140 Genus Bicyclus Kirby

AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb

Genus Bicyclus Kirby, [1871]

In: Kirby, [1871], [1877]. A synonymic catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera 47 (690 pp. (1871); Suppl. 691-883 (1877). London). [Replacement name for Idiomorphus Doumet.]

= Idiomorphus Doumet, 1861. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliqué (2) 13: 174 (171- 178). Type-species: Idiomorphus hewitsonii Dourmet, by monotypy. [Invalid; junior homonym of Idiomorphus de Chaudoir, 1846.]

= Monotrichtis Hampson, 1891. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 7: 179 (179-184). Type-species: Mycalesis safitza Westwood, by original designation.

= Dicothyris Karsch, 1893. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 203 (1-266). Type- species: Mycalesis sambulos Hewitson, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935. Stylops 4: 1 (1-3).).

The genus Bicyclus belongs to the Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Subfamily Satyrinae Boisduval, 1833; Tribe Satyrini Boisduval, 1833; Subtribe Mycalesina Reuter, 1896. The other genera in the Subtribe Mycalesina in the Afrotropical Region are Hallelesis, Heteropsis and Brakefieldia.

Bicyclus (Bush Browns) is an Afrotropical genus containing 102 species (October, 2016). Generic review by Condamin (1973).

Relevant literature: Duplouy & Brattstrom, 2017 [Wolbachia in Bicyclus]. Hedenstrom et al., 2015 [Chemical analysis of pheromones in 17 Bicyclus species]. Brakefield & Joran, 2010 [Evolution of flexibility of wing patterns]. Oliver et al., 2009 [Natural and sexual selection in wing pattern evolution]. Arbesman et al., 2003 [Evolution of wing patterns].

*Bicyclus abnormis (Dudgeon, 1909) Western White-tipped Bush Brown

Western White-tipped Bush Brown (Bicyclus abnormis). Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Mycalesis abnormis Dudgeon, 1909. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1909: 52 (50-54).

Type locality: Ghana: “Gold Coast, Ashanti (Bompata)”. Distribution: Guinea (north-east), Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana (western, central). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Lamto (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Ashanti (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Atewa Range (Aduse-Poku & Doku-Marfo, 2007). Habitat: Forest of reasonable quality (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) took a number on papaya-bait. The species is rarely found outside wetter forests in good condition and more are caught in traps than are hand- netted (Larsen, pers. comm.). Habits: This is a scarce butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus albocincta (Rebel, 1914)

Mycales [sic] albocincta Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 260 (219-294).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Randgebirgen im Nordwesten des Tanganyika-Sees”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east, Uele). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus alboplaga (Rebel, 1914)

Mycalesis alboplaga Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 257 (219-294).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Urwalde bei Ukaika”. Distribution: Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Central African Republic, Uganda. Specific localities: Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ukaika (TL). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus amieti Libert, 1996

Bicyclus amieti Libert, 1996. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 101 (2): 201 (201-208).

2 Type locality: Cameroon. The types are in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Distribution: Cameroon. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus analis (Aurivillius, 1895) Anal-patch Bush Brown

Mycalesis analis Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 113 (113-120).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camerun interior: Yaunde”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Distribution: Nigeria (east; Knoop, vide Larsen, 2005a), Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Uganda (west). Misattributed to the West African fauna west of the Dahomey Gap by Condamin (1973) (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Cameroon – Yaounde (TL); Korup (T. Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus angulosa (Butler, 1868) Startled Bush Brown

Startled Bush Brown (Bicyclus angulosa) female underside. Chambishi, Zambia. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Mycalesis angulosa Butler, 1868. Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 130 (211 pp.). London. Bicyclus angulosus (Butler, 1868). Pringle et al., 1994: 51.

Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Alternative common name: Angular Bush Brown. Type locality: Sierra Leone. Diagnosis: There is a prominent white elliptical streak on the underside of the forewing (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005a), Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Habitat: Dense savanna, including Brachystegia woodland (Kielland, 1990d; Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 300 to 1 600 m in the eastern parts (local) and from 800 to 2 000 m in western Tanzania (very common) (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Tends to be found in isolated colonies (Pringle et al., 1994). Settles in the shade cast by trees when the weather is hot (Larsen, 1991c). It tends to be more active in the late afternoon and early evening. Marshall noted specimens flying about in the tree-tops at midday (Pringle et al., 1994). Both sexes are attracted by fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: The wet-season form flies from December to May and the dry-season form from May to September (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus angulosa angulosa (Butler, 1868)

Mycalesis angulosa Butler, 1868. Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum

4 130 (211 pp.). London.

Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005a), Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north and east), Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya (west). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Klouto (Safian et al., 2009). Cameroon – Busamtere (Gaede, 1915). Democratic Republic of Congo – Medje (Holland, 1920); Niangara (Holland, 1920). Ethiopia – Djaoue (Baro) (Ungemach, 1932). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – South Kavirondo (Condamin, 1973).

Note: Larsen (1991: 272) states that the populations in Kenya and north-western Tanzania appear to be intermediate between ssp. angulosa and ssp. selousi (Trimen, 1895).

houyi Gaede, 1915 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 71 (38-40, 71-74). Cameroon: “Busamtere, Neu-Kamerun”.

langi Holland, 1920 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 139 (109-369). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Medje”.

5 chapini Holland, 1920 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 140 (109-369). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Niangara”.

orientis Ungemach, 1932 (as ssp. of Mycalesis funebris). Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 50 (1-122). Ethiopia: “Djaoué (Baro)”.

Bicyclus angulosa selousi (Trimen, 1895)

Mycalesis selousi Trimen, 1895. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1895: 183 (181-194). Bicyclus angulosus selousi (Trimen, 1895). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bicyclus angulosus selousi (Trimen, 1895). Pringle et al., 1994: 51.

Bicyclus angulosa selousi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 45mm. Bomponi, Vumba, S.R. 4.6.62. H. Cookson. (Transvaal Museum – TM3187).

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Mashunaland”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (north and north-east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Upemba (Overlaet, 1955). Tanzania – Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); escarpment of the Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); lower slopes of Nyumbenitu Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Madibira, west of Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Tabora (Kielland, 1990d); eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika (Kielland, 1990d); Ufipa to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d). In the north- west the populations are transitional to the nominate subspecies (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); the Copperbelt (Heath et al., 2002); Kabwe (Heath et al., 2002); Chilanga (Heath et al., 2002); Kalomo (Heath et al., 2002); Nkamba Bay (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Amatongas (Pennington); Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Sabi Valley (Pennington); Witchwood Valley, below the Vumba Mountains (Pennington); Bomponi (male illustrated above).

barnsi van Son, 1955 (as f. of Mycalesis desolata selousi). Transvaal Museum Memoirs No. 8: 36 (1-166). Zimbabwe: “Vumba”.

simulans Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Mycalesis selousi). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 15 (1- 106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Upemba, Katanga”.

*Bicyclus anisops (Karsch, 1892) Red-ringed Bush Brown

Mycalesis anisops Karsch, 1892. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 18: 176 (161-183).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Baliburg (Deutch-Westafrika)”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Baliburg (TL); Buea (Strand, 1913); Rumpi Hills (Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a); Mendong Buo area (6°5'26"N, 10°18'9"E; 2100–2200 m asl) (Tropek & Konvick, 2010). Habitat: Submontane forest, above 1 300 m (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: At certain times this may be a very common species (Larsen, 2005a). They fly along forest margins, with a characteristic bobbing motion (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

albopupillata Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Mycalesis anisops). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 146 (138- 151). Cameroon: “Buea”.

*Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879)# Squinting Bush Brown

Squinting Bush Brown (Bicyclus anynana) female upperside and male undersides. Images courtesy Allison Sharp (left) and Steve Woodhall (centre and right).

Mycalesis anynana Butler, 1879. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 187 (186-192). Mycalesis anynana Butler. Swanepoel, 1953a. Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879). Pringle et al., 1994: 52.

Bicyclus anynana anynana. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 37 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. New Agatha Forest, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 28 February 2004. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bicyclus anynana anynana. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 39 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mphaphuli Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 2 May 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bicyclus anynana anynana. Female (wet season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Sordwana Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 3 October 1962. W. Teare. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

8 Bicyclus anynana anynana. Female (dry season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpaphuli Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 June 2005. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Comoro Islands: “Johanna”. General remarks: Lyytinen et al. (2004) conducted experiments which showed that the ocelli on the underside of the wings of the wet season form deflected attacks by birds, whereas the lack of eye-spots in the dry season form resulted in reduced attack by birds because of crypsis. Diagnosis: The common name refers to the asymmetric ocellus on the underside of the forewing in the dry- season form (Pringle et al., 1994). The outer hair pencil is pale fuscous brown (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, Comoro Islands, Yemen. Habitat: Savanna and open forest, including coastal forest (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from sea-level to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: In savanna habitats it flies about in the grass, usually resting in the shade of trees (Larsen, 1991c). In forest it is often found settled, low down, in sunny glades. Both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms. Wet season form in spring and summer; dry season form in autumn and winter (Woodhall, 2005). Early stages:

Clark, in Pringle et al., 1994: plate 1 [as Bicyclus anynana anynana; KwaZulu-Natal]. “The eggs are laid singly on blades of grass and are 1 mm in diameter and 1 mm high. They are almost a perfect sphere and are watery white with a very faint, irregular netting pattern. The larva on emergence eats the eggshell as its first meal, thereafter it feeds on the edges of blades of grass. The larva is watery white at first with a black head, but as it feeds on the grass it becomes greenish with whitish yellow ventrally. It rests on a blade of grass, with its head downwards. Larva: On emergence 2,0 mm, egg duration seven days; 1st instar 2,0 mm to 5,5, mm in four to five days; 2nd instar 5,5, mm to 7,5 mm in seven to 12 days; 3rd instar 7,5 mm to 11,5 mm in five to six days; 4th instar 11,5 mm to 18,0 mm six to seven days; 5 th instar 18,0 to 28,0 mm in nine to 13 days. Pupa 12,0 mm hatched after 10 to 11 days. The anal comb is golden brown above. The spiracles are very small. The pupa is normally as shown but some are darker while others are plain green with the outer margin of the wing-case black with white inwards, both stripes being very thin. The inner diagonal is dark grey and thin, the outer pale grey and thinner with very faint white spots. The pupa is attached by the cremaster to a silken pad spun by the larva.”

Egg and final instar larva (green morph) of Bicyclus anynana anynana. Images courtesy Allison Sharp.

Final instar larva (brown morph) of Bicyclus anynana anynana. Images courtesy Allison Sharp.

Larval food: (Probably) Ehrharta erecta Lam. (Poaceae) [Clark, in Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 36; in captivity]. Oplismenus species (Poaceae) [Coetzer, 2006: 95]. Panicum maximum Jacq. (Poaceae) [Otto et al., 2013: 72].

Relevant literature: Bacquet et al., 2016 [Male sex pheromone differentiation as driver of reproductive isolation]. Bacquet et al., 2015 [Genetics of male sex pheromone]. Arun et al., 2015 [Genes in olfactory communication]. Holveck et al., 2015 [Artificial mating constraints]. Fischer et al., 2014 [Negative effects of simulated heat waves]. Karl et al., 2014 [Temperature and stress versus resitance traits]. Kehl et al., 2014 [Pheromone blend and old male mating advantage]. Lienard et al., 2014 [Pheromone biosynthesis conserved between anynana and moths]. Tong et al., 2014 [Over-expression of Ultrabithorx gene]. Westerman et al., 2014 [Mating behaviour and social context]. Franke et al., 2014 [Fitness costs of temperature change]. Karl & Fischer, 2013 [Old male mating advantage]. Kehl et al., 2013 [Old-male paternity advantage]. Franke & Fischer, 2013 [Inbreeding and stress effects on life history and immune function]. Dierks et al. 2012 [Cold tolerance and inbreeding]. Saastamoinen et al., 2012 [Environmentall-induced dispersal]. Janowitz & Fischer, 2012 [Polyandry and sexual conflict]. Kehl & Fischer, 2012 [Effect of larval starvation on adult feeding]. Dierks et al., 2012 [Selection for cold tolerance]. Saenko et al., 2012 [Melanism in larva and adult]. Janowitz & Fischer, 2011 [Heat stress and reproductive success]. Fischer et al., 2010 [Environmental effects on temperature stress resistance]. Saastamoinen et al., 2010 [Condition-dependent impact of adult nutrition and flight]. Beldade & Saenko, 2010 [Genetics of eye spots]. Steigenga & Fischer, 2009 [Effects of developmental temperature on fitness]. Bauerfeind et al., 2009 [Environmentl effects on adult lifespan]. Beldade et al., 2009 [Microsatellite markers]. Beldade et al., 2009 [Genome]. Beldade & Saenko, 2009 [Wing patterns and wound healing]. Fischer et al., 2009 [Aspects of reproduction]. Silveira & Monteiro, 2009 [Automatic recognition of eyespot patterns]. Bauerfeind & Fischer, 2009 [Effects of diet on reproductive output]. Geister et al, 2009 [Energetics of embryonic development]. Van’t Hof et al., 2008 [Genetic linkage map]. Zwaan et al., 2008 [Evolutionary genetics of protandry]. 10 Geister et al., 2008b [Nutrition and reproductive output, egg composition and egg hatching success]. Geister et al., 2008 [Temperature effects on hormones and phenotypic plasticity]. Marcus & Evans, 2008 [Genetic of eyespot focus determination]. Monteiro et al., 2007 [Mutations affecting colour pattern]. Bauerfeind & Fischer, 2007 [Body size and egg size]. Karl et al., 2007 [Energetics of reproduction]. Lewis & Wedell, 2007 [Nutrients and effectes on reproduction]. Van’t Hof et al., 2007 [Molecular genetics; microsatellites]. Fischer et al., 2007 [Responses to artificial selection on pre-adult life-history traits]. Battaglia et al., 2006 [Molecular mechanism for seasonal phenotypes]. Beldade et al., 2006 [Evo-devo model]. Brakefield & Roskam, 2006 [Evolutionary constraints]. Ferkau & Fischer, 2006 [Reproduction costs in males]. Fischer, 2006 [Reduced mating vigor in selected lines]. Evans & Marcos, 2006 [Genetics of eye-spot determination]. Fischer et al., 2006 [Temperature-mediated plasticity in egg and body size]. Fischer et al., 2006 [Offspring size and fecundity]. Masci & Monteiro, 2005 [Visualization of embryos]. Robertson & Monteiro, 2005 [Female mate choice]. Steigenga et al., 2005 [Evolutionary genetics of egg size plasticity]. Van’t Hof et al., 2005 [Microsatellite loci]. Bauerfeind & Fischer, 2005 [Stress effects on reproduction]. Frankino et al., 2005 [Evolution of allometries]. Saccheri et al., 2005 [Inbreeding effects on fertility]. Saccheri et al., 2005 [Morphological differentiation following bottlenecks]. Fischer et al., 2004 [Egg size variation]. Lyytinen et al., 2004 [Predation and eye-spot plasticity]. Marcus et al., 2004 [Germline transformation]. Molleman et al., 2004 [Male sodium and female reproduction]. Zijlstra et al., 2004 [Effect of hormones on life history and morphology]. Fischer et al., 2004 [Allocation of resources to reproduction]. Van Oosterhout et al., 2004 [Genetic variation in fragmented populations]. Breuker & Brakefield, 2003 [Selection for eyespot symmetry]. Zijlstra et al., 2003 [Selection on two fitness-related traits]. Arthur, 2003 [Developmental constraints and natural selection]. Beldade & Brakefield, 2003a [Discussion of constraints]. Beldade & Brakefield, 2003b [Evolution of wing patterns]. Brakefield, 2003 [Eyespots and evolutionary constraints]. Brakefield et al., 2003 [Genetics of evolutionary change]. Breuker & Brakefield, 2003 [Heat shock and eyespot development]. Fischer et al, 2003 [Temperature-mediated egg size plasticity]. Fischer et al., 2003 [Egg size plasticity]. Fischer et al., 2003 [Temperature and egg size]. Joron & Brakefield, 2003 [Inbreeding and male mating success]. Lyytinen et al., 2003 [Eyespots and predation]. Monteiro et al., 2003 [Mutants and eyespot patterns]. Vanhoutte et al., 2002 [Visual pigments]. Wijngaarden et al., 2002 [Genetics of eyespot size]. Zijlstra et al., 2002 [Fat dynamics in seasonal forms]. Zijlstra et al., 2002 [Protandry]. Zijlstra et al., 2002 [Life history of mutants]. Beldade & Brakefield, 2002 [Genetics of wing patterns]. Beldade et al., 2002 [Eyespot genetics]. Beldade et al., 2002a [Constraints vs flexibility in morphological evolution]. Beldade et al., 2002b [Evo-devo in butterfly wings]. Fisher et al., 2002 [Egg size vs body size]. Sacchari & Brakefield, 2002 [Inbred population genetics]. Stavenga, 2002 [Ommatidia of eyes].

