Measuring, Marking, and Laying out Materials 151 152 Section 2 Design and Layout

Home , Bevel, Calipers, Combination square, Compass (drawing tool), Marking gauge, Pattern (casting)

150 Section 2 Design and Layout

scratch awl (scriber) will also mark the wood. See 1SPDFEVSF CHAPTER 12 Figure 12-2. A light cut makes a visible reference line for sawing or other work. A knife is often used when the mark is needed to locate a tool, such as a saw 6TJOHB.BSLJOH(BVHF .FBTVSJOH .BSLJOH BOE or chisel. A scratch awl can indent the wood to help 5PVTFUIFHBVHF center a drill. See Figure 12-3. Avoid ink because it "EKVTU UIF IFBE UP UIF BQQSPQSJBUF XJEUI GSPN -BZJOH0VU.BUFSJBMT bleeds into wood cells. UIFFEHFPGUIFCPBSEUPUIFMJOF VTJOHUIFTDBMF QSJOUFEPOUIFCFBN4FFFigure 12-5A .BSLJOH (BVHF 1MBDFUIFHBVHFGMBUPOUIFNBUFSJBM5IFTUFFM QPJOUTIPVMEGBDFTJEFXBZT XJUIPVUUPVDIJOHUIF Traditionally, cabinetmakers used a marking XPPE gauge to layout their cuts. The marking gauge is designed to make parallel lines. It has an adjustable 3PMMUIFHBVHFUPXBSEUIFTUPDLVOUJMUIFQJOPS head and a steel pin or cutting wheel, Figure 12-4. It is DVUUFSUPVDIFTUIFTVSGBDF 0CKFDUJWFT join at a 90° angle. See Figure 12-1. When a piece used to mark parallel lines on wood, plastic, and metal. 1VTIUIFHBVHFBXBZGSPNZPV,FFQUIFIFBE is not cut square, or two pieces are not assembled BHBJOTUUIFFEHFPGUIFXPSL5IFQPJOUPSDVUUFS After studying this chapter, you should be able to: square, the entire cabinet is affected. XJMMNBLFBWJTJCMFTDPSFMJOF Figure 12-5B • Distinguish between measuring, marking, and This chapter describes how to mark accurate layout tools. geometric shapes on your materials. A number of • Lay out lines and geometric shapes. tools are used by cabinetmakers to complete layouts. • These include marking, measuring, and layout tools. Transfer shapes to working material. 1

1 2 • Maintain measurement and layout tools. .BSLJOH5PPMT

5FDIOJDBM5FSNT Most cabinetmakers mark with pencil. A sharp " # angle divider octagon scale pencil will make an accurate line. Remove pencil 4UBOMFZ5PPMT (PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY1VCMJTIFS marks with an eraser before sanding. A knife or 'JHVSF ,OJWFTBOETDSBUDIBXMTNBLFQSFDJTF arcs outside caliper 'JHVSF "4FUUJOHUIFNBSLJOHHBVHF NBSLT"WBSJFUZPGTUZMFTBSFVTFE #.BSLJOHBQBSBMMFMMJOF bench square profile gauge brace measure table rigid folding rule You can also use a marking gauge to transfer caliper shop measurement dimensions. Set the marking gauge to the size of centering rule standard part you wish to copy. Then mark the new work- combination square slide caliper piece. This is helpful when duplicating parts. detail pattern sliding T-bevel flexible rule square .FBTVSJOH5PPMT framing square square grid pattern Measuring tools are instruments used to deter- squareness half pattern mine lengths and angles. They follow two systems. hermaphrodite caliper story pole "# They are the US customary system and the Interna- inside caliper tape measure 4UBOMFZ5PPMT tional System (SI), commonly referred to as metric. layout rod template 'JHVSF .BSLJOH".BSLJOHBMJOFXJUIBLOJGF US customary rulers and scales measure feet and trammel points #.BSLJOHBESJMMDFOUFSQPJOUXJUIBOBXM inches. Smaller units are measured in fractions of an layout tools inch. See Figure 12-6A. To find the fractional dis- marking gauge try square tance you need, count the spaces across the board. )FBE measuring tools This becomes the numerator (top number). Count 8IFFM #FBN the spaces in one inch on the rule. This is the denom- Accurate measurement and layout is essential inator (bottom number). for high quality cabinetmaking. You must be able to Metric rulers and scales measure in millime- transfer the shapes of your design onto your materi- ters. They are typically numbered every 10 mm. See als. With skillful measuring, you can mark, cut, and 1IPUPDPVSUFTZPG$SPXO1PJOU$BCJOFUSZ the metric rule in Figure 12-6B. A metric rule may assemble parts with precision. 'JHVSF 5IFNBOVGBDUVSFPGIJHIRVBMJUZQSPEVDUT be further divided into 0.5 mm. Both systems may Much of cabinetmaking relies on square edges SFRVJSFTNBUFSJBMTUIBUBSFBDDVSBUFMZNFBTVSFE MBJE 1BUSJDL".PM[BIO appear on the same measuring tool, as shown in and joints. Squareness simply means that all corners PVU BOEDVU 'JHVSF $PNQPOFOUTPGBNBSLJOHHBVHF Figure 12-6C.

Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 151 152 Section 2 Design and Layout

3FTUPGTDBMFEJWJEFEJOUPUIT Special purpose rules include a centering rule, with can be quickly switched from inches to millime- the measuring units extending both directions from ters. Outside dimensions are measured using the the center zero point. This reduces the chances for large jaws. Inside dimensions are measured with error with many centering tasks. the smaller, pointed jaws. Depth measurements can Rigid folding rules are usually 6′ long. Metric be taken using either the main jaw or depth probe. ″ folding rules are 2 meters long. Some have an exten- See Figure 12-10. 'JSTUGPPUPG ″ sion rule at one end for measuring inside distances TDBMFGVSUIFS ″ and depths. See Figure 12-7. EJWJEFEJOUP ″ A flexible rule, or tape measure, is very conve- 4RVBSFT OETPGBOJODI ″ nient and will measure both straight lengths and There are a number of different kinds of squares. "64$VTUPNBSZ3VMF curves. See Figure 12-8. It can also be used to mea- They are used for several purposes, such as: sure inside distances, such as a doorway. To account • Checking that corners form a 90° angle for the size of the tape case, add the distance indi- NN (squareness). cated on the side of the case to your measurement. • Serving as a straightedge. NN Most tape cases will be printed with the amount you • Measuring distances and angles. must add (usually 2″–3″). Some tape measures have #.FUSJD3VMF a window on the top to read the inside distance. 'SBNJOHBOE#FODI4RVBSFT

*/4 Framing and bench squares are flat steel or alu- N 6',*/ $. ″ minum. A framing square has a 24 (610 mm) body

