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Global Politics 14039 89826 01 Pre.Qxd 20/12/10 2:22 Pm Page Ii 14039 89826 01 Pre.Qxd 20/12/10 2:22 Pm Page Iii 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page i Global Politics 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page ii 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page iii Global Politics ANDREW HEYWOOD 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page iv © Andrew Heywood 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-8982-6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Printed in China 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page v For Oliver, Freya, Dominic and Toby This page intentionally left blank 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page vii Brief Contents 1 Introducing Global Politics 1 2 Historical Context 25 3 Theories of Global Politics 53 4 The Economy in a Global Age 83 5 The State and Foreign Policy in a Global Age 111 6 Society in a Global Age 136 7 The Nation in a Global Age 157 8 Identity, Culture and Challenges to the West 181 9 Power and Twenty-first Century World Order 209 10 War and Peace 239 11 Nuclear Proliferation and Disarmament 263 12 Terrorism 282 13 Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention 303 14 International Law 331 15 Poverty and Development 352 16 Global Environmental Issues 383 17 Gender in Global Politics 412 18 International Organization and the United Nations 432 19 Global Governance and the Bretton Woods System 456 20 Regionalism and Global Politics 480 21 Global Futures 507 vii This page intentionally left blank 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page ix Contents List of Illustrative Material xiv Road to World War II 32 Preface xix End of Empires 36 Acknowledgements xxii Rise and fall of the Cold War 38 THE WORLD SINCE 1990 44 A ‘new world order’? 44 9/11 and the ‘war on terror’ 45 1 Introducing Global Politics 1 Shifting balances within the global economy 50 WHAT IS GLOBAL POLITICS? 2 What’s in a name? 2 3 Theories of Global Politics 53 From international politics to global politics 3 Globalization and its implications 9 MAINSTREAM PERSPECTIVES 54 LENSES ON GLOBAL POLITICS 12 Realism 54 Mainstream perspectives 12 Liberalism 61 Critical perspectives 15 CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES 67 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN Marxism, neo-Marxism and critical GLOBAL POLITICS 17 theory 67 Power 17 Social constructivism 71 Security 19 Poststructuralism 73 Justice 21 Feminism 74 USING THIS BOOK 21 Green politics 75 Postcolonialism 76 THINKING GLOBALLY 77 2 Historical Context 25 Challenge of interconnectedness 77 Cosmopolitanism 79 MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD 26 Paradigms: enlightening or constraining? 81 From ancient to modern 26 Rise of the West 27 Age of imperialism 28 4 The Economy in a Global Age 83 THE ‘SHORT’ TWENTIETH CENTURY: 1914–90 29 CAPITALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM 84 Origins of World War I 29 Capitalisms of the world 84 ix 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page x x CONTENTS Triumph of neoliberalism 90 Transnational social movements Implications of neoliberalism 91 and NGOs 152 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION 93 Globalization from below? 155 Causes of economic globalization 93 How globalized is economic life? 96 GLOBAL CAPITALISM IN CRISIS 100 7 The Nation in a Global Age 157 Explaining booms and slumps 100 NATIONALISM AND WORLD POLITICS 158 Lessons of the Great Crash 103 Making sense of nationalism 158 Modern crises and ‘contagions’ 104 A world of nation-states 161 Nationalism, war and conflict 165 NATIONS IN A GLOBAL WORLD 166 5 The State and Foreign Policy A world on the move 168 in a Global Age 111 Transnational communities and diasporas 171 STATES AND STATEHOOD IN FLUX 112 Hybridity and multiculturalism 173 States and sovereignty 112 NATIONALISM REVIVED 175 The state and globalization 114 National self-assertion in the post- State transformation 118 Cold War period 175 Return of the state 121 Rise of cultural and ethnic nationalism 178 Anti-globalization nationalism 179 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TO MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE 123 From government to governance 123 Multi-level governance 126 8 Identity, Culture and FOREIGN POLICY 128 Challenges to the West 181 End of foreign policy? 