Science, Anthropology, Mathematics, Physical Education, Journalism & Mass Communication, Social Work, Languages- Literature, (Any other discipline)

Dr.T.V.Ramana, Andhra University Campus, Kakinada, 533005, Andhra Pradesh, India, 46-8-10/4 Opp. Aditya School, Jagannaikpur, Kakinada-2, AP, India 1. Manuscript must be on a standard A4 size paper setting and less than 12 pages prepared on 1.5 spaces and typed in 12 point Times New Roman Font. 2. Author Name(S) & Affiliations: The author (s) full name, designation, affiliation (s), address, mobile/landline numbers, and email/ address should be underneath the title. 3. Abstract: Abstract should be in fully italicized text, not exceeding 300 words. The abstract must be informative and present overall idea (explain background, aims, methods, results and conclusion) of the paper. 4. Keywords: Abstract must be followed by list of keywords, subject to the maximum of five. These should be arranged in alphabetic order 5. Introduction : A short introduction of the research problem followed by a brief review of literature and objectives of the research 6. Objectives and Methodology: Describe the materials used in the experiments and methods used for data collection, statistical tools used in data collection 7. Results/findings and discussion: This segment should focus on the fulfillment of stated objectives as given in the introduction. It should be contain the findings presented in the form of tables, figures and photographs. 8. Conclusion: Analysis conclude with suitable and effective suggestions (if any)

9. Style of Referencing: The list of all references should be alphabetically arranged. It must be at the end of the manuscript. The author (s) should mention only the actually utilized references in the preparation of manuscript and they are supposed to follow Harvard Style of Referencing. The author (s) is supposed to follow the references as per following: Books: Sundara Rao M., (1996), "Tribal Development." Tata McGraw, Hill, New Delhi, page. 250 Contributions to books: Ramana T.V (2008) ,” Education- A multi-Dimensional weapon for all-round Development: Edited by D.Pulla Rao, Development of Education-Emerging Dimensions in 21st Century, Chapter 13, pp.190-202. Journal and other articles: Schemenner, R.W., Huber, J.C. and Cook, R.L. (1987), "Geographic Differences and the Location of New Manufacturing Facilities," Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 83- 104. Conference papers: Chandel K.S. (2009): "Ethics in Commerce Education." Paper presented at the Annual International Conference for the All India Management Association, New Delhi, India, 19–22 June. Unpublished dissertations and theses: Kumar S. (2006): "Customer Value: A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Customers," Thesis, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. Online sources: Always indicate the date that the source was accessed, as online resources are frequently updated or removed. Website: Kelkar V. (2009): Towards a New Natural Gas Policy, Economic and Political Weekly,refered on February 17, 2011 http://epw.in/epw/user/viewabstract.jsp

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