DOCSLIB.ORG

Swansea and Cardiff

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Swansea and Cardiff Swansea and Cardiff Swansea town centre, 1838 Cardiff town centre, 1844 Wales in 1750 In 1700, the majority of people in Wales worked in agriculture. The land provided both food and work for people. By 1750 Wales had begun to transform into an industrial country with less people working in agriculture. People began mining for lead in Cardiganshire, iron works were built in Wrexham and Merthyr Tydfil as well as copper works in Swansea and Neath. The the maps are useful sources to study how Wales developed during this excing new era. The story of how some towns developed at a faster rate and at different periods in me is shown on the the maps. You can discover how the two largest cies in Wales grew and developed during this period by using the maps. This is the beginning of a new age for Wales. Between 1780 and 1850 the populaon of Wales more than doubled from around 530,000 to 1,189,000. By 1851 only ⅓ of the populaon sll worked in agriculture. The populaon of Welsh towns According to the the 1801 Census (the first census), Swansea was one of the largest towns in Wales with a populaon of over 10,000 people, compared to 6,432 in Cardiff. A hundred years later, in 1901, Cardiff had become the largest town in Wales with a populaon that had increased to 160,000. Discover how and why Cardiff and Swansea grew by exploring the the maps. Swansea Cardiff 200000 160000 150000 94000 PopulaNon 100000 50000 26630 Swansea 17000 10000 6342 Cardiff 0 1801 1851 1901 Years Swansea copper The three important factors that made Swansea a global centre for smelng copper: 1. There was a huge amount of coal in the hills by Swansea. 2. The river Tawe was perfect for transporng goods on ships down to the sea. 3. To make copper you needed three parts coal to one part copper ore, so it was easier to transport the copper to the coal. Businessmen saw an opportunity to make a lot of money in the metal industry. The copper ore was imported from all over the world to be smelted in Swansea. Why was there a need for copper? In the 18th century the majority of metal items were created with copper, including household goods, trains and large ships. Swansea, 1748 Imporng and exporng 13 copper works Swansea and the surrounding area was known as ‘Copperopolis’, and was had been famous for being the world centre for copper. The area developed a network established in of business contacts across the world. Swansea by 1850. Upper Bank Copper from Cornwall, North America and Cuba were imported to be smelted in the Swansea Valley and they were exported across the world to Africa, Europe, Japan and China. A map of some of the copper works With new copper works being established in the area more people came to on the banks of live nearby, and by the first decade of the 19th century villages and towns like Middle Bank the river Tawe in Tre Grenfell, Tre-Vivian, Hafod, Morfa, Landore and Morriston were built. 1838. The importance of Swansea copper works globally. White Rock Imporng copper ore to be smelted Exporng copper that has been smelted The impact of copper on the town The Swansea Valley was an important centre for industry at the By the middle of 19th century 50% of copper produced worldwide beginning of the Industrial Revoluon in Wales. Many people think of was made in the Swansea Valley and half of the populaon of the iron works in Merthyr when the Industrial Revoluon is menoned, Swansea worked in the copper industry. but Swansea was one of the first areas to aract heavy industry. Map of Swansea, 1838 Swansea town grew around the copper works. By 1838 Swansea had developed into an urban area. Docks River Tawe Town centre The copper works Who ruled the large copper factories? Sciensts and businessmen came to Swansea in the 18th century to capitalise on the natural resources in the area. COPPER WORKS WHEN? \WHO? WHITE ROCK 1737 Thomas Coster HAFOD 1808-09 John H.Vivian MORFA 1835 Williams, Foster & Co. HENRY HUSSEY VIVIAN (1821 - 1894 ) The 1st Baron of Swansea, son of John H. Vivian, an industrialist and an expert in These are the plans for Landore copper works by William Jernigan working with metals and minerals. (Jernegan). The plans show two sides of the building and include the work floors, the furnaces and the refineries. From 1845 onwards he was in charge of the Hafod copper works in Swansea. The Landore copper works were the first copper works in the area, and were established in 1716 by Dr John Lane. In 1864 he began producing sulphuric acid from copper smoke. Cardiff When and how did Cardiff grow? At the beginning of the 18th century Merthyr Cardiff was a small town compared to Cardiff the larger towns of the period such as Merthyr Tydfil. Cardiff grew at a rapid rate during the second