Bicyclus anynana anynana (Butler, 1879) #

Mycalesis anynana Butler, 1879. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 187 (186-192). Mycalesis anynana Butler, 1879. Swanepoel, 1953. Bicyclus anynana anynana (Butler, 1879). Pringle et al., 1994: 52.

Bicyclus anynana anynana. Female (dry season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpaphuli Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 June 2005. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Comoro Islands: “Johanna”. Diagnosis: The population on Pemba Island, Tanzania, differs from the mainland populations in that on the underside, which is less distinctly marked and of a warmer brown tone. There is no dry-season form on Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Ethiopia, Somalia (south), Kenya (east), Tanzania, Zambia (Zambezi and Luangwa Valleys), Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland, Comoro Islands. Specific localities: Kenya – Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c); Kipkaren (Van Someren, vide Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Throughout, in suitable habitat, including Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); Lindi-Massasi (Thurau, 1903); Langenburg (Thurau, 1903); Lindi (Thurau, 1903); Poroto-Rungwe-Miss (Thurau, 1903); Lake Manyara N.P. (Cordeiro, 1990); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006); Mt Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Kafue (Heath et al., 2002); Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Siavonga (Heath et al., 2002); Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002); Chiawa (Heath et al., 2002); Chinzombo (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Dondo Forest; Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Botswana – Shakawe (Larsen, 1991l); Moremi (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane area (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama- Tenga (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Pafuri (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”). Mpumalanga – Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Pringle et al., 1994); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Comoro Islands – Johanna (TL).

vicaria Thurau, 1903 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 118 (117-143). Tanzania: “Lindi-Massasi; Langenburg; Lindi”.

neglecta Thurau, 1903 (as var. of Mycalesis vicaria). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 119 (117- 143). Tanzania: “Langenburg; Poroto-Rungwe-Miss”.

Bicyclus anynana centralis Condamin, 1968

13 Bicyclus anynana centralis Condamin, 1968. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 30: 603 (599-605).

Bicyclus anynana centralis. Male WSF. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 36mm. Zambia, Copperbelt Prov., Mufulira, 198 Lumumba Ave., 1250 m. 25.IV.1981. M.A. Newport (Newport Collection).

Bicyclus anynana centralis. Female WSF. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 40mm. Female WSF. Zambia, Copperbelt Prov., 4 Sable Road, Chilalabombwe, 1250 m. 25.IV.1985. M.A. Newport (Newport Collection).

Type locality: Uganda: “Entebbe (Uganda)”. Distribution: Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (south and central), Uganda, Zambia (north). Specific localities: Uganda – Entebbe (TL). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); the Copperbelt (Heath et al., 2002); Nchelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Kawambwa (Heath et al., 2002); Nkamba Bay (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (male illustrated above); Chilalabombwe (female illustrated above).

Bicyclus anynana socotrana (Butler, 1881)

Calysisme socotrana Butler, 1881. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1881: 175 (175-180).

Type locality: Yemen: “Socotra”. Distribution: Yemen (island of Socotra).

*Bicyclus auricruda (Butler, 1868) Small Marbled Bush Brown

Small Marbled Bush Brown (Bicyclus auricruda). Bunso, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Mycalesis auricruda Butler, 1868. Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 131 (211 pp.). London.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Ashanti”. Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus mandanes but smaller (Kielland, 1990d). The male has three hair pencils, whereas mandanes males have four, and the white band at the apex is usually more diffuse (Larsen, 1991c). Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya (Kielland, 1978), Tanzania. Habitat: Evergreen and gallery forest (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies low down in the undergrowth of dense forest (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus auricruda auricruda (Butler, 1868)

Mycalesis auricruda Butler, 1868. Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 131 (211 pp.). London.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo. Specific localities: Guinea – Nimba area (Larsen, 2005a); Seredou (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Ashanti (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Atewa Range (Aduse-Poku & Doku-Marfo, 2007). Togo – Klouto (Safian et al., 2009).

Bicyclus auricruda fulgida Fox, 1963

Bicyclus auricruda fulgida Fox, 1963. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 36: 219 (213-224).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Lolodorf, Cameroons”.

15 Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Lolodorf (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Fort Beni (Grünberg, 1911). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Northern Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe Stream National Park, north to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006).

parvoocellata Grünberg, 1911 (as ab. of Mycalesis auricruda). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907-1908 . 3 (17): 510 (506-560), 4 pls. Leipzig. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Westl. v. Ruwenzori, Fort Beni”.

*Bicyclus aurivillii (Butler, 1896)

Mycalesis aurivillii Butler, 1896. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895: 724 (722-742).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ruwenzori”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus aurivillii aurivillii (Butler, 1896)

Mycalesis aurivillii Butler, 1896. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895: 724 (722-742).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ruwenzori”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo-Uganda border, Uganda (Davenport, 1996).

Bicyclus aurivillii kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1924)

Mycalesis aurivillii kivuensis Joicey & Talbot, 1924. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 542 (539-564).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Lake Kivu, north end”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east), Uganda (south-west), Rwanda, Burundi.

birungae Aurivillius, 1925 (as var. of Mycalesis aurivillii). Archiv för Zoologi 17 (A) (32): 2 (20 pp.). Democratic Republic of Congo/Rwanda: “Sabinio-Vulkan und Ruanda”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a).

*Bicyclus brakefieldi Brattstrom, 2012

Bicyclus brakefieldi Brattstrom, 2012. Tropical Lepidoptera Research 22(2): 64 (62-65).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Medje, Orientale Province, 750 m.a.s.l. (02°23'27" N 27°18'07" E), iv-vi.1910 (Exp. Lang-Chapin leg., MRAC)”. Holotype in the MRAC, Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Medje (TL); Bamanya (00°00’34” N 18°19’20” E) (Brattstrom, 2012); Eala (00°04’00” N 18°20’00” E) (Brattstrom, 2012); Elisabetha (00°04’00” N 18°20’00” E) (Brattstrom, 2012); Baliko/Basayo (0°28'N, 25°24'E); Cantine (0°31'N, 29°12'E); Kasuo (0°14'N, 29°03'E); Kilau (0°11'N, 29°06'E); Kwokoro (2°40'N, 19°44'E); Lukolela (1°03'N, 17°12'E); Maliva (0°10'N, 29°01'E); Mt Kirima (0°11'N, 29°06'E); Pateka (0°48'N, 29°18'E). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus buea (Strand, 1912) Small Black Bush Brown

Mycalesis (Monotrichtis) buea Strand, 1912. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 109 (107-123).

Bicyclus buea. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 7 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Buea”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/b). Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Sankuru, Lualaba), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Buea (TL); Yaounde (Gaede, 1915). Equatorial Guinea – Alen (Strand, 1913). Gabon – Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndougou (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro forests (common) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Dense forest. Submontane forest in eastern Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Usually encountered sitting on leaves about half a metre above the ground, in the shady undergrowth of the forest. Both sexes are fond of fermented fruit (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. 17 Larval food: Nothing published.

benitonis Strand, 1913 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 147 (138-151). Equatorial Guinea: “Alen”.

mildbraedi Gaede, 1915 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 71 (38-40, 71- 74). Cameroon: “Bezirk Jaunde, Kamerun”.

*Bicyclus campina (Aurivillius, 1901) Chirinda Bush Brown

Mycalesis campina Aurivillius, 1901. Entomologisk Tidskrift 22: 114 (113-128). Bicyclus campinus (Aurivillius, 1901). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bicyclus campinus (Aurivillius, 1901). Pringle et al., 1994: 52.

Bicyclus campina campina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe. 21 September 1996. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus campina campina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe. 21 September 1996. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Mashuna Land, Umtali”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Diagnosis: The inner hair pencil is fuscous brown, like the ground-colour of the wing, whereas the outer hair pencil is much darker (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015); Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. 18 Habitat: Dense savanna and open forest. In Tanzania the nominate subspecies is found from sea-level to 1 700 m and subspecies ocelligera up to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Specimens fly close to the ground and tend to keep to the interior of tangled thickets (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with well-defined seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Grasses (Poaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003; Sanje, Tanzania]. Setaria palmifolia (J. König) Stapf (Poaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Sanje, Tanzania].

Bicyclus campina campina (Aurivillius, 1901)

Mycalesis campina Aurivillius, 1901. Entomologisk Tidskrift 22: 114 (113-128). Bicyclus campinus (Aurivillius, 1901). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bicyclus campinus campinus (Aurivillius, 1901). Pringle et al., 1994: 52.

Bicyclus campina campina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe. 21 September 1996. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus campina campina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe. 21 September 1996. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Mashuna Land, Umtali”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lomami,

19 Lualaba), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east). Specific localities: Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania – South-eastern, southern and western parts (Kielland, 1990d); Unena-Langenburd (Thurau, 1903); Sanje (Congdon & Bampton, 2003, unpub.); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Amatongas Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Dondo Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Maronga Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Buzi River, near Gogói (Van Son); Inchope (male illustrated above); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Mutare (Sheppard; TL); Vumba Mountains (Barnes).

goetzi Thurau, 1903 (as var. of Mycalesis campina). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 120 (117-143). Tanzania: “Ubena-Langenburg am N.-Nyassa-See”.

fuelleborni Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 133 (129-152). Tanzania: “N. Nyassa-See (Langenburg, Wangermannshöhe)”.

Bicyclus campina carcassoni Condamin, 1963

Bicyclus campinus carcassoni Condamin, 1963. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 25: 1164 (1163-1165).

Type locality: Kenya: “Mont Kenya, North to North-East”. Distribution: Kenya (central). Specific localities: Kenya – Mount Kenya (TL); Aberdare Mountains (Larsen, 1991c); Kikuyu Escarpment (Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c).

Note: The population in the Teita Hills is intermediate between ocelligera and carcassoni (Larsen, 1991c).

Bicyclus campina ocelligera (Strand, 1910)

Mycalesis fuelleborni f. ocelligera Strand, 1910. Societas Entomologica 25: 5 (5-6).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Amani, Alkulumuzi”. Diagnosis: Males differ from those of the nominate subspecies in that the forewing upperside has a pale subapical band (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast and north-eastern highlands). Specific localities: Kenya – Sagala Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Amani, Alkulumuzi (TL); Mombo, Usambara (Aurivillius, 1910); Mount Meru (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Kilimanjaro (Kielland, 1990d); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Udzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Semdoe Forest Reserve (Doggart et al., 2001); Lukani (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015); Moshi (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015).

Note: There are intermediates to subspecies carcassoni in eastern and northern Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d).

subapicalis Aurivillius, 1910 (as var. of Mycalesis campina). In: Sjöstedt, B. Y., Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schweidischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den

20 umgebeden Massaisteppen Deutsch-OstAfrikas 1905-1906. 2 (9): 3 (56 pp.). Stockholm. Tanzania: “Usambara: Mombo”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c).

*Bicyclus campus (Karsch, 1893) Hill Bush Brown

Mycalesis campus Karsch, 1893. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 206 (1-266).

Type locality: Togo: “Bismarkburg”. Distribution: Guinea, Ivory Coast (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon (north), Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, Kivu), Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (east). Specific localities: Guinea – Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a); Nimba Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Mount Peko (Larsen, 2005a). Togo – Bismarckburg (TL). Benin – Atakora Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Nigeria – Jos (Larsen, 2005a); Adamawa (Larsen, 1991c). Democratic Republic of Congo – Rutschurru (Grünberg, 1911); Ituri (Larsen, 1991c). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Nandi Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Habitat: Hilly terrain in forest/savanna mosaic (Larsen, 2005a). The edges of forest in mountainous country. Also in woodland (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Because of its association with hilly country the distribution is patchy even though its range is extensive. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

baumanni Karsch, 1894 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 230 (209-240). Togo: “Bismarkburg im Togolande”.

olivia Grünberg, 1911 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907-1908. 3 (17): 511 (506-560), 4 pls. Leipzig. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Nördl. v. Kiwu-See, Rutschurru”.

*Bicyclus condamini van Son, 1963 Ebony Bush Brown

Bicyclus condamini van Son, 1963. Novos Taxa Entomologicos (29): 6 (12 pp.). Bicyclus condamini (Van Son, 1963). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bicyclus condamini (Van Son, 1963). Pringle et al., 1994: 52.

Bicyclus condamini. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Essex Valley, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 21 March 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus condamini. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Essex Valley, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 21 March 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Chirinda Forest, S. Rhodesia”. Diagnosis: Upperside ground-colour darker than Bicyclus campina and the hair pencils of the male are the same colour as the wings (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Zimbabwe (eastern border). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Chirinda Forest (TL); Vumba Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994). Habitat: Montane forest (Pringle et al., 1994). Habits: Flies close to the ground in the semi-shade of forest and thick bush, often settling in sunny patches. It darts away quickly if flushed (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms. Commonest in August, September and December (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus cooksoni (Druce, 1905)

Mycalesis cooksoni Druce, 1905. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1905: 251 (251-262).

