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Le Politique Dans Le Film Thx 1138 De George Lucas

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Le Politique Dans Le Film Thx 1138 De George Lucas UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LE POLITIQUE DANS LE FILM THX 1138 DE GEORGE LUCAS MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN COMMUNICATION PAR GUILLAUME LARRA Y AVRIL 2014 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l 'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l 'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» A V ANT-PROPOS La Maîtrise en Communication à 1'Université du Québec à Montréal vise à familiariser les étudiants aux théories et aux pratiques de la communication et du cinéma, mais également à les ouvrir sur les domaines gravitant autour de l'audiovisuel et du communicationnel. C'est dans cette perspective que nous avons eu le désir de proposer le film THX 1138 de George Lucas (1971) en tant qu'objet de recherche. Notre analyse a été réalisée à partir de la version Blu-Ray (2010) du film. À notre connaissance, cette version correspond au montage définitif du film (la « Director's eut ») , plus en phase avec la vision de George Lucas et constituée de courtes séquences ajoutées et/ou retravaillées numériquement (il est cependant possible de comparer la version de 2010 à celle de 1971 sur le site Internet movie­ censorship.com). Lorsqu'il s'agira de faire référence à des plans ou à des séquences précis dans notre étude, le time-code du Blu-Ray sera présenté de la manière suivante : [Heure:Minutes:Secondes]. En définitive, ce mémoire a été rendu possible grâce au soutien de notre directeur de recherche, monsieur Denis Chouinard, qui s'est montré ouvert à l'idée du projet et qui nous a suivi avec attention tout au long de l'écriture. Nous exprimons également toute notre gratitude à monsieur Pierre Barrette, notre co-directeur de recherche, dont la confiance, la disponibilité et les recommandations nous ont été infiniment précieuses. Nous aimerions aussi remercier les membres de notre famille et nos proches pour nous avoir soutenu et appuyé au cours de ces deux dernières années de recherche. TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ..... ......... .... .............. ..... .... ... ..... .......... ................ ..... .. ...... ... ......... .... ..... ... ...... vi INTRODUCTION .... .. ... .... .. ..... .. .. ... .... .... ....... ... ...... ... ........ ........ .. ... .......... .. .... .............. 1 CHAPITRE I LE POLITIQUE, LA SCIENCE-FICTION ET LA DYSTOPIE ... ... ... .. .... .......... .... .. 14 1.1 Le politique ...... .... ..... .... .. ..... .... ... .. ..... .. .. .... ...... .. ... ...... .. .... .. .... ..... ...... .... ... ......... 14 1.1.1 Les trois dimensions du politique .... .... .. .. ... ....... ... .. ...... ........... .... ... .......... 15 1.1.2 Les fins du politique : la recherche de la durée .... ............ ............. ... ...... .. 16 1.1.3 Perpétuer le groupe social : le pouvoir politique, 1'É tat.. .. ..... ..... ... ... .... ... 16 1.1.4 Détenir un monopole par la centralisation du pouvoir politique ..... ......... 18 1.1.5 Les détenteurs du pouvoir politique .. ........... ... .. ..... .......... ....... ............ ... .. 18 1.1.6 Le politique, en somme ..... .. .... ................. ............. ................. .. ... .... ......... 19 1.2 Le politique et la SF .... ...... .. ........ ... ........ .. ... .. .... ...... ..... ..... .. ... ... ......... .... .......... .. 19 1.2.1 Une compatibilité par 1' Histoire de la SF ......................... ............... ....... .. 22 1.2.2 Compatibilité entre la SF et le politique dans les années 1970 .... ... ......... 25 1.3 Une nouvelle SF : la dystopie .. ... .. ........... ... .. .... ................. .. ............................ .. 27 1.3.1 Les caractéristiques d'une société totalitaire .. ... ... ............... ... .................. 29 1.3.2 L'idéologie otalitaire ......... ............ ........................ ... ... .......... ....... .. ......... 31 1.3.3 Synthèse : le politique et la SF ... .. ... ...... .... ...................... ... .. ............ .... ... 32 CHAPITRE II LE POLITIQUE DANS L'UNIVERS DE THX 1138 ................................................ 33 2.1 Le contexte spatial d'un film selon Thomas Schatz ... .. ..................... .. .. ... ........ .. 