half of the 19th century. Cardiff grew rapidly for two reasons - the opening of the railway, and its role as a centre for exporng coal In 1841 The Taff Valley Railway which was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel was opened. The main objecve of the railway was to transport coal from Merthyr to the docks in Cardiff. In the 1840s and 1850s the railway was extended to the Rhondda and the Cynon valleys. By 1860 the Taff Valley Railway transported 2.13 million tonnes of coal to the docks in Cardiff to be exported worldwide. Cardiff’s role in the coal industry in Wales Step 1 - Welsh coal mines produced high quality coal Step 2 - The railway transported the coal to Cardiff Step 3 - The coal was exported from Cardiff on ships across the world. Cardiff docks, 1849 Moving the river Taff 1844 The engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel wanted to change the course of the river Taff to finish building the south Wales railway. In 1844 floods were a problem where Cardiff train staon is located today. Cardiff train staon River Taff Isambard Kingdom Brunel changed the course of the river west to protect Cardiff town centre and the train staon from floods. Moving the river made it easier to transport coal to Cardiff docks. Cardiff staon was opened in 1850. 1905 Isambard Kingdom Brunel Exporng Tonnes of coal exported from Cardiff docks Cardiff port and town grew with the coal industry in south Wales during the 19th 9000000 century. By 1913, Cardiff and Barry were the largest coal docks in the world. 6750000 4500000 2250000 0 Building and expanding Cardiff docks. 1840 1870 1907 Bute Docks, Cardiff Cardiff docks’ growth received a huge boost when the second Marquess of Bute spent £350,000 An important individual in the expansion building the Bute West Dock, which opened in October 1839. The Bute East Dock opened in of Cardiff was John Crichton-Stuart, the 1859. second Marquess of Bute. Poster adver9sing Bute Docks, Cardiff An expanding town 55% of the Welsh populaon lived within 25 miles of Cardiff by 1913. Cardiff Roath Docks opened in 1887 Queen Street, Cardiff A street in Cardiff Docks Cardiff town centre, 1844 Cardiff town Centre, 1901 Cardiff docks, 1844 Cardiff docks, 1905 Cardiff city 1905 A Royal Charter gave Cardiff it’s status as a city and secured it’s importance Cardiff University as Wales’ trading and industrial centre. By 1910 it also had: • A University • A City Hall • A Naonal Museum • A Naonal Stadium Cardiff Docks Cardiff City Hall Roath Park, Cardiff.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Energy in Wales
    House of Commons Welsh Affairs Committee Energy in Wales Third Report of Session 2005–06 Volume I Report, together with formal minutes, Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 11 July 2006 HC 876-I Published on Thursday 20 July 2006 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 The Welsh Affairs Committee The Welsh Affairs Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Office of the Secretary of State for Wales (including relations with the National Assembly for Wales.) Current membership Dr Hywel Francis MP (Chairman) (Labour, Aberavon) Mr Stephen Crabb MP (Conservative, Preseli Pembrokeshire) David T. C. Davies MP (Conservative, Monmouth) Nia Griffith MP (Labour, Llanelli) Mrs Siân C. James MP (Labour, Swansea East) Mr David Jones MP (Conservative, Clwyd West) Mr Martyn Jones MP (Labour, Clwyd South) Albert Owen MP (Labour, Ynys Môn) Jessica Morden MP (Labour, Newport East) Hywel Williams MP (Plaid Cymru, Caernarfon) Mark Williams MP (Liberal Democrat, Ceredigion) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publications The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/welsh_affairs_committee.cfm. A list of Reports of the Committee in the present Parliament is at the back of this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Identity of Wales in Question: an Analysis of Culture, Language, and Identity in Cardiff, Bangor, and Aberystwyth
    Linfield University DigitalCommons@Linfield Fulbright Grantee Projects Office of Competitive Scholarships 8-3-2012 The Social Identity of Wales in Question: An Analysis of Culture, Language, and Identity in Cardiff, Bangor, and Aberystwyth Clara Martinez Linfield College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/fulbright Part of the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, and the International and Intercultural Communication Commons Recommended Citation Martinez, Clara, "The Social Identity of Wales in Question: An Analysis of Culture, Language, and Identity in Cardiff, Bangor, and Aberystwyth" (2012). Fulbright Grantee Projects. Article. Submission 4. https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/fulbright/4 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It is brought to you