DOCSLIB.ORG

A Structural Analysis of the Bhutia Society and Position of Bhutia Women in Sikkim Thesis Submitted for the Degree of . Doctor O

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Structural Analysis of the Bhutia Society and Position of Bhutia Women in Sikkim Thesis Submitted for the Degree of . Doctor O A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE BHUTIA SOCIETY AND POSITION OF BHUTIA WOMEN IN SIKKIM S· THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF . DOCTOR OPPHH!,_OSOPHY (ARTS) t !> ~ ~ l' \.ll 'i- OF- THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL 2006 BY SWATISWAMI CENTRE FOR HIMALAYAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAl INDIA .Ref. 301. Lt 1209549? 5 9=Tts 19u2C!3 11 t1!W 2007 CONTENTS Page Nos.(i) List of Figures i- vi List of Tables ......... I-XVI List of Plates (I) CHAPTERS 1. Chapter I la. Introduction .............. 1 1 b.Review of literature .............. 6 1c.Rationale of study .............. 20 . .. ~ . 1d.Objective .............. 21 1e.Social Structure .............. 22 lf. Methodology .............. 26 lf (i) Diagram illustrating research methodology -.............. 27 1f (ii).Selection of informants .............. 29 1f (iii) Tools, technique and method of data collection .............. 29 lf (iv) Selection of study area .............. 30 lg. Data analysis .............. 32 lh Contribution ofthe study .............. 32 li. Limitation of study .............. 32 References .............. 34 CONTENTS Page Nos. (ii) 2. Chapter II 2. Origin of Bhutias in Sikkim 2a.(i) Sikkim as a Beyul .............. 47 2a (ii) Demojong .......••.••.• 50 2a (iii) Bhutias .............. 51 2a (iv) Origin and migration ofBhutias ............... 52 2a (v) Minyak •••.••••.•••••. 54 2b Khye Bumsa and chief clans of Sikkim .............. 57 References .............. 63 3. Chapter III 3. Bhutia women- A socio economic profile ............. 64 3a. Summary .............. 68 4. Chapter IV Family, Kinship and Marriage 4a. Family: .............. 70 4a (i) Family and position of women .............. 73 4a (ii) Role ofwomen in family .............. 74 4b. Kinship: .............. 79 4b (i) Bhutia kinship terms- An analysis .............. 80 4b (ii) Criteria of distinction .............. 85 4c. Marriage: .............. 87 4c (i) Sikkim Bhutia marriage customs and rites .............. 91 4c (ii) Right to ancestral property .............. 95 CONTENTS Page Nos.(iii) 4d. Case study .............. 97 4e. Summary .............. 100 4 f. Articles used during wedding .............. 101 References .............. 105 5. Chapter V 5. Women in work and decision making .............. 109 5a. Decision making .............. 113 Sa (i) Economic decision making authority .............. 114 Sa (ii) Children related decision making .............. 115 Sa (iii) Mobility .............. 115 Sa (iv) Freedom from threat .............. 115 Sa (v) Access to financial resources .............. 115 Sa (vi) Control of ownership over material possession .............. 116 5b. Case study .............. 119 5c. Summary .............. 123 References .............. 125 6. Chapter VI 6. Political participation of Bhutia women .............. 128 6a. Electoral participation: .............. 133 6a (i) Age and electoral participation .............. 133 6a (ii) Marital status and electoral participation .............. 134 6a (iii) Occupation and electoral participation .............. 134 6a (iv) Education and electoral participation .............. 135 6b. Political awareness .............. 136 6b (i) Marital status and political awareness .............. 136 6b (ii) Occupation and political awareness .............. 137 6b (iii) Education and political awareness .............. 137 CONTENTS Page Nos.(iv) 6c. Attitude towards women's participation .............. 137 6c (i) Age and attitude towards women's participation .............. 139 6c (ii) Occupation and attitude towards .............. 140 women's participation 6c (iii) Education and attitude towards .............. 140 women's participation 6d. Case study .............. 140 6e. Summary .............. 142 References .............. 143 7. Chapter VII 7. Bhutia women in realm of Buddhism .............. 146 7a. Spread of Buddhism in Bhot .............. 146 7b. Rituals .............. 150 7b (i) Birth .............. 150 7b (ii) Marriage .............. 151 7b (iii) Ritual associated with the construction of house .............. 151 7b (iv) Ritual performed while joining monastery .............. 151 7b (v) Ritual performed during illness and death .............. 152 7c Buddhist festivals of Sikkim .............. 152 7c (i) Losar .............. 152 7c (ii) Saga Dawa .............. 152 7c (iii) Drukpa Tsheshi .............. 153 7c (iv) Guru Rimpoche's Trungkar Tshechu .............. 153 7c (v) Panglhabsol .............. 