Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on in Bosomkese forest reserve,

Journal of Applied Biosciences 64 : 47 63 – 47 72

ISSN 1997–5902 The effects of forest destruction on the abundance, species richness and diversity of butterflies in the Bosomkese Forest Reserve, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana. Addai, G. and Baidoo P. K*. Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. *Corresponding author’s email address: [email protected] Original submitted in on 15 th January 2013. Published online at www.m.elewa.org on 25 th April 2013.

ABSTRACT Objectives : Despite the substantial loss of natural forest in Bosomkese Forest Reserve, little is known on the effects of the massive habitat loss and degradation on forest biota. The study therefore assessed the effects of anthropogenic activities on species composition and abundance in the Bosomkese Forest reserve in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana. Methodology and Results : The effects of anthropogenic activities on butterflies were studied in three forest types identified in the forest reserve namely, disturbed canopy (DC) slightly disturbed canopy (SDC) and undisturbed canopy (UC), which was the control. The data on the butterflies were collected using fruit – baiting traps on a 1 kilometer line transect selected in each of the study areas. Species richness and diversity were analyzed using Simpson’s Diversity Index. Five butterfly families were identified during the study. These were: Numphalidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Papilionidae. recorded the largest number of species whilst Papilionidae was the least abundant. The undisturbed canopy recorded the largest number of butterflies whilst the disturbed canopy recorded the least number of butterflies. In terms of diversity, the undisturbed canopy showed the greatest diversity whilst the disturbed canopy showed the least diversity. Conclusion and application of findings : Strict enforcement of forest laws by the law enforcement agencies and creating alternative source of livelihood for the people living in and around the forest reserve will help reduce the dependence on the forest as a source of livelihood .

INTRODUCTION The exploitation of the natural forest by man for his According to Swanes et al . (1997), close to 40% of survival has left in its wake massive degradation pharmaceutical products used in the USA are and destruction. Forests provide many social, either based on or synthesized from material economic, and environmental benefits to the compounds found in plants, , or survival of man. It is a source of timber and paper microorganisms. Other uses of the forest include products, habitat for wildlife, recreational facilities the promotion of eco-tourism, with financial as well as a sink for carbon dioxide thereby benefits to the local citizens (The International reducing global warming (Myers, et al ., 2000). Eco-Tourism Society, 1992), aesthetic and cultural

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Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana benefits (Gormey, 1997), and scientific research. best-known that are involved in pollinating Forests have therefore contributed and continue to flowers. Butterflies are also good indicators of contribute to the survival of man. habitat quality as they respond rapidly to In spite of the enormous benefits obtained from modification of vegetation (Robbins and Opler, forests, large areas of the richest forests in the 1996). They are extremely susceptible to unusual world have been cleared for fuel wood, timber climatic conditions and certain species can be products, and agriculture (Alonso et al ., 2001). used to indicate certain environmental conditions. Based on a five- year study, FAO (2005) found that Butterflies are widely recognized as potentially forest areas throughout the world were declining at valuable ecological indicator. Their presence can a rate of about 7.3 million hectares per year, an prove that habitats are suitable and indicate that area equivalent to Panama and . The certain conditions have been met. Butterflies are Upper Guinean forests of Ghana are among the often colourful and sensitive to habitat and most biologically unique in the world because they environmental changes. Therefore, any change in harbour a wide diversity of plant and the forest can lead to changes in butterfly species, many of which are found nowhere else, communities (Daily and Ehrlich 1995). but these are also among the most critically Certain butterfly species can be used to define threatened forests in the world (Larson et al ., environmental health simply by the presence of 2007)Only about 10-15% of original forest cover particular species. In contrasts, their absence may has not been destroyed and what remains is highly reflect declining health (Larson and Collins, 1998). fragmented and degraded With the exception of The influence of landscape patterns on butterfly sacred forest groves, virtually no forest cover communities have been documented by different remains outside the boundaries of designated authors (Schneider et al ., 2003., Natuhara et al ., reserves (Allotey, 2007). 1999). Sparks and Carey (1995) observed an A wide range of human activities such as farming influence of the floral composition on butterfly and logging result in degradation of biotypes and diversity. Similarly, Schoonhoven et al . (1998) loss of habitats. Loss of habitats such as reported that tree species diversity and cover had unimproved grasslands and wetlands has been a positive effect on butterfly, but high proportion of particularly dramatic and has led to reduction in large trees had a negative effect on butterflies. population in many European Butterflies are day flying insects and relatively countries (Kudrna, 1986, Van Swaay and Warren, abundant in areas of luxuriant vegetation. They are 1999., Balber and Erhardt, 2000., Ricketts et al ., sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity, and 2001). Population increase, coupled with light levels that are caused by habitat changes. urbanization and industrialization over the years Changes in butterfly composition and abundance have led to over-exploitation of forest resources can point to suitable changes in forest habitat resulting in high deforestation and disappearance because the larvae have specialized host-plant of some plant and animal species (Fermon, 2002). requirements and adults are important for studies Insects are important in environmental quality that can reveal the stabilization or decline of assessment because of their dominance in butterflies’ species population due to habitat terrestrial ecosystem. Their short life cycles can destruction or loss of forest ecosystem. The study result in rapid population responses to therefore assessed the effects of anthropogenic disturbances and their wide range of life style activities on butterfly species composition and makes them sensitive to changes in biotic and abundance in the Bosomkese Forest Reserve in abiotic environment. Butterflies are among the the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana.

