An Evolutionary Model of Language Change and Language Structure
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Geographically Variable Biotic Interactions and Implications for Species Ranges
ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE Geographically variable biotic interactions and implications for species ranges AUTHORS Early, R; Keith, S JOURNAL Global Ecology and Biogeography DEPOSITED IN ORE 22 November 2018 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/34864 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication 1 Geographically variable biotic interactions and implications for species 2 ranges 3 Running title: Geographic variation in biotic interactions 4 Abstract: 5 The challenge: Understanding how biotic interactions affect species’ geographic ranges, biodiversity 6 patterns, and ecological responses to environmental change is one of the most pressing challenges 7 in macroecology. Extensive efforts are underway to detect signals of biotic interactions in 8 macroecological data. However, efforts are limited by bias in the taxa and spatial scale for which 9 occurrence data are available, and by difficulty in ascribing causality to co-occurrence patterns. 10 Moreover, we are not necessarily looking in the right places: analyses are largely ad hoc, depending 11 on data availability, rather than focusing on regions, taxa, ecosystems, or interaction types where 12 biotic interactions might affect species’ geographic ranges most strongly. 13 Unpicking biotic interactions: We suggest that macroecology would benefit from recognising that 14 abiotic conditions alter two key components of biotic interaction strength: frequency and intensity. 15 We outline how and why variation in biotic interaction strength occurs, explore the implications for 16 species’ geographic ranges, and discuss the challenges inherent in quantifying these effects. -
Second Language Acquisition Through Neurolinguistic Programming: a Psychoanalytic Approach
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.36) (2018) 624-629 International Journal of Engineering & Technology Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET Research paper Second Language Acquisition Through Neurolinguistic Programming: A Psychoanalytic Approach A. Delbio1*, M. Ilankumaran2 1Research Scholar in English, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil. 2Professor of English, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Thuckalay, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail:[email protected] *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Abstract English is the only lingua-franca for the whole world in present age of globalization and liberalization. English language is considered as an important tool to acquire a new and technical information and knowledge. In this situation English learners and teachers face a lot of problems psychologically. Neuro linguistic studies the brain mechanism and the performance of the brain in linguistic competences. The brain plays a main role in controlling motor and sensory activities and in the process of thinking. Studies regarding development of brain bring some substantiation for psychological and anatomical way of language development. Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) deals with psychological and neurological factors. It also deals with the mode of brain working and the way to train the brain to achieve the purpose. Many techniques are used in the NLP. It improves the fluency and accuracy in target language. It improves non-native speaker to improve the LSRW skills. This paper brings out the importance of the NLP in language learning and teaching. It also discusses the merits and demerits of the NLP in learning. It also gives the solution to overcome the problems and self-correction is motivated through neuro-linguistic programming. -
Statistical Language Learning: Learning-Oriented Theories Is That Mechanisms and Constraints Such Accounts Seem at Odds with One of the Central Observations 1 Jenny R
110 VOLUME 12, NUMBER 4, AUGUST 2003 most important arguments against Statistical Language Learning: learning-oriented theories is that Mechanisms and Constraints such accounts seem at odds with one of the central observations 1 Jenny R. Saffran about human languages. The lin- Department of Psychology and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, guistic systems of the world, de- Madison, Wisconsin spite surface differences, share deep similarities, and vary in non- arbitrary ways. Theories of language Abstract guage, it seems improbable that chil- acquisition that focus primarily on What types of mechanisms dren could ever discern its structure. preexisting knowledge of language underlie the acquisition of hu- The process of acquiring such a sys- do provide an elegant explanation man language? Recent evidence tem is likely to be nearly as com- for cross-linguistic similarities. suggests that learners, includ- plex as the system itself, so it is not Such theories, which are exempli- ing infants, can use statistical surprising that the mechanisms un- fied by the seminal work of Noam properties of linguistic input to derlying language acquisition are a Chomsky, suggest that linguistic uni- discover structure, including matter of long-standing debate. One versals are prespecified in the child’s sound patterns, words, and the of the central focuses of this debate linguistic endowment, and do not re- beginnings of grammar. These concerns the innate and environ- quire learning. Such accounts gener- abilities appear to be both pow- mental contributions to the lan- ate predictions about the types of erful and constrained, such that guage-acquisition process, and the patterns that should be observed some statistical patterns are degree to which these components cross-linguistically, and lead to im- more readily detected and used draw on information and abilities portant claims regarding the evolu- than others. -