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The measuring system you choose depends on the working drawings. The title block will indicate what system is used. It will also provide the scale of the drawing. If the scale reads 1″ = 1′-0″, then each inch on the drawing will be 1′ on the layout. " N;JH[BH3VMF 4UBOMFZ5PPMT'BTU$BQ --$ 'JHVSF 5XPUZQFTPGUBQFNFBTVSFT5IFCPUUPN (SFFO/PUF UBQFNFBTVSFJTFYUSBGMFYJCMFUPBMMPXGPSNFBTVSJOH 5IFPMEBEBHF iNFBTVSFUXJDFDVUPODFuJT DVSWFETVSGBDFT HPPEBEWJDF.JTUBLFTXJMMIBQQFO5BLJOHZPVS UJNF UP NBLF TVSF ZPV IBWF DPSSFDU NFBTVSF Tape measure lengths commonly used by cabi- NFOUT XJMM IFMQ ZPV BWPJE NBUFSJBM XBTUF BOE netmakers range from 12′ to 30′ (4 m to 9 m). Tape TQFOEJOHFYUSBUJNFGJYJOHZPVSNJTUBLF lengths may be up to 200′ (61 m). Both US customary and metric measurements may be printed on the ′&YUFOTJPO3VMF tape. 3VMF The rule you select depends on the accuracy you 4MJEF$BMJQFST need and which style you prefer. Rules may be flat, flexible, or folding types. They are made of wood, Slide calipers are used to measure outside fiberglass, plastic, metal, or cloth. Sometimes both and inside distances, as well as depth. They come customary and metric measurements are found on in various types. See Figure 12-9. A vernier scale the same rule. # provides the most accurate measurement but is the most difficult to read. Dial calipers have precision Flat rules are typically metal, wood, or plastic. -VGLJO%JWJTJPO5IF$PPQFS(SPVQ5IF-44UBSSFUU$P gears, but wood shavings can cause problems if 1BUSJDL".PM[BIO They may be 12″ to 48″ long. High quality wood rules 'JHVSF "3JHJEGPMEJOHSVMFTFYUFOEUPNFBTVSF

have brass ends. The brass ends are not damaged as EJTUBODFT#6TJOHUIFFYUFOTJPOUPNFBTVSFJOTJEF they get into the gears. Digital calipers have become 'JHVSF 4MJEFDBMJQFSTBSFBWBJMBCMFJOWBSJPVT easily as wood. Rules may also be steel or aluminum. EJTUBODFT popular in recent years, especially because they TUZMFT

Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 153 154 Section 2 Design and Layout

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5BCMFT Tables provide helpful information for com- &YUFSOBM.FBTVSFNFOUT monly used measurements. Two such tables are the 'SBNJOH #FODI ° brace measure table and the octagon, or eight-square 4RVBSF 4RVBSF scale. The brace measure table gives diagonal mea- 4UBOMFZ5PPMT surements that show the length needed for a diag-

'JHVSF 'SBNJOHTRVBSFTBSFMBSHFSUIBOCFODI onal piece, such as a brace, to support a shelf. The TRVBSFT5IFGSBNJOHTRVBSFNBZBMTPIBWFBMJTUPG measurements are on the tongue of most framing TDBMFTBOEUBCMFTQSJOUFEPOJU squares, Figure 12-15. For example, suppose you have a 22″ wide shelf and you wish to brace it at a 5SZ4RVBSF ″ ″ ° point 18 from the wall and 24 below the shelf. Find Try squares have a steel blade and a steel or wood the measurement on the table marked 18/24. You *OUFSOBM.FBTVSFNFOUT ° handle. Some have a 45 angle cut into the handle. Try will find the number 30 next to it. This is the proper squares are the most reliable of all squares for accu- length of the brace. racy. Use them for making layouts, checking squareness, or setting up machinery. See Figure 12-12. 1SPDFEVSF $PNCJOBUJPO4RVBSF A combination square is more versatile than a 6TJOHBO0DUBHPO4DBMF try square. It consists of a grooved blade that slides through the handle. It can also be equipped with .BSLJOH $IFDLJOH4RVBSFOFTT 5IF PDUBHPO TDBMF IFMQT ZPV JEFOUJGZ DSJUJDBM a protractor and a center head. See Figure 12-13. NFBTVSFNFOUTGPSMBZJOHPVUPDUBHPOT4VQQPTFZPV 5IF-44UBSSFUU$P You can use a combination square for a number of XBOUFE UP DSFBUF BO PDUBHPO UBCMFUPQ ″ BDSPTT %FQUI.FBTVSFNFOUT 'JHVSF 5SZTRVBSFTBSFGPSCPUINBSLJOHBOE purposes: Figure 12-165PQSPEVDFUIJTUBCMFUPQ QSPDFFEBT 1BUSJDL".PM[BIO DIFDLJOHTRVBSFOFTT • Measure distances and depths. GPMMPXT 'JHVSF 'PVSXBZTDBMJQFSTDBOCFVTFEUPUBLF NFBTVSFNFOUT • Lay out 45° and 90° angles. $VUBQJFDFPGNBUFSJBM″TRVBSF • Draw parallel lines. %SBXDFOUFSMJOFT"#BOE$% • and a 16″ (406 mm) tongue that form a 90° angle (right Locate centers. Many combination squares have a center head. 4FUBDPNQBTTPSEJWJEFSGPSEPUTBMPOHUIF angle). A bench square is smaller. See Figure 12-11. To lay out a parallel line, adjust the blade to the Hold it against any circular or curved surface. The PDUBHPOTDBMF The face of the square is seen when the body is held intended distance. Place a marking device such as a blade’s edge will point directly through the center of .BSL UIF EJTUBODF PO FBDI TJEF PG UIF DFOUFS in the left hand and the tongue in the right hand. pencil, scratch awl (from the handle on some squares), a circle, Figure 12-14B. MJOFTBMPOHUIFGPVSFEHFTPGUIFCPBSE The back is the other side of the square. The face and or knife point against the end of the blade. While The protractor head adjusts for any angle. You $POOFDUUIFOFXMZNBSLFEMPDBUJPOTUPGPSNUIF back of both squares have measurement scales and holding the marking device against the blade, slide may wish to remove the handle and center head FJHIUTJEFT most framing squares also have tables. the square down the material. See Figure 12-14A. when using the protractor head. See Figure 12-14C.

Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 155 156 Section 2 Design and Layout

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5)4 'JHVSF 5IFCSBDFNFBTVSFUBCMFTIPXTCSBDF MFOHUIT %PUT " # 4DBMFT (PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY1VCMJTIFS (PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY1VCMJTIFS 'JHVSF 5IFPDUBHPOTDBMF GPVOEPOTPNF 'JHVSF 5IF5CFWFMIBTBCPEZ CMBEF BOE The scales refer to customary and metric mea- GSBNJOHTRVBSFT JTBSPXPGOVNCFSFEEPUTGPSMBZJOH MPDLJOHEFWJDF"4FUUJOHUIFBOHMFXJUIBQSPUSBDUPS surements. This makes the square useful as a rule. PVUPDUBHPOT #.BSLJOHUIFXPPE Once a measurement is marked, the square can be # used to draw a perpendicular line. See Figure 12-17. to an angle or a corner, the body bisects the angle. (FOFSBM)BSEXBSF It can also be used to check the squareness of an with a protractor. Loosen the locking device on the This angle helps when cutting miter joints. See 'JHVSF "OHMFEJWJEFSTBSFIFMQGVMXIFOTFUUJOH assembly. handle to move the blade. After setting the proper Figure 12-19A. BOHMFTGPSDVUUJOHNJUFSKPJOUT angle, tighten the locking device. Angle dividers have numbers on the body and -BZPVU5PPMT Besides layout, T-bevels can set the angles for an index mark on the adjusting nut. The numbers table saw blades, jointer fences, and drill press on the side of the nut are 30°, 45°, and 60°. Accurately Layout tools transfer distances, angles, and con- tables. If you are setting 90° angles, use a try square. aligning the index mark along these numbers sets $BMJQFST tours. Most lack scales for measuring distances and T-bevels are not as accurate as a square. the blades to that angle. The numbers on the other Calipers are used to transfer dimensions. The angles. These are set with a measuring tool. The fol- side of the nut are 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 0. These indicate three types of calipers are outside, inside, and her- lowing descriptions cover common layout tools. settings for polygons. Aligning the index nut at 6 maphrodite. See Figure 12-20. Some are assembled "OHMF%JWJEFS will set the angle of the blades for a hexagon (a six- with a firm (friction) joint. Others have a bow spring An angle divider is a layout tool consisting of sided polygon). The angle between the blades will be with an adjusting screw and nut. Firm-joint calipers 4MJEJOH5#FWFM two blades that move outward at an equal rate from 120°. The body will bisect the angle at 60°. When the are quicker to adjust, but bow-spring calipers main- The sliding T-bevel is used to lay out and trans- the body. It is used to bisect angles. The blades index mark is set at 0, the blades form a straight line tain greater accuracy during use. fer angles, Figure 12-18. Set the angle of the T-bevel move apart from 0° to 90°. If the blades are adjusted with the body.

Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 157 158 Section 2 Design and Layout )FSNBQISPEJUF$BMJQFS The tools described thus far measure and mark The hermaphrodite caliper is a firm-joint tool distances, lines, and angles. You will also need to that has one caliper-like leg and one needle-like lay out circles, arcs, and curves. Tools used for these point. The hermaphrodite caliper is used to: purposes include compasses, dividers, irregular • Locate outside and inside centers by scribing curves, and profile gauges. three or four arcs, Figure 12-23A. • Mark a parallel line on flat or round stock, $PNQBTTBOE%JWJEFS Figure 12-23B. • Compasses and dividers are similar layout Copy a contour, which is often called coping, tools. Both have two legs. However, a compass has a Figure 12-23C. pencil point on one leg instead of a steel point. See Figure 12-24. Use compasses and dividers to: • Step off distances. • Bisect lines, angles, and arcs. "#$%& • Construct lines and arcs tangent to each other. 5IF-44UBSSFUU$P • Scribe circles, ellipses, and arcs.

'JHVSF $BMJQFSTBSFVTFEUPUSBOTGFSPVUTJEFBOEJOTJEFNFBTVSFNFOUTBOEQBSBMMFMMJOFT"'JSNKPJOU • PVUTJEFDBMJQFST##PXTQSJOHPVUTJEFDBMJQFST$'JSNKPJOUJOTJEFDBMJQFST%#PXTQSJOHJOTJEFDBMJQFST Lay out polygons. &)FSNBQISPEJUFDBMJQFST • Cope contours, such as for fitting moulding. Marking with a compass requires some hand Calipers are used most often when wood turn- over it. When making duplicate parts, set the caliper coordination. Place one hand on or near the top ing. When the lathe is stopped, you can check or by the workpiece being copied. (joint) of the compass or divider. See Figure 12-25A. transfer thicknesses and distances. The other hand sets the pivot location of the steel *OTJEF$BMJQFS point. 0VUTJEF$BMJQFS An inside caliper checks inside diameters. Pre- Use compasses and dividers as you would An outside caliper checks outside diameters on set the caliper with a scale. Then turn the work until when drafting. Adjust the compass or divider to the turnings. See Figure 12-21. First, set the caliper with the diameter is reached, Figure 12-22. " proper measurement when transferring distances, a rule. Then turn the material until the caliper slips Figure 12-25B. Then mark the material. You can also duplicate parts by setting the dividers to the size of the original part and use them to mark the new

material.

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Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 159 160 Section 2 Design and Layout Be sure that the rule you use is in good shape. The end should not have dents. If a corner is damaged, begin measuring from the 10″ mark. For example, to lay out a distance of 3″, measure from the rule’s 10″ mark to the 13″ mark. Remember to account for starting away from the end of the rule. When using a tape, make a habit of frequently inspecting the hook for damage. If the hook has been bent, your measurements will be incorrect. It is a good practice to have a shop measurement standard, an object of known dimension that can be used to check the accuracy of all tape measures. Select a material that won’t change dimension significantly due to changes in temperature or " moisture. For example, solid wood is not a good choice. 5IF'JOF5PPM4IPQT 'JHVSF "QSPGJMFHBVHFDPOGPSNTUPUIFTIBQFPG UIFQJFDFUPCFDPQJFE " -JOFT Most lines are made using a rule or square. For -BZPVU1SBDUJDFT lines that must be parallel to the edge, use a marking gauge, combination square, or hermaphrodite Layout must be done with accuracy. Although caliper. layout tools can be used many ways, select the tool # that is best suited to your work.