for free via open access, courtesy of DigitalCommons@Linfield, with permission from the rights-holder(s). Your use of this Article must comply with the Terms of Use for material posted in DigitalCommons@Linfield, or with other stated terms (such as a Creative Commons license) indicated in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, or if you have questions about permitted uses, please contact [email protected]. Fulbright Summer Institute: Wales 2012 The Social Identity of Wales in Question: An Analysis of Culture, Language, and Identity in Cardiff, Bangor, and Aberystwyth Clara Martinez Reflective Journal Portfolio Fulbright Wales Summer Institute Professors August 3, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Face of Cardiff
    Evolving Cities The changing face of Cardiff Autumn 2017 gva.co.uk Evolving cities The UK’s cities are The Changing Face of Cardiff is one of our series of reports looking at how undergoing a renaissance. the UK’s key cities are evolving and Large scale place making the transformational change that is schemes are dramatically occurring, either in terms of the scale improving how they are of regeneration activity or a shift in perception. perceived, making them more desirable places to For each city, we identify the key locations where such change has live and work, and better occurred over the last 10 years, able to attract new people and the major developments that and businesses. continue to deliver it. We then explore the key large scale regeneration opportunities going forward. Cardiff today Cardiff is the capital Cardiff’s city status and wealth The city has become a popular The city’s transport links are international location for businesses was primarily accrued from its tourist location which has been undergoing significant improvement. is supported by the city’s ability to and focal point of Wales. coal exporting industry, which led underpinned by major investments At Cardiff Central Station, Network Rail offer high quality office stock within Historically the city to the opening of the West Bute in leisure, sports and cultural venues. has recently added a new platform, Central Square, Callaghan Square flourished, becoming Dock and transformed Cardiff’s The construction of Mermaid Quay facilities and a modern entrance to and Capital Quarter. Key occupiers the world’s biggest coal landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • The City of Cardiff Council, County Borough Councils of Bridgend, Caerphilly, Merthyr Tydfil, Rhondda Cynon Taf and the Vale of Glamorgan
    THE CITY OF CARDIFF COUNCIL, COUNTY BOROUGH COUNCILS OF BRIDGEND, CAERPHILLY, MERTHYR TYDFIL, RHONDDA CYNON TAF AND THE VALE OF GLAMORGAN AGENDA ITEM NO: 7 THE GLAMORGAN ARCHIVES JOINT COMMITTEE 27 June 2014 REPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1 March – 31 May 2014 REPORT OF: THE GLAMORGAN ARCHIVIST 1. PURPOSE OF REPORT This report describes the work of Glamorgan Archives for the period 1 March to 31 May 2014. 2. BACKGROUND As part of the agreed reporting process the Glamorgan Archivist updates the Joint Committee quarterly on the work and achievements of the service. 3. Members are asked to note the content of this report. 4. ISSUES A. MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES 1. Staff: establishment Maintain appropriate levels of staff There has been no staff movement during the quarter. From April the Deputy Glamorgan Archivist reduced her hours to 30 a week. Review establishment The manager-led regrading process has been followed for four staff positions in which responsibilities have increased since the original evaluation was completed. The posts are Administrative Officer, Senior Records Officer, Records Assistant and Preservation Assistant. All were in detriment following the single status assessment and comprise 7 members of staff. Applications have been submitted and results are awaited. 1 Develop skill sharing programme During the quarter 44 volunteers and work experience placements have contributed 1917 hours to the work of the Office. Of these 19 came from Cardiff, nine each from the Vale of Glamorgan and Bridgend, four from Rhondda Cynon Taf and three from outside our area: from Newport, Haverfordwest and Catalonia. In addition nine tours have been provided to prospective volunteers and two references were supplied to former volunteers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Involvement of the Women of the South Wales Coalfield In