Bicyclus cooksoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola,Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus cooksoni. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola,Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo], not Zambia (see Cookson, 1954): “North-West Rhodesia”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Tanzania (south and west), Zambia (north), Zimbabwe (near Sinoia). Specific localities: Tanzania – South-west and western parts, north to Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Solwezi (Riley, 1921); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002; male illustrated above); mid-Lunga River (Heath et al., 2002); 80 km west of Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); the Copperbelt (Heath et al., 2002); Danger Hill, Mpika (Heath et al., 2002); Lunzua Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland and open montane grassland-forest mosaic (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 1 000 to 1 800 m; not very common (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

latior Riley, 1921 (as f. of Mycalesis cooksoni). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 239 (234-259). Zambia: “Solwesi”.

*Bicyclus cottrelli (van Son, 1952) Yellow-banded Bush Brown

Mycalesis cottrelli van Son, 1952. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 22: 33 (33-35). Bicyclus cottrelli (Van Son, 1952). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bicyclus cottrelli (Van Son, 1952). Pringle et al., 1994: 52. 23

Bicyclus cottrelli. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Dichwe, Zimbabwe. 12 March 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus cottrelli. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 27 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Ipongo, Northern Rhodesia”. Diagnosis: Characterized by the angled yellow subapical band on the upperside of the forewing. The inner hair pencil is pale yellow and the outer one is fulvous orange (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba, north-east), Angola, Tanzania (west – Mpanda), Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe (north). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d); Kahama District (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Malawi – Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Ipongo (TL); Lusaka (van Son, 1962; male illustrated above). Zimbabwe – Sinoia (van Son, 1952); Hibernian Mine, near Chinhoyi (Stevenson). Habitat: Riparian forest (Kielland, 1990d) and grassy areas on the margins of forest (Pringle et al., 1994). Kielland (1990d) and Heath, et al. (2002) give the habitat as Brachystegia woodland, in Tanzania and Zambia, respectively. In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 1 000 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species (Kielland, 1990d). Its habits are similar to those of other species of the genus except that specimens have a tendency to settle on tree trunks (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

harti van Son, 1952 (as ssp. of Mycalesis cottrelli). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 22: 35 (33-35). Zimbabwe: “Sinoia, Southern Rhodesia”.

24 pluvia van Son, 1962 (as f. of Mycalesis cottrelli cottrelli). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 25: 142 (140-148). Zambia: “Lusaka (N. Rhodesia)”.

*Bicyclus danckelmani (Rogenhofer, 1891)

Mycalesis danckelmani Rogenhofer, 1891. In: Baumann, O., Usambara und Seine Nachbargebiete: 330 (321-332). Berlin.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Mgambo, Nord-Nguru, von Sikora in Usagara”. Distribution: Tanzania (east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Amani (Strand, 1910); Bomole (Strand, 1910); Mgambo (TL); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Forests (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Ukaguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Muhulu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mulundwe Hill (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa rift (Kielland, 1990d); Lulando Forest in Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Submontane to montane forest, at altitudes from 800 to 1 800 m (commonest between 1 000 and 1 400 m) (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is relatively fast for a species of Bicyclus, and it is more wary than most of its congeners. Specimens settle frequently, on the ground, especially along forest paths. Fermented bananas are strongly attractive for both sexes. Where it occurs it is often a very common butterfly (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

daresa Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Mycalesis danckelmani). Societas Entomologica 25: 6 (5-6). Tanzania: “Amani”.

deannulata Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Mycalesis danckelmani). Societas Entomologica 25: 6 (5-6). Tanzania: “Bomole und Amani”.

*Bicyclus dekeyseri (Condamin, 1958) Western Scalloped Bush Brown

Mycalesis dekeyseri Condamin, 1958. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 20: 1348 (1348-1351).

Type locality: Liberia: “Touzon, Libéria”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Gola Forests (Belcastro & Larsen, 2006). Liberia – Touzon (TL). Ivory Coast – Yapo (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum National Park (A. Sourakov, vide Larsen, 2005a; single male); Atewa Range (Aduse-Poku & Doku-Marfo, 2007). Habitat: Deep, very wet forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A very scarce species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997.

Larval food: Nothing published.

25 *Bicyclus dentata (Sharpe, 1898) Dentate Bush Brown

Male Dentate Bush Brown (Bicyclus dentata). Kibale Forest, Uganda. October 2014. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Mycalesis dentata Sharpe, 1898. In: Neumann, A.H., Elephant hunting in East Equatorial Africa: 438 (437-447).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kikuyu”. Distribution: Uganda, Kenya (west, central highlands), Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Uganda – Subungo Forest (Grose-Smith, 1898); Kibale Forest (R. Schutte, unpublished). Kenya – western forests (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Uplands (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mahale Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Sitebi-Ipumba Range (Kielland, 1990d); Minziro forests (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Semi-montane and montane forest. In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 1 500 to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A locally common species (Kielland, 1990d) that flies on the edges of forest roads and forest clearings, often settling on a leaf, in the sunshine (Larsen, 1991c). Greatly attracted to fermenting fruit (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

fluviatilis Grose-Smith, 1898 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 5: 353 (350-358). Uganda: “Subungo Forest, Uganda Protectorate”.

*Bicyclus dorothea (Cramer, [1779]) Light Bush Brown

Light Bush Brown (Bicyclus dorothea). Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Papilio dorothea Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht.

Bicyclus dorothea dorothea. Male (Wingspan 35 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 35 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leona”; “Côte de Guinée”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2008), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Tchibozo et al., 2008), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome & Principe, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (Davenport, 1996). Habitat: Primarily in disturbed areas and clearings in forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is one of the commonest butterflies in the west African forest zone (Larsen, 2005a). It is often on the wing early in the morning (07:00) and will also fly in overcast conditions and even during light drizzle (Larsen, 2005a). Contesting males fly around each other in tight circles (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a:) also describes courtship behaviour in this species. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. var. scrobiculatum R. Br. (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast; as Paspalum polystachium].

Bicyclus dorothea dorothea (Cramer, [1779])

Papilio dorothea Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht.

melusina Fabricius, 1787 (as sp. of Papilio). Mantissa Insectorum 2: 43 (382 pp.). Hafniae. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon Africae”.

miriam Fabricius, 1793 (as sp. of Papilio). Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 242 (488 pp.). [Africa]: “Habitat in Indüs”. [False locality.]

raesaces Hewitson, 1866 in Hewitson, 1862-6 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 93 (124 pp.). London. Nigeria: “Old Calabar”.

Bicyclus dorothea concolor Condamin & Fox, 1964

Bicyclus dorothea concolor Condamin & Fox, 1964. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 26: 629 (624-631).

Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: “Fernando Poo”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015).

*Bicyclus dubia (Aurivillius, 1893) Dubious Scalloped Bush Brown

Mycalesis dubia Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 270 (257-292).

Bicyclus dubia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Djoum, S. Cameroon. X/1993. S. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Bicyclus dubia. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Nyong R Ebogo, Cameroon. 9/1998. S. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki Na N’Golo”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/d). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Uganda (western), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia (north-west). Recorded, in error, from Liberia by Ackery et al., 1995 (MCW) and from Ghana by D’Abrera, 1980 and Carcasson, 1981 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Cameroon – Itoki Na N’Golo (TL); Toko, 900 m, Korup National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Rumpi Hills (T. Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a); Djoum (male illustrated above); Nyong River, Ebogo (female illustrated above). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Tanzania – Kikuru Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Swamp forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Also in riverine forest (Heath et al., 2002). Larsen (2005a) states that the habitat appears to be somewhat submontane primary and secondary forest. 29 Habits: Flies low down along forest paths and is attracted to fermented bananas (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Poaceae [Larsen, 2005a].

*Bicyclus ena (Hewitson, 1877)# Grizzled Bush Brown

Mycalesis ena Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 107 (107-108). Mycalesis ena Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Bicyclus ena (Hewitson, 1877). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bicyclus ena (Hewitson, 1877). Pringle et al., 1994: 51.

Bicyclus ena. Male (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Munnik, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 19 February 2006. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bicyclus ena. Female (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpaphuli N.R., Limpopo Province, South Africa. 29 April 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: “Lake Nyassa”. Diagnosis: The hair pencils are dark fuscous black (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya (east), Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Shaba), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (single record), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal – north), Swaziland. Specific localities: Rwanda – Akagera (M. Loftie-Eaton, pers comm., 2015). Kenya – from the coast to Athi River (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Lolkisale Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 30 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Forests (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Chimala (Kielland, 1990d); Ruaha National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Tabora (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – North Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Kafue Gorge (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Lunzua Falls (Kasama) (Heath et al., 2002); Nkamba Bay (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013); Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Botswana – Single male was collected in a malaise trap in Serowe by Per Forchhammer. The trap was located at the foot of an inselberg (Larsen pers. comm.). Limpopo Province – Thabina (Swanepoel, 1953); Ofcolaco (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik – Buffelsberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Molimo’s location (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (Williams, April, 2006); Mphapuli Cycad Reserve (Coetzer, 2006); Soetdoring Farm [- 24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Blouberg (male illustrated above). Mpumalanga – White River (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Lebombo Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994); Josini (female illustrated above). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Savanna, especially rocky hillsides. Penetrates forests sparingly (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 250 to 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively common species (Larsen, 1991c). Specimens often settle on rocks. Both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). Individuals patrol paths and fly relatively fast, settling relatively infrequently, when compared to Bicyclus safitza and Bicyclus anynana (Coetzer, 2006b). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms. Wet season form in spring and summer; dry season form in autumn and winter (Woodhall, 2005). Early stages:

Coetzer, 2006b. [ex Mphapuli Cycad Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa] Egg: No ovipositing observations can be made since only 1 egg was produced in captivity. It was watery white in colour and changed colour only before the larva hatched. Before the larva hatched, the black head could be observed inside the egg casing. The egg was almost round with its base widened very slightly. It was about 1mm diameter X 0.9 mm high. The egg stage lasted 6 days from 5/VII/2006 to 10/VII/2006. 1 st Instar: The larva ate the egg shell, starting from the top where it climbed out and then making its way down to the point where the egg was attached to the grass. The larva was 2,5 mm in length when it emerged and had a light creamy colour with scattered hairs. The head was shiny black with the top forming two small rounded horns. As the larva started eating the grass, the colour changed from creamy white to light green. Feeding was done at night and the larva returned to a silk spun mat on a grass blade. It fed higher up on the blade that it rested on. This instar lasted 6 days from 10/VII/2006 to 15/VII/2006 and reached a final length of 5.5 mm. 2nd Instar: As the green colour of the larvae intensified, two white lateral lines became visible on each side of the larva. The main body colour ranged from a light yellow at the back, to a semitransparent green colour just behind the head. The dorsal ridge of the front segments became darker, forming a line that fades out totally about half way to the back The head was still black and the horns had not extended yet. The final segment at the back was partly forked. It reached a length of 7.5 mm in 5 days, which was between 15/VII/2006 and 19/VII/2006. 3rd Instar: The darker dorsal line stretched from the head to the final segment. The two white lateral lines were more visible and the yellow body colour at the back gradually changed to light green. The body was covered in short hairs. The horns on the head were proportionally longer than in the first two instars but were still rounded at the tips. The final segment is more clearly forked. The larva attained a length of 13.5 mm. This instar lasted 7 days from 19/VII/2006 to 25/VII/2006. 4 th Instar: The body colour was light green with the dark dorsal line and the 2 white lateral lines being quite prominent. It was covered in small hairs. The horns were longer and they were becoming slightly more pointed. The head was still predominantly black but the back of both horns were white and white projections appeared on the side of the head. Just like the other instars, this instar spun a silk mat on which it rested during the day. When the larva was in its resting position, it bent its head in slightly, pointing the horns further to the front instead of to the top. It reached 21 mm in 5 days. This instar lasted from 25/VII/2006 to 29/7/2006. 5th Instar: The body colour of the 5th instar changed from the light green of the previous two instars, to a bright green colour. The dark green dorsal line was still present while the two white lateral lines had faded to a light green colour. Another dark green line appeared on the lateral side but it was not as prominent as the dorsal one. A 31 small black spot also appeared on the lateral side of each segment. The final segment, which was still forked, was a darker green than the rest of the body. The head was a dark green colour with only the two pointed horns and some marks on the front that were dark brown. The back of the horns were light green in colour and 4 main and many other smaller white projections were visible on the lateral side. The body and the head was covered in small hairs. This instar, just like all the others, fed at night when it crawled to a different blade of grass to feed on than the one on which it rested. About 36 hours before pupation, the larva crawled onto a blade of grass where it stayed in a head- down position until pupation. It fastened its anal claspers to the grass after which it hung in a hook shape until it pupated. The final length of the larva was 33 mm and it lasted 13 days from 29/VII/2006 to10/VIII/2006. Pupation took place on 11/VIII/2006. Pupa: The pupa was light green with several small black spots. It was suspended by its cremastral hook only. Before emerging, the colour changed to a white colour three days before emerging. It then turned brown and the forewing eyespot became visible 1 day before the specimen emerged. The pupal stage lasted 12 days from 11/VIII/2006 to 22/VIII/2006.

Larval food: Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. (Poaceae) [Coetzer, 2006b: 93; in captivity]. Relevant literature: Coetzer, 2006b [Early stages and behaviours].

kigonserae Aurivillius, 1911 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as f. of Mycalesis ena). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 93 (614 pp.). Tanzania: “German East Africa”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/e).

*Bicyclus ephorus Weymer, 1892 Common Blue-banded Bush Brown

Bicyclus ephorus Weymer, 1892. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 79 (79-125).

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Addah, Goldküste”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Gabon. Specific localities: Guinea – Nimba Mtns (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Addah (TL); Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Kibi area (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Okomu (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A fairly scarce butterfly that flies in the darkest parts of the forest, where it weaves around in tangled undergrowth (Larsen, 2005a). Specimens are attracted to traps baited with fermenting fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus bergeri Condamin, 1965 Berger’s Bush Brown

Bicyclus ephorus bergeri Condamin, 1965. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1099 (1095-1110). Bicyclus bergeri Condamin, 1965. Vande weghe, 2009b: 4 stat. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Uele: Paulis”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north). Specific localities: Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010);

32 Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Paulis, Uele (TL). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Trachyphrynium species (Marantaceae) [Schultze, 1920; for Bicyclus ephorus].

*Bicyclus evadne (Cramer, [1779]) Small Stately Bush Brown

Papilio evadne Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht.

Type locality: Sierra Leone. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe, Ubangi, Mongala, Uele). Specific localities: Ghana – Kakum (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Boloko, Bioko (Martin, 2015); Botonos, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Keri (Vande weghe, 2010); Mikongo (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Niari Valley (Janet, 1894). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kamituga (Dufrane, 1945). Habitat: Forest. Habits: An uncommon butterfly, with localized colonies linked to swampy ground (Larsen, 2005a). Individuals keep to the darkest places in the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Courting males have a jerky, irregular flight, during which the silvery-white costa is visible, presumably because pheromones are being released (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

servatius Godart, 1824 in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Satyrus). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 471, 525 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. No locality given.

elionias (Hewitson, [1866]) in Hewitson, [1862-6] (as sp. of Mycalesis). in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Synonymized with evadne (Cramer, [1779]) by Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 syn. nov.

noblemairei Janet, 1894 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 63: 256 (256- 257). Congo: “Congo Française (valée du Niari)”.

subignobilis Strand, 1913 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 149 (138-151). Equatorial Guinea: “Span. Guinea”.

alberici Dufrane, 1945 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 95 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kamituga”.