5IF'JOF5PPM4IPQT(PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY1VCMJTIFS $JSDMFTBOE"SDT 'JHVSF "$MBNQUSBNNFMQPJOUTUPBQJFDFPG XPPE#6TFUPMBZPVUDJSDMFTMBSHFSUIBOBSFQPTTJCMF .BSLJOH1PJOUT Compasses, dividers, and trammel points make XJUIBDPNQBTT accurate circles and arcs. To set them, place one leg When marking a distance, the best pencil mark on the 1″ or 10 mm mark of a rule. Adjust the other to make is an arrow or V. See Figure 12-28. The point leg according to the desired measurement. Again, be of the arrow shows the proper location. A pencil sure to account for starting away from the end of the dot may be lost among the scratches or blemishes rule. 1SPDFEVSF in the wood. A short line does not tell which end of Arcs are partial circles. The arc has a center point the line is the proper measurement. When making and radius. Set the layout tool for the radius of the the mark, do not press hard. Remember, any pencil -BZJOH0VUB$JSDMFXJUI5SBNNFM1PJOUT arc. Then locate the point of the tool at the arc’s cen- marks, dents, or scratches you make during layout ter and swing the desired arc. must be removed later. Erase all unnecessary pen- # 5PMBZPVUBDJSDMFXJUIUSBNNFMQPJOUT cil marks. (PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY1VCMJTIFS "EKVTU UIF QPJOUT UP UIF EFTJSFE SBEJVT XJUI B 'JHVSF "1MBDFBOETXJOHUIFDPNQBTTPOUIF SVMF 1PMZHPOT DFOUFSQPJOUPGUIFDJSDMFPSBSD#6TFUIFEJWJEFSUP )PMEPOFTUFFMQPJOUPGUIFUSBNNFMBUUIFDFOUFS Common polygons include triangles, squares, TUFQPGGNFBTVSFNFOUT PGUIFDJSDMF rectangles, hexagons, and octagons. Polygon shapes 4XJOHUIFPUIFSUSBNNFMQPJOUJOBOBSDUPNBSL are used for a variety of items including tabletops, 5SBNNFM1PJOUT UIFDJSDMFPOUIFNBUFSJBM Figure 12-26B mirror and picture frames, and clock faces. Two common tools used to lay out polygons Trammel points are used for making large cir- 1 2 3 4 5 are the framing square and protractor. Set angles cles and arcs. Two steel points are clamped on a rect- 1SPGJMF(BVHF on the framing square using two pieces of wood angular piece of lumber. See Figure 12-26A. Some and the measurements on the tongue and body. See have a point that can be replaced with a pencil. This A profile gauge is used to copy irregular shapes. Figure 12-29. allows you to mark the wood with either a pencil See Figure 12-27. Press it against a curved surface. mark or a scratch. This causes individual pieces of wire or plastic to (PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY1VCMJTIFS The size of the circle is limited only by the length slide. Once shaped, the contour can be transferred to 'JHVSF 1PJOUTBSFNPTUBDDVSBUFMZNBSLFEXJUI of wood you choose for the points to slide on. a pattern, paper, or the material to be cut. BOBSSPXPSB7

Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 161 162 Section 2 Design and Layout