    “Not Just Supporting But Leading”: The Involvement of the Women of the South Wales Coalfield in the 1984-85 Miners’ Strike By Rebecca Davies Enrolment: 00068411 Thesis submitted for Doctor of Philosophy degree at the University of Glamorgan February 2010. ABSTRACT The 1984-85 miners’ strike dramatically changed the face of the South Wales Valleys. This dissertation will show that the women’s groups that played such a crucial supportive role in it were not the homogenous entity that has often been portrayed. They shared some comparable features with similar groups in English pit villages but there were also qualitative differences between the South Wales groups and their English counterparts and between the different Welsh groups themselves. There is evidence of tensions between the Welsh groups and disputes with the communities they were trying to assist, as well as clashes with local miners’ lodges and the South Wales NUM. At the same time women’s support groups, various in structure and purpose but united in the aim of supporting the miners, challenged and shifted the balance of established gender roles The miners’ strike evokes warm memories of communities bonding together to fight for their survival. This thesis investigates in detail the women involved in support groups to discover what impact their involvement made on their lives afterwards. Their role is contextualised by the long-standing tradition of Welsh women’s involvement in popular politics and industrial disputes; however, not all women discovered a new confidence arising from their involvement. But others did and for them this self-belief survived the strike and, in some cases, permanently altered their own lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Schooner Way Cardiff
    Archaeology Wales 6FKRRQHU:D\ &DUGLII 'HVN%DVHG$VVHVVPHQW %\ ,UHQH*DUFLD5RYLUD%$0$3K' 5HSRUW1R Archaeology Wales Limited, Rhos Helyg, Cwm Belan, Llanidloes, Powys SY18 6QF Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 E-mail: [email protected] Archaeology Wales 6FKRRQHU:D\ &DUGLII 'HVN%DVHG$VVHVVPHQW 3UHSDUHG)RU$VEUL3ODQQLQJ/WG (GLWHGE\5RZHQD+DUW $XWKRULVHGE\5RZHQD+DUW 6LJQHG 6LJQHG 3RVLWLRQ3URMHFW0DQDJHU 3RVLWLRQ3URMHFW0DQDJHU 'DWH 'DWH %\ ,UHQH*DUFLD5RYLUD%$0$3K' 5HSRUW1R 1RYHPEHU Archaeology Wales Limited, Rhos Helyg, Cwm Belan, Llanidloes, Powys SY18 6QF Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 E-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS Summary 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Site Description 2 3. Methodology 3 4. Archaeological and Historical Background 4 4.1 Previous Archaeological Studies 4 4.2 The Historic Landscape 5 4.3 Scheduled Ancient Monuments 5 4.4 Listed Buildings 5 4.5 Non designated sites 8 4.6 Historical background 10 5. Map Regression 15 6. Aerial Photographs 16 7. New Sites 18 8. Site Visit 18 9. Assessing visual impact 18 10.Impact Assessment 19 10.1 Assessment of archaeological potential and importance 19 10.2 Potential impacts from proposed development 19 10.3 Mitigation 19 11.Conclusion 20 12.Sources Appendix I: Gazetteer of sites recorded on the regional HER Appendix II: List of sites recorded on the NMR Appendix III: Specification List of Figures Figure 1 Site of proposed development Figure 2 Listed buildings within 1km radius from the site Figure 3 Detail of listed buildings N of the site Figure 4 Detail of listed buildings S of the site Figure 5 Sites recorded on the regional HER Figure 6 &RXQW\6HULHVILUVWHGLWLRQVKRZLQJDSSUR[LPDWHORFDWLRQWRVLWH Figure 7 &RXQW\6HULHVVHFRQGHGLWLRQVKRZLQJDSSUR[LPDWHORFDWLRQWR VLWH i Plates Plate 1 Centre of the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoring the 'Mam'
    Restoring the ‘Mam’: Archives, Access and Research into Women’s Pasts in Wales MANDI O’NEILL The history of Welsh people has often been camouflaged in British history yet women have been rendered inconspicuous within their own Welsh history.1 t has been suggested that ‘Welsh women are culturally invisible’2 in a country which has had a predominantly male workforce in its modern history which resulted in a strong cultural identity around I 3 rugby and male voice choirs which excluded women. Welsh women were strongly identified with the domestic sphere and have been represented as a sort of nostalgic, idealised mother: the ‘mam’, the matriarch of the home, waging a constant battle, often in the face of economic deprivation, to keep her home and family clean and well-fed, often at the expense of her own health. ‘Cleanliness is next to godliness’, Public History Review Vol 18 (2011): 47–64 © UTSePress and the author Public History Review | O’Neill could have been her mantra: her reputation – which was all-important – was one of hard work, thrift and piety. Rarely, if ever, working outside the home, social activities revolved around the chapel. Pubs and politics were for the men.4 Government statistics have tended to reinforce the somewhat homogenous, domestic view of Welsh women. In the mid interwar period, only twenty-one percent of women in Wales were recorded as economically active5 although oral history interviews reveal that women did take on additional work, often in the home, to supplement family income.6 While the idealised ‘mam’ is rooted firmly in the coalmining communities of the South Wales Valleys, there were plenty of women in urban areas such as Cardiff and Swansea and large parts of rural Wales who did not conform to this image.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral History and Mining Heritage in Wales and Cornwall
