Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline
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MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. REGIONAL SHORELINE RESOURCE ANALYSIS ., .. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. REGIONAL SHORELINE (Formerly known as San Leandro Bay) RESOURCE ANALYSIS Adopted: September 21, 1976 Resolution No: 1976-9-262 Resolution Approving Name Change to Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline Adopted: August 18, 1992 Resolution No: 1992-8-213 East Bay Regional Park District Plans & Design Neil Havlik September, 1976 TA BLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD I • INTRODUCTION Intent of I Description 2 II. HISTORICAL RESOURCES The Indians 4 The Spaniards 4 The Americans 4 Alameda Becomes an Island 4 Publi c Acquisition 5 The Oakland Airport 5 San Leandro Bay Waterfowl Refuge 5 Filling, Dredging and Flood Control 5 The Move to Preserve San Leandro Bay 5 III. LEGAL AGREEMENTS AND JURISDICTION Ownership 8 Leases 8 Other Agencies 9 IV. CONSTRUCTED RESOURCES Recreational Facilities 10 Other Structures 10 Circulation 10 Utilities Adjacent Land Use " Navigation " V. NATURAL RESOURCES " CLIMATE 13 TOPOGRAPHY 13 VISUAL QUALITY 13 HYDROLOGY Watershed 13 Tides 13 Water Quality 14 GEOLOGY 15 VEGETATION Salt Marsh 15 Grassland· 16 Brushland 16 FAUNA Birds 16 Fish 16 Crustaceans, Molluscs, and other Invertebrates 17 Rare and Endangered Species 17 VI. SUMMARY AND ADDENDUM 18 VII. REFERENCES 22 VIII. APPENDIX List of Vascular Plants 23 List of Vertebrates 25 FIGURES Locotion Map 2 Vicinity Map 3 Extent of Marshlands 1915-1976 6 Special Lease Areas (Exhibit Ie' of Port of Oakland Lease) 7 Existing Conditions 12 LOCATfON· MAP o I ~ 10 M :l:ZIIjJmiZZ,*P??'@ J n /2l1>il1l m ik4C FOREWORD The establishment of San Leandro Bay Regional Shoreline is a cooperative effort of several public agencies; The Cities of Oakland and Alameda, the A lameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District, the East Bay Municipal Utility District, the Port of Oakland, and the East Bay Regional Park District. The last two agencies have recently entered into formal agreement regarding approximately 565 acres of land and water area at San Leandro Bay, to be utilized for publi c park purposes. The Park District has responsibility for the planning effort of this project, which culminates years of citizen involvement toward establishment of a shoreline park at San Leandro Bay. Special acknowledgement and thanks are extended to the many individuals of the Citizens' Advisory Committee on San Leandro Bay Planning, . without whose work this project may not have come to pass at a II. Their report, Guidelines for San Leandro Bay was an exhaustive discussion of many of the problems and opportunities at San Leandro Bay which has served as a guiding document for subsequent actions, including the present report. 1. INTRODUCTION INTENT OF REPORT The Master Plan of the East Bay Regional Park District has established a Parkland Planning Policy to guide development of both new acquisitions and existing parklands. For existing parks the first step in this process is the preparation of the Resource Analysis, as per the District Master Plan (page 28). IIResource Analysis: After a parkland site has been acquired by the Distri ct and prior to the development of a land use plan, the District will complete a resource analysis which will identify features of the parkland whi ch have signifi cant resource value as well as provide a potential plan for vegetation and wildlife management. Where an aquatic element is involved, a water management plan will be in cluded. Guidelines will be established to be used in later planning processes to protect significant natural resources which could be ~dversely affected by parkland use. II The present report has been prepared in response to the above requirement. It is a discussion of the existing resources, the present or possible future impact of development on these resources, and the preparation of guidelines designed to protect and enhance those resources. Use patterns, existing use problems, recreation potential, and the role of the park in the overall park system will be considered in the preparation of the land use development plan. DESCRIPTION San Leandro Bay Regional Shoreline is a shoreline and water area at San Leandro Bay in the cities of Oakland and Alameda, A lameda County, California. The site includes the waters of San Leandro Bay and remaining salt marshes, and adjacent flat upland fi II. The vegetation of the upland areas is sparse, consisting of weedy grassland or open brush, with some areas being completely barren. The East Bay Regional Park District has recently completed an agreement with the Port of Oakland for management of approxi mate Iy 565 acres of water and land at San Leandro Bay for pub Ii c park purposes. An