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Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 163 164 Section 2 Design and Layout -BZPVU3PE the highest cabinet. In addition to marking cabinet )BMG locations on the story pole, mark all other items QBUUFSO A layout rod is a record of often-used distances. in the room, such as electrical outlets, switches, %FUBJM 3FWFSTF Plan to make one for standard cabinets you produce. doors, windows, vents, radiators, plumbing, and QBUUFSO GPSPUIFS It eliminates the need to measure repeatedly with a light fixtures. IBMG 3FWFSTF rule. A layout rod can also help with machine setups. BUFBDI DPSOFS The rod is marked with important cabinet dimensions, Figure 12-35. These may be the loca- %JHJUBM.FBTVSJOH tion of shelves, doors, and joints. Measurements are %FWJDFT 'VMM marked full size. Make the rod slightly longer than QBUUFSO the greatest dimension of the cabinet. The rod can There are many digital measuring devices avail- be used for height, width, and depth measurements. able. Lasers are now commonly used on jobsites for 3FWFSTF $IFTU-FHT × × GPSPUIFS A rod is made of 1 1 or 1 2 lumber. It is sur- measurement. They can be used to quickly and accu- .JSSPS'SBNF TJEFQJFDF faced on all four sides. One side may contain width rately record the dimensions of a space. Electronic measurements. A second side may contain height calipers can switch from inch to metric with the (PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY1VCMJTIFS measurements. Other sides are used for depth and push of a button. See Figure 12-36. Machine accu- 'JHVSF 'VMM IBMG BOEEFUBJMQBUUFSOTBSFWBMVBCMFMBZPVUEFWJDFT other important dimensions. racy and repeatability is now so precise that cabinetmakers frequently measure to within thousandths Make the grid on tracing paper placed over your 5FNQMBUFT of an inch. working drawings. Then trace the shape from the A template is a permanent full size pattern used 4UPSZ1PMF As parts are created, they must be measured working drawing, Figure 12-34A. for guiding a tool. For example, you may lay a tem- Similar to a layout rod, a story pole is used to to ensure accuracy so assemblies will fit together Cut a sheet of heavy wrapping paper for the plate over material to guide a router bit to cut out a mark the exact locations of items found in a room. properly. Some digital measuring devices have the full-size pattern. Lay out the proper size squares on shape. It may be made of cardboard, hardboard, or It is usually made of 1 × 3 lumber and is as long as ability to send data to a computer for collection. See the paper. Place a dot on the pattern grid where the thin sheet metal. Make a template when you intend necessary (up to the room width). A second pole is Figure 12-37. This record of parts in production can design crosses it. See Figure 12-34B. Connect the to use the shape several times. When duplicating made equal to the height of the room, or the top of help resolve any machining issues that may occur. dots to complete the full-size pattern. Cut out the irregular curves, use a profile gauge. Refer again to pattern with scissors. Then lay the pattern on the Figure 12-27. This is much simpler than trying to wood and trace around it. measure the original part to make the pattern.