153 7c (vi) Lhabab Duechen .............. 154 7c (vii) Kagyed danbe .............. 154 7c (viii) Lossong .............. 154 7c (ix) Nyenpa Guzom .............. 154 CONTENTS Page Nos.(v) 7d. Religious position ofwomen: .............. 155 7d (i) Pre Buddhist position of women .............. 156 7d (ii) Position of women at the time of Buddha .............. 157 7d (iii) The order ofBhikkhunis .............. 159 7d (iv) Taktse Ani Tshamkhang .............. 161 7e. Bhutia women in Buddhism .............. 164 7f. Case study .............. 167 7g. Summary .............. 168 References .............. 170 8. Concluding observation .............. 172 Bibliography .............. 175 Appendix Household slip Individual slip List of Figure · Page Nos. (vi) Fig.l Agewise distribution ofBhutia women in the study sample according to marital status in all the four district ofSikkim in 2004-2005. Fig. 2 (a) Educational ofBhutia women- Agewise ii distribution North District. Fig. 2 (b) Educational ofBhutia women- Agewise ii distribution East District. Fig. 2 (c) Educational ofBhutia women- Agewise iii distribution.South District. Fig. 2 (d) Educational ofBhutia women- Agewise iii distribution West District.. Fig. 3 Level of education among the respondents iv in the four districts in the study sample. Fig.4 (a) Distribution ofBhutia women by occupation~ v Fig.4 (b) Total monthly income of the respondents v (in all the four district). Fig.5 Physical mobility ofB~utia women (Average ofFour districts ofSikkim in 2004- 2005). vi Fig. 6. Response to the victimization ofBhutia vi women by men and their family. List of Tables Page Nos.(vii) Table: 1 Facilities in the household (in percentage). .......... I Table: 2a (i) Structure of families in the study sample. .......... II Table: 2a (ii) Ideal number of children and actual .......... II number of children in the family. Table: 2a (iii) Method of family planning known .......... III to the female respondents. Table: 2a (iv) Decision taken by Bhutia women .......... III for the use of method of family planning. Table: 2a (v) Reasons for practicing family planning. .......... IV Table: 2b (i) Preference for marriage practice. .......... IV Table: 2b (ii) Acceptance of intercommunity marriage. .......... v Table: 2b (iii) Women's consent in the selection of .......... v the spouse. Table: 3a (i) Employment opportunities. ......... VI Table: 3a (ii) Nature of work participation. .......... VI Table: 3a (iii) Average hours of work in the household. ......... VII Table: 3a (iv) Average number of hours spent on .......... VII work other than household. Table: 3a (v) Men's attitude towards women's work. ......... VIII Table: 3a (vi) Women's attitude towards Women's .......... VIII work outside home. Table: 3b (ii) Bhutia women in decision making .......... IX (access to economic assets) List of Tables Page Nos. (viii) Table: 3b (ii) Bhutia women's locational awamess .......... IX and status ofmobility. Table: 3b (iii) Response ofBhutia women to freedom .......... X from threat. Table: 3b (iv) Role ofBhutia women in decision .......... X making (financial matters). Table: 3b (v) Role ofBhutia women in decision making .......... XI regarding children. Table: 4a (i) Age and electoral participation ofBhutia .......... XII women in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004-2005. Table: 4a (ii) Marital status and electoral participation .......... XII of Bhutia women in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004- 2005. Table: 4a (iii) Occupation and electoral participation .......... XIII ofBhutia women in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004- 2005. Table: 4a (iv) Education and electoral participation of .......... XIII Bhutia women in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004- 2005. Table: 4b (i) Marital status and political Awareness of .......... XIV Bhutia women in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004- 2005. Table: 4b (ii) Occupation and political Awareness ofBhutia .......... XIV women in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004- 2005. List of Tables Page Nos.(ix) Table: 4b (iii) Education and political Awareness of .......... XV Bhutia women in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004-2005. Table: 4c (i) Age and Attitude towards women's .......... XV participation in politics in the study sample (in all the four districts ofSikkim) in 2004-2005. Table: 4c (ii) Occupation and Attitude towards women's .......... XVI participation in politics in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004-2005. Table: 4c (iii) Education and Attitude towards women's .......... XVI participation in politics in the study sample (in all the four districts of Sikkim) in 2004-2005. LIST OF PLATES Plate: lA Map of India showing the state of Sikkim (Not to scale) Plate: lB Map of Sikkim showing the four Districts (Not to scale) Plate: lC Map ofSikkim showing the study area (Not to scale) Plate: 2 A An old traditional Bhutia house. Plate: 2 B A modem Bhutia house retaining some of its old tradition features.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Plan of the Project/Workshop the Participants
