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Update Water update Water JULY 2011 SEWER MINING AS AN OPTION TO Uses of recycled wastewater DIVERSIFY OUR WATER SOURCES Recycled wastewater may be used to augment Introduction potable and non-potable water sources in Victoria. Potable water sources are those which Between 1997 and 2009, inflows into supply our drinking water. Potable water is of Melbourne’s major water storages were 39% a relatively high quality and is fit for human lower than the annual long term average from consumption. Non-potable water sources are 1913 to 19961 due to decreases in rainfall those which cannot be consumed by humans and runoff associated with Melbourne’s worst but can be used for purposes with minimal drought on record. human exposure. Melbourne’s water supplies will be further Potable uses of recycled wastewater strained as a result of: Although theoretically and legally possible, there – Likely increases in demand stemming from are no documented cases of direct recycled population growth; and wastewater systems producing potable water – Likely decreases in supply resulting from in Australia. There are, however, examples of the impacts of climate change on water what is known as indirect potable re-use. This resources. is where treated wastewater is introduced into an existing potable water source, such as a Diversification of water supply options is reservoir, river, or groundwater aquifer, where it imperative in order to provide water security mixes with the water source before later being in this challenging environment. In this article, drawn upon and further treated as purified we will briefly outline some diversification drinking water. The reservoir or aquifer acts as alternatives and focus on an emerging water an environmental buffer during the time water is supply option – namely, sewer mining. stored, allowing mixing and treatment processes Options for water sources to continue. Our water sources fall within two broad In Australia, the following potable water supplies categories - traditional and alternative. The include elements of in-direct potable reuse: defining feature of traditional water sources is – Lake Burragorang (Warragamba Dam) which that they rely on rainfall as their primary supply. services Sydney and receives upstream Reservoirs, dams and groundwater fall within effluents from Goulburn and Lithgow; 2 this category . Melbourne relies heavily on – Sugarloaf Reservoir which services Melbourne traditional sources, receiving most of its drinking and receives effluent from Olinda Creek water supply from reservoirs. Sewage Treatment Plant; Alternative water sources are not directly – The Mount Crosby Weir system which dependent on rainfall and stream inflows. These services Brisbane and receives effluent from water sources include seawater, stormwater and Fernvale, Esk, Lowood, Toogoolawah, Gatton wastewater. and Laidley; and In this article we will focus on wastewater. As – The City of Adelaide draws part of its supplies a water source, wastewater has a number of from the Murray River, to which is discharged benefits. First, it is available in relatively large treated effluents from towns along the volumes. Secondly, there is (and will continue Murray and Darling River systems. to be) a constant supply. Finally, to a large Non-potable reuse of recycled wastewater extent, the infrastructure already exists to facilitate access. On the other hand, however, In Victoria, recycled wastewater can be used for wastewater must be treated before it can be many non-potable uses. These include: used. Once wastewater is recycled, it can be put to a number of uses. – Urban – irrigating sports ovals, toilet flushing; 1. Melbourne Water Website: www.melbournewater.com.au/contents/sustainability/climate_change/adapting_ to_climate_change/water_supply.asp. 2. Groundwater is more complex and is affected by, amongst other things, riverflows which, in turn are affected by rainfall. 0 Maddocks Water Update update Water JULY 2011 – Agricultural – irrigation of crops and pastures; The defining features of large scale facilities Examples of large scale facilities and are: Eastern Irrigation Scheme – Industrial – use in industrial processes. – The source of wastewater to be recycled is This facility is a joint venture between Melbourne The particular use to which recycled water is put treated wastewater from a water treatment plant. Water and the Water Infrastructure Group is referred to as a ‘beneficial use’. Depending (WIG). It is located proximate to the Eastern on the beneficial use, the recycled water must – The sewer mining proponent extracts the Treatment Plant. Melbourne Water supplies be treated to a particular standard. In Victoria, treated wastewater from the water treatment treated wastewater from the Eastern Treatment the regulation