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Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area: The study was undertaken in the butterflies once they enter the trap as recommended by Bosomkese Forest Reserve, which is located about (Barlow et al ., 2007). Four different traps were set in 28km East of Sunyani, Ghana and covers a total area each of the transect lines in all the blocks by hanging of 138km 2. The Forest Reserve lies approximately the trap nets on supports or shrubs and within 0.1m between latitude 00N, 7˚15N, longitude 2˚05W, and and 1m from the ground level (Bossat et al ., 2006). 2˚30W. It is located within the semi-deciduous South Traps were baited with different attractants such as East forest zone (Swanes, 1996) and has a mean pulverised, fermenting banana, flowers, and fermented annual precipitation of between 900 mm to 1500mm. fruit, covered in a rubber bucket two days prior to each There are two well-defined seasons, a rainy season collection. The prepared bait was mixed with fresh palm from April to October and dry season from November to wine for maximum attraction of the butterflies and to March. There are two rainfall peaks-May/June and speed up the fermentation process. The traps were September/October. However, long periods of drought hanged from ropes attached to branches of trees and are normal in December and January. The Forest or shrubs. Whenever a butterfly was captured, the bait Reserve is divided into 84 compartments with three was replaced with fresh one. The trap stations were designations based on the nature of their canopies. labelled as treatment, T 1, T2, T 3, and T 4. Baits were then These include open canopy, where only selective put in plastic plates and placed in the trap to complete logging is allowed under the strict forest laws and the procedure. Each trap was replicated four times. In regulations, closed canopy where little or no human addition to this, walk- and- catch -method using activities is allowed to take place, and disturbed canopy butterfly nets was employed within one kilometre line where the forest has been destroyed or near transect in each of the study area. With this, any destruction due to the activities of the inhabitants of the butterfly observed and caught within the catchments area. area was counted. Data were collected monthly for six Data collection on the butterflies months (October 2010- March 2011) and for each Site selection: A one (1) kilometre long transect was month, sampling was replicated two times. Butterflies of selected from each of the three blocks. This selection West (Larson, 2005) was the identification guide was guided by the effort from the forest guards. used for identifying the families and species. Data were Sampling of the butterflies for the study was carried out collected on numbers of butterflies, relative abundance along the transects at 25 metres interval in each block of butterflies with respect to habitat preference and which was randomly selected with the point of entry dominance, species richness and diversity. Relative and accessibility in the area taken into consideration. abundance and dominance of the butterflies with Butterfly sampling: A cylindrical trap of at least 90cm respect to habitat preference and dominance were in height was used to capture the butterflies. This calculated from the following formulae: height was used to minimize the escape of the

Number of individual butterflie s • Relative abundance = ×100 % Total number of butterflie s captured

Number of individual butterflie s • Relative dominance = ×100 % Total number of butterflie s sampled in all the areas

• Species diversity of the butterflies was calculated using Simpson’s Diversity Index. Simpson's Index (D) measures the probability that the individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to the same species (or some category other than species).

