Orissa Review * September-October - 2007

The Varahi Temple of Caurasi

Jayanti Rath

The Varahi temple of Caurasi is unique in more sanctum two more images of Varahi which are than one way. The image enshrined in this temple smaller than the main image are placed in the is exquisitely beautiful and considered to be one Jagamohana. Both of them are seated in of the masterpieces among the images of the deity ardhaparyankasana. Among them the image in the found all over India. Structurally marvelled, it right niche is shown with a fish in her right hand stands different from all other contemporary and a in her left hand. At the bottom a temples of Orissa (10th-11th century A.D.). A figure of naravahana is placed on the pedestal. curious combination of Tantricism and Vaisnavism The four-armed Varahi in the left niche holds a can be marked in the sculptures of this temple kapala in the lower left hand and is shown with which is at once amazing and thought provoking. Varada in the corresponding right hand. Varahi is believed to be the Sakti of . The upper right hand holds a fish and left hand In the Tantric text 'Varahi ' mention has holds a rosary. Two of the Parsva devatas are been made of five forms of Varahi i.e., Svapna still found intact in the niches of the temple. In the Varahi, canda Varahi, Mahi Varahi (), niche of the south wall Ganesa, the deity of the Krcca Varahi and Matsya Varahi. learning has been represented, while the niche of the west wall protects the image of Surya, the The description of Matsya Varahi closely deity of light. The niche of the north wall is empty. corresponds to the image enshrined in he temple. Most probably, it contained the image of some She has two arms and she is shown seated in Lalitasana on a pedestal. Following the tantric deity i.e Bhairava. Lord Ganesa belongs iconographic canons, the image bears the face of to the divine family of Goddess and Varahi a boar and body of a divine woman. Her right is considered to be a form of Durga. In Durga hand holds a fish while the left hand holds a Saptasati, Varahi is evoked for bestowing long Kapala. She has kept her right foot on her life. So Ganesa's representation as parsvadevata buffalo which is seated on the pedestal at the is obvious. But the installation of Surya or Sun. bottom. Varahi is represented with a on God as a parsva devata seems to be conspicuous. her forehead which is not clearly visible at present. Varahi is basically a Ratri Devata. She is Her hair is decorated in the form of spiral coils." otherwise called as Dhumra Varahi or . The beauty of this image lies in her big belly to According to tantric rituals, She should be indicate her as holding the universe in her womb worshipped only after sunset and before sunrise. (Bhugarbha Paranesvari Jagaddhatri).1 On the According to Parsurama Kalpasutra, the time for back slab two Vidyadharas are represented each worshipping Varahi is in the middle of the night. on either side. In addition to the main deity in the How can Sun, the God of the Day be worshipped

37 Orissa Review * September-October - 2007 alongwith the Goddess of Darkness ? Apparently of an unedited text called Kaula this seems to be a riddle. The Sun temple of Cudamani written in Oriya script. The date of this Konark was constructed in the 13th century A.D. text is not known, but the Vamacara Kaula during the reign of the Gangavansi ruler Narasimha ritualism very well corresponds to these erotic Dev. The Varahi temple was constructed on the relief's on the wall of the Caurasi temple. bank of Praci river, about 9 miles from Gop on Viewed from architectural point, the temple the road to Kakatpur, most probably during the of Varahi in Caurasi is the most beautiful rule of Somavansi kings. The distance of the space monument in the Praci Valley. This temple marks between the two temples is too little, but the a significant deviation from the usual tradition of distance of time span is too wide. It is interesting Rekha and the Bhadra type and exhibits a novel to observe that much before the construction of style which according to Orissan nomenclature is the Konarak temple. The Sun God had been of Khakhra or Gaurichara variety.3 The ground worshipped in the temple of Varahi. plan of it somewhat resembles that of the Vaital In Vaisnava tradition Surya is considered temple in Bhubaneswar, but while the plan of the to be the manifestation of . He is called latter admits of no regular ratha protection, this temple presents a pancharatha type both in plan Surya Narayana or Viranchi Narayana. Varahi and construction.4 The Vimana is rectangular in as it is mentioned earlier is the Atmasakti of cross section and with its elongated vaulted roof Varaha. And Varaha is the incarnation of Visnu. and other architectural features it resembles more The significance of Varaha lies in the fact with the Gauri temple of Bhubaneswar than with that this is the only incarnation of Narayana in the Vaital temple. The vase of the Vimana which the Supreme Hari incarnated Himself in the measures 18ft by 22 ft and height of it is 27ft. form of a boar, which was identified by the Rsis The Jagamohana which is also rectangular in shape as Varaha. He took Varaha form for two like that of the Parsuramesvara is a Pidha temple purposes viz. to create the universe, and to redeem with seven distinct tires of Pidhas. The walls of the earth from the clutches of the demon both the Vimana and Mohana are beautifully Hiranyaksa. So the co-existence of Varahi and decorated with the figural and arabesque motifs Surya Narayana is quite acceptable. and maintain a high order of balance and rhythm. The Praci Valley area is well-known as a The noteworthy reliefs are found on a single famous centre of Vaisnavism and Saivism. It is board that surrounds the whole Jagamohana just the seat of "Dvadasa Madhavas" and "Dvadasa below the Varanda where scenes from Ramayana Sambhus". But it would not be wrong to assume such as killing of the illusory deer, the abduction that Pancamakara concept of Tantric Buddhism of , the murder of Jatayu, the uprooting of comprising of matsya, mamsa, madya, mudra and seven palm trees, the murder of Vali, the , developed in this region earlier than construction of the bridge over the sea are Vaisnavism and Saivism. This can be substantiated depicted with grace and precision. The majestic by the depiction of the erotic figures found above moulding, designs and carvings of the entire the niches of Parsvadevatas According to J.N temple are found in remarkable varieties and Banerjea, these erotic figures of the reliefs appear profusion not being overdone and accentuated to illustrate the practices of eight types of the singular beauty and richness of the monuments Kamakala (astakamakala prayoga) of kaula in a manner that was hitherto unknown in the Praci Sampradaya.2 It is described in the fourth patala Valley.