of these standards is carried plant and transports it to a purpose-built Plant to the WIG’s wastewater treatment plant. out principally by the Environment Protection wastewater recycling plant for further The WIG treats the water at its own recycling Authority (EPA) and, to some extent, by the treatment. plant to Class A standard. The WIG transports Victorian Department of Health. – The recycled wastewater is transported to the recycled water to around 80 customers The EPA’s Guidelines for Environmental multiple customers for use. for horticultural, recreational, industrial and residential use, including primary producers to Management: Use of Reclaimed Water (the The benefits of a large scale facility are: Reclaimed Water Guidelines) provide a irrigate crops and South East Water for dual pipe framework for best practice management of – The proponent has access to a relatively large use in residential developments as a substitute reclaimed water use. Importantly, the Reclaimed volume of treated wastewater. for potable water for toilet flushing and garden Water Guidelines only apply to ‘reclaimed water’, – The treated wastewater is of a relatively watering. which is defined as “water that has been derived higher quality than raw sewage and, therefore, City West Water’s Altona Recycled Water from sewerage systems or industry processes requires less treatment in the wastewater Treatment Plant and treated to a standard that is appropriate for recycling plant. City West Water’s Altona Treatment Plant, its intended use.” This narrow definition means – Treated wastewater which would otherwise which opened in April 2011, captures treated that the Reclaimed Water Guidelines do not have been discharged into a natural water apply to recycled stormwater or seawater. effluent from the existing Altona Treatment source is reused for the benefit of end- Plan and further treats the effluent to Class A The Reclaimed Water Guidelines classify users. standard. It produces 9ML of Class A water recycled water according to Classes A, B, C and At the other end of the spectrum are small daily and, through a series of pipes, transports D (with Class A corresponding to the highest scale facilities. The defining features of these the water to: quality). These guidelines set out the water facilities are: quality parameters and permissible beneficial – plastics manufacturer Qenos for use in its uses for each class of recycled water. For – The source of wastewater to be recycled is boilers and cooling towers; example, if recycled water is sought to be used raw sewage extracted from sewers beneath – Sanctuary Lakes Golf Club to irrigate its for irrigation of crops for human consumption, (or proximate to) the land on which it is to be golf course; the recycled water must be treated to Class A. treated and then used. – Kooringal Golf Club to irrigate its golf course; What is sewer mining? – The proponent treats the raw sewage in a and purpose-built wastewater recycling plant. – Sewer mining is the process of accessing a Hobsons Bay City Council to irrigate Altona – The recycled wastewater is used on, or Green Park HD Graham Reserve. sewer prior to or after it reaches a sewage proximate to, the same land where the raw treatment plant and extracting the sewage sewage was extracted. Water will also be used for urban streetscape for the purposes of treating it in a separate watering and dust suppression. treatment facility. The treated sewage is then Compared with a large scale facility, the main put to another use as recycled wastewater. benefit of a small scale facility is that extracting wastewater in this way reduces the burden on Sewer mining projects may be divided into wastewater infrastructure. two main categories - large and small scale facilities. 0 Maddocks Water Update update Water JULY 2011 Examples of small scale facilities Legal right of access to sewage In contrast, New South Wales has implemented a state-based third party access regime for water Sunshine Golf Course It is essential that a proponent of either a large infrastructure pursuant to the Water Industry or small scale sewer mining facility clearly This facility is one of the first sewer mining Competition Act 2006 (WICA). The aim of establishes a legal right of access to either raw WICA is to facilitate third parties gaining access projects in Melbourne. Raw sewage is extracted sewage (in the case of small scale facilities) or from a sewer running beneath the Sunshine to an existing water company’s ‘infrastructure treated wastewater (in relation to large scale service’. The regime enables third parties to Golf Course. The sewage is treated in an onsite facilities). treatment plant, producing recycled water which compete with existing water companies without is used for irrigation
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