    Media fellowships and creative media workshop (2012) Outputs Achieved - The quantitative or qualitative deliverables or results of the project activities - i.e. what has actually happened? Plan of the Project/Workshop The three-day Workshop was planned in a way that would give the participants enough opportunity to get to know the victims of forced migration directly. Enough room was left for theoretical sessions as well as sessions based on practical experiences of the practising journalists. CRG had chosen the Tibetan Self Help Centre at Darjeeling and the Indigenous Lep cha Tribal Association at Kalimpong and an indigenous Lepcha village near Lolegaon as two sites for field visits. Accordingly, it was decided that the Participants (the Workshop as well as the Orientation Course Participants) would reach Darjeeling a day before the field visits, and have a pre-field visit orientation and a Round-Table discussion on “Between the State, Media and the People”. The next day was marked for two field visits by participants, who were divided into two groups. It was also planned that in the evening of the field visits (on return to Darjeeling), an interaction between the participants and the members of local media would be organised. It was also decided that some of the important local dignitaries should be invited to take part in that interactive session. On the next day, the participants were to visit the North Bengal University (NBU) at Siliguri, on their way back to Kolkata. There the participants would share their experiences of field visits with the students and teachers of t he NBU.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Art of Tribal Studies an Annotated Bibliography
    The State of Art of Tribal Studies An Annotated Bibliography Dr. Nupur Tiwary Associate Professor in Political Science and Rural Development Head, Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Tribal Affairs Contact Us: Centre of Tribal Research and Exploration, Indian Institute of Public Administration, Indraprastha Estate, Ring Road, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110002 CENTRE OF TRIBAL RESEARCH & EXPLORATION (COTREX) Phone: 011-23468340, (011)8375,8356 (A Centre of Excellence under the aegis of Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India) Fax: 011-23702440 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Email: [email protected] NUP 9811426024 The State of Art of Tribal Studies An Annotated Bibliography Edited by: Dr. Nupur Tiwary Associate Professor in Political Science and Rural Development Head, Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Tribal Affairs CENTRE OF TRIBAL RESEARCH & EXPLORATION (COTREX) (A Centre of Excellence under Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India) INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION THE STATE OF ART OF TRIBAL STUDIES | 1 Acknowledgment This volume is based on the report of the study entrusted to the Centre of Tribal Research and Exploration (COTREX) established at the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), a Centre of Excellence (CoE) under the aegis of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA), Government of India by the Ministry. The seed for the study was implanted in the 2018-19 action plan of the CoE when the Ministry of Tribal Affairs advised the CoE team to carried out the documentation of available literatures on tribal affairs and analyze the state of art. As the Head of CoE, I‘d like, first of all, to thank Shri.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lepchas: from Legends to the Present Day
    kELiGioN AND SociBTV Vol. XXXH, No. 2, June 1985 The Lepchas: From Legends to the Present Day Tanka B. Subba, Rajammmohmpur Introduction The Lepcha community has historical importance in the hill areas of Sikkim and Darj eling in India. A plethora of books and articles is available on them, written since as early as 1840 to the present day. These writings are mainly by British scholars like Campbell, Hooker, Hunter, Hodgson, Gorer, Mainwaring and Sprigg and by some Indian scholars like K. K. Das, A. K. Das and R. N. Thakur. Chie Nakane, a Japanese, and Halfdan Siiger, a Dane, have also contributed to the stock ofliterature on the Lepchas. A survey of literature on the Lepchas reveals, among others, the following main shortcomings: (i) Some of the earlier scholars have misunderstood the Lepchas especially with reference to their origin; (ii) the change in their socio-economic life has not been properly studied in its historical perspective ; and (iii) the grov ng difibrentiation (or stratification)—social as well as economic—has been almost totally ignored. On the other hand, A-POF Mei to some, about the land alienation and physical disappearance is amply projected. \ The objective of this paper is to clear some of the mist about the Lepchas and present a coherent picture ofthe Lepchas from the legendary days to the present. The data on the historical aspect are culled from secondary sources and supplemented by my own field observations and interviews in Darjeeling and Sikkim which together formed one political territory tiU the mid-nineteenth century and the current data have been based on my field Work in Tanek village.