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The Canadian Armed Forces Advisory Training Team Tanzania 1965Â Canadian Military History Volume 11 | Issue 3 Article 4 4-26-2012 The aC nadian Armed Forces Advisory Training Team Tanzania 1965–1970 Andrew B. Godefroy Canadian Armed Forces Recommended Citation Godefroy, Andrew B. (2002) "The aC nadian Armed Forces Advisory Training Team Tanzania 1965–1970," Canadian Military History: Vol. 11 : Iss. 3 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh/vol11/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Military History by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Godefroy: The CAF Advisory Training Team Tanzania 1965–1970 The Canadian Armed Forces Advisory and Training Team Tanzania 1965-1970 Andrew B. Godefroy t the beginning of the 1960s Canada Tanzania towards the west and were forced to Aembarked on an increasingly interventionist leave only five years after they had first arrived. policy in Southern Africa that included a significant number of peacekeeping, military, and technical assistance programmes1. In addition The Formation of Tanzania 1946-1964 to peacekeeping efforts in the Congo (1960-64), Canada provided military assistance to Ghana ollowing the end of the Second World War (1961-68), Zambia (1965), Tanzania (1965-70) FGreat Britain reluctantly agreed to place a and Nigeria (1963/ 1968-70). While the Zambia number of its African protectorates under United and Nigeria missions were essentially responses Nations (UN) trusteeship. In Tanganyika the to emergencies, the Ghana and Tanzania British government began a slow transition by missions were more calculated affairs. To help encouraging Africans to enter the civil service foster democratic governments Canada agreed while higher educated Africans were positioned to assist in the establishment and training of to eventually take over various aspects of the professional armies and air forces which, when administration. The move was designed to retain combined with governmental assistance and a substantial voice for white Europeans and other infrastructure building, would firmly Asians in colonial politics while Tanganyikian support a pro-Western rather than communist Africans were confined to the development of regime in the two countries. While the mission local infrastructure. The British government for Ghana began in 1961, the Canadian Armed continued to control Tanganyikian markets and Forces Advisory and Training Team Tanzania in particular its sisal production over which (CAFATTT) was officially authorized on Britain had exclusive buying rights. Britain was December 8th, 1964, after Prime Minister Lester also the sole purchaser of Tanganyikian coffee B. Pearson made the announcement in the House at a fixed price though this agreement ended in of Commons. Over the next five years the 1952. Overall, while publicly Britain had agreed Canadian contingent built the Tanzanian People’s to encourage self-rule it had in fact taken very Defence Force (TPDF) from the ground up, few steps in that direction. creating everything from Tanzania’s National Defence Act to the instructional pamphlets used In July 1954 the Tanganyika African National for teaching weapons classes. Throughout the Union (TANU) was created under the leadership CAFATTT mission both Russian and Chinese of a well-educated political activist named Julius advisory teams who were also competing for K. Nyerere. TANU immediately notified the Tanzania continuously challenged the Colonial Office and the British authorities that Canadians, initiating a game of Cold War chess its ultimate aim was independence for with all of Southern Africa as the prize. In the Tanganyika. The governor, Sir Edward Twining, end, the Canadians were unable to sway tried to restrict its activities and prohibit the © Canadian Military History, Volume 11, Number 3, Summer 2002, pp.31-47. 31 Published by Scholars Commons @ Laurier, 2002 1 Canadian Military History, Vol. 11 [2002], Iss. 3, Art. 4 printing and publishing of material or any replaced with ZNP constables. Finally, the assembly that was likely to raise discontent government announced the prohibition of all amongst the inhabitants of the country. Despite other political parties, giving itself dictatorial rule these efforts, by 1956 the party had registered over the islands. over 100,000 members. The following year the government banned TANU in ten districts, but Like Tanganyika, Zanzibar was also released its membership still continued to grow. By 1960, from Colonial rule and became an independent TANU w as firmly rooted in Tanganyika and had state on 10 December 1963. The ZNP/ZPPP gained enough influence to create the political continued to hold power with a majority of the momentum needed to move towards an African- seats, however the ASP had in fact received the led independence. The Tanganyika election of majority (54.3%) of the popular vote in the last August 30th, 1960, was a resounding success election. Within a few weeks the newly for TANU. Running unopposed in 58 of independent