34 2.2 L'univers du film THX 1138 et sa dimension territoriale ... ..................... .. .. .... .. 36 2.2.1 L'espace géographique ............................................................ .. .... .. ... ...... 37 2.2.2 L'espace culturel .. ............. ..... ........... .. ... ..... .. .......... ... ... ......... ... .. ... .......... 38 lV 1' 1 2.3 L'univers de THX 1138 et sa dimension humaine ......................... ........... .. .. .... .40 1. 2.3.1 La communauté ..................................................... .... ... .. ..... .. ..... ... ........... 41 2.3.2 La consommation ...... .. ............................ .............. .................... ............... 42 2.3.3 L'idéologie ............................................................................................... 46 2.4 L'univers de THX 1138 et la dimension spirituelle ........................................... 48 2.4.1 Le puritanisme .. ... .. ... ... .. ................................................. ...................... .... 49 2.4.2 OMM et le puritanisme .................................... .. ... .... ..... .......................... 52 2.5 Les fins de la communauté de THX 1138 ....................................... ............. ..... 54 2.6 Le politique dans l'univers de THX 1138, en somme ............................... 57 CHAPI'FRE III LE POLITIQUE ET LES PERSONNAGES DANS THX 1138 .. .... ............... ... .. ....... 59 3.1 Le « contexte séquentiel » et la « dynamisation de 1' espace » selon Thomas Schatz .................. .. .. .... ......................... ... ............ ... .. ....... ................................... 59 3.1.1 Les héros dans la SF ..................................................................... ... ........ 62 3.2 THX 1138, «l'homme de la rue» ... ..................... ... .......................................... 64 3.2.1 THX 1138 et ses semblables .......... .............. ............ ......... ....................... 65 3.3 Les autres archétypes ....................................... ... ................ ......................... ...... 65 3.3.1 L'arrestation de THX 1138, LUH 3417 et le politique ............................ 66 3.3.2 LUH 3417, une femme dans la science-fiction ... ..... ... ....... .. .. ............. ..... 67 3.3.3 LUH 3417 et la religion ........................................................................... 68 3.3.4 LUH 3417 et la sexualité .. ... ........ ....... .... .... .... .. .. ... .............. ... ... ............... 69 3.4 Le politique, figure de l'Ombre ......................................................................... 72 3.5 SEN 5241, gardien du seuil.. .................. .............................. .. ............................ 73 3.6 PTO, le mentor de la prison .... .......................................................... .... .... .. .. ..... 75 3.7 L'hologramme SRT, les traits du Trickster. .. .. .. .. ....... .. ..... .... ...... .. .... .. ......... ...... 76 CHAPITRE IV LE POUVOIR POLITIQUE ET LA RÉSOLUTION DU FILM .. .. .......... .. ........... ... .. 79 4.1 L'emprisonnement de THX 1138 :pouvoir, punition et enfermement ... .. .. ...... 79 4.1.1 Le pouvoir politique .......... ..................................................................... .. 79 4.1 .2 Un moyen du politique, le pouvoir disciplinaire .................... ......... .. .. ... .. 82 4.1.3 Le pouvoir disciplinaire selon Michel Foucault.. ......... ........... .. ....... .. ...... 83 v 4.1.4 Du Panoptisme à THX 1138, les formes les plus élaborées du pouvoir disciplinaire ...................................... ................................................... ..... 90 4.1.5 L'homéostasie dans THX 1138 ......... ..................... ...... ....... ..................... 93 4.2 Les détenteurs du pouvoir politique dans THX 1138 ..... ................ ... ............. .... 94 4.3 L'évasiondeTHX 1138 .................................................. ................................... 96 4.3 .1 L'allégorie de la caverne ............................................. .............. .. ........... 100 CONCLUSION ... .. ......................................... ................. .... .. ... .. .. .................... .. .. ..... 105 APPENDICE A THX 1138, FICHE TECHNIQUE .. ....... ... .. .. ...... ................ .......... .. .. ........................
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