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Strategy to Reach the Folk-Buddha Lepcha Community of Sikkim
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Professional Dissertations DMin Graduate Research 1999 Development of a Strategy to Reach the Folk-Buddha Lepcha Community of Sikkim Tudu Joseph Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin Part of the Practical Theology Commons Recommended Citation Joseph, Tudu, "Development of a Strategy to Reach the Folk-Buddha Lepcha Community of Sikkim" (1999). Professional Dissertations DMin. 633. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin/633 This Project Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Professional Dissertations DMin by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGY TO REACH THE FOLK-BUDDHIST LEPCHA COMMUNITY OF SIKKIM by Joseph Tudu Adviser: Bruce Bauer ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGY TO REACH THE FOLK- BUDDHIST LEPCHA COMMUNITY OF SIKKIM Name of the researcher: Joseph Tudu Name and degree of faculty adviser: Bruce Bauer, D.Miss. Date completed: August 1999 The majority of the Lepchas who live in the land of Sikkim are unreached with the gospel message. A preliminary investigation of current literature indicated that 70 to 80 percent of the Sikkimese are followers of folk-Buddhism. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a strategy to reach the Folk-Buddhist Lepcha community of Sikkim with the gospel message. The dissertation traces the historical development of the Lepcha community in Sikkim,,its culture, economy, health situations, and education.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Ethnomedicinal Plants of Sherpas of Sikkim, Himalayas
    Study on ethnomedicinal plants of Sherpas of Sikkim, Himalayas Jha Aranya, Jha Vanya*, Jha Ajeya** *Western Sydney University, ** Sikkim Manipal University Email: vanyanegia@yahoo. co. in Abstract History of the use of medicinal plants is believed to be as old as the history of humankind. The Modern sciences recognizes that, multitude of ethnic cultures across the world often possess often unique knowledge on use of medicinal plants for the physical well being of humankind. Sherpas of Nepal and Sikkim, who otherwise are renowned all over the world as exceptional mountain-climbers have remained beyond the purview of any study of their knowledge on medicinal plants. This study attempts to fill this gap. In all, ten medicinal plants that which are used by Sherpas in the region under study have been identified along with the parts of plants used, and as also the in disease conditions for which they are employed. The study is preliminary, but it succeeds in establishing the existence of Sherpa in ethno-medicinal traditions. Keywords: Sherpa, Ethnic, Ethnomedicinal. Sikkim, Darjeeling Introduction contribution in this respect. History of use of medicinal plants is believed to Mao et al. (2007) have made a detailed study on the be as old as the history of humankind. In India, ethno-botany of North-east India. this knowledge has been documented around 2500 Devi et al. (2005) have made important observations years back in the Rigveda. The Vedic era was replete on the medicinal plants of the sacred groves of with use of over 100 medicinal plants (Mitra et al Manipur identifying 120 plant species belonging to (1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Pronominalised Himalayan Languages
