Culture and Tourism: a Study of Sikkim
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CULTURE AND TOURISM: A STUDY OF SIKKIM Submitted by Prabesika Pradhan 11SU4297 Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the department of political science Department of political science School of Social Sciences Sikkim University Sikkim 2016 08th February 2016 DECLARATION I, Prabesika Pradhan hereby declare that the subject matter of this dissertation is the record of work done by me, that the contents of this dissertation did not form basis for the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the dissertation has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other university/institute. This is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Department of political science, School of Social Sciences, Sikkim University. Name: Prabesika Pradhan Regd. No: 11SU4297 We recommend that this dissertation be placed before the examiners for evaluation. Dr. Durga Prasad Chhetri Dr. Amit Kr. Gupta Head of the Department Supervisor CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “CULTURE AND TOURISM: A STUDY OF SIKKIM” submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Political Science is the result of bona fide research work carried out by Miss PRABESIKA PRADHAN under my guidance and supervision. No part of the dissertation has been submitted for any other degree, diploma, associate - ship and fellowship. All the assistance and help received during the course of the investigation have been duly acknowledged by her. Date: 08th February 2016 DR. AMIT KR. GUPTA Place: Gangtok SIGNATURE OF THE SUPERVISOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Initially, I would like to extend my earnest acknowledgments to my supervisor Dr. Amit Kr. Gupta, for his exquisite supervision, advices and observations which made doable to complete this dissertation. He has devoted his precious time and efforts for this work. I also would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge my teachers Dr. Durga Prasad Chhetri, Dr. O.P. Gadde, Mr. Bidan Golay, and Mr. Budh Bahadur Lama for their support, encouragement and ideas that helped me to complete this study. I also would like to extend my gratefulness to Sikkim University Library and all the staff for facilitating and for their help. I also would like to stretch my appreciativeness to all those people who has offered me encouraging hands in one way or the other to finish my work. Finally I would like to express my profound gratitude to Aja (Lt. R.N. Pradhan), Gaurav Subba parents, families and god for their unconditional love and support. Thank You!!! Prabesika Pradhan. TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Table of Contents Page No List of Figures I List of Tables II Abbreviations III I. Chapter I Introduction 1- 26 I. 1. Defining Development 5-6 I. 2. Development of tourism in Sikkim 6-8 I. 3. Culture 8-10 I. 4. Various Ethnic Cultures of Sikkim 10-11 I. 5. Cultural Tourism 11-12 I. 6. Importance of Cultural Tourism 12 I. 7. Key Principals of Cultural Tourism 13-16 I. 8. Roles and Impact of Culture on Tourism 16-19 I. 9. Area of the Study 19 I. 10. Objectives of the Study 19 I. 11. Limitation of the Study 20 I. 12. Research Question 20 I. 13. Research Methodology 21 I. 14. Scope and Chapterization 21-23 I. 15. Survey of Literature 23-26 II. Chapter II. Various Cultures of the Ethnic Groups in Sikkim 27-47 II. 1. Brief History of Sikkim 27-29 II. 2. Tribes and Communities in Sikkim 30 II. 3. Different Cultural Communities in Sikkim 30-33 II. 4. Diverse Sections that Shapes the Cultures of Sikkim 33 II. 5. Festivals 33-47 II. 6. Conclusion 47 III. Chapter III. Cultural Tourism of Sikkim 48-65 III. 1. Some Important Facts about Sikkim Tourism 48-50 III. 2. List of Fairs and Festivals celebrated in 2015 50-56 III. 3. Cultural Tourism in Sikkim 56-59 III. 4. Economic Benefits of Cultural Tourism 59-60 III. 5. Social Benefits of Cultural Tourism 59-60 III. 6. Environmental Benefits of Cultural Tourism 60 III. 7. Contribution of Tourism In Sikkim 60-62 III. 8. Challenges of Cultural Tourism 62-63 III. 9. Conclusion 64-65 IV. Chapter IV. Development of Tourism industry in Sikkim: Its Socio- 66-110 Economic Implications IV. 1. Stages of Tourism Development 67 IV. 2. Development of Tourism in Sikkim 68-73 IV. 3. Sikkim Tourism Development Corporation (STDC) and its 73-76 Roles and Functions IV. 4. Tourism Policy in Sikkim 76-77 IV. 5. Roles of Sikkim Government in Promoting Tourism 78-79 IV. 6. State level organizations and local bodies responsible for the 80-81 development and promotion of tourism in Sikkim IV. 7. Role played by the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), Government 81-82 of India for Tourism Development in Sikkim IV. 8. Community participation in tourism planning 82-83 