agreement with the Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District has also been reached regarding recreational use of the channels of San Leandro and Elmhurst Creeks. An agreement with the City of Alameda has been reached in principle regarding the 37-acre city disposal site. A Ithough not currently subject to formal agreements, several areas adjacent to the bay were included in this study for resource inventory purposes. Agreements with the East Bay Municipal Utility District and other landowners are expected. LOCATION· MAP-. o I ~ ~ t:zIjw Zl z ; .2!l, 4 t 1!pZ a 1/4, '.q"iIi wa: "'I La. 2 Leandro BAY FARM /SL ND 1 BRITHORf'lLN 2 CAMANOE IN 3 CAPULALN 4DUTCHCAPLN 5 GINGERlN 6 HAZELLN 7 JOSTlN 8 KINGSTONLN 9 MANGROVE IN AIRPORT LEWGAL.BRAITH GOLF COURSE ___\ L BAN L.EANDRO VIC, IN 11'1' AAAP · FIG. 2 II. HISTORICAL RESOURCES The Indians: Indian shellmounds once existed near the original northern shore of San Leandro Bay in what is now Alameda. The local Indians, named Costanoan by the Spaniards, were nomadic, moving among several areas with few permanent villages. Food was plentiful in the water and the extensive marshes and much of the area between the bay and hills was covered with oaks, whose acorns were a staple in the Indian diet. The Spaniards: The first Spanish exploration of the east bay was carried out in 1772 by an expedition under Pedro Fages, and another in 1776 under Juan Bautista de Anza. In 1820 the first of many Spanish (later Mexican) east bay land grants was made, to Luis fv4taria Peralta. This grant included virtually all of what is today Oakland, Piedmont Alameda, Berkeley and Albany--a total of 43,470 acres. It extended from San Francis co Bay to the ridge line of the Berkeley/Oakland hills between Cerrito Creek on the north and San Leandro Creek on the south and included the eastern Shoreline of San Leandro Bay. The Americans: In the 1840's Americans began to arrive in great numbers and friction soon developed between them and the Ca lifornios which reached a climax with the outbreak of the Mexican War in 1846. By 1848 the war was over and California was in American hands. In that year gold was discovered in the Sierra foothills, and over the next three years the Californian population soared. In 1852 the City of Oakland was founded and the Peralta rancho was soon to disappear through subdivision, as the new state attracted more and more settlers. In 1878 the narrow gauge South Pacific Coast Railroad was completed between Alameda and Newark. The construction of the railroad included major trestle work across the marshes south of San Leandro Bay anda bridge across the bay through what is now Doolittle Pond, entering Alameda at Encinal Avenue. The bridge remained in use until 1906, when it was damaged beyond repair by the San Francisco earthquake. By that time the line had been acquired by the Southern Pacific Railroad, and a connection to Southern Pacific's main line obviated the need for the bridge and it was removed. Alameda Becomes an Island: For some years Alameda was the gateway to, and la rgest city of, A lameda County. It was a Iso growing industria lIy with port activities expanding on Brooklyn Basin (a part of the Oakland Estuary). In 1902 a channel called the Tidal Canal, 1.4 miles long and 275 feet wide, was excavated by the US Army Corps of EngJneers to connect Brooklyn Ibsin with San Leandro Bay to improve navigation and increase port area. Construction of .Park, Fruitvale, and High Street bridges was part of the project. fv4tajor maintenance on the channel was carried out in 1910, 1922 and 1927. 4 Public Acquisition: The Peralta lands had been broken up into farms and towns by the 1860's. The communities of Oakland and Alameda grew rapidly and industrial dev elopment began a long the waterfront. In 1911, through the State Tidelands Grants Act, marshland and "submerged lands" were transferred to cities around San Francisco Bay from the state, with the stipulation that the areas be developed for port use. In the 1920's, air commerce began as an industry and Oakland began to prepare for particip ation therein. This accelerated pubHc land acquisition i'n the area south of San Leandro Bay for an airport. The Oakland Airport: The Port Commission was established in February 1927 to oversee airport and seaport operations. The airport was completed that year. Road access to the airport was poor, so in 1928 a channel was dredged from the Tidal Canal across San Leandro Bay and up what became known as Airport Channel. This channel expedited mail and other freight deliveries to and from the airport and the industrial areas to the north. The channel served through World War II and then was abandoned, as road access improved. San Leandro Bay Waterfowl Refuge: In 1931 an act of the California legislature created a waterfowl refuge on Sal') Leandro Bay and its surroun&ng marsbes.