Language Acquisition Device and the Origin of Language Briana Sobecks
Language Acquisition Device and the Origin of Language Briana Sobecks In the early twentieth century, psychologists re- a particular language, the universal grammar can be refined alized that language is not just understanding words, but to fit a specific language. Even if some children may hear a also requires learning grammar, syntax, and semantics. specific language pattern more than others, the fact that all Modern language is incredibly complex, but young chil- children know it indicates a poss ble innate language sense. dren can understand it remarkably well. This idea supports One of Chomsky’s main tenants in his LAD theory Chomsky’s idea that language learning is innate. According is the Poverty of Stimulus argument. Though children do to his hypothesis, young children receive “primary linguistic collect data to learn a language, it is unlikely that the data data” from what is spoken around them, which helps them they are exposed to is enough to master an entire lan- develop knowledge of that specific language (Cowie 2008). guage. Instead, they must infer grammatical rules through Children passively absorb language from adults, peers, an internal sense. There are several cognitive factors that and exposure to media. However, this data is not sufficient support this argument. Underdetermination states that the to explain how children can learn unique constructions finite data is applicable in infinite situations. In context, of words and grammar patterns. Previously structuralists this means that children utilize the finite amount of data created a list of “phrase structure rules” to generate all they hear to generate any possible sentence. -
A Memetic Framework for Cooperative Coevolution of Recurrent Neural Networks
Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, San Jose, California, USA, July 31 – August 5, 2011 A Memetic Framework for Cooperative Coevolution of Recurrent Neural Networks Rohitash Chandra, Marcus Frean and Mengjie Zhang Abstract— Memetic algorithms and cooperative coevolution refinement techniques has been a major focus of study in are emerging fields in evolutionary computation which have memetic computation. There is a need to use non-gradient shown to be powerful tools for real-world application problems based local search, especially in problems where gradient- and for training neural networks. Cooperative coevolution decomposes a problem into subcomponents that evolve inde- based approaches fail, as in the case of training recurrent net- pendently. Memetic algorithms provides further enhancement works in problems with long-term dependencies. Crossover- to evolutionary algorithms with local refinement. The use based local search methods are non-gradient based and have of crossover-based local refinement has gained attention in recently gained attention [8], [9]. In crossover based local memetic computing. This paper employs a cooperative coevo- search, efficient crossover operators which have local search lutionary framework that utilises the strength of local refine- ment via crossover. The framework is evaluated by training properties are used for local refinement with a population recurrent neural networks on grammatical inference problems. of a few individuals. They have shown promising results in The results show that the proposed approach can achieve comparison to other evolutionary approaches for problems better performance than the standard cooperative coevolution with high dimensions [9]. framework. Cooperative coevolution (CC) divides a large problem into smaller subcomponents and solves them independently I. -
Biol B242 - Coevolution
BIOL B242 - COEVOLUTION http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbhdjm/courses/b242/Coevol/Coevol.html BIOL B242 - COEVOLUTION So far ... In this course we have mainly discussed evolution within species, and evolution leading to speciation. Evolution by natural selection is caused by the interaction of populations/species with their environments. Today ... However, the environment of a species is always partly biotic. This brings up the possiblity that the "environment" itself may be evolving. Two or more species may in fact coevolve. And coevolution gives rise to some of the most interesting phenomena in nature. What is coevolution? At its most basic, coevolution is defined as evolution in two or more evolutionary entities brought about by reciprocal selective effects between the entities. The term was invented by Paul Ehrlich and Peter Raven in 1964 in a famous article: "Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution", in which they showed how genera and families of butterflies depended for food on particular phylogenetic groupings of plants. We have already discussed some coevolutionary phenomena: For example, sex and recombination may have evolved because of a coevolutionary arms race between organisms and their parasites; the rate of evolution, and the likelihood of producing resistance to infection (in the hosts) and virulence (in the parasites) is enhanced by sex. We have also discussed sexual selection as a coevolutionary phenomenon between female choice and male secondary sexual traits. In this case, the coevolution is within a single species, but it is a kind of coevolution nonetheless. One of our problem sets involved frequency dependent selection between two types of players in an evolutionary "game". -