*Bicyclus feae (Aurivillius, 1910) 33

Mycalesis feae Aurivillius, 1910. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacoma Doria (3) 4: 516 (494-530).

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Moca, 1400 m”. The types are in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Genoa, Italy. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Bioko). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Moca, 1 400 m, Bioko (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus funebris (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) Funereal Bush Brown

Funereal Bush Brown (Bicyclus funebris). Wli Falls, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Satyris funebris Guérin-Méneville, 1844. Iconographie du règne animal de G. Cuvier. Insectes 488 (576 pp.). Paris.

Bicyclus funebris. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. S.E. Nigeria, Cross Rivers, Buabre, 06°26'N; 09°14'E. February, 1998. Gabriel Odey (Newport Collection).

Bicyclus funebris. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 51mm. S.W. Nigeria, Oyo State, Ibadan. 11.VII.1979. K. Stiff (Newport Collection).

Type locality: Senegal: “les bords de la rivière Cassamance, au Senegal”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west; Condamin, 1973), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (TL). Ivory Coast – Lamto (Vuattoux, 1994); Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Bismarckburg (Karsch, 1893). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Nigeria – Buabre (male illustrated above); Ibadan (female illustrated above). Cameroon – Ekona-Bavinga (Strand, 1912). Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – North-western Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe Stream (Kielland, 1990d); Kahama (Kielland, 1990d); Bikobo (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002); Kapweshi Forest Reserve, Kawambwa (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Mainly in drier forests but extending also to wet forests and dense savanna (Larsen, 2005a). Also in heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is rather sedate (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) suspects that there may be a paradoxical wet-season diapause in this species, since it appears to be much commoner during the dry season. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Digitaria atrofusca (Hack.) A. Camus (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast; as Digitaria seminuda]. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast].

nebulosa Felder & Felder, 1867 in Felder & Felder, 1865-7 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 502 (549 pp.). Wien. Guinea. 35

saga Butler, 1868 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 130 (211 pp.). London. Sierra Leone.

agraphis Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 207 (1-266). Togo: “Adaida, Bismarkburg”.

rhanidostroma Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 207 (1-266). Togo: “Bismarkburg”. [Also given as a synonym of Bicyclus istaris in Ackery et al., 1995: 291].

agraphides Strand, 1912 (as f. of Mycalesis (Monotrichtis) funebris). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 113 (107-123). Cameroon: “Ekona-Bavinga”.

*Bicyclus golo (Aurivillius, 1893) Golo Bush Brown

Mycalesis golo Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 267 (257-292).

Bicyclus golo. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 14 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki Na N’Golo”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/g). Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus smithi but not as dark brown (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Recorded, in error, from Liberia by Condamin, 1951 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Gashaka-Gumpti, Mambilla Plateau (Dowsett et al., 1989). Cameroon – Itoki Na N’Golo (TL); Mokundange (Strand, 1913); Korup, 1 100 m (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndjole (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Mikongo (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Bangasso (Aurivillius, 1899). Democratic Republic of Congo – N W Beni (Grünberg, 1911). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Kenya – Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Kiptiget (Larsen, 1991c); Chepalungu (Larsen,

36 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Dense Forest. In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 1 100 to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

violascens Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9 (as var. of Mycalesis golo). Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 55 (1-561). Central African Republic: “Bangasso”.

obliterata Grünberg, 1911 (as var. of Mycalesis golo). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral- Afrika Expedition 1907-1908. 3 (17): 511 (506-560), 4 pls. Leipzig. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Westl. v. Ruwenzori, N W Beni”.

goloides Strand, 1913 (as ab? of Mycalesis golo). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 146 (138-151). Cameroon: “Mokundange”.

*Bicyclus graueri (Rebel, 1914) Grauer’s Bush Brown

Mycalesis graueri Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 256 (219-294).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Urwalde bei Beni und Moera”. Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus sebetus from which it differs on the forewing underside where the brown line crossing the cell is straight and of even thickness all the way to the costa (in sebetus this line is angled basad in the middle, and from there is widened to form a band) (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania (west). Habitat: Submontane forest (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus graueri graueri (Rebel, 1914)

Mycalesis graueri Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 256 (219-294).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Urwalde bei Beni und Moera”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (TL); Moera (Rebel, 1914). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Kielland, 1990d).

Bicyclus graueri kota Vande weghe, 2009

Bicyclus graueri kota Vande weghe, 2009. Entomologia Africana 14 (1): 4 (1-24).

Type locality: Gabon: “”. Distribution: Gabon. Specific localities:

37 Gabon – Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010).

*Bicyclus choveti Libert, 1996 Chovet’s Bush Brown

Bicyclus graueri choveti Libert, 1996. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 101 (2): 206 (201-208). Bicylcus choveti Libert, 1996. Aduse-Poku et al., 2016. stat. rev.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Mt Koupé”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Gashaka-Gumpti National Park (D. Knoop, vide Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Mount Koupe (TL). Habits: B. choveti appears to be a rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus hewitsoni (Doumet, 1861) Large Blue-banded Bush Brown

Idiomorphus hewitsoni Doumet, 1861. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliqué (2) 13: 175 (171-178).

Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (except Shaba). Recorded, apparently in error, from western Nigeria by Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Cross River Loop (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Yaounde (Bartel, 1905); Makak Station (Birket-Smith, 1960); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndjole (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Dense primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A scarce butterfly that occurs in small, discrete colonies (Larsen, 2005a). Flies in dark parts of the forest, especially where there is a dense undergrowth of Marantaceae and gingers. It appears to fly mainly in the late afternoon and early evening (Larsen, 2005a). Specimens are often found feeding from fallen fruit (Schultze, 1920). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

nanodes Grose-Smith, 1890 (as sp. of Idiomorphus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1890: 472 (463-473). Democratic Republic of Congo: “the Great Forest of Central Africa”.

bicolor Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 130 (129-152). Cameroon: “Kamerun (Hinterland, Jaunde-Stat.)”.

subocellatus Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 131 (129-152). Democratic

38 Republic of Congo: “Central-Africa (6° s. Br., 22-26° ö. L. v. Gr.)”.

owassae Schultze, 1914 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Entomologische Rundschau 31: 49 (49-50). Equatorial Guinea: “o-wassa, Fernando-Poo”.

nyongensis Birket-Smith, 1960 (as ssp. of Mycalesis nanodes). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 22: 550 (521-554, 924-983, 1259-1284). Cameroon: “Dense forest at the river Nyong just south of Makak station (loc. 128), French Cameroons”.

*Bicyclus howarthi Condamin, 1963

Bicyclus howarthi Condamin, 1963. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 25: 908 (901-911).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Bitje, Cameroons”. Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Bitje (TL). Gabon – Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus hyperanthus (Bethune-Baker, 1908) Bethune-Baker’s Bush Brown

Mycalesis hyperanthus Bethune-Baker, 1908. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 469 (469-482).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Makala, Beni-Mawambe”. Distribution: Ivory Coast (Condamin, 1973; requires confirmation), Nigeria (east; Knoop, vide Larsen, 2005a; requires confirmation), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Makala, Beni-Mawambe (TL). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Kikuru Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Munene Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Submontane forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus iccius (Hewitson, [1865]) Scarce Blue-banded Bush Brown

Idiomorphus iccius Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 96 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). 39 Cameroon – Yaounde (Bartel, 1905). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Extremely rare in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Poaceae [Ackery et al., 1995. Larsen (1999) doubts this, averring that Marantaceae is a more likely family].

transiens Bartel, 1905 (as ab. of Mycalesis iccius). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 131 (129-152). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Hinterland, Jaunde-Station”.

*Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler, 1870) Ignoble Bush Brown

Ignoble Bush Brown (Bicyclus ignobilis). Yangambi, DRC. Image courtesy Bart Wursten.

Mycalesis ignobilis Butler, 1870. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1870: 124 (123-124). Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler, 1870). Brattstrom et al, 2015: 64 stat. rev.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Gold Coast”. The Holotype (female) is in the NMNH(E) #1054538 (BMNH). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Ghana – Gold Coast (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Lolodorf. Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndougou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Buamba Forest, Semliki Valley; Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania – Kere Hill, Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Bulembe (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: This is the most common of the species in the ignobilis species-group (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Flies low down in the forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

eurini Condamin & Fox, 1963 (as ssp. of Bicyclus ignobilis). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 25: 1166 (1166-1167). Cameroon: “Lolodorf, Cameroons”. Synonymized with Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler, 1870) by Brattstrom et al., 2015: 64 syn. nov.

acutus Condamin, 1965 (as ssp. of Bicyclus ignobilis). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1447 (1438-1448). Uganda: “Uganda Prot. Buamba Forest, Semliki Valley, 2300-2800 ft”. Synonymized with Bicyclus ignobilis (Butler, 1870) by Brattstrom et al., 2015: 64 syn. nov.

*Bicyclus istaris (Plötz, 1880) Velvet Bush Brown

Mycalesis istaris Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 197 (189-206).

Type locality: Ghana: “Aburi”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes, 1999), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Sierra Leone – Loma Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Tai (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Aburi (TL); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Togo – Bismarckburg (Karsch, 1893). Kenya – Kabras (part of the Kakamega complex) (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998; single female). Habitat: Wetter forest, in somewhat hilly country (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: An uncommon bush brown (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

rhanidostroma Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 207 (1-266). Togo: “Bismarckburg”. [Also given as a synonym of Bicyclus funebris in Ackery et al., 1995: 290].

*Bicyclus brunnea Jackson, 1951

Monotrichtis sophrosyne brunnea Jackson, 1951. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 20: 97 (91-105). Synonym of Bicyclus istarus (Plötz, 1880). Ackery et al., 1995. Bicyclus brunnea Jackson, 1951. Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 stat. rev.

Type locality: Uganda: “W. Uganda; W. Ankole, Kalinzu Forest”. Distribution: Uganda. Specific localities: Uganda – Kalinzu Forest (Jackson, 1951). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

41 *Bicyclus italus (Hewitson, [1865]) Large Bush Brown

Idiomorphus italus Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 95 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Ghana (Volta region), Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe, Ubangi, Mongala). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon – Mungo (Plötz, 1880); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Malibe (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Forest, including drier forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Occasionally this is a locally common species, strongly attracted to fallen fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: Populations in the west may represent a distinct subspecies (Larsen, 2005a).

massalia Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Idiomorphus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 195 (189-206). Cameroon: “Müngo”.

*Bicyclus ivindo Vande weghe, 2007

Bicyclus ivindo Vande weghe, 2007. Lambillionea 107 (3) Tome II: 455 (455-458).

Type locality: Gabon: “Ivindo National Park”. The location of the holotype is unknown (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Distribution: Gabon (east). Specific localities: Gabon – Ivindo National Park (TL); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus jefferyi Fox, 1963 Jeffery’s Bush Brown

Bicyclus miriam jefferyi Fox, 1963. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 36: 221 (213-224).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kitale, British East Africa”. Diagnosis: Most closely related to Bicyclus moyses (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north). Specific localities: 42 Democratic Republic of Congo – Kamituga (Dufrane, 1945). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Rwanda – no specific locality (Strand, 1909). Kenya – Kitale (TL). Tanzania – From Mpanda to Kigoma and thence to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d). Recorded, in error, from Mt Kilimanjaro by de Jong & Congdon, 1993 (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Samfya (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002); Kasma (Heath et al., 2002); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Meadows or clearings inside or near semi-montane forest, where green grass is abundant (Larsen, 1991c). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is relatively weak and close to the ground. Specimens are usually found resting on blades of grass or on the ground (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

punctifera Strand, 1909 (as f. of Mycalesis miriam). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 22: 105 (104- 121). Rwanda: “Nordest-und Mittel-Ruanda”.

addenda Dufrane, 1945 (as ab. of Mycalesis miriam miriam). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 97 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kamituga”.

*Bicyclus kenia (Rogenhofer, 1891) Kenyan Bush Brown

Mycalesis (?) kenia Rogenhofer, 1891. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 6: 462 (455-466).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Lande Kikuyu am Fusse des Kenia”. Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus mandanes, from which it differs in the forewing upperside in that it has a prominent white subapical band, whereas in mandanes the band is dull yellowish (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda (north shore of Lake Victoria); Kenya (central highlands; south- west), Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Kikuyu (TL); Kitumu (Gaede, 1915); Loita Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Mau Hills (above Narok) (Larsen, 1991c); upper Meru Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Loloiondo, north of Ngorongoro (Kalumile, vide Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Montane forest. In Tanzania at altitudes above 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Specimens fly from leaf to leaf in the forest undergrowth. They appear to have quite a nervous disposition. Often seen feeding from fallen fruit, in the company of Euphaedra neophron (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

inocellata Gaede, 1915 (as var. of Mycalesis kenia). Entomologische Rundschau 32: 50 (50-52). Kenya: “Kitumu, südlich von Kenia”.

*Bicyclus kiellandi Condamin, 1986

Bicyclus kiellandi Condamin, 1986. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 45: 181 (173-187).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Muhulu, forest 1500 m, Ulanga District”. Diagnosis: Similar to Bicyclus safitza but the underside is striated (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (central and south-central). 43 Specific localities: Tanzania – Muhulu Forest in Ulanga District (TL); Mikumu National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Kwadiboma near Handeni (Kielland, 1990d); near Luhombero Mountain in the Mwanihana Forest Reserve (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Open grassy woodland at altitudes from 700 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Occurs in extremely local colonies, only a few square metres in extent (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus lamani (Aurivillius, 1900)

Mycalesis lamani Aurivillius, 1900. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 57: 1040 (1039-1058).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mukinbungu um unteren Congo”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/l). Distribution: Gabon, Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Gabon – Tchibanga (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukinbungu (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus larseni Vande weghe, 2009

Bicyclus larseni. Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Bicyclus larseni Vande weghe, 2009. Entomologia Africana 14 (2) (Supplement): 3 (1-24).

Type locality: Guinea: “”. Distribution: Guinea, Ghana. Specific localities: Guinea – Ghana – Kwabina-sam (Pamela Sai, unpublished). Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus madetes (Hewitson, 1874) Brown-spot Bush Brown

Brown-spot Bush Brown (Bicyclus madetes). Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Mycalesis madetes Hewitson, 1874. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 13: 381 (380-383).

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest, including severely degraded forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A reasonably common bush brown, especially in western Nigeria. The distribution seems to be patchy (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva].

Larval food: Poaceae [Sourakov & Emmel, 1997].

Bicyclus madetes madetes (Hewitson, 1874)

Mycalesis madetes Hewitson, 1874. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 13: 381 (380-383).

