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Measuring, Marking, and Laying out Materials 151 152 Section 2 Design and Layout This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved. 150 Section 2 Design and Layout scratch awl (scriber) will also mark the wood. See 1SPDFEVSF CHAPTER 12 Figure 12-2. A light cut makes a visible reference line for sawing or other work. A knife is often used when the mark is needed to locate a tool, such as a saw 6TJOHB.BSLJOH(BVHF .FBTVSJOH .BSLJOH BOE or chisel. A scratch awl can indent the wood to help 5PVTFUIFHBVHF center a drill. See Figure 12-3. Avoid ink because it "EKVTU UIF IFBE UP UIF BQQSPQSJBUF XJEUI GSPN -BZJOH0VU.BUFSJBMT bleeds into wood cells. UIFFEHFPGUIFCPBSEUPUIFMJOF VTJOHUIFTDBMF QSJOUFEPOUIFCFBN4FFFigure 12-5A .BSLJOH (BVHF 1MBDFUIFHBVHFGMBUPOUIFNBUFSJBM5IFTUFFM QPJOUTIPVMEGBDFTJEFXBZT XJUIPVUUPVDIJOHUIF Traditionally, cabinetmakers used a marking XPPE gauge to layout their cuts. The marking gauge is designed to make parallel lines. It has an adjustable 3PMMUIFHBVHFUPXBSEUIFTUPDLVOUJMUIFQJOPS head and a steel pin or cutting wheel, Figure 12-4. It is DVUUFSUPVDIFTUIFTVSGBDF 0CKFDUJWFT join at a 90° angle. See Figure 12-1. When a piece used to mark parallel lines on wood, plastic, and metal. 1VTIUIFHBVHFBXBZGSPNZPV,FFQUIFIFBE is not cut square, or two pieces are not assembled BHBJOTUUIFFEHFPGUIFXPSL5IFQPJOUPSDVUUFS After studying this chapter, you should be able to: square, the entire cabinet is affected. XJMMNBLFBWJTJCMFTDPSFMJOF Figure 12-5B • Distinguish between measuring, marking, and This chapter describes how to mark accurate layout tools. geometric shapes on your materials. A number of • Lay out lines and geometric shapes. tools are used by cabinetmakers to complete layouts. • These include marking, measuring, and layout tools. Transfer shapes to working material. 1 1 2 • Maintain measurement and layout tools. .BSLJOH5PPMT 5FDIOJDBM5FSNT Most cabinetmakers mark with pencil. A sharp " # angle divider octagon scale pencil will make an accurate line. Remove pencil 4UBOMFZ5PPMT (PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY1VCMJTIFS marks with an eraser before sanding. A knife or 'JHVSF ,OJWFTBOETDSBUDIBXMTNBLFQSFDJTF arcs outside caliper 'JHVSF "4FUUJOHUIFNBSLJOHHBVHF NBSLT"WBSJFUZPGTUZMFTBSFVTFE #.BSLJOHBQBSBMMFMMJOF bench square profile gauge brace measure table rigid folding rule You can also use a marking gauge to transfer caliper shop measurement dimensions. Set the marking gauge to the size of centering rule standard part you wish to copy. Then mark the new work- combination square slide caliper piece. This is helpful when duplicating parts. detail pattern sliding T-bevel flexible rule square .FBTVSJOH5PPMT framing square square grid pattern Measuring tools are instruments used to deter- squareness half pattern mine lengths and angles. They follow two systems. hermaphrodite caliper story pole "# They are the US customary system and the Interna- inside caliper tape measure 4UBOMFZ5PPMT tional System (SI), commonly referred to as metric. layout rod template 'JHVSF .BSLJOH".BSLJOHBMJOFXJUIBLOJGF US customary rulers and scales measure feet and trammel points #.BSLJOHBESJMMDFOUFSQPJOUXJUIBOBXM inches. Smaller units are measured in fractions of an layout tools inch. See Figure 12-6A. To find the fractional dis- marking gauge try square tance you need, count the spaces across the board. )FBE measuring tools This becomes the numerator (top number). Count 8IFFM #FBN the spaces in one inch on the rule. This is the denom- Accurate measurement and layout is essential inator (bottom number). for high quality cabinetmaking. You must be able to Metric rulers and scales measure in millime- transfer the shapes of your design onto your materi- ters. They are typically numbered every 10 mm. See als. With skillful measuring, you can mark, cut, and 1IPUPDPVSUFTZPG$SPXO1PJOU$BCJOFUSZ the metric rule in Figure 12-6B. A metric rule may assemble parts with precision. 'JHVSF 5IFNBOVGBDUVSFPGIJHIRVBMJUZQSPEVDUT be further divided into 0.5 mm. Both systems may Much of cabinetmaking relies on square edges SFRVJSFTNBUFSJBMTUIBUBSFBDDVSBUFMZNFBTVSFE MBJE 1BUSJDL".PM[BIO appear on the same measuring tool, as shown in and joints. Squareness simply means that all corners PVU BOEDVU 'JHVSF $PNQPOFOUTPGBNBSLJOHHBVHF Figure 12-6C. $PQZSJHIU(PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY$P *OD 149 $PQZSJHIU(PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY$P *OD This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 151 152 Section 2 Design and Layout 3FTUPGTDBMFEJWJEFEJOUPUIT Special purpose rules include a centering rule, with can be quickly switched from inches to millime- the measuring units extending both directions from ters. Outside dimensions are measured using the the center zero point. This reduces the chances for large jaws. Inside dimensions are measured with error with many centering tasks. the smaller, pointed jaws. Depth measurements can Rigid folding rules are usually 6′ long. Metric be taken using either the main jaw or depth probe. ″ folding rules are 2 meters long. Some have an exten- See Figure 12-10. 