Social Dimensions of Language Change
Social dimensions of language change Lev Michael 1 Introduction Language change results from the differential propagation of linguistic vari- ants distributed among the linguistic repertoires of communicatively inter- acting individuals in a given community. From this it follows that language change is socially-mediated in two important ways. First, since language change is a social-epidemiological process that takes place by propagating some aspect of communicative practice across a socially-structured network, the organization of the social group in question can affect how a variant propagates. It is known, for example, that densely connected social net- works tend to be resistant to innovations, where as more sparsely connected ones are more open to them. Second, social and cultural factors, such as lan- guage ideologies, can encourage the propagation of particular variants at the expense of others in particular contexts, likewise contributing to language change. The purpose of this chapter is to survey our current understanding of the social factors that affect the emergence and propagation of linguistic variants, and thus language change, by bringing together insights from vari- ationist sociolinguistics, sociohistorical linguistics, linguistic anthropology, social psychology, and evolutionary approaches to language change. It is im- portant to note that there are, as discussed in Chapter 1, important factors beyond the social ones discussed in this chapter that affect variant propaga- 1 tion and language change, including factors related to linguistic production and perception, and cognitive factors attributable to the human language faculty (see Chapter 1). 1.1 Theorizing variation and language change As Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog (1968) originally observed, theories of lan- guage that assume linguistic variation to be noise or meaningless divergence from some ideal synchronically homogeneous linguistic state { to be elim- inated by `averaging' or `abstraction' { encounter profound difficulties in accounting for language change. -
Evolution, Politics and Law
Valparaiso University Law Review Volume 38 Number 4 Summer 2004 pp.1129-1248 Summer 2004 Evolution, Politics and Law Bailey Kuklin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Bailey Kuklin, Evolution, Politics and Law, 38 Val. U. L. Rev. 1129 (2004). Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol38/iss4/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Valparaiso University Law School at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Valparaiso University Law Review by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Kuklin: Evolution, Politics and Law VALPARAISO UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 38 SUMMER 2004 NUMBER 4 Article EVOLUTION, POLITICS AND LAW Bailey Kuklin* I. Introduction ............................................... 1129 II. Evolutionary Theory ................................. 1134 III. The Normative Implications of Biological Dispositions ......................... 1140 A . Fact and Value .................................... 1141 B. Biological Determinism ..................... 1163 C. Future Fitness ..................................... 1183 D. Cultural N orm s .................................. 1188 IV. The Politics of Sociobiology ..................... 1196 A. Political Orientations ......................... 1205 B. Political Tactics ................................... 1232 V . C onclusion ................................................. 1248 I. INTRODUCTION -
Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience Michael S
MD DALIM #870693 9/24/06 GREEN PURPLE Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience Michael S. Gazzaniga, editor Gary Lynch, Synapses, Circuits, and the Beginning of Memory Barry E. Stein and M. Alex Meredith, The Merging of the Senses Richard B. Ivry and Lynn C. Robertson, The Two Sides of Perception Steven J. Luck, An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique Roberto Cabeza and Alan Kingstone, eds., Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition Carl Senior, Tamara Russell, and Michael S. Gazzaniga, eds., Methods in Mind Steven M. Platek, Julian Paul Keenan, and Todd K. Shackelford, eds., Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience Edited by Steven M. Platek, Julian Paul Keenan, and Todd K. Shackelford The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or informa- tion storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email special_sales@mitpress. mit.edu or write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. This book printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evolutionary cognitive neuroscience / edited by Steven M. Platek, Julian Paul Keenan, and Todd K. Shackelford. p. cm.—(Cognitive neuroscience) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 13: 978-0-262-16241-8 ISBN 10: 0-262-16241-5 1. Cognitive neuroscience. 2. -