    Heritage and Memory: Oral History and Mining Heritage in Wales and Cornwall Submitted by Bethan Elinor Coupland, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, December, 2012. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ..................................................................................... 1 Abstract Scholarly work on the relationship between heritage and memory has largely neglected living memory (that is ‘everyday’ memories of lived experience). There is a common assumption that heritage fosters or maintains broader ‘collective’ memories (often referred to as social, public or cultural memories) in a linear sense, after living memory has lapsed. However, given the range of complex conceptualisations of ‘memory’ itself, there are inevitably multiple ways in which memory and heritage interact. This thesis argues that where heritage displays represent the recent past, the picture is more complex; that heritage narratives play a prominent role in the tussle between different layers of memory. Empirically, the research focuses on two prominent mining heritage sites; Big Pit coal mine in south Wales and Geevor tin mine in Cornwall. Industrial heritage sites are one of the few sorts of public historical representation where heritage narratives exist so closely alongside living memories of the social experiences they represent.
    [Show full text]
  • CARDIFF Open Storage AVAILABLE PORT LAND to LET Mains Power and 0.24 Hectares (0.6 Acres) Water Connected Compass Road, Cardiff Docks, CF10 4LB WC Facilities
    Secure Yard / CARDIFF Open Storage AVAILABLE PORT LAND TO LET Mains Power and 0.24 Hectares (0.6 acres) Water Connected Compass Road, Cardiff Docks, CF10 4LB WC Facilities Available Property Delivering Property Solutions Compass Road, Cardiff Docks, Cardiff, Available Property Description Sat Nav: CF10 4LB M4 A470 M4 The site totals approximately 0.6 acres of secure, level, gravel surfaced land. A48(M) It benefits from direct access via Roath Dock Road or Rover Way and is within the secure Tongwynlais Llanishen A48 confines of the Port of Cardiff, 1 mile to the south of Cardiff City Centre. A470 The Port provides multimodal facilities, including quayside access capable of M4 M4 accommodating vessels of 35,000 dwt and a newly constructed rail loading facility to J32 10.8 km facilitate rail handling services. ABP has invested significantly in the port over the past few A48 years, modernising infrastructure and supply customers with specialist storage solutions A470 M4 St Fagans and handling equipment. Existing occupiers on the Port include Travis Perkins, Valero, A4232 A48 J29 15.6 km Cemex, Tarmac, EMR and Bob Martin. Cardiff Leckwith Atlantic M4 Wharf Location Specification A4232 J33 17.2 km Compass Road is strategically situated within + Industrial / open storage the heart of Cardiff Docks in Cardiff Bay, + 24-hour port security - access via Roath Dock Road Approximately 1 mile south of Cardiff City or Rover Way Centre. The site offers the opportunity for ALL MAPS ARE INDICATIVE ONLY occupiers to benefit from access to Junction 29 + WC facilities and 30 to the East and Junction 33 to the West + Mains services consisting of electricity and water via the newly extended A4232 (Eastern Bay Service Charge Potential Uses Link) dual carriageway as well as easy access + Excellent road access to Junctions 29, 30 & 33 A provision will be included for any lease Industrial to the centre of Cardiff, Wales’ capital city.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Sustainability Appraisal Scoping Report Appendix 2
    biivi Torfaen Replacement Local Development Plan (2018-2033) Cynllun Datblygu Amnewid Lleol Torfaen (2018-2033) Draft Sustainability Appraisal Scoping Report Adroddiad Drafft Cwmpasu Gwerthusiad Cynaliadwyedd Appendix 2 - Baseline Characteristics of Torfaen Atodiad 2 - Rhynweddau Sylfaenol Torfaen April 2019 Ebrill 2019 TORFAEN COUNTY BOROUGH COUNCIL REPLACEMENT LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN DRAFT SUSTAINABILITY APPRAISAL SCOPING REPORT APPENDIX 2 THE BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF TORFAEN April 2019 Front Cover Image Credits Big Pit, Blaenavon - Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales Cwmbran Town Centre - M&G Retail Draft Sustainability Appraisal Scoping Report 2 Appendix 2 - The Baseline Characteristics of Torfaen (April 2019) Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Introduction 