De Robert Crumb a Short (Architectural) History of the 20Th Century Review, Celebration and Tribute 40 Years Since “A Short History of America” by Robert Crumb

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De Robert Crumb a Short (Architectural) History of the 20Th Century Review, Celebration and Tribute 40 Years Since “A Short History of America” by Robert Crumb una Breve historia KLAUS (arquitectónica) del siglo XX Revisión, celebración y homenaje a 40 años de «Breve historia de América», de Robert Crumb a shorT (archiTecTural) hisTory of The 20Th cenTury Review, Celebration and Tribute 40 Years Since “A Short History of America” by Robert Crumb luis Miguel lus arana (klaus) Profesor, Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Universidad de Zaragoza, España Palabras clave Los últimos siglos han significado un The last centuries have meant an Ecología desarrollo sin precedentes para la unprecedented development for humanity. Cómix humanidad. Pero, a la vez, han supuesto un But, at the same time, they have brought Paisaje cambio en los paisajes del planeta, pasando a change in the landscapes of the planet, Dibujo Ensayo de ser naturales a hechos por el hombre. which have gone from natural to man-made. Esta historia, contada por la elocuencia de un This history, told by the eloquence Keywords cómic de Robert Crumb, deja en evidencia of a Robert Crumb comic, makes this Ecology esta transformación y nos ayuda a cuestionar transformation clear and helps us question Comix nuestra propia intervención en el planeta. our own intervention on the planet. Landscape Drawing Essay Obvio que soy dado a la hipérbole, pero «Breve historia Obviously I’m prone to hyperbole, but “A Short History de América» debe ser una de las mejores tiras cómicas of America” has to be one of the best comic strips ever jamás dibujadas [...]. Chris Ware (Hignite, 2006:259). drawn. [...] Chris Ware. (Hignite, 2006:259) En 1979, Robert Crumb publicaba en el número de otoño de In 1979, Robert Crumb published in the autumn issue of CoEvolution Quarterly el que sería uno de sus trabajos más CoEvolution Quarterly magazine what would become one inusuales y más celebrados fuera del ámbito underground. of his most unusual and most celebrated works outside the «Breve historia de América» (FIG. 1) se alejaba de las temá- underground scene. “A Short History of America” (FiG. 1) ticas y de la crudeza habituales de Crumb para mostrar, a moved away from Crumb’s usual themes and crudeness, to lo largo de doce viñetas, la silenciosa evolución de un lugar show in twelve frames the silent evolution of a generic place cualquiera de Estados Unidos, desde su estado de paisaje in the United States, from a state of virgin landscape to its virginal hasta convertirse en una anónima intersección que transformation in an anonymous corner that could be located podría situarse en algún lugar del Midwest o en las afueras somewhere in the Midwest or, particularly, on the outskirts de Los Ángeles. Aquí, el estilo característico del padre del of Los Angeles. Here, the characteristic style of the father comix underground de recitales sexuales, violencia y via- and main exponent of underground comix, of sexual recitals, jes de lSD – presentes desde Fritz the Cat – fue dejado de violence and trips of lsD – present since Fritz the Cat – was lado. Nada hay de las voluptuosas formas femeninas que put aside. There is nothing of the voluptuous feminine forms plagaban las desventuras sadomasoquistas de Zap Comix that plagued the sadomasochistic misadventures of Zap Comix o Weirdo en las desiertas postales de Short History. A este or Weirdo in the deserted postcards of ‘Short History.’ To 64 sosiego contribuyó su naturaleza de secuencia muda, un this calmness contributed its silent-sequence nature, unusual ARQ 103 — SANTIAGO,ARQ 103 CHILE rasgo insólito si se compara con las verborréicas reflexiones y feature when compared with the wordy reflections and 1 Una breve historia diálogos que llenaban las ya abigarradas páginas de Crumb. dialogues that filled the already motley pages of Crumb. de América / A Brief History of America. Esta anomalía dentro de su trabajo no impidió que se This anomaly within his work did not prevent it from © Robert Crumb. convirtiera en una imagen icónica, tanto del underground becoming an iconic image, both of the underground como de la obra de Crumb. Su temática atemporal, así como and of Crumb’s work. Its timeless theme, as well as its su publicación en un medio ajeno a la escena under – aunque publication outside the alternative scene – although linked ligado a la contracultura – favoreció su acercamiento a un to the counterculture – favored its reach to the general público general, a lo que contribuiría su transformación en public, supported by its transformation into a popular un popular póster de Kitchen Sink Press en 1981. «Breve his- Kitchen Sink Press poster in 1981. “A Short History of toria de América» ha sido reeditada en numerosas ocasio- America” has