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Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana n n − D = ∑ ( )1 N(N − )1 n = the total number of organisms of a particular species N = the total number of organisms of all species (Goetz, 2007). The value of D ranges between 0 and 1. With this index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1, no diversity. That is, the larger the value of D, the lower the diversity.

Data analysis: Data collected were analysed using the Data on butterflies were quantified in terms of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and the abundance and species richness. Species diversity was results were presented in means and percentages. calculated using Simpson’s Diversity Index.

RESULTS The number of butterfly counts in the forest types Papilionidae, Hesperidae, Pieridae and Lycaenidae. in Bosomkese Forest Reserve: A total of 119 None of the forest types recorded all the five butterfly individual butterflies belonging to 5 families were families Nymphalidae was the most dominant family in collected from October 2010 to March 2011. Thirty-one all the three forest types (Fig. 1). Apart from being (31) were captured in the undisturbed forest canopy present in all the canopy types, it also recorded the representing 26.05% of the total, 37 individuals in the largest number of butterflies compared with the other slightly disturbed area (31.10%) were collected whilst, families (Fig. 1). Hesperidae was the least abundant the disturbed canopy recorded 51 individual butterflies among the families identified and was absent from the accounting for 42.85% of the total number captured disturbed canopy. Similarly, Papilionidae and Pieridae over the study period. were totally absent from the slightly disturbed and Numbers of Butterfly Families and Species: The undisturbed canopy respectively. Butterfly families identified were: Nymphalidae,

Fig. 1: Distribution and abundance of butterflies in the three forest types

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Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana

In all a total of 19 butterfly species belonging to 5 Amaurina hecate (L.), Euphaedra zempa (L.) Charaxes families were identified. The Nymphalidae recorded the cynthia (L.) and Neptis nysiades (L.) occurred in all largest number of species (9), whilst Papilionadae, three canopy types. Similarly, within the Pieridae, which was recorded only in the disturbed canopy, Catopsilia florella was identified in all three canopy recorded only 1 species. Within the Nymphalidae, types (Table 1).

Table 1: Distribution and relative abundance of butterflies in the three forest types Families and individual species of Relative abundance (%) Butterflies UC SDC DC Nympha lidae Amaurina hecate hecate (L.) 3.2(0.84) 2.7(0.84) 1.9 (0.84) italus (L.) 6.5(1.70) 0. 0 0. 0 Bicyclus dorothea (L.) 12.9(3.40) 0. 0 0. 0 Euryphura chalcis (L.) 0.0 21.6(6.72) 0.0

Euphaedra zempa (L.) 3.2(0.80) 2.7(0.84) 9.8(4.20) Charaxes cynthia, cynthia (L.) 3.3(0.84) 10.8(3.40) 11.7 (5.04) Neptis nysiades (L.) 22.5(5.88) 18.9(5.88) 7.8(3.40) Psuedacraea eurytus (L.) 3.2(0.84) 5.4(1.88) 0.0 Pentila hewitsonii (L.) 6.5(1.70) 0.0 0.0

Hesperiidae Abantis tanobea (L.) 3.2(0.84) 0.0 0.0 Melphina malthina (L.) 3.2(0.84) 0.0 0.0 Eagaris decastigma (L.) 3.2(0.84) 5.4(1.70) 0.0

Pieridae Paseudopontia paradoxa (L.) 6.5(1.70) 0.0 0.0 Catopsilia florella (L.) 3.2(0.84) 2.7(0.84) 13.7(5.88) Colotis euippe euippe (L.) 0.0 0.0 13.7(4.20) Myl othris atewa (L.) 19.4(5.04) 24.3(7.60) 0.0 Lycaenidae Stempffera dorothea (L.) 0. 0 5.4(1.70) 0.0 Anthene wilsoni (L.) 0. 0 0.0 15.7(6.72)

Papilionidae

Papili o dardanus (L.) 0. 0 0.0 29.4(12.60) Total 100 100 100 NB. Figures in parenthesis represent dominance (%) of each species in the Bosomkese Forest. Larson, (2005), authored scientific names of butterflies.

