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Shuja-Ud-Daulah of Awadh SHUJA-UD-DAULAH OF AWADH (A Thesis approved for the Degree of Doctor of Literature by the University of Lucknow in 1945) VOLUME II (1765-1775) By ASHIRBADI LAL SRIVASTAVA M.A., Ph.D., D. Lit. (Luck.) D. Litt. (Agra) SECOND EDITION 1973 Revised and Corrected @ AUTHOR All rights including those of translation are strictly reserved by the Author. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or abridged without the written permission from the Publisher except for review in Newspapers or Magazines. Dedicated to the sacred memory of my revered guru SIR JADUNATH SARKAR, Kt., C.I.E., D.Litt. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The first edition of “ Shuja*ud-Daulah”, Volume II by my father Dr. A. L. Srivastava was published by M/s Minerva Book Shop, Anarkali, Lahore in July 1945, two years before the partition of the Country. The work was warmly welcomed and highly appreciated in the historical circles. It was out of print for a number of years in spite of a demand in the market. Therefore, last year it was decided to bring out a revised second edition of the work. My father’s publishers M/s Shiva Lai Agarwala & Company gladly undertook to print and publish its second edition. My father had revised the book and sent it to the press, but it is unfortunate that he could not see it in print. Material dis­ covered since the publication of the first edition and the results of fresh researches in the field have been duly utilized and incorporated in the revision, which have added to its value and usefulness. I am sure the revised edition will be accorded a welcome that it deserves. 23/448 Wazirpura Road, DHARMA BHANU AGRA-3. October 26, 1973 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The second volume of Shuja-ud-Daulah,—the third of the series that I planned to write nearly eighteen years ago—-is now pre­ sented before the public. The first two volumes were concerned with the medieval period, but the present one deals with what is usually designated as the British or, more correctly, modern period of our history. It embraces the history of Northern India for full ten years—from 1765 to 1775—, a highly signifi­ cant epoch, and carries the story of Shuja-ud-Daulah*s activity to his tragic and premature death in 1775. It opens with a discussion and interpretation of the momentous treaty of Allaha­ bad which witnessed the constitutional entrance of the English East India Company into the body politic of India, and shows clearly how Shuja who was at least theoretically the Company’s equal in status in 1765 gradually sank into a secondary position owing to the English interpretation and enforcement of the treaty in their favour from time to time, and also because of the Wazir’s personal ambition which drove him to seek English armed assistance against his neighbours and countrymen. Awadh was destined to be the main training ground of the Company’s agents in India, who gradually evolved more or less a perma­ nent policy towards Indian Powers after coming into contact with Shuja-ud-Daulah. An attempt has been made in this work to present a dispassionate analysis of the early British policy towards Indian States and of the foreign relations of the succe­ ssive governors from Clive to Warren Hastings. Among many other political problems that faced the Indian rulers and statesmen during that epoch mention may be made particularly of those connected with Shah Alam’s relations with the English and the reaction in various quarters of his scheme of seating himself on his ancestral throne at Delhi. The Maratha invasion of Northern India in 1770, their ambition and policy in Hindustan and the attitude of the English towards them, have been for the first time given here on the basis of their own X SHUJA-UD-DAULAH unpublished records. Three chapters have been devoted to the causes and results of the infamous Rohila War (1774), which became one of the counts at the impeachment of Warren Hastings by British Parliament. The work concludes with an elaborate account of the social, economic and cultural condition of the country during the period on the basis of absolutely contemporary records in various languages, showing how our political degradation, more than anything else, became responsible for the country passing into the hands of a handful foreign merchant adventurers from beyond the seas. The volume was ready, faired out for the press before the end of 1942. But owing to abnormal conditions created by the War, it had to be withheld from publication for three long years. I would repeat my thanks to the authorities of various MS libraries in Northern India and to the Government of India for their kind permission to inspect and make use of their records. The burden of reading the proofs has fallen on my eldest son, Dharma Bhanu, B.A. (Honours), who has also taken the trou­ ble of preparing the descriptive index. D. A. V. College Hostel, A. L. SRIVASTAVA Lahore June 1945. CONTENTS Preface ... vii—x Contents ... xi—xvi C hapter Pages I Peace with the English : The Treaties of Allahabad, 1765 ... 