The Coevolution Theory of Autumn Colours Marco Archetti1* and Sam P
Received 3 December 2003 FirstCite Accepted 25 February 2004 e-publishing Published online The coevolution theory of autumn colours Marco Archetti1* and Sam P. Brown2 1De´partement de Biologie, Section E´ cologie et E´ volution, Universite´ de Fribourg, Chemin du Muse´e 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland 2Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK According to the coevolution theory of autumn colours, the bright colours of leaves in autumn are a warning signal to insects that lay their eggs on the trees in that season. If the colour is linked to the level of defensive commitment of the tree and the insects learn to avoid bright colours, this may lead to a coevolutionary process in which bright trees reduce their parasite load and choosy insects locate the most profitable hosts for the winter. We try to clarify what the theory actually says and to correct some misun- derstandings that have been put forward. We also review current research on autumn colours and discuss what needs to be done to test the theory. Keywords: autumn colours; coevolution; biological signalling; trees; evolution 1. INTRODUCTION that is also variable. Leaf abscission and senescence may be preadaptations to the phenomenon of autumn colours, Why do leaves change their colour in autumn? Bright aut- but they are by no means the same thing. umn colours occur in many deciduous tree species and The second is that bright colours are not just the effect are well known to everybody. However, an evolutionary of the degradation of chlorophyll, but new pigments are explanation to this question has only recently been put actively produced in autumn (Duggelin et al. -
The Origin of Language and Communication
Athena and Eve — Johnson Papers lution, editors Jones, Martin and Pilbeam conceded that The origin of ‘there are no non-human languages’, and then went on to observe that ‘language is an adaptation unique to humans, and yet the nature of its uniqueness and its biological basis language and are notoriously difficult to define’ [emphasis added].3 In his book, The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language communication and the Brain, Terrance Deacon noted: ‘In this context, then, consider the case of Brad Harrub, Bert Thompson and human language. It is one of the most distinctive Dave Miller behavioral adaptations on the planet. Languages evolved in only one species, in only one way, with- By age four, most humans have developed an ability out precedent, except in the most general sense. to communicate through oral language. By age six And the differences between languages and all other 4 or seven, most humans can comprehend, as well as natural modes of communicating are vast.’ express, written thoughts. These unique abilities of What events transpired that have allowed humans to communicating through a native language clearly speak, while animals remain silent? If we are to believe the separate humans from all animals. The obvious evolutionary teaching currently taking place in colleges and question then arises, where did we obtain this dis- universities around the world, speech evolved as a natural tinctive trait? Organic evolution has proven unable to process over time. Yet no-one is quite sure how, and there elucidate the origin of language and communication. are no known animals that are in a transition phase from Knowing how beneficial this ability is to humans, non-speaking to speaking. -
Sociolinguistics: Language Change Wardhaugh Chapter 8
Sociolinguistics: Language Change Wardhaugh chapter 8 (Labov’s homepage: http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/home.html) Non-prestige dialects of English and Language Dispersion A common preconception about non-prestige dialects or colloquial forms of English is that they are unsystematic and 'lazy' forms of language, and that they either reflect or even encourage illogical thought. Over the past 4 decades many linguists have studied non-prestige and colloquial forms of English (and other languages) and arrived at the conclusion that these varieties are just as systematic as prestige varieties of English, that their 'non-standard' features are typically features found in prestige varieties of other languages, and that there is no basis for claiming that their phonology, morphology or syntax reflects 'illogical' or lazy thinking. We focus here on the dialect of English that has received the most attention: it is known variously as "Black English Vernacular" (BEV), "African American Vernacular English" (AAVE) or "Ebonics". The first two terms are the most commonly used terms used in sociolinguistic research; the third term has achieved wide recognition in the wake of a highly controversial resolution of the Oakland (CA) Board of Education involving the role of Ebonics in K-12 education. In what follows I will use the term AAVE, which is the most widespread term in current linguistic research. Some excellent readily accessible articles on AAVE are available on-line. Note1: the colloquial English spoken by African American communities spans a wide varieties of styles, often identical to or barely distinguishable from the English spoken by other ethnic groups, including the prestige white variety.