Relative abundance of butterflies with respect to decostigma (L.), Amaurina hecate hecate (L.), habitat preference : Results of the relative abundance Eupheadra zampa (L.), Catopsilia florella (L.) and of butterflies in the three canopy types are shown in Pseudacraea eurytus (L.) were the least abundant Table 1. Among the individual butterfly species (3.2%). In the slightly disturbed canopy (SDC), recorded in the undisturbed canopy , Neptis nysiades Mylothris atewa (L.) was the most abundant (24.3%). (L.) was the most abundant (22.5%) while Abantis On the other hand, hecate hecate (L.), tanobia (L.), Melphinia malthina (L.), Eagaris Euphaedra zampa (L.) and Catopsilia florella (L.) were

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Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana the least abundant (2.7%). Other species such as species showed evenness in abundance between 0.84 Bicyclus dorothea and B. italus were completely absent to 1.0(Table1). Two butterfly species Stempfferia from this canopy type. Results from the disturbed dorothea (L.) (Lyceanidae) and Euryphura chacis (L.) canopy (DC) , showed that Papilio dardanus (L.) was (Nymphalidae) were unique in the slightly disturbed the most abundant (29.4) with Amaurina hecate hecate zone in the reserve. Papilio dardanus (L.) which was (L.) recording the least of abundance of 1.9%. Papilio the most dominant among all the species (12.6 %) was dardanus was recorded only in the disturbed canopy found in the DC. Anthene wilsoni (L.) and Colotis and completely absent from the other habitats. euippe (L.) were found to be the unique species in the Dominance of butterflies in the three forests types: disturbed canopy. Three species namely Eagaris Five (5) butterfly species namely Charaxes cynthia (L .), decastigma (L.), Mylothris atewa (L.) and Psuedacraea Amauris hecate hecate (L .), Neptis nysiades (L.) and eurytus (L.) were common in both the undisturbed Euphaedra zampa (L.) (Nymphalidae ) and Catopsila canopy and slightly disturbed canopy. florella (L.) (Pieridae) were found in all the three forest Species richness and diversity of butterflies in the types . Neptis nysiades (L.) showed greater dominance Bosomkese Forest Reserve: The undisturbed canopy in both the undisturbed canopy and slightly disturbed recorded the largest number of species and canopy (5.88%) as against 3.40% in the disturbed area. consequently had the highest species richness whilst However, Papilio dardanus , Anthene wilsoni and the disturbed canopy recorded the least species Catopsilia florella were dominant in the DC canopy richness (Table 2). In terms of diversity, the undisturbed recording 12.60%, 6.72% and 5.88% respectively of the canopy displayed greatest diversity of butterflies’ butterflies captured. Pentila hewotsonii (L.), Bicyclus species. The disturbed canopy had the least butterfly italus (L .), Bicyclus dorothea (L.) (Nymphalidae ), species diversity. The value of D ranges between 0 and Psuedopontia parodoxa (L.)(Pieridae), Abantis tanobia 1. With this index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1 (L.), Melphina malthina (L.) (Hesperiidae) were unique represents no diversity. That is, the larger the value of species recorded in the undisturbed canopy and these D, the lower the diversity.

Table 2: Species richness and diversity of the butterflies in the Bosomkese forest Reserve betweenDecember 2010 and March 2011. Parameter UC SDC DC Species richness 14 10 8