been reissued numerous times, becoming nes, volviéndose imprescindible en sus monografías1: estas essential in his monographs:1 these four pages have cuatro páginas han llegado a representarlo simbólicamente. come to represent him symbolically. This is how Terry Así pareció entenderlo Terry Zwigoff cuando en 1994 cerró Zwigoff seemed to understand it when in 1994 he closed su documental biográfico sobre el autor Crumb( ), con estas his biographical documentary about the author (entitled 12 viñetas proyectadas en secuencia durante 51 segundos Crumb), with these 12 frames projected in sequence for 51 y acompañadas por A Real Slow Drag, en el piano de Scott seconds, to the sound of A Real Slow Drag, played on Scott Joplin. Un final apropiadamente lúgubre y conciso al relato Joplin’s piano. An appropriately gloomy and concise ending de la difícil vida del autor2. to the author’s difficult life story.2 Whole Earth Crumb: el ‘comix’ underground Whole Earth Crumb: the Underground Comix y la contracultura verde and the Green Counterculture Pese a su singularidad, ni la temática ni el lugar de publica- Despite its singularity, neither the theme nor the place of ción resultan tan fuera de lo común. Para fines de los sesen- publication are so unusual. By the end of the sixties, along ta, junto a otros undergrounders, Crumb se había convertido with other undergrounders, Crumb had become a flag of en bandera del cómic contracultural (comix). Su sombra the countercultural comic (comix). Crumb’s shadow was planeaba sobre la prensa alternativa de los años sesenta y ever-present on the alternative press of the sixties and setenta, siendo un invitado habitual de publicaciones como seventies, being a regular guest of publications such as OZ, OZ, International Times y Friends, en el Reino Unido; Screw, International Times and Friends, in the Uk; Screw, Scanlan’s 65 Scanlan’s Monthly, Stag, The East Village Other, Berkeley Monthly, Stag, The East Village Other, Berkeley Barb, and Los Barb, o Los Angeles Free Press en Estados Unidos, o Actuel, Angeles Free Press in the United States; or Actuel, Tout!, Le KLAUS Tout!, Le Fléau Social y Action en Francia. Fléau Social and Action in France. La turbulenta escena arquitectónica tampoco fue ajena And, of course, the turbulent architectural scene was a relacionarse con el comix. El bullente fenómeno de las no stranger to the comix. The bustling phenomenon little magazines arquitectónicas adoptó la misma actitud of the small architectural magazines adopted the same omnívora y las tácticas guerrilleras de apropiacionismo de omnivorous attitude and guerrilla tactics of appropriation sus contrapartes. Así, el Inflatocookbook de Ant Farm (1970- of their counterparts. Thus, Ant Farm’s Inflatocookbook 71), incluiría una breve aparición del conocido Mr. Goodbar (1970-71), would include a brief appearance of the well- en la presentación de su Truckin’ University3 y, cuando known Mr. Goodbar in the presentation of his Truckin’ Architecture Association Quarterly decidió dedicar su número University3 and, when Architecture Association Quarterly de otoño, titulado «Comic Strips», a las potencias del cómic, decided to dedicate its autumn number, entitled “Comic Crumb fue el elegido para ilustrar gran parte de la revista. Strips,” to strips’ potentialities, Crumb was chosen to Fuera de las publicaciones centradas en el free love, la illustrate much of the magazine. psicodelia y las sustancias alucinógenas, la emergente Besides publications focused on free love, escena ecologista sería uno de los lugares de la contracul- psychedelia, and hallucinogenic substances, the emerging tura habituales para Crumb. Promotoras de la búsqueda de environmental scene was one of the usual counterculture tecnologías alternativas y las lógicas Do-It-Yourself, estas places to Crumb. Promoters of the search for alternative publicaciones adoptaron una estética rudimentaria, con technologies and Do-It-Yourself logics, these publications abundancia de esquemas realizados a mano, caricaturas y adopted a rudimentary aesthetic, with an abundance of tiras cómicas. Crumb colaboró con ilustraciones de mar- hand-made schemes, cartoons and comic strips. Crumb cado carácter ecologista en periódicos alternativos que collaborated with illustrations of a marked environmental promovían la ‘América rural’, como Winds of Change4, Fox character in different alternative newspapers that River Patriot5, o The Mendocino Grapevine. En este contexto, promoted rural America, such as Winds of Change,4 Fox parece casi obligatorio que CoEvolution Quarterly acogiera River Patriot,5 or The Mendocino Grapevine. In this context, a Crumb habitualmente en sus páginas. Antes de eso, ya it seems almost mandatory that CoEvolution Quarterly había sido parte del elenco de Whole Earth Catalogue. En would welcome Crumb regularly in its pages. Before 1971, Stewart Brand encargó la edición de uno de los su- that, Crumb had already
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