1—21 Why Shuja surrendered to Carnac, Shuja in English Camp, Preliminary nego­ tiations, Clive’s start for Allahabad, Conferences with Wazir and emperor, Grant ofDiwani to Company, Treaty with Shuja, Agreement between empe­ ror, Najm-ud-Daulah and Company, Reflections on the Treaties. II The Restoration and Consolidation ... 22—45 How Shuja paid first instalment of indem­ nity, Shuja re-enters Awadh ; his new problems, The so-called Congress of Chhaprah, Shuja clears off indemnity ; Reappointed Wazir, Early career of Beni Bahadur and his fall, Md. Elich Khan appointed Naib, Defeat and death of Bijai Singh of Bahraich, Shuja remo­ dels his army, Shuja’s unsuccessful diplo­ macy ; his early designs on Rohilkhand frustrated, New buildings and gardens. III The Treaty of 1768 ... 46—79 Smith's charges of anti-English conspiracy against Shuja, Bengal Committee rejects Smith’s reports, Smith’s further reports rejected, Shuja protests against rumours, Xii SHUJA-UD-DAULAH Chapter Pages Smith’s contradiction, Smith’s unsuccess­ ful defence of his conduct, Barker supports Smith, Committee defers deci­ sion, Shuja explains his conduct and policy, Committee’s resolution against Shuja, The source of rumours traced ; a conspiracy against Shuja, Was Shuja really hostile to the English ? Why Verelst agreed to penalise Shuja, Committee’s plan of action, Shuja’s helpless position, Negotiations for a fresh treaty, Terms of the treaty and its importance. IV Shuja-ud-Daulah’s Relations with Shah Alam, 1765-68 ; His Efforts to Regain de fa c to Wazirship ... 80—104 i Differences between Shuja and emperor, Shuja’s early representations to Verelst : charges against the court, Verelst deci­ des for a conference : counter charges from Shah Alam and Munir; Further charges and counter charges ; Bundel- khand question, Munir’s attempt to prejudice the English against Shuja, Shuja’s complaint against Munir, the emperor supports the latter, Shuja ex­ poses further court intrigues, The failure of Shuja’s appeals to the emperor, Verelst decides to back up Shuja, Munir’s reactions to Verelst’s orders, Shuja’s emotional appeal to Verelst, The failure of Bengal Government’s intercession for a compromise, Munir yields reluctantly, Shah Alam’s final indictment of his wazir, Shuja’s final attempt to win the emperor’s goodwill, The emperor and Shuja reconciled ; the CONTENTS Xiii Chapter Pages latter becomes de facto wazir, Why Shah Alam made peace with Shuja, Shuja's relations with Balwant : his designs against the latter frustrated. V A Period of Cordiality with Shah Alam, 1769-1771 105—123 Shah Alam’s visit to Faizabad, Shuja obliged to give up his claims to Bundel- khand, Shah Alam plans an expedition to Delhi, An agreement between Shah Alam and Shuja, The English dissuade the emperor from going to Delhi, An attempt on Munir’s life : his resigna­ tion, A mutiny in the wazir’s army, The expedition to Delhi postponed, Some notable events, Munir restored to Naib- wazirship, Munir at Faizabad, A few important incidents. VI Shuja-ud-daulah and the Imperial Ex­ pedition to Delhi 124-153 Mir Qasim’s renewed activity ; the English again suspect Shuja, Najaf Khan’s dismissal from Kora, The Maratha invasion ; Shuja protests against the English policy of suspicion, The English dissuade the emperor from marching to Delhi, Shuja instigates the Marathas against the Rohilas, Instal­ lation of Chait Singh, Asaf-ud-Daulah’s marriage, Shuja’s conference with Barker at Banaras, Shuja’s attitude to­ wards the Delhi expedition, Shuja con­ ducts the emperor as far as Jajmau. VII The Problems and Policy after the Emperor’s Departure 154—170 Shuja back at Faizabad, How Barker acquired the Allahabad fort, How the xiv SHUJA-UD-DAUL AH Chapter Pages English retained possession of Chunar- garh ; Shuja’s claim for its restoration, Cartier’s attempt to reopen trade with Awadh, A fight between Sabit Khanis and Jhilangas, Shuja’s unrealised scheme of building a fort, Negotiations with the Marathas ; an important occurrence. VIII The Prelude to the Rohila War 171—208 Shuja revises his policy towards the Marathas, Shuja’s preliminary precau­ tions, Barker meets Shuja, Shuja pro­ ceeds to his western frontier ; the Rohilas flee to the Tarai jungle, Shuja covets Rohilkhand for himself; Barker negotiates alliance with the Rohilas, The Bengal Government’s disapproval of Barker’s measure, Zabita and Hafiz seek refuge with Shuja, A treaty of alliance between Shuja and the Rohilas, Barker chiefly responsible for the treaty, Maratha activities ; their demand for Kora and Allahabad, Shuja’s preparations; he asks for English help, the English attitude, Hastings eventually sends help, The Ramghat expedition ; Marathas driven out of Rohilkhand, Ramghat expedition not really undertaken for defence of Kora, Peace with the Mara­ thas ; Shuja returns to Faizabad, Shuja asks for English help against the Rohilas, The Banaras conference and treaty, Criticism of the transactions.
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