5 2. A Prosperous Wales 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Employment and Economy 6 2.3 Tourism 18 2.4 Retail 19 2.5 Education 20 2.6 Key Issues 23 2.7 LDP Opportunities 24 3. A Resilient Wales 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Air 25 3.3 Biodiversity, Flora & Fauna 27 3.4 Water 31 3.5 Geology, Minerals & Soils 35 3.6 Waste 44 3.7 WIMD Physical Environment Domain 48 3.8 Key Issues 48 3.9 LDP Opportunities 50 4. A Healthier Wales 52 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 Access to Services 52 4.3 Community Facilities & Recreation 53 4.4 Human Health 54 4.5 Key Issues 58 4.6 LDP Opportunities 58 5. A More Equal Wales 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Population 59 5.3 Key Issues 65 5.4 LDP Opportunities 65 6. A Wales of Cohesive Communities 67 6.1 Introduction 67 6.2 Multiple Deprivation 67 6.3 Housing 69 6.4 Crime 89 6.5 Transport 92 6.6 Key Issues 106 6.7 LDP Opportunities 110 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Valley of Vision
    21 January to 19 March 2017 Saturdays and Sundays 3 to 5pm Wolfson Fine Arts in collaboration with the University of South Wales Valley Valley of Vision www.wolfson.cam.ac.uk/fine-arts Foreword - Painting the Valleys is the subject matter. Apart from a scattering of small mines and a few huge, opencast sites on the rim of the coalfield, there is no longer a coal industry. There For over two hundred years, the Valleys of South Wales have inspired are memories and ruins, books, photographs and articles, industrial museums painters and printmakers. J M W Turner, Richard Wilson and Julius Caesar and visitors’ centres. And there are ghosts and paintings. Ibbetson were among the early visitors, drawn to the coalfield by the promise of extraordinary images – the visual combination of burgeoning I know for certain that the ghosts are still out there, haunting abandoned heavy industry and dramatic landscapes. mineshafts, winding-sheds and chapels where the physical evidence of an industry that once employed a quarter of a million miners in these Valleys has They came to witness the fiery spectacle of iron furnaces giving birth to a new almost disappeared. Even the scarred hillsides have been blanketed in new industrial age. Here was the cutting edge of Britain’s pioneering technologies. forests as the Valleys continue to be greened. Yet they discovered, within a stone’s throw of the blast furnaces and pit shafts, a landscape of waterfalls, precipitous forests and wild, romantic moorland. Thankfully, the paintings have survived. Some of them are gathered here, at this exhibition.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Intervention in the Welsh Economy: 1974 to 1997. by Leon
    Government Intervention in the Welsh Economy: 1974 to 1997. By Leon Gooberman Submitted in accordance with the requirements for a PhD. Cardiff University i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Scott Newton of the School of History, Archaeology and Religion, and Professor Derek Matthews of Cardiff Business School for their advice and support. Also, thanks are due to my interviewees, who generously gave of their time, knowledge and experience. Most importantly, thanks to Mari. This thesis would never have been completed without her constant support and encouragement. ii Summary This thesis provides a description and analysis of government intervention in the Welsh economy between 1974 and 1997. During this period, Wales underwent rapid and far-reaching economic upheaval on such a massive scale that few avoided its impact. The scale of these changes was dramatic, as was the intensity of attempts to deal with their consequences. Wales acted as a laboratory for the development of approaches to government intervention in the economy. This thesis defines government intervention in the Welsh economy, before identifying activity, expenditure and (where possible) outputs across categories including land reclamation, factory construction, attraction of foreign direct investment, urban renewal, business support and the provision of grants and subsidies. It also places such interventions in their political and economic contexts, highlighting the dynamics that evolved between policies developed in Cardiff and London. By doing this, it asks and answers three questions relating to the changing dynamics of government intervention; namely, what was done, why was it done and was it effective? The thesis draws on primary sources including interviews with politicians and those formerly holding senior positions within governmental organisations, records held by the National Archives, personal and organisational archives held by the National Library of Wales, records held by other archives, newspapers and government publications.
    [Show full text]