Diversity 0.09 0.12 0.15

DISCUSSION The effect of forest destruction on the number of conditions. According to Larson (1997), most of the butterflies sampled in the three forest types in the butterfly species, during the early days of African Bosumkese Forest Reserve (BFR): The disturbed history were recorded in the tropical rain forest areas canopy recorded the largest number of butterflies, an but due to changing trends of the nature of the forest indication that most of them preferred that habitat. This most of the species are near extinction or have gone was the area where there was enough solar radiation into extinction particularly in the sub-Sahara African up to the forest floor as result of the destruction of the countries including Ghana. Human activities such as canopy. Most butterfly species prefer open areas where farming and logging were responsible for the fewer the temperature is relatively high especially during the butterfly species in the disturbed canopy Basset et al . early part of the day (Larson, 2005). Similarly, Dumbrell (1998) also indicated that with the destruction of the and Hill (2005) indicated that butterflies prefer areas natural habitat, many of its animals go extinct and that where the temperature ranges between 28 oC– 33 oC ‘we are losing approximately 100 species of organisms with optimum humidity. The least number of butterflies per day’. The slightly disturbed canopy recorded more recorded in the undisturbed canopy was as a result of butterflies than the undisturbed canopy but fewer than high moisture content and its associated low the disturbed canopy. This may be attributed to habitat temperature (average 27 oC) which is only preferred by preference by the butterflies. some of the species that are adapted to those

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Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana

Number of Butterfly Families Sampled: The number growth in wetter forest regions. It was rather surprising of species of butterflies belonging to Nymphalidae that it was most abundant in the undisturbed canopy. family was more than any of the other butterfly families Mylothris atewa was first discovered within the Atiwa identified during the study. Individual butterflies Forest Range in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Most M. belonging to this family also accounted for 62.1% of all atewa are forest butterflies, but some penetrate into the the butterflies sampled during the study. Butterfly Savannah along rivers and only handfuls are species within the family were also sampled within all savannah-adapted (Larson 1994a). Occasionally, they the canopy types. This might be due to the wide range may be found on flowers but are mainly fruit-feeding of adaptations as well as wide habitat preference of butterflies. This explains why they were more dominant Nymphalidae within the Forest floor of West Africa. in the undisturbed and slightly disturbed canopies. Most Nymphalidae are fruit feeding butterflies hence Euryphura chalcis was most abundant in the slightly their large numbers in the Bosomkese Forest Reserve disturbed canopy area of the reserve. Their dominance (Larson, 1994a). It is estimated that approximately 900 was no surprise as this butterfly species prefers dry- butterfly species occur in Ghana and most of these forest conditions but quickly migrates to the deep forest were identified to belong to the Nymphalidae (Larson area when the area is cleared (Larson 1995a). E. (2005). This explains why larger numbers of them were chalcis is strictly a forest type of butterfly. Papilio captured in the Forest Reserve. Addae-Wireko (2008) dardanus was most abundant in the disturbed canopy also indicated that the Nymphalidae are the most than any other species even though Anthene wilsoni , widely known butterfly species in Ghana. This wide Colotis euippe euippe , Catopsila florella and Charaxes distribution of the Nymphalidae could also be attributed cynthia cynthia were equally abundant in the same area to their preference for many plant species. Butterflies of although to a lesser extent. All these butterflies other families have been found to be strictly associated especially Papilo sp, Anthene sp and Colotis sp are with particular plant species, making them plant categorically labelled as savannah butterflies (Larson, species-specific (Larson (1997). 2001 ). Papilio sp is common in degraded forests and The distribution and relative abundance of open spaces where the land is most cultivated. It was butterflies in the three forest type in the therefore not surprising that this butterfly species was Bosomkese Forest Reserve: Most of the butterfly found only in the disturbed canopy. Larson (2006) species sampled in the closed canopy are classified as stated that even though it is found in all types of forest, the forest type of butterflies that tolerate forest it does not penetrate the wetter forest types. It is mostly conditions. Bicyclus italus , B. dorothea , Pentila found in drier forests, but is now probably most hewitsonii , Abantis tanobea and Melphina malthina common in the garden shrubs of major towns and in were sampled only in the undisturbed canopy but agriculture areas with trees and crops (Larson, 1994c). completely absent from the other canopy types. This The effect of forest destruction on the distribution observation was in agreement with that by Larson and and butterfly dominance in the three forest types in Collins (1998) that Pentila sp. Bicyclus sp. and Bosumkese Forest Reserve: Five genera namely Melphina sp. are found in greater numbers in forests of Charaxes , Amaurina, Neptis , Euphaedra and Catopsilia good quality in terms of the undisturbed nature of the were found to tolerate a wide range of environmental canopy. Bicyclus dorothea also adapted well within the conditions; hence they are described as ubiquitous closed canopy as indicated by Larson (1994a) that species (Larson, 2005). They can survive in both open most of these species are attracted to fermenting fruit and closed forests whether dry or rain forest even and sap oozing from damaged trees, sometimes though Catopsilia , Euphaedra and Charaxes were more clogging up banana-baited butterfly trap, but they do dominant in the disturbed canopy. The forest habitat not visit flowers. He also confirmed that they are seems to provide conducive habitat for Pentila adapted to forests of good canopy. Neptis nysiades hewontsonii (L.), Bicyclus italus (L.), Abantis tanobia was found to be the most abundant species in the (L.), Psuedopontia paradoxa (L.) and Bicyclus dorothea undisturbed canopy and was well distributed in the (L.). These species thrive best in dense undergrowth other habitats. Larson (1995a) indicated that, this where it may be difficult to capture them (Lewis, 2002) species is not particularly common in wet rainforest hence the smaller numbers trapped. However, Colotis areas but is most frequently found in semi-deciduous euippe (L.), Anthene wilsoni (L.) and Papilo dardanus forests preferring rather open areas or secondary (L.) were very much adapted to the disturbed canopy

