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The Effects of Forest Destruction on the Abundance, Species Richness and Diversity of Butterflies in the Bosomkese Forest Reserve, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana

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The Effects of Forest Destruction on the Abundance, Species Richness and Diversity of Butterflies in the Bosomkese Forest Reserve, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana Journal of Applied Biosciences 64 : 47 63 – 47 72 ISSN 1997–5902 The effects of forest destruction on the abundance, species richness and diversity of butterflies in the Bosomkese Forest Reserve, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana. Addai, G. and Baidoo P. K*. Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. *Corresponding author’s email address: [email protected] Original submitted in on 15 th January 2013. Published online at www.m.elewa.org on 25 th April 2013. ABSTRACT Objectives : Despite the substantial loss of natural forest in Bosomkese Forest Reserve, little is known on the effects of the massive habitat loss and degradation on forest biota. The study therefore assessed the effects of anthropogenic activities on butterfly species composition and abundance in the Bosomkese Forest reserve in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana. Methodology and Results : The effects of anthropogenic activities on butterflies were studied in three forest types identified in the forest reserve namely, disturbed canopy (DC) slightly disturbed canopy (SDC) and undisturbed canopy (UC), which was the control. The data on the butterflies were collected using fruit – baiting traps on a 1 kilometer line transect selected in each of the study areas. Species richness and diversity were analyzed using Simpson’s Diversity Index. Five butterfly families were identified during the study. These were: Numphalidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Papilionidae. Nymphalidae recorded the largest number of species whilst Papilionidae was the least abundant. The undisturbed canopy recorded the largest number of butterflies whilst the disturbed canopy recorded the least number of butterflies. In terms of diversity, the undisturbed canopy showed the greatest diversity whilst the disturbed canopy showed the least diversity. Conclusion and application of findings : Strict enforcement of forest laws by the law enforcement agencies and creating alternative source of livelihood for the people living in and around the forest reserve will help reduce the dependence on the forest as a source of livelihood . INTRODUCTION The exploitation of the natural forest by man for his According to Swanes et al . (1997), close to 40% of survival has left in its wake massive degradation pharmaceutical products used in the USA are and destruction. Forests provide many social, either based on or synthesized from material economic, and environmental benefits to the compounds found in plants, animals, or survival of man. It is a source of timber and paper microorganisms. Other uses of the forest include products, habitat for wildlife, recreational facilities the promotion of eco-tourism, with financial as well as a sink for carbon dioxide thereby benefits to the local citizens (The International reducing global warming (Myers, et al ., 2000). Eco-Tourism Society, 1992), aesthetic and cultural 4763 Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana benefits (Gormey, 1997), and scientific research. best-known insects that are involved in pollinating Forests have therefore contributed and continue to flowers. Butterflies are also good indicators of contribute to the survival of man. habitat quality as they respond rapidly to In spite of the enormous benefits obtained from modification of vegetation (Robbins and Opler, forests, large areas of the richest forests in the 1996). They are extremely susceptible to unusual world have been cleared for fuel wood, timber climatic conditions and certain species can be products, and agriculture (Alonso et al ., 2001). used to indicate certain environmental conditions. Based on a five- year study, FAO (2005) found that Butterflies are widely recognized as potentially forest areas throughout the world were declining at valuable ecological indicator. Their presence can a rate of about 7.3 million hectares per year, an prove that habitats are suitable and indicate that area equivalent to Panama and Sierra Leone. The certain conditions have been met. Butterflies are Upper Guinean forests of Ghana are among the often colourful and sensitive to habitat and most biologically unique in the world because they environmental changes. Therefore, any change in harbour a wide diversity of plant and animal the forest can lead to changes in butterfly species, many of which are found nowhere else, communities (Daily and Ehrlich 1995). but these are also among the most critically Certain butterfly species can be used to define threatened forests in the world (Larson et al ., environmental health simply by the presence of 2007)Only about 10-15% of original forest cover particular species. In contrasts, their absence may has not been destroyed and what remains is highly reflect declining health (Larson and Collins, 1998). fragmented and degraded With the exception of The influence of landscape patterns on butterfly sacred forest groves, virtually no forest cover communities have been documented by different remains outside the boundaries of designated authors (Schneider et al ., 2003., Natuhara et al ., reserves (Allotey, 2007). 1999). Sparks and Carey (1995) observed an A wide range of human activities such as farming influence of the floral composition on butterfly and logging result in degradation of biotypes and diversity. Similarly, Schoonhoven et al . (1998) loss of habitats. Loss of habitats such as reported that tree species diversity and cover had unimproved grasslands and wetlands has been a positive effect on butterfly, but high proportion of particularly dramatic and has led to reduction in large trees had a negative effect on butterflies. Lepidoptera population in many European Butterflies are day flying insects and relatively countries (Kudrna, 1986, Van Swaay and Warren, abundant in areas of luxuriant vegetation. They are 1999., Balber and Erhardt, 2000., Ricketts et al ., sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity, and 2001). Population increase, coupled with light levels that are caused by habitat changes. urbanization and industrialization over the years Changes in butterfly composition and abundance have led to over-exploitation of forest resources can point to suitable changes in forest habitat resulting in high deforestation and disappearance because the larvae have specialized host-plant of some plant and animal species (Fermon, 2002). requirements and adults are important for studies Insects are important in environmental quality that can reveal the stabilization or decline of assessment because of their dominance in butterflies’ species population due to habitat terrestrial ecosystem. Their short life cycles can destruction or loss of forest ecosystem. The study result in rapid population responses to therefore assessed the effects of anthropogenic disturbances and their wide range of life style activities on butterfly species composition and makes them sensitive to changes in biotic and abundance in the Bosomkese Forest Reserve in abiotic environment. Butterflies are among the the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. 4764 Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area: The study was undertaken in the butterflies once they enter the trap as recommended by Bosomkese Forest Reserve, which is located about (Barlow et al ., 2007). Four different traps were set in 28km East of Sunyani, Ghana and covers a total area each of the transect lines in all the blocks by hanging of 138km 2. The Forest Reserve lies approximately the trap nets on supports or shrubs and within 0.1m between latitude 00N, 7˚15N, longitude 2˚05W, and and 1m from the ground level (Bossat et al ., 2006). 2˚30W. It is located within the semi-deciduous South Traps were baited with different attractants such as East forest zone (Swanes, 1996) and has a mean pulverised, fermenting banana, flowers, and fermented annual precipitation of between 900 mm to 1500mm. fruit, covered in a rubber bucket two days prior to each There are two well-defined seasons, a rainy season collection. The prepared bait was mixed with fresh palm from April to October and dry season from November to wine for maximum attraction of the butterflies and to March. There are two rainfall peaks-May/June and speed up the fermentation process. The traps were September/October. However, long periods of drought hanged from ropes attached to branches of trees and are normal in December and January. The Forest or shrubs. Whenever a butterfly was captured, the bait Reserve is divided into 84 compartments with three was replaced with fresh one. The trap stations were designations based on the nature of their canopies. labelled as treatment, T 1, T2, T 3, and T 4. Baits were then These include open canopy, where only selective put in plastic plates and placed in the trap to complete logging is allowed under the strict forest laws and the procedure. Each trap was replicated four times. In regulations, closed canopy where little or no human addition to this, walk- and- catch -method using activities is allowed to take place, and disturbed canopy butterfly nets was employed within one kilometre line where the forest has been destroyed or near transect in each of the study area. With this, any destruction due to the activities of the inhabitants of the butterfly observed
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