state fell into chaos, and a bloody Tanganyika’s 71 seats, the party lost only one of revolution in January 1964 did away with the the remaining thirteen ballots. Following the coalition government and the Sultanate. election Governor Turnbull appointed Julius Immediately following the revolt the Umma Party, Nyerere as Chief Minister of the Council of a radical element of the ZNP led by Abdul Ministers, the first African to ever hold the Rahman Mohammed-Babu, and the more radical position. elements of the ASP took political control and steered the island towards a union with In March 1961 a series of talks between Tanganyika. Zanzibar and Pemba joined Nyerere and the British Colonial Secretary, Iain Tanganyika on 26 April 1964, and the three MacLeod, led to the announcement that full territories formed the United Republic of internal self-government in Tanganyika would Tanzania. begin on 15 May 1961. Though Nyerere was CFC- (CFPU) Unit Photo Forces Canadian appointed Prime Minister of Tanganyika on this Captain John P. Saunders, Queen’s Own Rifles of Canada, assigned to the Canadian Military date, the British Governor retained control of Canada and Military Training Team in Dar es Salaam, instructs Tanzanian soliders on the 82 mm mortar, 11 March 1967 foreign affairs and the military until Tanganyika’s Assistance to Tanzania full independence on 9 December 1961. to the region. More realistically, it was well job was done.6 Hellyer’s stubbornness proved fter the end of the Second World War military accepted by both W ashington and Ottawa th at if particularly frustrating for the Department of While Tanganyika marched towards its assistance emerged as an important the West refused to help new African nations, External Affairs as Prime Minister Lester B. dependence so did its offshore neighbours, A instrument of international diplomacy employed they might feel it necessary to turn toward the Pearson had verbally committed Canada to Zanzibar and Pemba. Socioeconomic and ethnic by both the East and the West2. Canadian Communist bloc for assistance.4 assisting Tanganyika during President Julius divisions on the two islands had led to an participation in military assistance programs Nyerere’s visit to Ottawa in July 1963. Heated increase in violence beginning in the 1950s. began in the late 1950s as officials in the In June 1961 Cabinet approved the debate between DEA, DND, Finance, and the Arabs, Indians, Africans, and white Europeans D epartm ent of E xternal Affairs (DEA) realized conditions under which the Department of Department of Defence Production (DDP) all struggled for control in an endless series of the increasing value of such aid in contributing National Defence (DND) would accept as p art of eventually led to a feasible solution whereby all bloody clashes. In 1954, a number of political to towards the pro-democratic evolution of the its commitments the flexibility to train as parties participated in an interdepartmental groups emerged including the Arab Association, developing world. While not overly anxious to required military personnel of Commonwealth Military Assistance Committee (MAC) that would the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), the Zanzibar divert scarce resources away from Europe, the countries.5 Almost immediately DND responded share control over budgets and programs. The N ational Party (ZNP), an d the Z anzibar and decolonization and expansion of the New British to requests for assistance from Nigeria and MAC determ ined how requests for aid would be Pemba People’s Party (ZPPP). Each party had a Commonwealth provided yet another Ghana, and had sent a full training team to the fulfilled and then forwarded proposals and similar platform differing only in terms of who opportunity for Canada to participate in post­ latter country by the end of the year. budget costs to the Cabinet Committee on would actually rule the islands. war international affairs3. External Affairs and Defence (CCEAD) for Unlike Nigeria and Ghana, the first request approval. With a satisfactory mechanism in place In a general election held in January 1961, The rapid disintegration of European rule made by Tanganyika (later Tanzania) for DEA was able to renew their efforts to procure the ZNP and ZPPP won equal victories and in Central and Southern Africa instantly created Canadian military assistance met with little military assistance for Tanzania.7 formed a coalition government that included a a power vacuum that neither the Soviet Union success. Forwarded to DND in April 1963, the small num ber of mem bers from the ASP. Wanting or the United States was prepared to accept. For inquiry was quickly turned down by the newly In August 1964 a request for a military to ensure its own survival the ZNP sent party Canadian officials who naively hoped that Africa appointed M inister of National Defence (MND), survey team to Tanzania was approved by the members out into the countryside to take over might not become another East-West Paul Hellyer.
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