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Wales in Continental Guidebooks (1850-2013): a Country on the Imaginative Periphery

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Wales in Continental Guidebooks (1850-2013): a Country on the Imaginative Periphery _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Wales in Continental Guidebooks (1850-2013): A Country on the Imaginative Periphery Dijkstra, Anna-Lou How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Dijkstra, Anna-Lou (2017) Wales in Continental Guidebooks (1850-2013): A Country on the Imaginative Periphery. Doctoral thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa39298 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ Wales in Continental Guidebooks (1850-2013): A Country on the Imaginative Periphery Anna-Lou Dijkstra, BA, MA Submitted to Swansea University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Swansea University 2017 Summary This thesis examines the representations of Wales in German-, French- and Dutch- language travel guidebooks published between 1850 and 2013. The analysis focuses on the conceptualisation of the country in these texts within the framework of ‘imaginative peripheries’. This framework is mainly based on the work of Edward Said and his model of ‘imaginative geographies’, which examines the perception of spaces through texts and discourses. In the thesis it is asserted that guidebooks have the power to significantly influence tourists’ views of a destination, thus affecting the socio-spatial construction of the area in question. The thesis scrutinises how Wales is conceptualised as a cultural, linguistic, ethnographic, historical, geographical and political entity and how these representations influence the country’s spatial realisation in the texts. In conclusion it is argued that during the course of the centuries under examination, Wales has been increasingly recognised as a distinct entity, but has simultaneously been moved to the periphery on a textual and conceptual level. Finally, these shifts not only provide insights into the way Wales is perceived in overseas travel guidebooks, but also reflect broader discourses concerning the changing balance of power in our globalising world. 1 Declarations and Statements DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ...................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ..................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ..................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ 2 Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................... 1 Declarations and Statements ..................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 7 Table of Figures .......................................................................................................... 8 Figures ...................................................................................................................... 8 Maps ......................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 10 The Research Topic: Perceptions of Wales in Continental Guidebooks ................ 10 Objectives of the Research ..................................................................................... 16 The Selection of the Primary Material ................................................................ 16 Methodological Approach, Theoretical Perspective and Research Questions ... 19 Terminological Preliminaries ................................................................................. 22 1 - The Guidebook .................................................................................................... 31 1.1 The Historical Development of the Genre ....................................................... 31 1.2 The Development of the Field: The Guidebook as an Object of Analysis ....... 49 1.3 Guidebooks and the Socio-Spatial Construction of Destinations .................... 59 1.3.1 Guidebooks and Discourses ....................................................................... 60 1.3.2 The Imaginative Conceptualisation of Places ............................................ 64 1.4 The Correlation between Tourism, Peripherality and Guidebooks .................. 71 2 - Wales as a Travel Destination on the Imaginative Periphery ........................ 78 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 78 2.2 The Romantic Imaginations of Wales: A Discursive Prelude .......................... 80 2.2.1 The Welsh Landscape: From a Country of ‘Horrid Rocks’ to a Utopian Refuge ................................................................................................................. 80 2.2.2 Celtic Tourism in Wales during the Romantic Period ............................... 89 2.3 Celticity and Peripherality ................................................................................ 93 3 2.4 Continental Constructions of Wales ............................................................... 104 2.5 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................... 111 3 - 1850-1900: Wales – Picturesque and Futuristic, With a Touch of Otherness .................................................................................................................................. 113 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 113 3.2 Reaching Wales in the Nineteenth Century: Steamers and Railways ............ 114 3.3 Obscuring Wales as a Travel Destination and Topographical Entity............. 121 3.4 Welsh Landscapes: Nature and Industry as Travel Incentives ....................... 128 3.4.1 The Aesthetic Ideals of the Picturesque and the Sublime ........................ 129 3.4.2 Snowdonia: Viewing Wales Through a Swiss Lens ................................ 134 3.4.3 The Industrial Landscape: A Journey into the Future .............................. 138 3.5 Aspects of Welshness ..................................................................................... 150 3.5.1 German Views: Adding a Dash of Otherness .......................................... 150 3.5.2 French Views: Celtomanic Wales............................................................ 157 3.6 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................... 161 4 - 1955-1975: The Emergence of Celtic Wales ................................................... 163 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 163 4.1.1 The Gap: 1906-1955 ................................................................................ 163 4.1.2 The Post-World War II Decades: The Rapid Growth of Tourism ........... 167 4.1.3 The Corpus ............................................................................................... 171 4.2 First Impressions: Wales’s Growing Distinctiveness as a Travel Destination. .............................................................................................................................. 173 4.3 German Views: Aestheticising and Racialising Wales .................................. 181 4.3.1 Continuation and Development of the Nineteenth-Century Discourse: Picturesque and Industrial Landscapes ............................................................. 181 4.3.2 Moving towards the Periphery ................................................................
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