    NON-PRONOMINALISED HIMALAYAN LANGUAGES LEPCHA-TAMANG-GURUNG-NEWARI-MANGARI-SUNWAR 328 329 LEPCHA S.GANESH BASKARAN 1. INTRODUCTION The present study gives out the grammatical sketch of Lepcha language spoken in Sikkim state based on the data collected during the field investigation from June 1997 to September 1997. 1.1 FAMILY AFFILIATION According to Grierson (1909: Vol. III) Lepcha Language belongs to the Non- Pronominalized Himalayan group of TibetoBurman sub family. As per the subsequent classification by Paul Benedict Lepcha (in Sikkim) belongs to the “Himalayan” group of “Tibetan –Kanauri (Bodish-Himalaya)” branch of Tibeto Burman sub-family. [Benedict: 1972] 1.2 LOCATION According to G. A. Grierson 1909 (reprint 1967,p-233) the Lepchas are considered as the oldest inhabitants of Sikkim. They are also found in Western Bhutan, Eastern Nepal and in Darjeeling district of West Bengal. In Indian Census the Lepcha is returned mainly from Sikkim and West Bengal. 1.3 SPEAKERS STRENGTH Language-Mother Tongue- Bilingualism The speakers’ strength of Lepcha in respect of language / mother tongue and bilingualism/ trilingualism as per 2001 Census publication is given below. Language LEPCHA TOTAL M F RURAL M F URBAN M F INDIA 50,629 26,111 24,518 48,295 24,954 23,341 2,334 1,157 1,177 Sikkim 35,728 18,505 17,223 34,289 17,753 16,536 1,439 752 687 Mother tongue LEPCHA TOTAL M F RURAL M F URBAN M F INDIA 50,629 26,111 24,518 48,295 24,954 23,341 2,334 1,157 1,177 Sikkim 35,728 18,505 17,223 34,289 17,753 16,536 1,439 752 687 330 1.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Current Affair Capsule 19Th February 2021
    Daily Current Affair Capsule 19th February 2021 Which of the following state has निम्नलिखित में से किस राज्य ने हर दिन launched a scheme to providing छात्राओं को 200 मिली दूध देने की 200ml of milk every to girl योजना शुरू की है? students day? A. महाराष्ट्र A. Maharashtra B. राजस्थान B. Rajasthan C. उतार प्रदेश C. Uttar Pradesh D. D. Sikkim सिक्किम ● Facebook has blocked Australian users from sharing or viewing news content on the platform, causing alarm over public access to key information. ● Several government health, emergency and other pages were also blocked. Later the tech giant asserted it was a mistake. ● Those outside of Australia are also unable to read or access any Australian news publications on the platform. ● फेसबुक ने ऑस्ट्रेलियाई उपयोगकर्ताओं को मंच पर समाचार सामग्री साझा करने या देखने से रोक दिया है, जिससे महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी के लिए सार्वजनिक पहुंच पर अलार्म हो गया है। ● कई सरकारी स्वास्थ्य, आपातकाल और अन्य पृष्ठों को भी अवरुद्ध कर दिया गया था। बाद में टेक दिग्गज ने कहा कि यह एक गलती थी। ● ऑस्ट्रेलिया के बाहर के लोग भी मंच पर किसी भी ऑस्ट्रेलियाई समाचार प्रकाशन को पढ़ने या उस तक पहुंचने में असमर्थ थे। 3 4 Which of the following state निम्नलिखित में से किस राज्य सरकार government has launched fiber- 20 optic network to provide free ने लाख परिवारों को मुफ्त इंटरनेट internet to 20 lakh families? प्रदान करने के लिए फाइबर-ऑप्टिक A.
    [Show full text]
  • Sikkim (Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, One of the Fortified Place;[1
    Sikkim (Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, one of the fortified place;[1] Standard Tibetan: Tibetan: , bras ljongs; Denzong;[2] Demojongs; Nepali: འབས་ལོངས་ िसिकम (help·info), i.e. the Goodly Region, or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim of the English and Indians…[3]) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. This thumb-shaped state borders Nepal in the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China to the north and the east and Bhutan in the southeast. The Indian state of West Bengal borders Sikkim to its south.[4] With just slightly over 500,000 permanent residents, Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa.[5] Despite its small area of 7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi), Sikkim is geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas. The climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine. Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on the border of Sikkim with Nepal.[6] Sikkim is a popular tourist destination owing to its culture, scenic beauty and biodiversity. Legend has it that the Buddhist saint Guru Rinpoche visited Sikkim in the 9th century, introduced Buddhism and foretold the era of the monarchy. Indeed, the Namgyal dynasty was established in 1642. Over the next 150 years, the kingdom witnessed frequent raids and territorial losses to Nepalese invaders. It allied itself with the British rulers of India but was soon annexed by them. Later, Sikkim became a British protectorate and merged with India following a referendum in 1975. Sikkim has 11 official languages: Nepali (lingua franca), Bhutia, Lepcha (since 1977), Limbu (since 1981), Newari, Rai, Gurung, Mangar, Sherpa, Tamang (since 1995) and Sunwar (since 1996).[7] English is taught at schools and used in government documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Stories of the Lepcha
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
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Tribal Ornaments; a Hidden Treasure
    IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. II (Mar. 2016), PP 01-16 www.iosrjournals.org Indian Tribal Ornaments; a Hidden Treasure Dr. Jyoti Dwivedi Department of Environmental Biology A.P.S. University Rewa (M.P.) 486001India Abstract: In early India, people handcrafted jewellery out of natural materials found in abundance all over the country. Seeds, feathers, leaves, berries, fruits, flowers, animal bones, claws and teeth; everything from nature was affectionately gathered and artistically transformed into fine body jewellery. Even today such jewellery is used by the different tribal societies in India. It appears that both men and women of that time wore jewellery made of gold, silver, copper, ivory and precious and semi-precious stones.Jewelry made by India's tribes is attractive in its rustic and earthy way. Using materials available in the local area, it is crafted with the help of primitive tools. The appeal of tribal jewelry lies in its chunky, unrefined appearance. Tribal Jewelry is made by indigenous tribal artisans using local materials to create objects of adornment that contain significant cultural meaning for the wearer. Keywords: Tribal ornaments, Tribal culture, Tribal population , Adornment, Amulets, Practical and Functional uses. I. Introduction Tribal Jewelry is primarily intended to be worn as a form of beautiful adornment also acknowledged as a repository for wealth since antiquity. The tribal people are a heritage to the Indian land. Each tribe has kept its unique style of jewelry intact even now. The original format of jewelry design has been preserved by ethnic tribal.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Vanishing Lepcha' Change and Cultural Revival in A
    BULLETIN OF TIBETOLOGY 59 ‘VANISHING LEPCHA’ CHANGE AND CULTURAL REVIVAL IN A MOUNTAIN 1 COMMUNITY OF SIKKIM JENNY BENTLEY University of Zürich Earlier the Lepcha used to have such magical powers, now they are weak and vanishing. Statements similar to this one, which was made by my research assistant whilst we were conducting research in North Sikkim in 2006, are commonly heard and read in Sikkim today. The idea of the vanishing Lepcha or Mutanchi rong ,2 an ethnic community living on the southern side of the Himalayas in India (Sikkim and the Darjeeling District of West Bengal), Nepal (Ilam) and south-western Bhutan, has become widespread. In written sources, the Lepcha people were first described as a ‘dying race’ by colonial writers such as for example Mainwaring, and since the publication of Arthur Foning’s influential book Lepcha, my Vanishing Tribe in 1987, a large number of people consider the Lepcha people to be disappearing. Usually, the term ‘vanishing’ applies both to Lepcha culture as well as to the ethnic 1 The article is based on data collected in Sikkim between March and September 2006 during ethnographic research for an MA-thesis in social anthropology at the University of Zürich in Switzerland. I was affiliated to the Delhi School of Economics, Department of Sociology, and the Namgyal Institute of Tibetology in Gangtok, Sikkim. During this time, field work and interviews were conducted in Lingthem and Nampatan, two villages in North Sikkim. Lingthem lies in the Lepcha reserve of Dzongu and is famous among Lepcha scholars as the village where Geoffrey Gorer carried out his research in 1937.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Download
    Culture survival for the indigenous communities with reference to North Bengal, Rajbanshi people and Koch Bihar under the British East India Company rule (1757-1857) Culture survival for the indigenous communities (With Special Reference to the Sub-Himalayan Folk People of North Bengal including the Rajbanshis) Ashok Das Gupta, Anthropology, University of North Bengal, India Short Abstract: This paper will focus on the aspect of culture survival of the local/indigenous/folk/marginalized peoples in this era of global market economy. Long Abstract: Common people are often considered as pre-state primitive groups believing only in self- reliance, autonomy, transnationality, migration and ancient trade routes. They seldom form their ancient urbanism, own civilization and Great Traditions. Or they may remain stable on their simple life with fulfillment of psychobiological needs. They are often considered as serious threat to the state instead and ignored by the mainstream. They also believe on identities, race and ethnicity, aboriginality, city state, nation state, microstate and republican confederacies. They could bear both hidden and open perspectives. They say that they are the aboriginals. States were in compromise with big trade houses to counter these outsiders, isolate them, condemn them, assimilate them and integrate them. Bringing them from pre-state to pro-state is actually a huge task and you have do deal with their production system, social system and mental construct as well. And till then these people love their ethnic identities and are in favour of their cultural survival that provide them a virtual safeguard and never allow them to forget about nature- human-supernature relationship: in one phrase the way of living.
    [Show full text]