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south), Cameroon (west), Gabon. Specific localities: Liberia – Piquinini (Ehrmann, 1894). Ghana – Aburi (Plötz, 1880); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Nigeria – Lagos area (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Victoria (Plötz, 1880); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010).

nuwa Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 196 (189-206). Ghana:

45 “Aburi”; Cameroon: “Victoria”.

erysichton Ehrmann, 1894 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 2: 77 (77- 78). Liberia: “Piquinini Sess, Liberia”.

Bicyclus madetes carola d’Abrera, 1980

Bicyclus madetes carola d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 174, 175 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Port Victoria, Cameroons”. Distribution: Cameroon (west of the mountains), Democratic Republic of Congo (the Kasai). Specific localities: Cameroon – Port Victoria (TL).

*Bicyclus maesseni Condamin, 1971 Maessen’s Ignoble Bush Brown

Bicyclus maesseni Condamin, 1971. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 32: 1071 (1068-1077).

Type locality: Ghana: “Likpe Mate (Volta Region), Ghana”. Type material in the MNHN, Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Liberia (Brattstrom, 2012), Sierra Leone (Brattstrom et al, 2015), Ivory Coast (east), Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (Brattstrom, 2012). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Tiassale (Larsen, 2005a); Lamto (Larsen, 2005a); Abengourou (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Likpe (TL); Atewa Range (ABRI, vide Larsen, 2005a); Boti Falls (Larsen, 2005a); Begoro (Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Okumo (Brattstrom et al, 2015). Habitat: Primary and secondary forest with closed canopy, usually with tangled undergrowth (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: The flight is weak and low down (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus mesogenina (Grünberg, 1911)

Mycalesis mesogenina Grünberg, 1911. Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907-1908. 3 (17): 509 (506-560), 4 pls. Leipzig. Synonym of B. mesogena mesogena (Karsch, 1894). Ackery et al., 1995. Bicyclus mesogenina Grünberg, 1911. Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 stat. rev.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Westl. v. Ruwenzori, N.W. Beni, Urwald”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (Aduse-Poku et al., 2016), Tanzania (south-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (TL of mesogenina). Tanzania – Kasoge forest, below the Mahale Mountains, Kigoma (TL of mahale). Habitat: Dense forest at altitudes of 800 to 1 000 m (Kielland, 1990d; as Bicyclus mesogenus). Habits: Flies slowly, in the shade, close to the ground. Attracted to fermenting bananas (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. 46 Larval food: Nothing published.

mahale Congdon, Kielland & Collins 1998 (as sp. of Bicyclus). In: Supplement to Kielland’s butterflies of Tanzania: 38 (143 pp.). ABRI and Lambillionea. Type locality: Tanzania: “Kigoma, Kasoge, 900m, 19.i.1967 J. Kielland.” Holotype to be deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Synonymized with B. mesogenina (Grünberg, 1911) by Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 syn. nov.

*Bicyclus collinsi Aduse-Poku et al, 2016 Large Marbled Bush Brown

Male Large Marbled Bush Brown (Bicyclus collinsi). Kibale Forest, Uganda. October 2014. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Bicyclus mandanes Hewitson, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 58 (57-58). Bicyclus collinsi Aduse-Poku et al., 2016. [Replacement name for Bicyclus mandanes].

Bicyclus collinsi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 46mm. Kinda, Katanga, Congo Belge. April 1959. R. Badham. (Transvaal Museum – TM3195).

Bicyclus collinsi. Female (Wingspan 43 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 43 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Bacelar, 1949), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Zambia. Specific localities: Ghana – Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Bismarkburg (Karsch, 1893). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kinda (male illustrated above). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); Kibale Forest (R. Schutte, unpublished). Kenya – Kitale (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Biharamulo District (Kielland, 1990d); Kahama District (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest, both wet and dry. Also in riverine forest (Heath et al., 2002). In West Africa it seems to prefer drier forest, where this merges with the Guinea savanna (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A rather scarce species (Larsen, 2005a) that keeps to the shady forest floor, only coming into the open to feed from fallen fruit (Larsen, 1991c). It has also been seen feeding from carnivore scats (Larsen, 1991c). When resting on the ground it is very well camouflaged (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

mandanes Hewitson, 1873 (as sp. of Bicyclus). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 58 (57-58). Gabon: Gaboon. Replacement name Bicyclus collinsi Aduse Poku et al., 2016. Systematics and Biodiversity, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2016.1226979

graphidhabra Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Dichothyris). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 203 (1-266). Togo: “Bismarkburg”.

*Bicyclus matuta (Karsch, 1894)

Male Bicyclus matuta matuta. Kibale Forest, Uganda. October 2014. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Mycalesis matuta Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 228 (209-240).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “westlichen Abnange des Runssóroro”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus matuta matuta (Karsch, 1894)

Mycalesis matuta Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 228 (209-240).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “westlichen Abnange des Runssóroro”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Kivu), Uganda (south-west – Kigezi), Rwanda, Burundi. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Runssororo (TL). Uganda – Kibale Forest (R. Schutte, unpublished).

eleutheria Rebel, 1911 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 24: 412 (409-414). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Nordwestafer des Tanganyika-Sees”.

Bicyclus matuta idjwiensis Condamin, 1965

Bicyclus matuta idjwiensis Condamin, 1965. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1440 (1438-1448).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kwidgwi I., L. Kivu”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kwidgwi Island, Lake Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kwidgwi Island, Lake Kivu (TL).

*Bicyclus medontias (Hewitson, 1873) White-line Bush Brown

Mycalesis medontias Hewitson, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 57 (57-58).

Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Nigeria (Niger Delta, east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Agova (Plötz, 1880); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ukaika (Rebel, 1914); Medje (Holland, 1920). Habitat: Forest, including somewhat degraded forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: In Nigeria it is commoner than Bicyclus hewitsoni (Larsen, 2005a). Flies in the shady, dense undergrowth of the forest, but may be attracted by fallen fruit in more open habitats (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Aurivillius, 1893 [larva and pupa].

Condamin, 1973 [larva and pupa].

Larval food: Nothing published.

vala Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Idiomorphus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 196 (189-206). Cameroon: “Agova”.

micropthalma Rebel, 1914 (as f. of Mycalesis medontias). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 256 (219-294). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Moera bis Ukaika”.

obsoletus Holland, 1920 (as var. of Bicyclus medontias). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 132 (109-369). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Medje”.

*Bicyclus mesogena (Karsch, 1894)

Mycalesis mesogena Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 236 (209-240).

Bicyclus mesogena mesogena. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 49mm. Lisombo, Mwinilunga dist., Zambia. 01/v/2001. A.J. Gardiner (Gardiner Collection). 50

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Centralafrika (6° S Br., 22-26° östl. L. von Greenw.)”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Misattributed to the West African fauna (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Also in riverine forest (Heath et al., 2002). Habits: Flies low above the ground. Attracted by fermenting fruit (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus mesogena mesogena (Karsch, 1894)

Mycalesis mesogena Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 236 (209-240).

Bicyclus mesogena mesogena. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 49mm. Lisombo, Mwinilunga dist., Zambia. 01/v/2001. A.J. Gardiner (Gardiner Collection).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Centralafrika (6° S Br., 22-26° östl. L. von Greenw.)”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya (west), Zambia. Specific localities: Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – N.W. Beni (Grünberg, 1911); Mohanga (Dufrane, 1945). Kenya – northern Nandi Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Lisombo (male illustrated above).

mohangensis Dufrane, 1945 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 94 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mohanga”.

Bicyclus mesogena ugandae (Riley, 1926)

Mycalesis mesogena ugandae Riley, 1926. Entomologist 59: 234 (234).

51 Type locality: [Uganda]: “Daro Forest, Toro”. Distribution: Uganda (west), Tanzania (Kigoma district and north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Daro Forest, Toro district (TL); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Kasoge Forest (Ackery et al., 1995); Munene Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Kikuru (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

Note: Larsen (1991: 266) is of the opinion that Kenyan populations (all from the Nandi Hills) are closest to topotypical material. He believes that the Ugandan population from Toro may represent an isolated relic population.

*Bicyclus milyas (Hewitson, [1864]) Lesser Rock Bush Brown

Mycalesis milyas Hewitson, [1864] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 89 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Sudan: “White Nile”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Bacelar, 1949), Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone (north), Ivory Coast (north), Ghana (north), Togo (north), Benin (north), Nigeria (north), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Democratic Republic of Congo (north), Sudan, Uganda (north), Ethiopia (south-west), Kenya (north-west; South Kavirondo; latter requires confirmation – see Larsen, 1991c: 273). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Lamto (Vuattoux, 1994). Togo – Bismarckburg (Karsch, 1893). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Nigeria – Kaduna area (St. Leger, vide Larsen, 2005a); Jos (St. Leger, vide Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Rebola, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Habitat: Dry savanna. Habits: A common but localized butterfly that has habits that are very similar to those of Bicyclus pavonis, with which it is often sympatric (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast].

desolata Butler, 1876 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 480 (480-490). Ethiopia: “Abyssinia”.

leptoglena Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 208 (1-266). Togo: “Station Bismarkburg”.

*Bicyclus mollitia (Karsch, 1895)

Mycalesis mollitia Karsch, 1895. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 21: 281 (275-286).

Bicyclus mollitia. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 50 mm. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 13 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Uganda. Distribution: Cameroon (south), Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (south and east), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Misattributed to the Nigerian butterfly fauna (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Entebbe (Sharpe, 1896); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Bulembe (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Flies in the undergrowth of forest. It is often seen feeding from fallen fruit, usually in the company of species of Euphaedra and Cymothoe (Larsen, 1991c). Molleman (2004) captured this species in baited traps high in the forest canopy. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

ansorgei Sharpe, 1896 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 18: 158 (158-159). Uganda: “Mtebe, East Africa”.

*Bicyclus moyses Condamin & Fox, 1964

Bicyclus moyses Condamin & Fox, 1964. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 26: 629 (624-631).

53 Bicyclus moyses. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 19 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bicyclus moyses. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 38mm. Ikelenge, N.W. Province, Zambia. 20.IV.78. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Akom II, près Kribi”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015), Zambia. Recorded, in error, from Nigeria by Berger, 1981 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Cameroon – Akom II, Kribi (TL). Gabon – Practically throughout (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Koubotchi (male A, illustrated above). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Zambia – Shiwa (male B, illustrated above); Ikelenge (female illustrated above). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus nachtetis Condamin, 1965

Bicyclus nachtetis Condamin, 1965. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1104 (1095-1110).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo belge, prov. de Kivu”. Distribution: Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Equateur, May-Ndombe, Lualaba), Uganda?, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kivu (TL). Tanzania – Kikuru (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Swamp forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habits: Highly attracted to fermenting bananas (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus neustetteri (Rebel, 1914)

Mycalesis neustetteri Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 257 (219-294).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Im Urwalde hinter den Randebirgen im Nordwesten des Tanganyiks-Sees”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) (Martin, 215), Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Maniema), Uganda (south-west – Kigezi). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus nobilis (Aurivillius, 1893) Noble Bush Brown

Mycalesis nobilis Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 269 (257-292).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki, Kitta, Ekundu”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/n). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo. Specific localities: Guinea – Nimba Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Sierra Leone – Loma Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Sapo (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a); Tai (Larsen, 2005a); Yapo (Larsen, 2005a); Alepe (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Itoki, Korup N.P. (TL); Kitta (Aurivillius, 1893); Ekundu (Aurivillius, 1893). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Wetter forests of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a scarce bush brown, that tends to fly in dense undergrowth. The flight is slow, as it weaves its way through the understorey (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997.

Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus ottossoni Brattström, 2015

Bicyclus ottossoni Brattström, 2015. Zootaxa 4018 (1): 71 (057-079).

Type locality: Nigeria: “Edo State, Ologbo Forest (06°01N, '05°33'E), 1.iv.2009, O. Brattström leg.”. Holotype (male) in the Oskar Brattström’s Research Collection, Cambridge, United Kingdom (OB-IND- 1072). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon (south). Specific localities:

55 Nigeria – Ologbo Forest (06°01'N, 05°33'E) (TL). Cameroon – Dja (03°09'N, 13°00'E); Djeng nr Nfoud (03°25'N, 12°23'E); Ebogo (03°23'N, 11°28'E); Kiosi (s. Cameroon, nr Eq. Guinea border); Londji (02°57'N, 09°57'E); Maan (02°22'N, 10°37'E); Mt Mille (03°17'N, 10°50'E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Ulf Ottosson, who encouraged the author to undertake work in Africa. Habitat: Swampy rainforest (Brattstron et al., 2015). Habits: Flies close to the ground in shady areas (Brattstron et al., 2015). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus pavonis (Butler, 1876) Rock Bush Brown

Mycalesis pavonis Butler, 1876. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 481 (480-490).

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Abyssinia”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (north), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan (south), Uganda (north), Ethiopia (south), Kenya (north-west). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Lamto (Vuattoux, 1994). Ghana – Mole National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Nakpanduri (Larsen, 2005a); Accra Plains (Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a). Kenya – Suk (Larsen, 1991c); Turkana (Larsen, 1991c); Kacheliba district (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Rocky outcrops in arid savanna (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Apparently skulks in rock crevices (Larsen, 1991c). During the heat of the day it may assemble in small clusters in rock crevices or in Ceiba pentandra buttresses (Larsen, 2005a). It may be seasonally abundant, specimens often flying higher above ground level than most congenerics (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv. (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast].

*Bicyclus pareensis Collins & Kielland, 2008

Bicyclus pareensis Collins & Kielland, 2008. Metamorphosis 19: 78 (42-113).

Bicyclus pareensis male holotype upperside Bicyclus pareensis male holotype upperside

Bicyclus pareensis female upperside Bicyclus pareensis female underside

Type locality: Tanzania: “South Pare Mts. (03°45'S 37°52'E), 14.iv.1978 (Jan Kielland leg., coll. Kielland in ABRI).” Etymology: Named after the South Pare Mountains, to which it appears to be endemic. Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – South Pare Mountains (TL). Habitat: Rarely found below 1 700 to 2 000 m (Collins & Larsen, 2008). Habits: Widespread and locally common in the South Pare Mountains (Collins & Larsen, 2008). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus persimilis (Joicey & Talbot, 1921)

Mycalesis persimilis Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 76 (40-166).

Bicyclus persimilis. Male (Wingspan 37 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 37 mm. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 13 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Ruwenzori, western slopes”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo-Uganda border, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ruwenzori (TL). Uganda – Mpanga Forest (male illustrated above). Early stages: Nothing published. 57 Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus procora (Karsch, 1893) Cinnamon Bush Brown

Cinnamon Bush Brown (Bicyclus procora). Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Mycalesis procora Karsch, 1893. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 210 (1-266).

Type locality: Togo: “Bismarkburg”. The lacation of the type is unknown (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar de Sousa et al., 2008), Guinea (Nimbas), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west – Bwamba Valley). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Togo – Bismarckburg (TL). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Makomo (Strand, 1913). Gabon – Lope (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (Grünberg, 1911). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Habitat: Deep forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A fairly common species, which is somewhat localized (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

benina Grünberg, 1911 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907-1908. 3 (17): 508 (506-560), 4 pls. Leipzig. Democratic Republic of Congo: “West. v. Ruwenzori, N.W. Beni, Urwald”. Synonymized with procora (Karsch, 1893) by Condamine, 1973.

makomensis Strand, 1913 (as var. of Mycalesis procora). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 144 (138- 151). Equatorial Guinea: “Span. Guinea: Makomo”. Synonymized with procora (Karsch, 1893) by Condamine, 1973.

