Deilurnar Um Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu

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Deilurnar Um Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu Deilurnar um Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu Höfundarréttur, þjóðlög og eignarhald á menningu Egill Viðarsson Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í þjóðfræði Félagsvísindasvið Deilurnar um Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu Höfundarréttur, þjóðlög og eignarhald á menningu Egill Viðarsson Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í þjóðfræði Leiðbeinandi: Valdimar Tr. Hafstein dósent Félags- og mannvísindadeild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Október 2011 Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í þjóðfræði og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Egill Viðarsson 2011 Reykjavík, Ísland 2011 Útdráttur Þessi ritgerð fjallar um deilur sem spunnust í kring um lagið Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu við lok síðustu aldar og upphaf þessarar. Málið hófst þannig að Jón Ásgeirsson tónskáld tók þjóðlagið Enginn lái öðrum frekt, sem finna má í þjóðlagasafni séra Bjarna Þorsteinssonar, og vann úr því stærra verk, lagið sem Íslendingar þekkja sem Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu. Lagið var gefið út í ýmsum útgáfum, en árið 1995 gerði Jón athugasemd við notkun lagsins í myndinni Tár úr steini þar sem hann taldi að brotið hefði verið á höfundarrétti sínum. Það olli deilum sem enduðu með því að STEF lét sérfróða menn á sínum snærum vinna mat á eignaraðild Jóns að laginu. Niðurstaðan varð sú að hann ætti 10/12 hluta í þess, og því mætti kalla það tónverk eftir Jón Ásgeirsson. Þetta mat varð mjög umdeilt og fleiri deilur spruttu í kjölfarið, m.a. við Björk Guðmundsdóttur og Stefán S. Stefánsson. Í ritgerðinni eru þessar deilur raktar og vandamálin sem þær velta upp skoðuð með hliðsjón af öðrum rannsóknum á þessu sviði. Frumheimildir rannsóknarinnar eru tvennskonar. Annars vegar skrifleg gögn í tengslum við málið – bréf, greinargerðir og blaðaúrklippur – og hins vegar eigindleg viðtöl sem ég tók við þá sem áttu hlut að máli. Ritgerðin skiptist í átta kafla. Í inngangskaflanum greini ég frá viðmælendum mínum, heimildum og aðferðum sem ég notaði. Í öðrum kafla fjalla ég um sögu höfundarréttar og í þriðja kafla um vandamál sem bundin eru við hann. Í fjórða kafla fjalla ég um lagið sjálft, uppruna þess og útbreiðslu, í 5.-8. kafla fjalla ég um sjálfar deilurnar, rek þær frá upphafi til enda út frá þeim gögnum og viðtölum sem ég hef undir höndum og í níunda kafla tek ég svo fyrir og reyni að svara helstu spurningum sem deilan snertir á, dreg ályktanir og velti fyrir mér hvaða lærdóm megi draga af málinu. 3 4 Efnisyfirlit 1. Inngangur ................................................................................................................. 7 Rannsóknin ............................................................................................................. 9 Aðferð ................................................................................................................... 12 Viðmælendur ........................................................................................................ 13 Vandkvæði ............................................................................................................ 17 Samræða ............................................................................................................... 18 2. Höfundarréttur - Stutt sögulegt ágrip.................................................................. 21 3. Vandamál ................................................................................................................ 36 4. Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu ........................................................................................... 52 Bakgrunnur ........................................................................................................... 52 Lagið ..................................................................................................................... 56 Útbreiðsla ............................................................................................................. 60 5. Hjálmar H. Ragnarsson og Tár úr steini .............................................................. 70 Útgáfa Társ úr steini ............................................................................................ 70 Aðkoma STEFs að málinu .................................................................................... 75 6. Jón eignast lagið ..................................................................................................... 79 Mat STEFs ............................................................................................................ 79 Athugasemdir Hjálmars ....................................................................................... 82 Arfleifð Jóns Leifs ................................................................................................. 