'JSTUGPPUPG ″ sion rule at one end for measuring inside distances TDBMFGVSUIFS ″ and depths. See Figure 12-7. EJWJEFEJOUP ″ A flexible rule, or tape measure, is very conve- 4RVBSFT OETPGBOJODI ″ nient and will measure both straight lengths and There are a number of different kinds of squares. "64$VTUPNBSZ3VMF curves. See Figure 12-8. It can also be used to mea- They are used for several purposes, such as: sure inside distances, such as a doorway. To account • Checking that corners form a 90° angle for the size of the tape case, add the distance indi- NN (squareness). cated on the side of the case to your measurement. • Serving as a straightedge. NN Most tape cases will be printed with the amount you • Measuring distances and angles. must add (usually 2″–3″). Some tape measures have #.FUSJD3VMF a window on the top to read the inside distance. 'SBNJOHBOE#FODI4RVBSFT */4 Framing and bench squares are flat steel or alu- N 6',*/ $. ″ minum. A framing square has a 24 (610 mm) body $$PNCJOBUJPO3VMF -VGLJO%JWJTJPO5IF$PPQFS(SPVQ 5IF-44UBSSFUU$P 'JHVSF 3VMFNFBTVSJOHVOJUT6TFUIFTZTUFN EFTJHOBUFEPOUIFXPSLJOHESBXJOHT"64DVTUPNBSZ #.FUSJD$$PNCJOBUJPOPGCPUIVOJUT ′;JH[BH3VMF The measuring system you choose depends on the working drawings. The title block will indicate what system is used. It will also provide the scale of the drawing. If the scale reads 1″ = 1′-0″, then each inch on the drawing will be 1′ on the layout. " N;JH[BH3VMF 4UBOMFZ5PPMT'BTU$BQ --$ 'JHVSF 5XPUZQFTPGUBQFNFBTVSFT5IFCPUUPN (SFFO/PUF UBQFNFBTVSFJTFYUSBGMFYJCMFUPBMMPXGPSNFBTVSJOH 5IFPMEBEBHF iNFBTVSFUXJDFDVUPODFuJT DVSWFETVSGBDFT HPPEBEWJDF.JTUBLFTXJMMIBQQFO5BLJOHZPVS UJNF UP NBLF TVSF ZPV IBWF DPSSFDU NFBTVSF Tape measure lengths commonly used by cabi- NFOUT XJMM IFMQ ZPV BWPJE NBUFSJBM XBTUF BOE netmakers range from 12′ to 30′ (4 m to 9 m). Tape TQFOEJOHFYUSBUJNFGJYJOHZPVSNJTUBLF lengths may be up to 200′ (61 m). Both US custom- ary and metric measurements may be printed on the ′&YUFOTJPO3VMF tape. 3VMF The rule you select depends on the accuracy you 4MJEF$BMJQFST need and which style you prefer. Rules may be flat, flexible, or folding types. They are made of wood, Slide calipers are used to measure outside fiberglass, plastic, metal, or cloth. Sometimes both and inside distances, as well as depth. They come customary and metric measurements are found on in various types. See Figure 12-9. A vernier scale the same rule. # provides the most accurate measurement but is the most difficult to read. Dial calipers have precision Flat rules are typically metal, wood, or plastic. -VGLJO%JWJTJPO5IF$PPQFS(SPVQ5IF-44UBSSFUU$P gears, but wood shavings can cause problems if 1BUSJDL".PM[BIO They may be 12″ to 48″ long. High quality wood rules 'JHVSF "3JHJEGPMEJOHSVMFTFYUFOEUPNFBTVSF have brass ends. The brass ends are not damaged as EJTUBODFT#6TJOHUIFFYUFOTJPOUPNFBTVSFJOTJEF they get into the gears. Digital calipers have become 'JHVSF 4MJEFDBMJQFSTBSFBWBJMBCMFJOWBSJPVT easily as wood. Rules may also be steel or aluminum. EJTUBODFT popular in recent years, especially because they TUZMFT $PQZSJHIU(PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY$P *OD $PQZSJHIU(PPEIFBSU8JMMDPY$P *OD This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials 153 154 Section 2 Design and Layout 4DSJCFS -FWFM 5POHVF 1SPUSBDUPS IFBE 4RVBSF IFBE -PDLCPMU 4UFQT.FBTVSFNFOUT #PEZ $FOUFS #MBEFSVMF IFBE 5IF-44UBSSFUU$P 'JHVSF 1BSUTPGBDPNCJOBUJPOTRVBSF 5BCMFT Tables provide helpful information for com- &YUFSOBM.FBTVSFNFOUT monly used measurements. Two such tables are the 'SBNJOH #FODI brace measure table and the octagon, or eight-square 4RVBSF 4RVBSF ° scale. The brace measure table gives diagonal mea- 4UBOMFZ5PPMT surements that show the length needed for a diag- 'JHVSF 'SBNJOHTRVBSFTBSFMBSHFSUIBOCFODI onal piece, such as a brace, to support a shelf. The TRVBSFT5IFGSBNJOHTRVBSFNBZBMTPIBWFBMJTUPG measurements are on the tongue of most framing TDBMFTBOEUBCMFTQSJOUFEPOJU squares, Figure 12-15. For example, suppose you have a 22″ wide shelf and you wish to brace it at a 5SZ4RVBSF ° ″ ″ point 18 from the wall and 24 below the shelf. Find Try squares have a steel blade and a steel or wood the measurement on the table marked 18/24. You *OUFSOBM.FBTVSFNFOUT ° handle. Some have a 45 angle cut into the handle. Try will find the number 30 next to it. This is the proper squares are the most reliable of all squares
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