*Bicyclus makomensis (Strand, 1913)

Mycalesis procora var. makomensis Strand, 1913. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 144 (138-151). Synonym of procora (Karsch, 1893). Condamine, 1973. Bicyclus makomensis (Strand, 1913). Brattstrom et al., 2015.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Span. Guinea: Makomo”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni). Specific localities: Cameroon – Ebogo (Libert, 1996). Equatorial Guinea – Makomo (TL). Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

ewondo Libert, 1996 (as sp. of Bicyclus). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 101 (2): 204 (201- 208). Type locality: Cameroon. The types are in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Female first described by Vande weghe, 2009b.

*Bicyclus heathi Brattström, 2015

Bicyclus heathi Brattström, 2015. Systematic Entomology (2015), DOI: 10.1111/syen.12150.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “110 km NW Bukawu, Irangi forest, (01°50′S, 28°09′E), 12.iv.1978 (Alan Heath) (ABRI), specimen ID: OB-ABRI-0001.” Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Irangi Forest (TL); Bucha (00°57′N, 29°14′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Mamove (00°49′N, 29°27′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Upper Maiko, Lubilinga Watershed, N. E. Lubutu, 2800 ft. (00°40′S, 27°00′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Irangi (01°54′S, 28°27′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Alan Heath who collected the holotype and a paratype during a visit to the Irangi Forest in 1978. Habitat: Medium-altitude rainforest (Brattstron et al., 2015). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus elishiae Brattström, 2015

Bicyclus elishiae Brattström, 2015. Systematic Entomology (2015), DOI: 10.1111/syen.12150.

Type locality: Gabon: “Ivindo NP, Ipassa (0°27′N, 12°47′E), 17.xii.2004 (Gaël Vande weghe) (ABRI), specimen ID: OB-ABRI-0046/BC-GVW0002.” Distribution: Cameroon (south-east), Gabon, Congo (south-west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Dja Reserve (3°11′N, 12°49′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Mintom (2°42′N, 13°17′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Moloundou (2°03′N, 15°14′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Gabon – Ipassa (TL); Ivindo NP, Koungou (0°20′N, 12°36′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Waka NP, Oghoubi (1°07′S, 11°08′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Ivindo NP, Langoue (0°12′S, 12°35′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). 59 Congo – Zanaga District, Loungou (2°30′S, 13°43′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Oskar Brattstom’s partner Elishia Harji. Habitat: Lowland rainforest (Brattstron et al., 2015). Habits: This appears to be a rare species (Brattstron et al., 2015). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus sigiussidorum Brattström, 2015

Bicyclus sigiussidorum Brattström, 2015. Systematic Entomology (2015), DOI: 10.1111/syen.12150.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Mt Mille (Lolodorf) (3°17′N, 10°50′E), v.2011 (N.A.) (ABRI), specimen ID: OB-ABRI-0069.” Distribution: Cameroon (south), Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni), Gabon (north-west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Mt Mille (TL); Dja Forest (3°09′N, 13°00′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Lolodorf (3°17′N, 10°50′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Maan (2°22′N, 10°37′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015); Campo (2°22′N, 9°50′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Equatorial Guinea – Balengue, Rio Muni (1°20′N, 9°30′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Gabon – Monts de Cristal NP, Mbei Tchimbele Valley (0°42′N, 10°19′E) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Ziggy Stardust, one of the many faces of David Bowie, because of its “glammy” appearance (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus subtilisurae Brattström, 2015

Bicyclus subtilisurae Brattström, 2015. Systematic Entomology (2015), DOI: 10.1111/syen.12150.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Minziro Forest (1°03′S, 31°33′E), 23.vi.1991 (Jan Kielland) (ABRI), specimen ID: OB-ABRI-0027.” Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Orientale, Mont Hoyo (1°13′N, 29°48′E); Kivu, Kithokolo-Lubero (0°10′S, 29°13′E); Kithokolo-Lubero (0°10′S, 29°13′E); Maliva (0°10′N, 29°01′E); Kivu, Kasuo, (00°14′S, 29°03′E). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (TL). Etymology: The valves of the male genitalia somewhat resemble a stylistic depiction of a woman’s legs and feet, therefore the Latin name is formed from the feminine form of the words ‘slender legs’ (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Habitat: Submontane rainforest above 1 000 m (Brattstrom et al., 2015). Habits: Localized and rare. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus rhacotis (Hewitson, [1866]) Rhacotis Bush Brown 60

Mycalesis rhacotis Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 93 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Tshopo, Kinshasa, Sankuru), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); Abak (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Batake Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Tanzania – Kikuru Forest (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Deep forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This appears to be a very scarce butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus rileyi Condamin, 1961

Bicyclus rileyi Condamin, 1961. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 792 (782-799).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Bitje, Ja River (3°09'N, 13°00'E), G.L. Bates leg.”. The Holotype (male) is in the BMNH(E) (#997642). The Neallotype (female) was described from the same locality as the Holotype (iv-vi 1910, G.L. Bates leg.) by Condamin (1965) and is also in the BMNH(E) (#997643). Diagnosis: Larger than the other species in the ignobilis species-group (male fw 27 mm versus about 20 in the other species). Dorsal anal area of hindwing with thick covering of shiny dark hair-like scales. Base of vein 1 of dorsum of forewing with a comb of dark hairs. In the female the pale areas on the dorsal wing surfaces are larger than in other members of the species-group (Brattstrom et al, 2015). Distribution: Cameroon (south), Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Bitje, Ja River (3°09'N, 13°00'E) (TL); Dja River (3°09'N, 13°00'E); Ebogo (3°23'N, 11°28'E); Maan (2°22'N, 10°37'E); Membele (2°27'N, 11°08'E); Mevele (Membele?); Mintom (2°42'N, 13°17'E); Moloundou (3°09'N, 13°00'E) (Brattstrom et al, 2015). Democratic Republic of Congo – Lukolela (1°03'N, 17°12'E) (Brattstrom et al, 2015). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus safitza (Westwood, [1850])# Common Bush Brown

Common Bush Brown (Bicyclus safitza). Left – male upperside; right – female upperside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Common Bush Brown (Bicyclus safitza) male undersides. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Satyrus denina Godart, 1824. nomen oblitum. Mycalesis safitza Westwood, [1850] in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: pl. 66 [1850], 394 [1851] (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. Mycalesis evenus Hopffer. Trimen, 1866a. [Synonym of Bicyclus safitza] Mycalesis safitza Hewitson, 1851. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. [misattribution of authorship] Mycalesis safitza Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus safitza (Hewitson, 1851). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus safitza (Hewitson, 1851). Pringle et al., 1994: 51. [misattribution of authorship] Bicyclus denina (Godart, 1824). Lamas, 2010: 198. nomen oblitum Bicyclus safitza (Westwood, 1850). Larsen & Vane-Wright, 2011.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 42 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 8 December 2012. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 43 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. 62 Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 3 September 2002. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 43 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 28 April 2005. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female (wet season form) (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umdoni Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 12 February 19712. S. Henning. Images M.C. Williams ex Henning Collection.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female (dry season form) (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Manguzi Forest, Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. 16 June 20074. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 27April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Alternative common name: Common Savanna Bush Brown. Type locality: “Africa”. Diagnosis: The outer hair pencil in the male is dark fuscous black (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Savanna and forest. In West Africa it is a mainly Guinea savanna insect (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania it is found from sea-level to altitudes up to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies in the semi-shade of forest and thick bush. Males establish territories at ground level in sunny spots in clearings and along paths. The flight is slow, low down and bobbing and specimens settle frequently on leaves, low down. Especially fond of fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). In West Africa it has been observed that dry-season individuals often aggregate in caves and under overhanging cliffs, apparently semi-aestivating (Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms. Wet season form mainly October to December (peak abundance November) and dry season form January to May (peak April) (Woodhall, 2005). Cottrell (cited by Pringle et al., 1994) doubts that there is seasonal variation in the populations in the Knysna Forests, at the southern limit of the species’ distribution. Early stages:

Clark, in Van Son, 1955: 32 [as Mycalesis (Monotrichtis) safitza]. Egg – laid singly on blade or stalk of grass; watery white; black head of larva becomes visible as it develops; shape semiglobular, 1,1 mm diameter and 0,9 mm high; covered with fine netting tracery; egg stage 5-8 days but longer in adverse weather. First instar larva – eats way out near top of egg and consumes shell, except for base; 3

64 mm long; watery white with black head; on feeding becomes progressively greener; later white spots appear all over body and last three segments become light brown; as spots become more distinct they form a lateral line; three rows of golden brown hairs mounted on white moles on each side above spiracle and on lateral ridge each segment has two spines except first three and last two, which have only one; two spines on prolegs; head pitch black with golden yellow setae; head above shaped into two rough horns, tops of which are slightly sunken; moults on silk mat spun by larva, attached by clapsers; grows to 6-6,5 mm in 4 days (spring, summer) to 8 days (autumn). Second instar larva – green with faint subdorsal line and light brown dorsal line, broadening considerably from segment 9 to centre of forked final segment; head black or dark brown, except for dull green patch behind each ‘horn’; horns are pointed projections, blackening to tips; surface of head studded with setae and indentations; main setae on body still present, being brown-black tipped, though relatively smaller than in 1st instar; on each of white patches of previous instar a small seta on a white mole; larvae spin small mats on which they rest when not feeding; feed from edge of grass blade but return to silk mat when finished; grow to 8-10 mm in 4-7 days. Third instar larva – slightly darker green with green dorsal stripe, shading to light brown from segment 9; on first two segments a subdorsal black stripe, flanked on inside by white, this line exending over head to horns (this is all that remains of subdorsal line of previous instar); head green, shading to brown on horns as in 2nd instar, surface of head studded with small setae and indentations; main setae still present but relatively smaller and darker; number of secondary setae increased; grows to 12-13,5 mm (one specimen 16 mm) in 4-7 days. Fourth instar larva – ground-colour pale dull yellow, fairly liberally mottled with green; a broad green dorsal line, shading to light brown from segment 9; subdorsal line reappears but is ill- defined, wavy, and punctuated at joints with dark, except on leading segments where it is straight and well defined in dark brown and, as in previous instar, extends to projections of head; below spiracles a thin green line; lateral ridge white, below this green and fairly liberally studded with small watery white setae on small moles; main setae very small and nearly same size as lesser setae; head pale yellowish green touched with brown, projections brown; grows to 19-22 mm in 4-6 days. Fifth (final) instar larva – dull yellow mottled with brown; a brown dorsal line, shading to black at each extremity, and split on first three segments; subdorsal line consists of series of curved brown markings thinning to front and punctuated to rear with a dark brown patch; on anterior segments subdorsal line becomes firm and continues to head; a broken, brown lateral line; on segments 4-10 a brown diagonal line extends anteroventrally from lateral line; lateral ridge white, flanked on both sides with brown; below this body shades to green and mottling disappears ventrally; head yellow-brown; cephalic projections modified and blunt; setae and indentations on head more numerous; grows to 26-33 mm in 8-14 days; excreta ejected by means of anal comb consisting of two groups of four strong spines; larvae usually spin mats to rest on, crawling away to feed; to pupate larva spins a mat and attaches anal claspers to this. Pupa – suspended by cremastral hooks; brown with purple-brown wing cases streaked with white, or green with brown markings; pupal stage 10-21 days, pupa turns pitch black before eclosing. A rotation of broods – spring and summer broods take about 40 days (egg to imago) but larval duration lengthens towards autumn and approaches diapause in winter.

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva and pupa].

Bicyclus safitza early stages. Left – egg; centre – 1st instar larva; right – 5th instar larva. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Bicyclus safitza early stages. Left – 5th instar larva; centre & right – pupae. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Larval food: Ehrharta erecta Lam. (Poaceae) [Clark, in Van Son, 1955: 33; in captivity]. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) [Nichols, vide Botha & Botha, 2006: 182]. Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. Schizachyrium platyphyllum (Franch.) Stapf (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast].

Relevant literature: Nokelainen et al., 2016 [Preference for C4 grasses and reproductive performance] De Vries, 2002 [Differential wing toughness].

Bicyclus safitza safitza (Westwood, [1850])#

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 43 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 3 September 2002. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Bicyclus safitza safitza. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 27April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: “Africa”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania (including Pemba and Mafia islands), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Lamto (Vuattoux, 1994); Abidjan (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Lokoli (Tchibozo et al., 2008). Nigeria – Lagos (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Throughout (common) (Kielland, 1990d); Bombole (Strand, 1910); Sigi (Strand, 1910); Mkulumunzi (Strand, 1910); Amani (Strand, 1910); Semdoe Forest Reserve (Doggart et al., 2001); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006); Moshi (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015); Kilimanjaro 68 (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015); Taveta (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015); Lake Manyara (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); mid-Lunga River (Heath et al., 2002); the Copperbelt (Heath et al., 2002); Samfya (Heath et al., 2002); Kalombo Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt. Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Burmah Road (male illustrated above). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Duivelskloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Matlapetsi River (Swanepoel, 1953); Groot Spelonken (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Buzzard Mountain Retreat [-23.012 29.765] (Williams, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Van Stadens (Swanepoel, 1953); Zuurberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); King William’s Town (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Stutterheim (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Cintsa East (female illustrated above). Western Cape Province – Knysna (Swanepoel, 1953); Plettenberg Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Mossel Bay (Pringle et al., 1994); George (Pringle et al., 1994). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).

delila Fabricius, 1793 (as sp. of Papilio). Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 234 (488 pp.). Guinea. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Papilio delila Fabricius, 1775 [Nymphalidae; Heliconinae] [extralimital]].

denina Godart, 1824. Regarded as a nomen oblitum by Larsen & Vane-Wright, 2011.

eusirus Hopffer, 1855 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 641 (639-643). Mozambique: “Mossambique”.

evenus Hopffer, 1855 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 641 (639-643). Mozambique: “Mossambique”.

injusta Wallengren, 1857 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 33 (55 pp.). South Africa: “Caffraria”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/i).

caffra Wallengren, 1857 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 34 (55 pp.). South Africa: “Caffraria”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c).

semicoeca Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Mycalesis safitza). Societas Entomologica 25: 6 (5-6). Tanzania: “Bombole, Sigi, Mkulumunzi, Amani”.

69 Bicyclus safitza aethiops (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905)

Mycalesis safitza aethiops Rothschild & Jordan, 1905. Novitates Zoologicae 12: 175 (175-191). Bicyclus denina aethiops (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905). Lamas, 2010: 198. Bicyclus safitza aethiops (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905). Larsen & Vane-Wright, 2011.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Lake Abassi”. Distribution: Ethiopia. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Lake Abassi (TL); Youbdo (Ungemach, 1932).

velutina Ungemach, 1932 (as f. of Mycalesis aethiops). Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 49 (1-122). Ethiopia: “Youbdo”.