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Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 165 166 Section 2 Design and Layout .FBTVSJOHBOE-BZPVU 4VNNBSZ 5FTU:PVS,OPXMFEHF 5PPM.BJOUFOBODF • Quality cabinetmaking relies on square edges Answer the following questions using the information and joints, in which all corners join at 90° provided in this chapter. Measuring and layout tools need very little angles. 1. _____ means that all corners join at a 90° angle. maintenance. There are few moving parts. However, • Marking tools include pencils, knives, or 2. Name three types of marking tools. care is needed during handling and storage of the scratch awls. These marks are visible reference 3. The US customary system measures in _____. tool. lines for sawing or other work. Some measuring tools, such as framing and try A. millimeters • Measuring tools are based on either the US cus- squares, have scales stamped on them. They may B. liters tomary system of measurement or the become difficult to read over time. If so, wipe across C. feet and inches International System (SI) of measurement. them with a cloth pad containing white paint. Then D. None of the above. remove the excess from the surface of the tool with steel • The title block on the working drawing indi- 4. What rule would you select when laying out a wool. The measurements should be readable again. cates what measurement system is used for the tall curio cabinet? product. Many tools are plated or painted to prevent 5. Slide calipers are used to measure _____. "DDVSBUF5FDIOPMPHJFT rust. If rust does occur, such as on the blade of a • Measuring tools include rules, slide calipers, A. outside distance 'JHVSF %JHJUBMNFBTVSJOHUPPMTBSFDBQBCMFPG try square, remove it with steel wool. Then rub the squares, scales, and table. Many of these are B. inside distance SFDPSEJOHJOTJEF PVUTJEF EJBHPOBM IPMFFEHFBOEIPMF blade with paste wax. Oil should be used sparingly also used as layout tools. C. depth IPMFEJNFOTJPOBMNFBTVSFNFOUT with woodworking tools because it can stain wood. • Common rules include centering, rigid folding, D. All of the above. Moving joints should be rubbed with paste wax and flexible (also known as a tape measure). 6. True or False? A square can be used to measure for lubrication. However, be careful when lubricat- • Layout tools transfer distances, angles, and con- distances and angles. ing firm-joint tools, such as calipers. This might tours. Those without measurements on them 7. Brace lengths can be found on the framing cause the joint to move too freely. must be preset with a measuring tool. Knives and awls require sharpening. Refer to square’s _____. Chapter 39 for tips on sharpening. The points on • Layout tools include T-bevels, angle dividers, 8. Parts of a(n) _____ square include a blade, cen- dividers, compasses, trammel points, and marking calipers, compasses, dividers, trammel points, ter head, and protractor head. and profile gauges. gauges may need to be touched up occasionally. 9. Set the angle of a sliding T-bevel with • Accurate layout is critical. Select the tool that is a(n) _____. best suited to the work. 10. A(n) _____ has two blades and is used to bisect 4BGFUZJO"DUJPO • Mark distances with a pencil mark in the shape angles. of an arrow or a V. This indicates a precise .FBTVSJOHBOE-BZJOH0VU8PSLQJFDFT 11. Describe three types of calipers and their uses. point. 8IFONFBTVSJOHBOEMBZJOHPVUXPSLQJFDFT 12. Name four tasks that can be done using a com- • Create lines using a rule or square. • )PMETIBSQQPJOUTPGUPPMTBXBZGSPNZPV pass or divider. • Create circles and arc using compasses, divid- XIFODBSSZJOHUIFN 13. The most accurate way to mark a workpiece is ers, and trammel points. • $PWFSTIBSQUPPMQPJOUTJGZPVNVTUIBWF to draw a(n) _____. • Tools commonly used to create polygons UIFNJOZPVSQPDLFU A. arrow include the framing square and protractor, and B. dot in some cases, a compass. C. line "DDVSBUF5FDIOPMPHJFT • Create irregular shapes using patterns and tem- D. None of the above. 'JHVSF 5IJTNFBTVSFNFOUUBCMFJTVTFEUPDIFDL plates. 14. What is a shop measurement standard? BOESFDPSEQBOFMNFBTVSFNFOUT5IFTFDBOCF • A layout rod is a record of often-used distances. 15. Name three tools you can use to lay out circles. VQMPBEFEUPBDPNQVUFS A story pole is used to mark the exact locations 16. Name two tools commonly used to lay out of items in a room. polygons. • Digital measuring devices can be used to 17. When copying an irregular shape, use quickly and accurately record dimensions. a(n) _____. • Carefully handle and store measuring and lay- 18. What should be used to remove rust on a out tools. They have few moving parts but are measuring tool? still susceptible to wear and tear. Points may need to be sharpened occasionally.

Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 167 4VHHFTUFE"DUJWJUJFT 3. Using an angle divider or T-bevel, divide a 90° angle into 15° increments. Share your drawing 1. Make a list of measuring tools and machines with your instructor. with measuring scales in your shop. List the 4. Following steps listed in this chapter, lay out a units these tools and scales have (US custom- hexagon and an octagon using a compass. ary, metric or a combination of both). Are there Show your finished construction to your times when one measurement system is prefer- instructor. able to the other? Share this list with your instructor. 5. Use the grid method to enlarge a 1/4 scale irregular layout to actual size. Share the fin- 2. Lay out an octagon using the octagon scale on a ished drawing with your instructor. framing square. Show your construction to your instructor.

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