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Addai and Baidoo.… J . Appl. Biosci. 2013 . Effects of forest destruction on butterflies in Bosomkese forest reserve, Ghana hence their dominance over other species. They have composition differs from locality to locality. Very few been found to thrive well in the drier regions of the would ever be encountered within forests of good transitional zone, between the forest and savannah quality (Larson, 1994c). which explains their presence in Ghana (Larson, The effect of forest destruction on species richness 1995b). According to Larson, (1994c) Papilio sp and and diversity in the three forest types in the Colotis sp for example cannot penetrate forests of good Bosumkese Forest Reserve: The undisturbed canopy quality where the moisture content is high; hence they recorded high species richness and consequently high are purely savannah butterfly species. A.wilsoni thrives diversity in the butterfly species. This was due to the well in much drier forest of the Northern Ghana and heterogeneous nature of the vegetation in the was first observed around Upper West Region of undisturbed canopy which attracted butterflies of Ghana (Larson, 1994c). Euryphura chalci was more different species. Over the years the decrease of abundant and unique than Stempffera dorothea in the closed forest has led to the development of secondary slightly disturbed canopy. Euryphura chalci can tolerate habitats, ranging from laterite to almost rock-like soil and adapt well to the forest of secondary growth and with hardly any vegetation to derived savannah, various more importantly open and drier forests than combinations of mixed agriculture, and finally tree crops Stempfferia dorothea which can only adapt when the such as cocoa and kola nuts. In such areas butterfly primary forest is cleared (Larson, 1995c). Most of the diversity has decreased considerably and true species that thrive well in the undisturbed canopy also ubiquitous species have thrived, while some savannah have the tendency to survive in the slightly disturbed species of butterflies have invaded these degraded canopy. This may be due to the similarity in the forests. However, a small number of species have conditions prevailing in the two areas within the forest greatly benefited and are now much more common in reserve. On the contrary, due to wide differences in West Africa than they ever were (Larson 2005). This environmental conditions, P. dardanus, C.euipe and explains why species richness as well as diversity was A.wilsoni were not observed in the undisturbed and much lower in the disturbed canopy than the slightly disturbed canopies. This was because most of undisturbed canopy. The species diversity was the species observed in the disturbed canopy can also therefore directly related to species richness of a be observed on even a brief walk through agricultural locality (Hamer et al ., 1997). lands and village forest zones, though the species–

CONCLUSION The undisturbed canopy recorded the largest number of only species recorded in the destroyed canopy, an species and therefore the highest species richness and indication that this species is adapted to open areas of species diversity compared to the other two forest the forest. Forest resources serve as sources of types. This was an indication that human activities have livelihood for man and other animals. It is therefore negatively affected the butterfly species. Five butterfly necessary for the forest to be used in a sustainable families belonging to 19 species were identified in the manner for the use of future generations. forest reserve. Papilio dardanus (Papilionidae) was the

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