Formación Y Desarrollo De Un Partido En La Transición: La UCD En Soria∗

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Formación Y Desarrollo De Un Partido En La Transición: La UCD En Soria∗ Formación y desarrollo de un partido en la Transición: la UCD en Soria∗ Training and development of a political party on the Spanish Transition: UCD in Soria MANUEL RUIZ DÍEZ I.E.S. Sierra de la Virgen, Departamento de Geografía e Historia. Calle San Ildefonso s/n, 50250 Illueca, Zaragoza. [email protected] Recibido/Aceptado: 23-09-2019/22-07-2020 Cómo citar: RUIZ DÍEZ, Manuel, “Formación y desarrollo de un partido en la Transición: la UCD en Soria”, en Investigaciones Históricas, época moderna y contemporánea, 40 (2020), pp. 763-788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24197/ihemc.40.2020.763-788 Resumen: La Transición española constituye uno de los procesos clave en la Historia Contemporánea española, incorporándose como objeto de estudio dentro de la denominada historia del tiempo presente. Esta investigación se centra en analizar el proceso de formación de un nuevo partido político surgido durante la Transición, Unión de Centro Democrático, desde una perspectiva local novedosa como es la provincia de Soria. Dicho análisis nos aportará datos relevantes acerca de su surgimiento en torno a la figura de Gabriel Cisneros y permitirá reflexionar acerca de su desaparición en forma de “muerte creadora” fundamental para el predominio electoral conservador en esta provincia. Palabras clave: Transición; partido; UCD; Soria; Gabriel Cisneros. Abstract: Spanish transition is one of the most important moments in the Spanish Contemporary History, it is being integrated as goal into the named Spanish Present Time History. This research is focused on a new politic party formation, developed during the spanish transition, Union de Centro Democrático, from a fresh local angle like is Soria County. This research will tell us very important facts about the party emergence around the Gabriel Cisneros figure and it will allow to think about its demise, that death was a “creator death”, essential for the conservative political dominance at that county. Keywords: Spanish Transition; political party; UCD; Soria; Gabriel Cisneros. Sumario: Introducción; 1. La provincia de Soria en la Transición: actitudes, conflictividad y movilización (1975-1982); 2. Los inicios de UCD en Soria: las Elecciones de 1977; 2.1. El surgimiento en torno a la figura de Gabriel Cisneros; 2.2. Las Elecciones Generales del 15 de junio de 1977; 2.3. La implantación del partido en Soria; 3. La consolidación del partido en Soria: las Elecciones Generales de marzo de 1979 y las Municipales de abril de 1979; 3.1. La organización de UCD en Soria; 3.2. Las Elecciones ∗ Esta investigación tiene como base el Trabajo de fin de Máster dirigido por Carmelo Romero Salvador y titulado Formación y Desarrollo de un partido en la Transición: la UCD en Soria, defendido en la Universidad de Zaragoza en noviembre de 2013. INVESTIGACIONES HISTÓRICAS. ÉPOCA MODERNA Y CONTEMPORÁNEA, 40 (2020): 763-788 ISSN: 2530-6472 764 Manuel Ruiz Díez Generales del 1 de marzo de 1979; 3.3. Las Elecciones Municipales del 3 de abril de 1979; 3.4. La consolidación de UCD en Soria tras las victorias electorales de 1979; 4. Los últimos años de UCD en Soria: las Elecciones Generales de octubre de 1982; 4.1. Hacia una mayor organización del partido; 4.2. Las Elecciones Generales del 28 de octubre de 1982; 5. La desaparición de UCD en Soria; Conclusiones; Fuentes y bibliografía. INTRODUCCIÓN “Cuando los sorianitos que están ahora haciendo o cursan preescolar o primero de E.G.B. lleguen a estudiar historia contemporánea, en la letra pequeña de sus manuales tendrán que aprender que por primera vez en la historia constitucional española, desde 1812 hasta 1931, un representante de Soria participó en la redacción de una Constitución. Y éste es un hecho histórico, que cada cual valorará como quiera, pero que nunca podrá ser silenciado a fuerza de gritos por «la única voz soriana que sonó en el Parlamento».” Gabriel Cisneros El significativo predominio electoral de Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD) durante buena parte de la Transición española a la democracia, permitió a la formación mantenerse en el poder durante dos legislaturas consecutivas, hasta que los desastrosos resultados cosechados en las Elecciones de octubre de 1982 desencadenaron una crisis que venía gestándose desde hacía años y llevaron a su desintegración. La mayoría de los estudios identifican la hegemonía de UCD en las urnas con la conquista del voto moderado procedente no sólo de las denominadas clases medias surgidas del desarrollismo económico de los años sesenta que habían sido soporte de la Dictadura, sino también del mundo rural característico de la España interior. Mario Caciagli ya señaló que la coalición creada por Adolfo Suárez semanas antes de las Elecciones de 1977 triunfó en las zonas donde siempre había ganado el partido en el poder1. Jonathan Hopkin, por su parte, asegura que el apoyo a UCD se basaba tanto en la popularidad de Suárez como en la