IV. 9. Social and Economic impacts of tourism in Sikkim 83-88 IV. 10. Sikkim’s tourism Mission 2015 88-91 IV. 11. Field Report 92-104 IV. 12. An Analysis of the Field Survey 104-107 IV. 13. Essential Findings 107-109 IV. 14. Conclusion 110 V. Chapter V. Conclusion and Recommendation 111-112 V. 1. Recommendation with regard to the craft industry of Sikkim 112-113 V. 2. Recommendations with regard to the architectural heritage 113 V. 3. Recommendations with regard to the literature & languages 114 V. 4. Recommendations with regard to the religious festivals, 114 pilgrimages LIST OF FIGURES Figure No I. 1 Worlds’ Share of International Tourist Arrivals in 2010 Figure No IV. 1 Purpose of Visit Figure No IV. 2 Source of Information Figure No IV. 3 Sex and Source of Information Figure No IV. 4 Modes of Accommodation Figure No IV. 5 Tourism Product Usage Figure No IV. 6 Infrastructure Facilities Figure No IV. 7 Attitude towards supporting services Figure No IV. 8 Problems Faced LIST OF TABLES Table No. VI. 1 The tourist arrival trend over the last five financial years Table No. VI. 2 Demographic Profile of respondent Table No. VI. 3 Purpose of Visit Table No. VI. 4 Source of Information Table No. VI. 5 Sex and Source of Information Table No. VI. 6 Modes of Accommodations Table No. VI. 7 Tourism Product Usages Table No. VI. 8 Attitudes toward tourism products Table No. VI. 9 Opinion about infrastructure Table No. VI. 10 Attitudes towards supporting services Table No. VI. 11 Problems faced ABBREVATIONS ATOAI Adventure Tour Operator Association of India CES Code of Ethics DESME Department Of Economics, Statistics, Monitoring &Evaluation DG Director General DTC Department of Tourism GIS Global Information System GPS Global Positioning System GWSP Gulmarg Winter Sports Projects HDR Human Development Report HIMTAB Himalayan Tourism Advisory Body IHM Institute of Hotel Management IISM Indian Institute of Skiing And Mountaineering IITTM Indian Institute of Tourism And Travel Management INS Institution of Network of Stakeholders INTACH Indian National Trust For Art And Cultural Heritage IRRA Indian Rivers Runners Association ITDC Indian Tourism Development Corporation MOT Ministry of Tourism NCHMCT National Council For Hotel Management And Catering Technology NEC North Eastern Council NIWS National Institute of Water Sports NTO National Tourism Organization O&M Ogily And Mather SATTO Sikkim Association of Adventure Tour Operator STDC Sikkim Tourism Development Corporation TAS Travel Association of Sikkim TAAS Travel Agents Association of Sikkim TDM Tourism Destination Management TOM Total Quality Management Chapter I A Conceptual Framework of Culture, Tourism, Development and Cultural Tourism I. Introduction Tourism is a service industry with latent vast growth potential and therefore, has become one of the crucial concerns of not only the nations but also of international community as a whole. In fact, it has come up as a decisive link in gearing up the pace of socio-economic development world over. Thereby it has come to weigh significantly in the growth strategies of the developed countries as also of the developing ones. It is being perceived as an important instrument of economic development. Most of these countries have sought the answer in development through the tourist recreation industry by exploiting their historic societal - cultural environmental resources. With the advent of tourism as a leading growth industry is a part of a gradual process involving the displacement of manufacture from its dominant positions and the transactions to a service oriented economy. In other words, tourism is largely examined and questioned for its ample potential which give rise to changes in the economic, ecological, societal and cultural edifice of a country. However two aspect of tourism1 – its capacity to generate employment, both directly as well as indirectly, and its potential to earn international currency for the host country has made this industry greatly desirable for all concerned governments, planners, entrepreneurs and people in general. It has therefore increasingly to occupy a place of importance not only for the business sector but also for the concerned academic and management institutions (Kamra, 2009). Travel is an old as civilization itself, with the earliest travel resulting from nomadic prehistoric2 human beings traversing great distances in search of food and favorable climates. As centauries progressed, the motivation for travel changed as people traveled for the purpose of trade, war, economic gain, religious conviction and study 1 Much tourism professional are afraid to speak about terms such as tourism security and tourism safety. There is a common feeling among tourism and travel professionals that these terms will frighten customers and that the less said the better.