90 Framhaldið og viðbrögð STEFs ........................................................................... 94 7. Stefán S. Stefánsson og Vikivaki ........................................................................... 99 Framvindan .......................................................................................................... 99 Aðkoma NCB ...................................................................................................... 104 8. Hector Zazou, Björk Guðmundsdóttir og lok málsins ..................................... 108 Björk og Zazou ................................................................................................... 108 Úrsögn Jóns úr STEFi ........................................................................................ 111 Greinargerð Árna Heimis Ingólfssonar ............................................................. 115 9. Niðurstöður ........................................................................................................... 123 Hugverkaorðræðan: Höfundur, sæmd, þjófnaður, frumleiki ............................. 123 Höfundarréttur og þjóðlög ................................................................................. 131 Heimildir ................................................................................................................... 136 Þakkir ........................................................................................................................ 148 5 Myndaskrá Mynd 1. Enginn lái öðrum frekt skrifað upp í handritum séra Bjarna. Myndheimild: Fengið úr handritum séra Bjarna Þorsteinssonar sem eru í vörslu Stofnunar Árna Magnússonar ................................................................................................................ 54 Mynd 2. Enginn lái öðrum frekt eins og það birtist á bls. 831 í þjóðlagasafni séra Bjarna Þorsteinssonar. Myndheimild: Séra Bjarni Þorsteinsson, Íslenzk þjóðlög, bls. 831................................................................................................................................ 57 Mynd 3. Nótur að Vísum Vatnsenda Rósu. Myndheimild: Fengið hjá Íslenskri tónverkamiðstöð ........................................................................................................... 58 Mynd 4. Yfirskriftin á upphaflegu handriti Jóns Ásgeirssonar. Myndheimild: Morgunblaðið, 19. september 1995, „Rétt er rétt – málsvörn― bls. 25 ........................ 59 Mynd 5. Misjöfn lýða mjög er tíð. Myndheimild: Séra Bjarni Þorsteinsson, Íslenzk þjóðlög, bls. 907 ........................................................................................................... 85 Mynd 6. Ríður senn í rjettirnar. Myndheimild: Séra Bjarni Þorsteinsson, Íslenzk þjóðlög, bls. 908 ........................................................................................................... 85 Töfluskrá Tafla 1 Útbreiðslusaga Vísna Vatnsenda-Rósu 1976 -2010 ........................................ 61 6 1. Inngangur Einhvern tímann á haustmánuðum ársins 2010 þegar ég var að hefja vinnu við rannsóknina sem hér er til umfjöllunar, hringdi ég í Jón Ásgeirsson tónskáld, og spurði hvort hann vildi veita mér viðtal vegna meistararitgerðar sem ég væri að vinna um deilurnar í kring um þjóðlagið Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu. „Ja, Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu er nú ekki þjóðlag―, tjáði hann mér. Lagið væri hans smíð, en ef ég vildi finna þjóðlagið sem lagið væri byggt á þyrfti ég að fara í þjóðlagasafn séra Bjarna Þorsteinssonar. Þessi misskilningur minn og leiðrétting Jóns á honum lýsir í hnotskurn málinu sem hér er til umfjöllunar: Baráttu Jóns fyrir að fá Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu viðurkenndar sem sitt höfundarverk og deilunum sem spruttu þar af. Einhvern tímann á 7. áratugnum tók Jón þjóðlagið Enginn lái öðrum frekt úr þjóðlagasafni séra Bjarna, raddsetti það og skeytti við það millikafla, þannig að úr varð lag í ABA formi. Handritinu skilaði hann til Íslenskrar tónverkamiðstöðvar og merkti lagið sem íslenskt þjóðlag í sinni raddsetningu. Hátt í þremur áratugum seinna, árið 1995, spruttu upp höfundarréttardeilur milli hans og Hjálmars H. Ragnarssonar tónskálds og tónlistarstjóra kvikmyndarinnar Tár úr steini en Jón taldi að Hjálmar hefði notað lagið í myndinni í leyfisleysi og hefði þar að auki eignað sér allt verkið. STEF (Samtök tónskálda og eigenda flutningsréttar) blönduðust inn í málið og fleiri deilur urðu í kjölfarið vegna óheimilar notkunar á laginu sem endaði með því að STEF lét sérfræðinga vinna mat á eignaraðild Jóns að laginu, þar sem úrskurðað var að líta bæri á lagið sem sjálfstætt tónverk Jóns Ásgeirssonar sem þó væri byggt á þjóðlagi. Með öðrum orðum var lag sem fólk hafði fram að því talið að væri þjóðlag endurskráð sem frumsmíð. Jón hélt baráttunni gegn óheimilli notkun á laginu áfram eftir það en var afar ósáttur með þann stuðning sem hann fékk, sem svo endaði með því að hann sendi bréf þar
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