*Bicyclus sambulos (Hewitson, [1877]) Tailed Bush Brown

Mycalesis sambulos Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson, [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 59 (127 pp.). London.

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Dense primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies is found at altitudes from 800 to 1 400 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A generally scarce species, especially west of the Dahomey Gap, that is usually found in ones and twos (Larsen, 2005a). Specimens are attracted to fermented bananas and sap oozing from trees (Kielland, 1990d). Many more appear to be taken in traps than are seen on the wing, suggesting that they are reclusive in the deeper parts of the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus sambulos sambulos (Hewitson, [1877])

Mycalesis sambulos Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson, [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 59 (127 pp.). London.

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Diagnosis: Forewing upperside band only a little paler than the ground colour (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Lokoja on the Niger R. (Larsen, 2005a; transitional); near Ikom (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Tanzania – Kigoma District and bordering areas of Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d).

Bicyclus sambulos cyaneus Condamin, 1961

Bicyclus sambulos cyaneus Condamin, 1961. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 783 (782-799). Spelt as cyaneaus by Larsen, 2005a: 294). 70

Type locality: Uganda: “Katera Sango Bay, Masaka”. Diagnosis: Larger than the other subspecies; forewing upperside with a wide blue band (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Katera Sango Bay, Masaka (TL); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (single female) (Kielland, 1990d).

Bicyclus sambulos unicolor Condamin, 1971

Bicyclus sambulos unicolor Condamin, 1971. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 32: 1068 (1068-1077).

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria. Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Tiwai Island (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Wanau Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Abidjan (TL); Lamto (Larsen, 2005a); Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a); Yeale (Larsen, 2005a); Tai (Larsen, 2005a); Bereby (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Kagoro (Larsen, 2005a).

*Bicyclus martius (Fabricius, 1793) Black Bush Brown

Black Bush Brown (Bicyclus martius). Ankasa, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Papilio martius Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 219 (488 pp.).

Bicyclus martius. Female (Wingspan 38 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 38 mm. Bobiri Forest, Ghana. 22 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leone”. Type locality and male Neotype designated by Larsen (2003a) and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo. Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Sierra Leone (TL; Larsen, 2003a). Ivory Coast – High Sassandra (Condamin, 1961); Abidjan (Condamin, 1965). Ghana – Bia National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng- Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Habitat: Lowland primary forest and secondary growth (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a common species (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) noted that on one occasion dry-season females were much commoner than males and he speculated that these females may have been in partial diapause. Males fly in sunshine along forest paths, where they fight other males and court females. A courtship ritual is described by Larsen (2005a). Early stages:

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva and pupa; as Bicyclus sanaos].

Larval food: Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Poaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; for Bicyclus sanaos].

Relevant literature: Larsen, 2003a [Taxonomy].

viettei Condamin, 1961 (as f. of Bicyclus martius). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 786 (782-799). Ivory Coast: “Haute Sassandra, Côte d’Ivoire”.

melas Condamin, 1965 (as ssp. of Bicyclus sanaos). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1442 (1438-1448). Ivory Coast: “Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire”. [Synonymized with Bicyclus martius martius (Fabricius, 1793) by Larsen (2003a) (Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation 115: 95-96). ]

*Bicyclus sanaos (Hewitson, [1866])

Mycalesis sanaos Hewitson, [1866]. In: Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 94 (124 pp.). London. Bicyclus martius sanaos (Hewitson, 1866). Larsen, 2003: 95, syn. nov., stat. rev. Bicyclus sanaos (Hewitson, 1866). Aduse-Poku et al., 2016. stat. rev.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Male holotype in the Natural History Museum, London. Diagnosis: Males of this subspecies can be separated from those of Bicyclus martius by the inner 72 androconial hair pencil, which is beige in martius and black in sanaos. The female of martius is uniform dark brown above, whereas the female of sanaos has a clear white subapical band. Specimens from between the Niger River and the Cross River loop, in eastern Nigeria, are intermediate (Larsen, 2003a). Distribution: Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda (west – Bwamba Valley). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon – Museke (Strand, 1912); Bibundi (Strand, 1913); Bezirk, Yaounde (Gaede, 1915). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndougou (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996).

hintzi Strand, 1912 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 110 (107- 123). Cameroon: “Museke”.

bibundensis Strand, 1913 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 148 (138-151). Cameroon: “Bibundi in Kamerun”.

completa Gaede, 1915 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 71 (38-40, 71-74). Cameroon: “Bezirk, Jaunde, Kamerun”.

*Bicyclus sandace (Hewitson, [1877]) Dark Vulgar Bush Brown

Dark Vulgar Bush Brown (Bicyclus sandace). Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Mycalesis sandace Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 59 (127 pp.). London.

Bicyclus sandace. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 39mm. Mutundu S, Mufulira, Zambia. 13:IV:75. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Bicyclus sandace. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Mutundu S, Mufulira, Zambia. 26:V:74. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: “Fernando Poo”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau (Bivar de Sousa et al., 2008), Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north-west and Copperbelt). Specific localities: Senegal – floodplains between dunes near Dakar (Condamin, 1973). Ivory Coast – Bossematie (H. Fermon, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Lokoli (Tchibozo et al., 2008); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Fernando Poo (= Bioko) (TL). Gabon – Probably throughout (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Nandi Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – From Mpanda and Kigoma to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d).

74 Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mutundu South (male and female illustrated above). Habitat: Lowland and submontane forest (Kielland, 1990d). Also in secondary growth, agricultural lands, riverine vegetation and even dense savanna (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 800 to 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common forest-floor dweller, like most of the genus (Larsen, 1991c). Comes to traps baited with fermented fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva and pupa].

Larval food: Poaceae [Sourakov & Emmel, 1997].

*Bicyclus sangmelinae Condamin, 1963 Condamin’s Bush Brown

Condamin’s Bush Brown (Bicyclus sangmelinae). Ankasa, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Bicyclus sangmelinae Condamin, 1963. Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (66): 435 (433-442).

Type locality: Guinea: “Mont Nimba N.-E”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, ?Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Guinea – Nimba Mountains (TL); Labe (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a); Sangmelina (Larsen, 2005a). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Not a very common bush brown (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus saussurei (Dewitz, 1879) White-banded Bush Brown

Mycalesis saussurei Dewitz, 1879. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4

75 (2): 189 (173-212).

Alternative common name: Saussure’s Bush Brown. Type locality: [Angola]: “in Guinea aus dem 10° S.B., zwischen dem 17-22° O.L. von Greenw.”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Dense submontane forest. In Tanzania in swampy forest and grassy riversides at submontane altitudes (Kielland, 1990d). Larsen (2005a) states that the habitat is forest edges and secondary growth. Habits: Similar to those of Bicyclus dentata (Larsen, 1991c). May be quite common in suitable localities (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Poaceae [Larsen, 2005a].

Bicyclus saussurei saussurei (Dewitz, 1879)

Mycalesis saussurei Dewitz, 1879. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 (2): 189 (173-212).

Type locality: [Angola]: “in Guinea aus dem 10° S.B., zwischen dem 17-22° O.L. von Greenw.”. Distribution: Angola (highlands), Democratic Republic of Congo (south, central and Kivu), Sudan (south), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Costermansville (TL of angustus). Kenya – Chepalungu (Larsen, 1991c); Kisii (Larsen, 1991c); Marakwet (Larsen, 1991c); Cherangani Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Elgon (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Near Kibondo (Kielland, 1990d); Ngara District (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Hillwood Farm, Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002).

angustus Condamin, 1970 (as ssp. of Bicyclus saussurei). Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 32: 1073 (1068-1077). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Costermansville”. Synonymized with saussurei (Dewitz, 1879) by Aduse-Poku et al., 2016 syn. nov.

Bicyclus saussurei camerunia (Strand, 1914)

Mycalesis saussurei var. camerunia Strand, 1914. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 80 (A.2.): 152 (139-161).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Dschang”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon. Specific localities: Nigeria – Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Dschang (TL).

*Bicyclus sciathis (Hewitson, [1866]) Sciathic Bush Brown

Mycalesis sciathis Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 94 (124 pp.). London.

76 Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (central). Misattributed to the Liberia fauna according to Fox (1965), and to the Ghana fauna by Condamin (1973) (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Lees, 1989). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Lowland forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus sebetus (Hewitson, [1877])

Idomorphus sebetus Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 60 (127 pp.). London.

Bicyclus sebetus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 54mm. Kinda, Katanga, Congo Belge. April 1959. R. Badham. (Transvaal Museum – TM3195).

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania (west), Zambia. Specific localities: Cameroon – Agoncho (Plötz, 1880). Gabon – Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010); Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kinda (male illustrated above). Uganda – Sesse Islands (Grünberg, 1910); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – North-western Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d); Kasoge Forest (very common) (Kielland, 1990d); Kemfu Forest (very common) (Kielland, 1990d).

77 Zambia – Lisombu River (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi Source (Heath et al., 2002); Nchelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Kawambwa (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Dense lowland forest. In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to 1 600 m, but seldom above 1 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Greatly attracted to fermenting bananas (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

una Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Idiomorphus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 195 (189-206). Cameroon: “Agoncho”.

kochi Grünberg, 1910 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1910: 148 (146-181). Uganda: “Sesse Inseln”.

*Bicyclus sealeae Collins & Larsen, 2008

Bicyclus sealeae Collins & Larsen, 2008. Metamorphosis 19: 75 (42-113).

Bicyclus sealeae male holotype upperside Bicyclus sealeae male holotype underside

Bicyclus sealeae female upperside

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Bioko, nr Moka, 1,700 m (03°33'N 08°67'E), 8-13.iii.2007 (S.C. Collins leg., coll. ABRI).” Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). Specific localities:

78 Equatorial Guinea – near Moka, Bioko (TL). Etymology: Named for Jennifer Seale, who has contributed much to conservation efforts on Bioko Island. Habitat: Submontane forest (Collins & Larsen, 2008). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus similis Condamin, 1963

Bicyclus similis Condamin, 1963. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 25: 902 (901-911).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Mt Kungwe, Western Province, Tanganyika”. Distribution: Tanzania (west ). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Kungwe (TL); Mahale Mountains only (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Montane forest (1 600 to 2 300 m), in areas with stands of bamboo and open undergrowth (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Both sexes are often found sunning themselves on the forest floor (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Possibly bamboo (Poaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 82].

*Bicyclus simulacris Kielland, 1990

Bicyclus simulacris Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 82 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

Bicyclus simulacris simulacris. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Nyika Mtn, Malawi, 7200 ft. 2/1993. S.C. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: Tanzania: [“Mufindi, Luisenga, 1800m”]. Description: “Closely related to danckelmani Rogenhofer, but the underside transverse line of the h.w. is straighter, basal part of the wings darker.” Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique. Habitat: Montane forest. In Tanzania both subspecies occur at altitudes from 1 300 to 2 300 m (descending to 1 100 m in the Uzungwa Rift) (Kielland, 1990d). 79 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Grasses (Poaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Mufindi, Tanzania].

Bicyclus simulacris simulacris Kielland, 1990

Bicyclus simulacris Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 82 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

Bicyclus simulacris simulacris. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Nyika Mtn, Malawi, 7200 ft. 2/1993. S.C. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: Tanzania: [“Mufindi, Luisenga, 1800m”]. Distribution: Tanzania (east and south), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique. Specific localities: Tanzania – Mufindi, Luisenga, 1 800 m (TL); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mafwemiro Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mangaliza Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Rungwe (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Nyika Mountain (male illustrated above). Zambia – Nyika (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).

Bicyclus simulacris septentrionalis Kielland, 1990

Bicyclus simulacris septentrionalis Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 82 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: [“W. Usambara Mts., Mazumbai”]. Description: “Upperside of the wings paler than in the nominate race; f.w. distal area paler than the inner section; the border between the two sections more clearly indicated than in the other race; distal portion of the underside of both wings generally paler. Population “A”, occurring in the W. Usambaras, differs from population “B” from Kanga Mt. and Nguru Mts. in a paler underside and also upperside in the male, and with smaller underside eye-spots.” Diagnosis: Compared to the nominate subspecies the upperside is paler; forewing distal area paler than inner section; border between the two sections clearer; on underside distal portion of wings paler (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). 80 Specific localities: Tanzania – Mazumbai, West Usambara Mountains (TL); Kanga Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d).

*Bicyclus smithi (Aurivillius, [1899]) Smith’s Bush Brown

Mycalesis smithi Aurivillius, [1899] in Aurivillius [1898-9]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 57 (1- 561).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Patscho, Nandi country”. Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Lowland forest. Habits: Flies in the semi-shade of the forest floor, perching on leaves in rays of sunshine (Larsen, 1991c). Comes to fermenting bananas in the shade (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus smithi smithi (Aurivillius, [1899])

Mycalesis smithi Aurivillius, [1899] in Aurivillius [1898-9]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 57 (1- 561).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Patscho, Nandi country”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Mimbia (Strand, 1912); Buea (Strand, 1912). Gabon – Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukinbungu, Beni-Bendi (Aurivillius, 1901). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Patscho, Nandi country (TL); Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Sotik (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Chepalungu (Larsen, 1991c); Nandi Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kasoge Forest on the west side of Mount Mahale (Kielland, 1990d). Recorded, in error, from Mt Kilimanjaro by Condamin, 1973 (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2015).

ansorgei Grose-Smith, 1898 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 5: 352 (350-358). Kenya: “Patscho, Nandi country”. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Mycalesis ansorgei Sharpe, 1896 [Satyrinae].]

nandina Ansorge, 1899 (as replacement name for Mycalesis ansorgei Grose-Smith). Under the African sun 316 (355 pp.).

obscura Aurivillius, 1901 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Entomologisk Tidskrift 22: 114 (113-128). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congogebiete; Beni-Bendi, Mukinbungu”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/o).

campides Strand, 1912 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 110 (107-123). Cameroon: “Mimbia, Buea”.

81 Bicyclus smithi eurypterus Condamin, 1965

Bicyclus smithi eurypterus Condamin, 1965. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1445 (1438-1448).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kwidgwi I., L. Kiwu”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Island of Kwidgwi in Lake Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kwidgwi Island in Lake Kivu (TL).

Bicyclus smithi fernandina (Schultze, 1914)

Mycalesis fernandina Schultze, 1914. Entomologische Rundschau 31: 49 (49-50).

Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: “San Carlos im Süden der Insel Fernando Poo”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Bioko). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – San Carlos, Bioko Island (TL); Moka (Condamin, 1963).

poensis Condamin, 1963 (as ssp. of Bicyclus smithi). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 25: 906 (901-911). Equatorial Guinea: “Moka, Fernando Poo”.