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From the availability of the numerous bearing. And Asuya, that is envy, a very images of Varahi, it is understood that Varahi destructive human quality is controlled by goddee worship must have been prevailed in Orissa Varahi.7 during early medieval period. There are many Varahi is a complex deity to understand. shrines dedicated to her where she was She occupies a very important position in different worshipped as a presiding deity. Mention may cults. In Saktism Varahi occupies the highest be made of the Varahi temple of Satbhaya position of the commander-in-chief of Lalita (Cuttack) Banchua (Keonjhar district), Paramesvari's army. In Tantric Saktism Varahi Narendrapur (Balasore district). Images of Varahi possesses a very powerful position. In Buddhism have also been found from Jajpur, Dharmasala Varihi is called Varahi and is the queen of Ayodhya, Danagandar, Kisenpur, Tarapur, God who is combodiment of Sunya. In Padagadi, Kantilo, Garudapancana, Bayalishbati, Vaisnavism, the images of Varahi is represented Chatesvar, Bhubanesvar etc.5 with Sankha, , and Varada or The representation of Varahi in the Abhaya Mudra in her hands. In the tantric Saktism Saptamatrka panel in different temples of Orissa the same Goddess is depicted with pot-belly and be speaks of her pacific aspect Varahi, is the fifth as holding matsya, manias and wine pot in the in the row of Saptamatrka (the other being hands. While in Vaisnavism and Saktism She is , Mahesvari, Kumari,Vaisnavi, shown standing or seated on either lotus pitha or and Camunda. She is otherwise called Pancami. on the Vahana of Mahisa or Mahisa's head or The deities Brahma, , . Isvara and boar or lion or or Sesanaga, the same are the five powers in charge of five deity in the Tantric Saktism is shown either seated acts - Creation, Protection, Destruction, or standing exclusively on the Vahana of She- Dissolution and Regeneration respectively. They buffalo or corpse. It is very important to note that are Panca . The fifth among them is 30 and 30 are prescribed for Sadasiva "Paniamasya Brahmanah - Sadasiva Varahi exclusively which indicates her power to Stri, Pancani," which means the consort of the bestow to aspirants and Sadhakas who fifth Brahma is Pancami who is none other than worship her sincerely and faithfully. Besides, the Varahi. She is called "Kaivalyarupini" because she iconographic prescriptions of Varahi are detailed is not different from Kaivalya. The five kinds of in the Agamas, Yamalas, Sutras, , Muktis are the Salokya, the Samipya, the Silpasastras, and the Buddhist texts. Sarupya, the Sayujya and the Kaivalya. The final While explaining her different forms, attributes, mukti is Kaivalya and Varahi is the bestower or and postures, these texts treat Varahi as Kaivalya.6 Supreme Sakti, who is pure external Mulaprakrti. The Varaha Parana says that the mother She is Supreme Female Energy. Goddesses are eight in number and includes To conclude it can be said that embodying Yogesvari with them. It further says that these the temple of Earth Goddess Varahi, the land of Matrkas represent eight mental qualities which are Prachi Valley has become a place of great morally bad; accordingly Yogesvari represents pilgrimage. Kama or desire, Mahesvari Krodha, Vaisnavi lobha or covetuousness, Brahmani mada or pride, Kaumari moha or illusion, Indrani, matsarya or Jayanti Rath is the Curator-in-charge, Numismatics, faultfinding, Yami or Camunda Paisunya or tale- Orissa State Museum, Bhubaneswar.

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