128 RISE OF IDENTITY POLITICS 182 How decisions are made 129 Westernization as modernization 182 Politics of collective identity 183 Is cultural conflict inevitable? 187 6 Society in a Global Age 136 RELIGIOUS REVIVALISM 189 SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS: THICK Religion and politics 189 TO THIN? 137 The fundamentalist upsurge 192 From industrialization to post- CHALLENGES TO THE WEST 194 industrialism 137 Postcolonialism 194 New technology and ‘information Asian values 195 society’ 138 Islam and the West 197 Risk, uncertainty and insecurity 141 Nature of political Islam 197 GLOBALIZATION, CONSUMERISM The West and the ‘Muslim question’ 205 AND THE INDIVIDUAL 145 Social and cultural implications of globalization 145 9 Power and Twenty-first Consumerism goes global 146 Century World Order 209 Rise of individualism 147 GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY 150 POWER AND GLOBAL POLITICS 210 Explaining global civil society 150 Power as capability 210 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xi CONTENTS xi Relational power and structural power 211 12 Terrorism 282 Changing nature of power 213 POST-COLD WAR GLOBAL ORDER 216 UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM 283 End of Cold War bipolarity 216 Defining terrorism 283 The ‘new world order’ and its fate 217 Rise of ‘new’ terrorism 285 US HEGEMONY AND GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TERRORISM 289 ORDER 220 Terrorism goes global? 289 Rise to hegemony 220 Catastrophic terrorism? 291 The ‘war on terror’ and beyond 222 COUNTERING TERRORISM 296 Benevolent or malign hegemony? 226 Strengthening sate security 296 A MULTIPOLAR GLOBAL ORDER? 228 Military repression 298 Rise of multipolarity 228 Political deals 300 Multipolar order or disorder? 234 13 Human Rights and 10 War and Peace 239 Humanitarian Intervention 303 HUMAN RIGHTS 304 NATURE OF WAR 240 Defining human rights 304 Types of war 240 Protecting human rights 309 Why do wars occur? 241 Challenging human rights 316 War as a continuation of politics 243 CHANGING FACE OF WAR 245 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION 318 From ‘old’ wars to ‘new’ wars? 245 Rise of humanitarian intervention 318 ‘Postmodern’ warfare 251 Conditions for humanitarian intervention 324 Does humanitarian intervention work? 327 JUSTIFYING WAR 254 Realpolitik 254 Just war theory 256 14 International Law 331 Pacifism 260 NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 332 What is law? 332 11 Nuclear Proliferation and Sources of international law 334 Disarmament 263 Why is international law obeyed? 337 INTERNATIONAL LAW IN FLUX 339 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION 264 From international law to world law? 339 Nature of nuclear weapons 264 Developments in the laws of war 344 Proliferation during the Cold War 266 International tribunals and the Proliferation in the post-Cold War era 267 International Criminal Court 346 NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT 273 Arms control and anti-proliferation 15 Poverty and Development 352 strategies 273 A world free of nuclear weapons? 278 UNDERSTANDING POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT 353 Defining and measuring poverty 353 Development: competing visions 355 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xii xii CONTENTS A MORE UNEQUAL WORLD? 360 18 International Organization Making sense of global inequality 360 and the United Nations 432 Contours of global inequality 363 Globalization, poverty and inequality 365 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION 433 Does global inequality matter? 368 Rise of international organization 433 DEVELOPMENT AND THE POLITICS Why are international organizations created 434 OF AID 369 THE UNITED NATIONS 435 Structural adjustment programmes From the League to the UN 435 and beyond 369 Promoting peace and security 440 International aid and the development Does UN peacekeeping work? 445 ethic 372 Promoting economic and social Debt relief and fair trade 378 development 446 Future of the UN: challenges and reform 448 16 Global Environmental 19 Global Governance and the Issues 383 Bretton Woods System 456 THE RISE OF GREEN POLITICS 384 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE? 455 The environment as a global issue 384 What
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