*Bicyclus sophrosyne (Plötz, 1880) Large Velvet Bush Brown

Mycalesis sophrosyne Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 196 (189-206).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Victoria und Bonjongo”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Submontane forest in Nigeria, but not, apparently elsewhere in its range (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Often found settled on low vegetation along forest paths (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne (Plötz, 1880)

Mycalesis sophrosyne Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 196 (189-206).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Victoria und Bonjongo”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Gashaka-Gumpti (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Victoria (TL); Bonjongo (Plötz, 1880); Johan-Albrechtshohe (Bartel, 1905); Nyong River, south of Makak Station (Birket-Smith, 1960). Gabon – Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). 82 Tanzania – Minziro forests, especially Bulembe (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

ploetzi Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 132 (129-152). Cameroon: “N. Kamerun, Johan-Albrechtshöhe”.

decemoculi Birket-Smith, 1960 (as ab. of Mycalesis sophrosyne). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 22: 553 (521-554, 924-983, 1259-1284). Cameroon: “River Nyong south of Makak Station, French Cameroons”.

Bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti Condamin, 1965

Bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti Condamin, 1965. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1103 (1095-1110).

Bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Lisombo, Mwinilunga dist., Zambia. 30/iv/2001. A.J. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection).

Bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Lisombo, Mwinilunga dist., Zambia. 30/iv/2001. A.J. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kafakumba”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east), Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kafakumba (TL). 83 Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi Source (Heath et al., 2002); Lisombo, Mwinilunga district (Gardiner; male and female illustrated above).

*Bicyclus suffusa (Riley, 1921)

Mycalesis saussurei suffusa Riley, 1921. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 240 (234-259).

Bicyclus suffusa suffusa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Zambezi R. near Hillwood Farm, Zambia. 3.IV.77. A. Heath. (Gardiner Collection).

Bicyclus suffusa suffusa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Zambesi stream, Hillwood Farm, N.W. Prov., Zambia. 25 March, 1981. A.J. & M.W. Gardiner (Gardiner Collection).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “N.W. Rhodesia, Solwezi”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia. Habitat: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus suffusa suffusa (Riley, 1921)

Mycalesis saussurei suffusa Riley, 1921. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 240 (234-259). 84

Bicyclus suffusa suffusa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Zambezi R. near Hillwood Farm, Zambia. 3.IV.77. A. Heath. (Gardiner Collection).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “N.W. Rhodesia, Solwezi”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lomami, Lualaba), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Zambia – Solwezi (TL); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); 43 km north of Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); west of Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi stream, Hillwood Farm (male and female illustrated above).

Bicyclus suffusa ituriensis Condamin, 1970

Bicyclus suffusus ituriensis Condamin, 1970. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 32: 1076 (1068-1077).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kibali-Ituri: Nioka”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east – Ituri). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Nioka, Ituri, Kivu (TL).

*Bicyclus sweadneri Fox, 1963 Fox’s Blue-banded Bush Brown

Bicyclus sweadneri Fox, 1963. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 36: 215 (213-224).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Efulen, Cameroons”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Misattributed to the Ivory Coast fauna by Carcasson (1981) and Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Cameroon – Efulen (TL). Gabon – Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus sylvicolus Condamin, 1965 White-tipped Bush Brown

Bicyclus abnormis f. sylvicolus Condamin, 1961. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 788 (782-799). Bicyclus sylvicolus Condamin, 1965. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1444 (1438-1448).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Mamfé, Cameroon ex-britannique”. Distribution: Ghana (Volta Region), Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Ghana – Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a; Aduse-Poku & Doku-Marfo, 2007); Kukurantumi (Larsen, 2005a; requires confirmation). The Ghana records have been confirmed (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007). Cameroon – Mamfe (TL). Habitat: Wetter forest (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007). Habits: An uncommon bush brown, throughout its range. Most specimens known have been taken in fruit- baied traps (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

sylvicolus Condamin, 1961 (as f. of Bicyclus abnormis). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 788 (782-799). Cameroon: “Mamfé, Cameroun ex-britannique”.

*Bicyclus taenias (Hewitson, [1877]) Grey Bush Brown

Mycalesis taenias Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 59 (127 pp.). London.

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Becelar, 1949), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe, Uele, ?Kasai). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Guinea – Macenta (Condamin, 1961). 86 Ghana – Aburi (Plötz, 1880); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Jos, possibly Kagoro Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Lope (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Dense forest, especially of the drier type (Larsen, 2005a). It keeps to the shade, rarely venturing into sunny spots (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A reasonably common species, more so in the west of its range (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997.

Larval food: Nothing published.

gerda Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 198 (189-206). Ghana: “Aburi”.

pujoli Condamin, 1961 (as f. of Bicyclus taenias). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 798 (782-799). Guinea: “Macenta, Guinée”.

*Bicyclus tanzanicus Condamin, 1986

Bicyclus tanzanicus Condamin, 1986. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 45: 173 (173-187).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Lukandamira, 1600 m, Kigoma”. Distribution: Tanzania (west ). Specific localities: Tanzania – Lukandamira at Mahale Mountain (TL); Sisaga Mountain on Mahale (Kielland, 1990d); Kampisa River (Kielland, 1990d); Sitebi Mountain (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Montane forest-grassland mosaic at altitudes from 1 500 to 2 300 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus technatis (Hewitson, [1877]) Technatis Bush Brown

Mycalesis technatis Hewitson, [1877] in Hewitson [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 60 (127 pp.). London.

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola (north). Recorded, erroneously, from Liberia by Buttikofer (1890) (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Calabar (Larsen, 2005a); Agege (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Omo (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup area (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010).

87 Habitat: Deep forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A scarce bush brown (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus trilophus (Rebel, 1914) Tufted Bush Brown

Mycalesis trilophus Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 257 (219-294).

Bicyclus trilophus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 41mm. Hillwood Farm, Mwinilunga, Zambia. April/May ’00. TCEC/IB/MR/PW. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Urwalde bei Moera”. Distribution: Cameroon (east of mountains), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015), Zambia. Specific localities: Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Moera Forest (TL); Lupweshi River (Overlaet, 1954). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Zambia – Zambezi Source (Heath et al., 2002); Hillwood Farm, Mwinilunga (male illustrated above). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

schoutedeni Overlaet, 1954 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (N.S.) 1: 491 (490-493). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Riv. Lupweshi, Katanga”.

*Bicyclus jacksoni Condamin, 1961

Bicyclus trilophus jacksoni Condamin, 1961. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 796 (782-799). Bicyclus jacksoni Condamin, 1961. Aduse-Poku et al., 2016.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Mamfé, Cameroun britannique”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon 88 (west). Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Tiwai Island (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Danane (Larsen, 2005a); Lamto (Larsen, 2005a; single specimen). Ghana – Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Mamfe (TL).

*Bicyclus uniformis (Bethune-Baker, 1908) Uniform Bush Brown

Mycalesis uniformis Bethune-Baker, 1908. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 470 (469-482).

Bicyclus uniformis. Male (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 40 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bicyclus uniformis. Female (Wingspan 44 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 40 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Makala-Beni”. Brattstrom et al., 2015 state that: “The currently recognized type of B. uniformis is almost certainly not the correct specimen and no obvious candidate for lectotype designation is available.” Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria?, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Apparently misattributed to the Togo fauna by Condamin (1952) (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Tai (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Konongo (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). 89 Nigeria – Agege near Lagos? (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Makala-Beni (TL). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Minziro forests, especially Bulembe (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A relatively uncommon species which appears to be patchily distributed (Larsen, 2005a). Flies about in the short undergrowth of tall forest. Attracted to fermenting fruit (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

ribbei Neustetter, 1916 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 97 (95-108). Cameroon: “Kamerun”. Synonymized with uniformis (Bethune-Baker, 1908) by Condamine, 1973.

*Bicyclus uzungwensis Kielland, 1990

Bicyclus uzungwensis Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 83 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: “forests of Mt. Nyumbenitu and Mt. Luhombero in the Uzungwa Range, flying at very high altitude (1900-2400 m.)”. Description: “Related to simulacris and danckelmani, but with a large, bright orange squarish area around the ocellar spot in space 2 of the f.w.” Distribution: Tanzania. Habitat: Montane forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Grasses (Poaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Luala, Tanzania].

Bicyclus uzungwensis uzungwensis Kielland, 1990

Bicyclus uzungwensis Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 83 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: “forests of Mt. Nyumbenitu and Mt. Luhombero in the Uzungwa Range, flying at very high altitude (1900-2400 m.)”. Distribution: Tanzania (central – Uzungwa Mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Nyumbenitu (TL); Mount Luhombero (Kielland, 1990d).

Bicyclus uzungwensis granti Kielland, 1990

Bicyclus uzungwensis granti Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 83 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: “montane forest Mafwemiro in the Rubeho Mts ... 1900 to 2150 m”. Description: “F.w. orange area larger than in the nominate race.” Diagnosis: Forewing upperside orange area larger than in the nominate subspecies (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (central – Rubeho Mountains). Specific localities:

90 Tanzania – Mafwemiro Forest in the Rubeho Mountains (TL). Known only from the type locality.

*Bicyclus vandeweghei Brattström, 2015

Bicyclus vandeweghei Brattström, 2015. Zootaxa 4018 (1): 72 (057-079).

Type locality: Gabon: “Bakouaka (00°08'N, 13°39'E), 16.xii.2007, G. Vande weghe leg.”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi (OB-ABRI-0068). Distribution: Gabon (east), Congo (west) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Specific localities: Gabon – Bakouaka (00°08'N, 13°39'E) (TL). Congo – Kelle (-0.0665 14.4500) (Brattstron et al., 2015). Etymology: Named for Gaël Ruboneka Vande weghe, who collected the holotype during field work in Gabon (Brattstron et al., 2015). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus vansoni Condamin, 1965

Bicyclus vansoni Condamin, 1965. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1101 (1095-1110).

Bicyclus vansoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 39mm. Mutundu 2, Mufulira, Zambia. 19/vi/2001. (Gardiner Collection).

Bicyclus vansoni. Female DSF. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 45mm. Female DSF. South Mutundu River, Mufulira, Copperbelt Prov., Zambia. 1250 m. 10-IV-1981. M.A. Newport (Newport Collection).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Katanga: Tsibobe”. Diagnosis: On the underside of the hindwing the median line is less sharply angled than in Bicyclus tanzanicus and Bicyclus campus. Also close to Bicyclus campina but forewing underside transverse line more sharply angled (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south – Lomami, Lualaba, Shaba), Burundi, Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (north), Mozambique (Timberlake et al., 2007). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Tsibobe (TL). Tanzania – Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi (Heath et al., 2002); Lunzua Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Mutundu River, Mufulira (male and female illustrated above). Mozambique – Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland and forest margins (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus vulgaris (Butler, 1868) Vulgar Bush Brown

Vulgar Bush Brown (Bicyclus vulgaris). Bobiri, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Mycalesis vulgaris Butler, 1868. Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum 130 (211 pp.). London.

Bicyclus vulgaris. Male (Wingspan 37 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 37 mm. Bobiri Forest, Ghana. 22 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Bicyclus vulgaris. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 43mm. N.W. Nigeria, Sokoto State, Yelwa. 12-XI-1978. K. Stiff. (Newport Collection).

Type locality: Sierra Leone. Diagnosis: Differs from Bicyclus sandace in that it is smaller, the wings are more rounded, and there is no eye-spot on the upperside (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west – Kigoma district), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Nigeria – Yelwa (male and female illustrated above). Cameroon – Abo (Plötz, 1880); Aburi (Plötz, 1880); Victoria (Plötz, 1880); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Malibe (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010).

93 Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Sotik (Larsen, 1991c); Ebua River (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Ngara District (Kielland, 1990d); Bukoba (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert, et al., 2006). Zambia – Lake Mweru (Dening) (Heath et al., 2002); Nchelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Zambezi Rapids (Ikelenge) (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest, including pre-forest and riparian forest. Also in dense savanna (Larsen, 2005a) and on the edges of farmland, in woodland and in marshy spots (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 800 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). It is almost absent from primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is one of the commonest and most widespread butterflies in western and central Africa (Larsen, 2005a). Flies on the forest floor, like most of its congeners (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Darlow, 1949b

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997 [larva and pupa].

Larval food: Poaceae [Sourakov & Emmel, 1997].

tolosa Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 197 (189-206). Cameroon: “Abo, Aburi und Victoria”.

*Bicyclus wakaensis Vande weghe, 2009

Bicyclus wakaensis Vande weghe, 2009. Entomologia Africana 14 (2) (Supplement): 2 (1-24).

Type locality: Gabon: “”. Distribution: Gabon, Congo. Specific localities: Gabon – Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Kelle (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus xeneas (Hewitson, [1866]) Stately Bush Brown

Stately Bush Brown (Bicyclus xeneas). Bunso, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Mycalesis xeneas Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 92, 93 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest. Habits: Relatively common but never numerous (Larsen, 2005a). Readily enters banana-baited traps; some have even been taken in traps 25 m above the ground (H. Fermon, vide Larsen, 2005a). Females appear to be more active than males, often moving considerable distances through the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Sourakov & Emmel, 1997.

Larval food: Nothing published.

Bicyclus xeneas xeneas (Hewitson, [1866])

Mycalesis xeneas Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 92, 93 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe, Equateur, Tshuapa, Sankuru). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Alen, Makomo (Strand, 1913). Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010).

phalanthus Staudinger, 1887 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1884-8 (as sp. of Mycalesis). Exotischer Schmetterlinge 1: 229 (333 pp.). Bayern. Gabon: “Gabun”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “unteren Congo”.

phalanthoides Strand, 1913 (as var. of Mycalesis phalanthus). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 143 (138-151). Equatorial Guinea: “Alen, Makomo”.

Bicyclus xeneas occidentalis Condamin, 1965

Bicyclus xeneas occidentalis Condamin, 1965. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 27: 1108 (1095-1110).

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Forêt du Banco près d’Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria (west and south). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Banco, Abidjan (TL); Bossematie (H. Fermon, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et 95 al., 2009).

*Bicyclus xeneoides Condamin, 1961 Toothed Stately Bush Brown

Bicyclus xeneoides Condamin, 1961. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 791 (782-799).

Bicyclus xeneoides. Female. Left – upperside; right –underside. Ipassa, Gabon. 19 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Type locality: Gabon: “Tchibanga, Gabon”. Diagnosis: Very similar, on the upperside, to Bicyclus ignobilis acutus but much larger. Underside pattern also similar to that of ignobilis but ocellar spots smaller and those on the hindwing are more regularly placed (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a; single male). Gabon – Tchibanga (TL); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A scarce species, with the same habits as Bicyclus xeneas (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Bicyclus zinebi (Butler, 1869) Western Large Bush Brown

Idiomorphus zinebi Butler, 1869. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 3: 19 (17-21).

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Gold Coast”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005a), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory

96 Coast, Ghana. Misattributed to the Nigerian fauna by Aurivillius (1905) (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Condamin, 1964). Ivory Coast – Bossematie (Fermon, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Habitat: All types of forest, especially drier forests (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A relatively common species, which is somewhat reluctant to fly (Larsen, 2005a). Individuals come readily to baited traps and fallen fruit from trees such as Cola gigantea (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridl.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae) [Vuattoux, 1994; Lamto, Ivory Coast; as Afromomum latifolium].