persistencia de un sistema de control organizativo dominado por el Ministerio de Gobernación y la vasta red de gobernadores civiles y estructuras heredadas del 1 CACIAGLI, Mario, “La parábola de la Unión de Centro Democrático”, en TEZANOS, José Félix, COTARELO, Ramón y DE BLAS, Andrés (eds.), La transición democrática española, Madrid, Sistema, 1989, pp. 389-432. INVESTIGACIONES HISTÓRICAS. ÉPOCA MODERNA Y CONTEMPORÁNEA, 40 (2020): 763-788 ISSN: 2530-6472 Formación y desarrollo de un partido en la Transición:… 765 Movimiento Nacional franquista2, factores que le permitieron situarse en una clara posición de “ventaja” respecto al resto de partidos políticos. El presente texto es fruto de una investigación que se ha centrado en analizar la formación y el funcionamiento interno de UCD en un territorio que, en nuestra opinión, ofrece un inmejorable marco para analizar la implantación y la influencia de UCD en el interior español como es la provincia de Soria. La profundización en la trayectoria vital del centrismo soriano nos ha permitido servirnos de las posibilidades de estudio de lo local para plantear algo que aún no se había realizado como es un estudio de un partido político desde el “microcosmos” de una provincia española. En el caso de Soria, un territorio en el que la relevancia de la coalición centrista se puede intuir a partir de realidades como que, junto con la Ávila natal de Adolfo Suárez, fue la única provincia en España en la que consiguió, en las Elecciones de junio de 1977, que todos los representantes en el Congreso de los Diputados (tres en este caso) fuesen de dicho partido. Las investigaciones que toman como objeto de estudio la historia de las formaciones políticas suelen tener como mayor problema la escasez y carencia de documentación, ya que los partidos no suelen ser proclives a facilitar, y en ocasiones ni a conservar, información sobre sus etapas recientes. Esta realidad parece entrar en contradicción, como apuntaba el fallecido director del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Soria, Carlos Álvarez García, con el sentido mismo de la formación de los partidos políticos, unas organizaciones encaminadas, según argumentan ellas mismas, hacia el bien y el interés público general3. Afortunadamente, para llevar a cabo este trabajo, hemos podido contar con una fuente excepcional como es el Archivo integro de la UCD en la provincia de Soria, dado que su secretario provincial y uno de sus miembros destacados a nivel nacional (entre otras cosas, fue uno de los siete ponentes constitucionales), el aragonés Gabriel Cisneros Laborda, hizo entrega, tras la disolución de la formación en 1983, de la amplia documentación generada durante los años de existencia del partido al Archivo Histórico Provincial de la capital soriana. El Archivo de 2 HOPKIN, Jonathan, “Entre el gobierno y la oposición: los empresarios políticos y la formación de Unión de Centro Democrático”, en QUIROSA-CHEYROUZE Y MUÑOZ, Rafael (coord.), Historia de la Transición en España. Los inicios del proceso democratizador, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2007, pp. 269-283. 3 ÁLVAREZ GARCÍA, Carlos, “El Archivo de UCD de Soria (1977-1983) (Depositado en el Archivo Histórico Provincial de Soria). Clasificación e inventario de sus fondos”, estudio publicado en ANABAD XXXVI (1986), número 3, julio-septiembre y recogido en Inventario ARCHIVO DE UCD EN SORIA, IDD 41, p. 452. INVESTIGACIONES HISTÓRICAS. ÉPOCA MODERNA Y CONTEMPORÁNEA, 40 (2020): 763-788 ISSN: 2530-6472 766 Manuel Ruiz Díez UCD Soria se nos revela, por tanto, como una fuente de documentación ciertamente abundante que nos permitirá, junto con el seguimiento de las apariciones del partido en la prensa de la provincia, reconstruir la historia de UCD en Soria. 1. LA PROVINCIA DE SORIA EN LA TRANSICIÓN: ACTITUDES, CONFLICTIVIDAD Y MOVILIZACIÓN (1975-1982) Una magnífica fuente para acercarnos a la realidad de la sociedad soriana en la que UCD desarrolló su actividad política la constituye la prensa de la época. Tres eran los periódicos que circulaban en la provincia por entonces, dos de ellos llevaban a sus espaldas una trayectoria que se remontaba a comienzos del siglo XX, Soria, Hogar y Pueblo, vinculado al mundo conservador y a la Iglesia, y el agrarista Campo Soriano, mientras un tercero, Soria Semanal, surgía con un claro objetivo de renovación periodística y de adaptación a una sociedad cada vez más cambiante4. Estas fuentes nos dibujan una realidad provincial marcada por el éxodo y la despoblación del campo debido, como ya señaló Carmelo Romero, a las transformaciones técnicas y los nuevos sistemas de parcelación5. El fuerte predominio del mundo agrario y la existencia de posturas cercanas al “oficialismo” del Régimen que resultarán fundamentales para explicar el apoyo a UCD, no impedirá la formación de todo un grupo de oposición al franquismo constituido por viejos militantes del PSOE o el Partido Comunista, cuya movilización se articulará en torno a nuevas organizaciones culturales como la “Sociedad de Artistas y Autores Sorianos” (SAAS).
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